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Searches for Noah's Ark

April 12, 2024

Searches for Noah's Ark have been reported since antiquity, as ancient scholars sought to affirm the historicity of the Genesis flood narrative by citing accounts of relics recovered from the Ark.[1]: 43–47 [2] With the emergence of biblical archaeology in the 19th century, the potential of a formal search attracted interest in alleged discoveries and hoaxes. By the 1940s, expeditions were being organized to follow up on these apparent leads.[3][4]: 8–9  This modern search movement has been informally called "arkeology".[5]

A reliquary displaying a piece of wood at the museum of Etchmiadzin Cathedral in Armenia, said to be from Noah's Ark. By tradition Jacob of Nisibis received the wood from an angel during his search for the Ark.

In 2020, the young Earth creationist group the Institute for Creation Research acknowledged that, despite many expeditions, Noah's Ark had not been found and is unlikely to be found.[6] Many of the supposed findings and methods used in the search are regarded as pseudoscience and pseudoarchaeology by geologists and archaeologists.[7][8]: 581–582 [9]: 72–75 [10]

Antiquity edit

Further information: Genesis flood narrative, Noah's Ark, and Mountains of Ararat
 
Cast of a rock relief of Sennacherib carved at Mount Judi. The Talmud suggests he visited Noah's Ark in the 7th century BCE.

At the end of the Genesis flood narrative, when the flooding subsides, the Ark is said to come to rest "on the mountains of Ararat."[11] The Book of Jubilees specifies a particular mountain, naming it "Lûbâr".[12] The Torah does not describe any particular holiness about the Ark, and so little attention is given to its fate after Noah's departure.[13]

According to the Talmud, the Assyrian king Sennacherib found a beam from the Ark and, reasoning that it was the god who delivered Noah from the flood, fashioned the wood into an idol.[14] This expands upon the biblical account of Sennacherib worshiping in the temple of Nisroch, interpreting the god's name to be derived from the Hebrew word neser ("beam").[15] A Midrash regarding the Book of Esther says that the gallows erected by Haman was built using a beam from the Ark.[16][13]

Opinions on the location of "the mountains of Ararat" have varied since antiquity. Interpretations of the Noah story were influenced by the Armenian flood myth about Masis, and the Syrian version about Qardu in Corduene, until these locations became conflated.[17]: 336  The targumim for Genesis 8 interpret "Ararat" as "Qadron" and "Kardu" (i.e., Corduene).[18][19][20]: 233  In his recounting of the Flood, Josephus seeks to link the story of Noah to the Sumerian flood myth as described by Berossus, Hieronymus of Cardia, Mnaseas of Patrae, and Nicolaus of Damascus, thereby placing Noah's Ark on a mountain in Armenia, where he says relics from the ship are exhibited "to this day."[1]: 43–47 [21]: 329–330  However, Josephus later describes Carrhae as the location of the Ark, again claiming that the locals would show the remains to visitors.[22]: 237 Jerome of Stridon translated "Ararat" as "Armenia" in the Vulgate,[23] whereas the Armenians themselves associated Noah's Ark with Corduene until the 11th century.[17]: 336 

In the early Christian church, stories about the remains of Noah's Ark were regarded as evidence that the ship had been located, identified, and preserved in some form. This became useful in Christian apologetics for affirming the events of the Pentateuch as fact.[4]: 6–7 Epiphanius of Salamis wrote: "Thus even today the remains of Noah’s ark are still shown in Cardyaei."[24]: 48 [25]: 75–77  Similarly, John Chrysostom proposed to ask non-believers: "Have you heard of the Flood—of that universal destruction? That was not just a threat, was it? Did it not really come to pass—was not this mighty work carried out? Do not the mountains of Armenia testify to it, where the Ark rested? And are not the remains of the Ark preserved there to this very day for our admonition?"[25]: 78  However, with the widespread adoption of Christianity in Europe, the apologetic value of Ark relics diminished, as there were far fewer non-believers to persuade.[4]: 7 

By the 5th century, a legend had arisen that Jacob of Nisibis scaled a mountain in search of Noah's Ark. As related by Faustus of Byzantium, Jacob and his party traveled to the mountains of Armenia, and "came to Sararad mountain which was in the borders of the Ayraratean lordship, in the district of Korduk'." Near the summit, an angel visited him in his sleep, instructing him to climb no further. In consolation, the angel provided Jacob with a board taken from the Ark. Jacob brought the artifact back to the city, which is said to have preserved the relic ever since.[2]Agathangelos relates a similar story, although not directly related to the Ark, in which the 3rd century Armenian king Tiridates scales Masis and brings back eight rocks to use in the foundation of new churches.[26]: 35 

Middle Ages and early modern period edit

In the 7th century, the Etymologiae states that remains of the Ark are still at Mount Ararat in Armenia, whereas the Quran describes the Ark landing on "al-jūdī," which is understood to refer to Qardu, now known as Mount Judi.[27]: 298 [28][29]: 683–684 Heraclius is reported to have scaled Mount Judi to visit the site of the Ark in either 628 or 629.[30]: 78  One legend claims that Omar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb removed the Ark from a site near Nisibis and used the wood to construct a mosque.[31]: 284 

Despite the longstanding association of Armenia with Ararat in Western Christianity, Christians in Armenia did not adopt the idea of Masis as the landing site of the Ark until the arrival of Crusaders in the late 11th century. Thereafter, Armenians adopted the Western identification of Masis as "Mount Ararat", and relocated the Jacob of Nisibis legend to that peak.[26]: 36  The angel's admonition to Jacob became a new explanation for the pre-Christian taboo against climbing the sacred mountain.[26]: 37 [32]: 202–203 [33]: 214 [34]: 100  Regardless of this cultural impediment, other travelers claimed the summit was physically inaccessible, due to the permanent snow line and an abundance of precipices.[35]: 25–26 [36][37]: 187 

Late medieval reports from Ararat often mentioned the survival of Ark fragments, but there was less consensus about whether the vessel itself survived. Petachiah of Regensburg simply declared "the Ark is not there, for it has decayed."[38]: 49  Just over a century later, however, Hayton of Corycus claimed that "on the mountain's summit something black is visible, which people say is the Ark."[36]

Sir Walter Raleigh objected to the view that the Ark landed in Armenia, arguing that the Armenian mountains could merely be a sub-range of "the mountains of Ararat." He proposed a definition of "Ararat" that would encompass the Taurus, Caucasus, Sariphi, and Paropamisus mountain ranges. This interpretation would allow the Ark to have landed to the east of Mesopotamia, which Raleigh felt was necessary to explain why Noah's descendants migrated to Shinar "from the east" in Genesis 11:2.[39]

19th century edit

 
Mount Ararat

The first recorded ascent of Ararat was led by Friedrich Parrot in 1829.[40]: iv  In his account of the expedition, Parrot wrote that "all the Armenians are firmly persuaded that Noah's Ark remains to this very day on the top of Ararat, and that, in order to preserve it, no human being is allowed to approach it."[40]: 162 

James Bryce scaled Ararat in 1876.[41]: 293–294  On his ascent, he discovered "a piece of wood about four feet long and five inches thick, evidently cut by some tool, and so far above the limit of trees that it could by no possibility be a natural fragment of one." Bryce cut off a portion of the wood to keep, and later argued that it might plausibly be a remnant of Noah's ark. Although he admitted another explanation for the wood had occurred to him, he determined that "no man is bound to discredit his own relic."[41]: 280–281 

New Zealand Herald hoax edit

On 26 March 1883, an avalanche was reported at Mount Ararat which destroyed several villages.[42][43][44][45] As an April Fools' Day joke, George McCullagh Reed, writing as "Pollex" for his opinion column in the New Zealand Herald, claimed that the avalanche had revealed the remains of Noah's Ark.[46][47][48]: 59–60  Reed's story largely takes the form of a dispatch supposedly received from the Levant Herald in Constantinople, which he believed to have ceased operations several years earlier; in fact the paper had by that time relaunched as the Eastern Express.[49] The report describes the findings of "Commissioners appointed by the Turkish Government", including a nonexistent English scientist named "Captain Gascoyne", which had already been submitted to Sultan Abdul Hamid II and the German ambassador to the Ottoman Empire. A reference to "an enterprising American traveller" seeking to purchase the Ark for exhibition in the United States was intended by Reed to be recognized as P. T. Barnum.[46][50]

Over the next several months, Reed's prank was picked up by newspapers around the world.[51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58] While some publications presented the story tongue-in-cheek, others uncritically reprinted much of what Reed originally wrote, attributing it (as he had) to a correspondent in Constantinople. On 24 November, Reed wrote another column apologizing for the hoax and expressing amusement that the story had spread so far:[50][59]

"From the London Times to the Glasgow Herald, from the Leeds Mercury to the Pall Mall Gazette, through all the principal metropolitan and provincial journals in Britain and all over America my friend Captain Gascoyne and our Ark have been honoured with being handed on; but the editor of the Prophetic Messenger is to be credited with the greatest zeal in establishing the authenticity."[50]

Despite this retraction, the story has continued to be circulated, often referencing the Prophetic Messenger article, which Tim LaHaye and John D. Morris called "the most complete and accurate account of the discovery."[60]: 56–63 [61][62]: 111 [63][64]

John Joseph Nouri edit

 
John Joseph Nouri

John Joseph Nouri claimed to have discovered Noah's Ark on the summit of Mount Ararat in April 1887.[65]: 164–165 [66]: 39  Little else about him is known for certain. He was born in Baghdad in 1865, and in 1885 he was consecrated as an archdeacon in the Chaldean Catholic Church. During his tour of the United States, he attracted attention with his long list of formal titles: "His Pontifical Eminence, the most Venerable Prelate, Monseignior. The Zamorin Nouri. John Joseph Prince of Nouri, D.D, LL., D. (By Divine Providence.) Chaldean Patriarchal Archdeacon of Babylon and Jerusalem, Grand Apostolic Ambassador of Malabar, India and Persia. The Discoveror of Noah's Ark and the Golden Mountains of the Moon. The Sacred Crown's Supreme Representative General of the Holy Orthodox, Oriental, Patriarchal Imperiality of 900,000,000 People of Asia. The First Universal Exploring Traveler of One Million Miles."[67] Those who knew him, including J. O. Kinnaman, Frederick G. Coan, and John Henry Barrows, regarded him as a charismatic, well-traveled scholar who spoke multiple languages.[66]: 41–45 [65]: 163 [68]: 299–300 

In 1893, Nouri attended the Parliament of the World's Religions in Chicago.[65]: 163–164  By his account, he was invited to the event to speak about his encounter with the Ark, although the official reports of the event do not say whether such a lecture occurred.[66]: 46, 52  Later that year, while visiting San Francisco, Nouri was robbed and left at the Napa Insane Asylum, which took him into custody as a patient.[66]: 46 [67] Although he eventually arranged his release, the incident raised questions about his mental state and, therefore, the legitimacy of his extraordinary claims. Upon researching the case for a 2014 paper, Emrah Şahin concluded that "Nouri, though of an unusual character, was sane."[69]: 55–56  An 1897 report that Nouri had been crowned Patriarch at the Chaldean Pontifical Cathedral at Thrissur has been taken as vindication of his authenticity. Nevertheless, Turkish officials did not corroborate his claim of discovering Noah's Ark.[70]

20th century edit

Searches since the mid-20th century have been largely supported by evangelical, millenarian churches and sustained by ongoing popular interest, faith-based magazines, lecture tours, videos and occasional television specials.

Alleged Russian expedition edit

 
Alexander A. Koor claimed to have learned in 1921 about a Russian expedition to find Noah's Ark.

In 1940 the article "Noah's Ark Found" appeared in a special edition of New Eden, one of several booklets published in Los Angeles by Floyd M. Gurley. The article was credited to "Vladimir Roskovitsky", and contained his account of discovering Noah's Ark on Mount Ararat circa 1917, "just before the Russian revolution."[62]: 83, 89 [60]: 76–79 

According to the story, Roskovitsky was a Russian aviator stationed 25 miles (40 km) northeast of Ararat. In August (no year is provided) he was ordered to perform a test flight of an airplane equipped with a new supercharger. Flying near Ararat, Roskovitsky and his co-pilot spotted an enormous shipwreck on the shore of a lake on the mountain. His captain later identified the wreckage as Noah's Ark, and submitted a report to the government, which sent 150 soldiers to the site. The expedition's report was supposedly sent to the tsar just days before "godless Bolshevism took over," causing the report to be suppressed and presumably destroyed "to discredit all religion and belief in the truth of the Bible." Roskovitsky, identified as a White Russian, is said to have fled to the United States to enjoy the freedom to pursue his newfound faith.[62]: 83–87 

The story is inconsistent with Russian history, as Tsar Nicholas II abdicated the throne at the end of the February Revolution, months before the Bolsheviks took power in the October Revolution.[71]: 31  References to parachutes, oxygen cans, and superchargers in aircraft are anachronistic for the given timeframe.[72] Nevertheless, the story became very popular and was widely reprinted.[73]: 59 [74]: 4 [75] By 1942, however, at least two publications had retracted the story.[73]: 59 

Inquiries to New Eden about the article were referred to Benjamin F. Allen, the source for the story.[62]: 87  However, Allen had not intended for the story to be published until it could be corroborated, and he resented the embellishments Gurley had added. In October 1945 he described the version of the story he told to Gurley, writing: "In conversation with him I had given him the few details originating from two soldiers in the Czarist Russian army during the First World War, deceased many years ago. The story by these soldiers came to me from their relatives of how a Russian aviator had sighted a suspicious looking structure in one of Ararat's obscure canyons. Infantrymen were sent on foot to investigate and their officers and they decided it must be Noah's Ark, with one end sunk in a small swamp. These were the only details they gave." Allen said that "95%" of the New Eden article, including the name "Vladimir Roskovitsky", had been fabricated by Gurley, who issued an apology at his request.[62]: 89–91 [60]: 79–82 

Despite Gurley's retraction, interest in the Russian aviator story persisted, as attention turned to verifying Allen's version.[76]: 247 [66]: 34–37 [62]: 88–89 [60]: 80–81, 87  Real estate agent Eryl Cummings, who learned of the Roskovitsky story in 1945, was particularly inspired to investigate the possibility that Noah's Ark had been discovered. In November 1945 he founded the Sacred History Research Expedition for the purpose of investigating the matter, and through his research he later came to be considered "the dean of American ark hunters."[66]: 27–30 [76]: 247 

Cummings discovered a new lead in an article from the October 6, 1945 issue of the Russian-language magazine Rosseya, which was similar to Gurley's Roskovitsky account. The Rosseya article, written by former Russian officer Alexander A. Koor, placed the tsar's expedition in December 1917, and described the Ark as measuring 500 feet (150 m) long, 83 feet (25 m) wide, and 50 feet (15 m) high. Koor's version ended with a rumor that the expedition's report was intercepted by Leon Trotsky, who had the courier shot.[66]: 55–60  Cummings later contacted Koor, who said he had served in the Ararat region in 1915, and heard of the Ark expedition from fellow officers he met in 1921. This was enough to convince Cummings that Koor had not simply plagiarized the New Eden article.[66]: 61–64  An amateur archaeologist, Koor also claimed to have discovered cuneiform inscriptions at Ararat describing the story of the Flood.[60]: 87  Following his correspondence with Cummings, Koor would take an interest in promoting the discredited Book of Veles.[77]

Aaron J. Smith edit

In November 1948, Edwin Greenwald reported for the Associated Press that Kurdish villagers had discovered a large, petrified wooden ship on Mount Ararat.[78][60]: 123  Shukra Asena, who owned land in the area, reported to Greenwald that a farmer named Reshit found the ship's prow in September, about two-thirds of the way up the mountain. Asena claimed that Reshit spread word of his discovery, and people from many of the local villages had climbed Ararat to view the object.[78]

Although the article was largely secondhand hearsay, British amateur archaeologist Egerton Sykes hoped to organize an expedition to establish that Reshit's discovery was in fact Noah's Ark.[79]: 56–57 [66]: 85  Aaron J. Smith, dean of the People's Bible College in North Carolina, joined Sykes in preparing for the operation. The pair received publicity when Pravda accused them of planning a surveillance operation for "Anglo-American imperialists", citing the proximity of Mount Ararat to the Soviet border.[3] When Sykes was unable to proceed due to a lack of funding, Smith went on without him.[66]: 86–87 

Upon arrival in Turkey, the expedition spent two months in Istanbul, arranging all of the permits necessary to proceed to Ararat. Following this delay, Greenwald joined Smith's party, which planned to hire Reshit as a guide.[66]: 87–88  However, Reshit could not be located, despite the offer of a reward for information. Although Greenwald's article had indicated that Reshit's find had been witnessed by people throughout the area, no such witnesses could be found by the team.[60]: 118 

Although the mission ended in failure, Smith remained hopeful that Noah's Ark would be found on Ararat someday. Expedition member Necati Dolunay argued that the project "has done a great deal for science and research as regards the ark. It finally has utterly disproved opinions and observations during more than 100 years that the ark is in plain sight."[66]: 89–90 

In 1986, David Fasold interviewed a man named Ali Oğlu Reșit Sarihan, whom he believed to be the Reshit described by Shukra Asena thirty-eight years earlier. According to Fasold, the object that Reshit allegedly discovered in 1948 was not located on Mount Ararat as originally reported, but was in fact the Durupınar site.[80]: 321–325 

Haji Yearam edit

Harold Williams, a Seventh-Day Adventist pastor, related the story of Haji Yearam in a 1952 letter to Ark researcher Eryl Cummings.[66]: 111–116  Over the next few years, Eryl and his wife Violet worked to corroborate the story, locating Yearam's death certificate in 1956 and securing Williams's permission, in 1958, to publish his letters.[66]: 119, 123  It is unclear if the story was widely circulated until the 1970s, when Violet Cummings began writing books about the Ark.

Yearam was a devout Seventh-Day Adventist who had immigrated from Armenia to the United States, eventually settling in Oakland, California. In 1915, Harold Williams and his parents began caring for the elderly, ailing Yearam. "Haji asked me to [...] write down carefully a story he was very anxious to tell," Williams wrote, "because he was sure that it would be of use some day after he was dead and gone." According to Williams, this deathbed statement revealed that Yearam, as a boy, had been part of a secret expedition that located Noah's Ark on Mount Ararat.[66]: 112–116  The exact timeframe of this alleged expedition is uncertain, though Violet Cummings concludes that it occurred circa 1856.[66]: 112 

In Yearam's story, as related by Williams, his home village was at the foot of Mount Ararat, and his community had once made regular pilgrimages up to the Ark. One day "three vile men who did not believe the Bible" hired Yearam and his father as guides, as they intended to search the mountain in order to disprove the Noah's Ark story. When Yearam's father led them to the Ark, the three scientists "went into a Satanic rage at finding what they hoped to prove nonexistent." After trying and failing to destroy the vessel, the scientists agreed to cover up the discovery and made Yearam and his father swear to keep the secret under threat of torture and murder.[66]: 113–115  Williams later explained that Yearam "wanted his story preserved so that when the right time came it might encourage brave men to go and locate the Ark and give to the world such proof as could not be denied"[66]: 117 

Haji Yearam died on 3 May 1920.[66]: 123  Williams claimed that, around that same time, he read a newspaper article about a scientist in London who gave a deathbed confession about concealing the discovery of Noah's Ark. This second account was supposed to be remarkably consistent with the statement Yearam had given. Williams said that he saved the newspaper, keeping it with his transcript of Yearam's story; however, both were destroyed in a 1940 house fire.[66]: 115–116  Despite a diligent search, no copy of the article about the dying scientist has ever been located.[66]: 124–126 

The chief criticism of Williams's account is that it is entirely hearsay evidence.[79]: 57–58  Williams is the sole source for a story he considered to be very important in 1920, yet he made no effort to share it before the destruction of his evidence twenty years later, and no effort to publish it until the 1950s.[79]: 49  The motivations of the story's scientists make no sense except to conform to their villainous role in what Larry Eskridge characterizes as a "melodrama".[79]: 50 [76]: 250  The TalkOrigins Archive suggests that the depiction of unbelievers, indicates that the entire story was manufactured as religious propaganda.[81]

Fernand Navarra edit

French industrialist Fernand Navarra claimed to have located Noah's Ark in his 1956 book J'ai Trouvé l'Arche de Noé.[82]: 69  According to Navarra, he was inspired to search for the ship in 1937, after listening to an Armenian friend describe the legends his grandfather had told him in 1920.[82]: xiii–xiv  In 1952, he was invited to join an Ararat expedition with Jean de Riquer and Sehap Atalay, which reported no sign of the Ark.[82]: 10–11, 30 [83] However, Navarra would later claim that, while alone, he sighted a large, dark mass that he said could only be the Ark. Since he could not reach this object or provide proof for its existence, he decided not to reveal his discovery until he could return.[82]: 36–38 

After failing to return to the site in 1953, Navarra resolved to return in 1955. For his next attempt, he sought to avoid potential delays caused by securing permission from the Turkish authorities to climb Ararat. To that end, he disguised the mission as a family vacation, bringing his wife and three sons to Turkey and scaling the mountain with eleven-year-old Raphael Navarra.[82]: 38–41  The father and son filmed their recovery of a 5-foot (1.5 m) beam of hand-hewn wood, which Fernand said was cut from the structure he located in 1952. To make the wood easier to carry without arousing suspicion from the Turks, they cut the beam into smaller pieces.[82]: 63 

In 1956 Navarra submitted his wood to several institutions for scientific analysis.[82]: 123–133  The wood was identified as oak. Analyses based on color, density, and lignitization reportedly indicated the wood was about 5,000 years old, in line with the literalist timeframe of the Flood.[84]: 137  However, these methodologies for dating wood are unreliable, and rejected by most scientists.[84]: 139–141  Personal correspondence from 1959 refers to an unknown report that Navarra's wood had been radiocarbon dated to exactly 4,484 years old.[82]: 136 [62]: 135  Such a precise figure is not possible to obtain from radiocarbon dating, and does not correspond to any biblical chronology except that of Navarra, who wrote in 1955 that the Flood occurred "4,484 years ago."[62]: 135 

The Archaeological Research Foundation conducted several expeditions to locate Navarra's site in the 1960s, but were unable to find it. Acting as a consultant, Navarra supplied maps which ARF found vague and inconsistent with the mountain.[85]: 317–328  In negotiations for him to personally lead ARF to the site, Navarra demanded considerable financial compensation and royalties from whatever the team might find. The two sides came to an agreement for a 1968 mission, in which Navarra arrived late and injured his foot while attempting to catch up.[62]: 137–141  By 1969 the efforts of ARF had been taken over by a new organization, the SEARCH Foundation, led by Ralph Crawford and with Navarra serving on the board of directors.[85]: 328–329  On a SEARCH expedition in 1969, Navarra became separated from the rest of the party and, shortly thereafter, identified a site where the team found pieces of wood.[85]: 329–332 

SEARCH board member Elfred Lee arranged for radiocarbon dating on samples from Navarra's specimens.[62]: 142  The 1955 samples were analyzed by five institutions, with results dating the wood to approximately 1,200-1,700 years ago. Two analyses of the 1969 samples dated the wood to about 1,350 years ago.[86]: 94–101  In 1984, Navarra gave another piece of wood to James Irwin, who submitted it for another round of tests. Irwin's sample was found to be about 1500 years old, with evidence that the pitch coating was of far more recent origin, and applied using modern technology.[87]: 18–21 

Several allegations have cast doubt on Navarra's credibility.[60]: 133–134 [4]: 9  Although Navarra said in 1958 that Sehap Atalay had collected wood from the Navarra site, Atalay contradicted that claim in 1962. According to Atalay, Navarra gave him the wood on his way back from the 1955 expedition.[85]: 317–318  In 1970, Jean de Riquer accused Navarra of attempting to buy ancient wood from villagers at the foot of Ararat during their 1952 expedition.[62]: 161 [85]: 331  During his own ascents of Ararat, Gunnar Smars met Kurdish guides who accompanied Navarra on one or more private climbs around 1968 or 1969, unbeknownst to SEARCH.[85]: 331 

Durupınar site edit

 
The Durupınar site, Agri, Turkey
Main article: Durupınar site

During a 1959 geodetic survey of Turkey, an anomalous shape near Doğubayazıt was identified by İlhan Durupınar of the Turkish Air Force and Sevket Kurtis of Ohio State University.[66]: 127–128 [88]: 112, 114 [89] The size and shape of the object resemble a boat approximately 450 feet (140 m) long and 150 feet (46 m) wide, inviting speculation that it could be Noah's Ark.[66]: 128–130  Evangelist George Vandeman organized an expedition to the site in 1960, which determined that the shape was a natural geological formation.[66]: 133–135 

 
The Durupinar site in July 2019

Interest in the site was renewed by Ron Wyatt, who visited the site in 1977, 1979, and 1984.[90]: 275  Based on Wyatt's promotion of his research, the Turkish government declared the site a national park in 1986.[90]: 278–279  Geophysicist John Baumgardner and salvage expert David Fasold strongly advocated that the site was in fact Noah's Ark, but both of them eventually broke with Wyatt to express misgivings about their findings.[90]: 282–284, 291–293  In 1996, Fasold co-authored a paper with geologist Lorence G. Collins, asserting that the site "cannot have been Noah's Ark nor even a man-made model."[89]

George Greene edit

In the mid-1960s, oil engineer Fred Drake claimed to have seen six photographs of Noah's Ark in 1954. According to Drake, the photos were taken by his colleague George Greene, who had taken a helicopter flight around Mount Ararat while working at a Turkish oil pipeline. The pictures showed an unidentified protrusion on the mountain, resembling the prow of a large wooden ship. An investigation by the Archeological Research Foundation determined that Greene tried and failed to organize an expedition to Ararat, and then relocated to British Guiana, where he died in 1962. Greene's friends and family were uncertain what became of his Ararat photos, which were never found.[66]: 138–144 

A 1990 article by Bill Crouse listed various natural formations on Ararat that appeared to resemble a ship in photographs until mountaineers examined them in person. Crouse believed one of these "phantom arks", a prow-shaped chunk of basalt photographed by Tom Crotser in the 1970s, could be the same object seen by Greene.[91]

Georgie Hagopian edit

In 1970, Armenian-American Georgie Hagopian reported that his uncle took him to see Noah's Ark twice during his childhood. Different accounts of his story place the first sighting in 1902, 1906, or 1908, with the second incident occurring about two years later.[60]: 69 [25]: 113–118 [66]: 186–190 [92] According to this account, the moss-covered Ark lay on the edge of a cliff, so that only one side was accessible.[25]: 114, 116  Hagopian said that many other boys in his childhood community told him that they had seen the structure.[66]: 190  The TalkOrigins Archive takes issue with the "apparent ease" with which these children supposedly reached the Ark site, in contrast with the difficulties reported by other explorers.[93]

By Hagopian's estimate, the Ark was over 1,000 feet (300 m) long, 600–700 feet (180–210 m) wide, and over 35 feet (11 m) high. To reconcile this estimate with traditional interpretations of the Ark's size, John Warwick Montgomery suggested that "Dimensions regularly appear greater than they actually are to small children."[25]: 114  However, Hagopian's recollection of an 18-inch (46 cm) window (which is consistent with traditional views) is accepted as a precise estimate by Violet Cummings.[66]: 191–192 

Hagopian said that his uncle wanted to keep a piece of the Ark, but was unable to cut into the wood using a knife or a blast of gunpowder. He adamantly rejected Fernand Navarra's claim to have found fragments of the Ark.[66]: 189–190  Attempting to reconcile the two claims, Montgomery raised the possibility that the Ark was "not uniformly petrified."[25]: 113  Hagopian, however, believed the entire structure was "absolutely petrified," and that "Almighty God would never permit the Ark to be cut and broken up."[66]: 190 

James Irwin edit

 
James Irwin

Astronaut James Irwin, the eighth person to walk on the Moon, experienced a religious epiphany during the Apollo 15 mission in 1971. The following year, he resigned from NASA and founded an evangelical organization, the High Flight Foundation.[94][95] During his outreach work, Irwin met Eryl Cummings in 1976 and expressed interest in joining one of his expeditions in search of Noah's Ark.[96]: 7  At the time, Turkish policy had closed off Mount Ararat to explorers, and Irwin was denied a permit in 1977. However, following the 1980 coup Irwin's celebrity allowed him to establish a rapport with President Kenan Evren, who invited him to lead an expedition in 1982.[96]: 7, 14 [97]

Irwin's 1982 mission ended in disaster when he left the group, in search of a shortcut to the summit, and fell off the trail. He had no memory of what caused the fall, but later speculated that he'd been caught in a rockslide and struck by a rock. He awoke hours later, badly wounded, and crawled into his sleeping bag to survive the night.[96]: 63–64  The expedition team sent out a search party the following day, which rescued him and brought him down the mountain for medical treatment.[96]: 70–86 [98]

Undeterred, Irwin returned to Ararat a month later, this time with his wife and son.[97][87][page needed] He hoped to pursue a tip offered to him by another explorer, who reported seeing an object about 12,000 feet (3,700 m) up the mountain in Ahora Gorge. Mary Irwin later expressed misgivings about her husband's mental state so soon after his fall. "Because Jim’s rationale wasn’t quite right after being hit so hard on his head," she wrote in 2012, "he deduced we wouldn’t need backpacks and climbing gear." Without proper equipment, the team struggled to make progress during the night, and were forced to abandon the expedition.[87][page needed]

In August 1983, Irwin made another attempt, partnering with Marvin Steffins.[99][100] They chartered an airplane to survey Ararat, and led a 22-member expedition, including Eryl Cummings and several members of Irwin's family.[87][page needed][100] During the climb, a Turkish guide had sighted wood where the snowline had receded.[100] A blizzard forced the team to turn back before they could reach the site.[101]: 14  "It's easier to walk on the moon," Irwin said, regarding the difficulties in climbing Ararat. "I've done all I possibly can, but the ark continues to elude us."[100]

Irwin fully intended to try again in 1984. However, he acknowledged the possibility that the Ark might not be found. Although he firmly believed the ship had really existed, he was far less certain that it had not been destroyed over the centuries. "The likelihood of it surviving at all," he said, "is small." He also suspected that many of the reported sightings on Mount Ararat were false.[97] Nevertheless, he scaled the mountain that summer to look for the wood sighted the previous year. When he reached the site, he found only a pair of abandoned skis.[101]: 14 [102]: 244 

During the 1985 climbing season, Kurdish rebels had ambushed at least four parties on Ararat.[103] By the time Irwin could begin his climb on 24 August, only five of his 22-member party were allowed to accompany him, and the expedition was escorted by thirty Turkish soldiers.[104] Just as the team reached the summit, Turkish officials ordered them to descend. By the time the party received permission to resume the mission, they were too exhausted to continue. According to the US Ambassador to Turkey, Robert Strausz-Hupé, the government was reacting to Soviet maneuvers near the border, and concern that Irwin would become a high value target for terrorists.[105]: 235–240 

Irwin planned to make a sixth trip to Ararat in July 1986, with a smaller team.[106] These plans were disrupted when he suffered arrhythmia on 6 June.[107] By July, however, he had resumed plans for the expedition.[108] "My doctor is against my traveling, and he said that I cannot go over 10,000 feet," Irwin said. "But the Lord willing, I will be there."[109] After completing an aerial survey of Ararat, Irwin's team was detained at their hotel, under accusations of violating Soviet and Iranian airspace. The party was released once local officials confirmed Irwin's flight had been authorized.[110][111]: 35–37  According to expedition member Bob Cornuke, Irwin expressed concern that his fame attracted media attention and security risks that were hampering the search. "Jim himself had confided on our last trip, as the permit process reached new heights of lunacy, that the problems could be traced to him, not (as some had come to suspect) a sinister Turkish plot to prevent us from finding the ark."[111]: 27–29  In September, Irwin announced "I think I’ve done all I can to attract attention to the ark. I think it is time others take up the search."[112]

A 1987 heat wave in Turkey convinced Irwin to change his mind and return for his seventh expedition to Mount Ararat. He believed the warm temperatures might have melted enough of the mountain's glaciers to make Noah's Ark easier to spot from the air.[113][114] Irwin's High Flight Foundation teamed with the Institute for Creation Research, Evangelische Omroep, and International Exploration, Inc. for a joint operation. According to ICR's John D. Morris, the Turkish government had banned exploration of Ararat earlier in the year, and only approved this expedition on the condition that the team also evaluate the Durupınar site. Permits to explore Ararat itself were revoked before the party could begin its intended mission. Ultimately the expedition was only able to arrange a high-altitude aerial survey, staying no less than 20 kilometres (12 mi) from Soviet and Iranian airspace.[115]

The 1987 expedition would be Irwin's last, as doctors ordered him to give up the search.[116] When the High Flight Foundation organized another trip in 1988, Bob Cornuke led the party while Irwin stayed home.[111]: 18–24 

Ed Davis edit

 
Persian Gulf Command, where Davis was stationed in 1943

Optometrist and Ararat explorer Don Shockey learned in 1985 that Ed Davis had spoken to his church about seeing Noah's Ark during World War II.[117] Shockey invited Davis to speak at an "ark-a-thon" convention he organized in 1986 at Farmington, New Mexico.[111]: 15–16  Davis was interviewed extensively about his story by Shockey's FIBER organization, and later subjected to a polygraph test on behalf of James Irwin's High Flight Foundation.[118][119][111]: 17–22 

In 1943 Davis was a sergeant in the United States Army Corps of Engineers, stationed in Hamadan to work on the Persian Corridor between Khorramshahr and Qazvin.[118]: 4, 44 [120]: 308  According to Davis, during this assignment he befriended a local driver named Badi, and his father Abas-Abas, who claimed to have visited Noah's Ark atop the mountain near their village. Around 1 July, Abas-Abas invited Davis to join them in one such visit, saying that enough snow and ice had melted to partially expose the ship. Upon reaching "Doomsday Point", Davis said he saw the Ark, which "first appeared as a huge rock formation covered by fog." It was lying in a cove lake, within a canyon below his position, and broken into two portions. Abas-Abas claimed that the Ark had been whole in his youth, and had only broken apart within his lifetime.[118]: 4–8 

Ark researchers disagree about whether Davis's experience involved Mount Ararat in Turkey's Ağrı Province. Davis said the mountain he visited could be seen from his unit's base in Hamadan, but Ağrı is 400 miles (640 km) away.[121] The first published version of his account describes Badi and Abas-Abas as Kurds, which is consistent with a story about visiting a village in Ağrı.[118]: 4–7  However, in footage of his original interview Davis says the villagers were Lurs, an ethnic group in western Iran.[111]: 56 [121] Several different mountains in Lorestan are identified by the Lurs as the landing site of Noah's Ark.[122]: 100 [111]: 89–93, 154  Similarly, Lur tradition places the Garden of Eden, which Davis also reported seeing, in Lorestan.[123]: 3 

George Jammal hoax edit

In November 1985, actor George Jammal wrote to Duane Gish, vice-president of the Institute for Creation Research, falsely claiming to have searched for Noah's Ark between 1972 and 1984. Jammal described being aided by "Mr. Asholian", "Alis Buls Hitian", and "Vladimir Sobitchsky". The story culminated with Jammal and Vladimir locating the Ark in a cave of ice, whereupon Vladimir fell to his death trying to photograph the ship. Jammal also claimed to have taken a piece of wood from the site.[124]

ICR's John D. Morris responded to Jammal in 1986, seeking to arrange an interview. Jammal prepared by studying books about the search for the Ark, as well as the 1976 Sun Classic Pictures film In Search of Noah's Ark. During the interview, Jammal used cold reading techniques to elicit information from Morris that would determine Jammal's answers to Morris's questions.[124] According to Jammal, Morris repeatedly offered to finance an expedition to corroborate his story.[125]

Years later, when Sun began work on a follow-up to In Search of Noah's Ark, Morris shared his information on Jammal. David Balsiger, researching the story for Sun, was advised by Ark researchers David Fasold and Bill Crouse that Jammal's account was not credible. Unsure whether to perpetuate the hoax, Jammal contacted noted skeptic Gerald A. Larue, who described how he felt misrepresented by Sun's 1992 TV-movie Ancient Secrets of the Bible.[124][125] On 20 February 1993, CBS aired Sun's The Incredible Discovery of Noah's Ark, which featured a segment on Jammal's story and showed him displaying a piece of wood purportedly taken from the Ark.[126][124] Larue issued a press release exposing the hoax, which was largely ignored until Time covered the story in July.[124]

Following the exposure of the hoax, Jammal was initially reluctant to comment for fear of legal reprisal.[124] However, in October 1993 he admitted that he made up the entire story.[127] The wood he presented on-screen had in fact been pine found near some railroad tracks in Long Beach, California, which he boiled with spices and baked in an oven.[127][125] Jammal was critical of Sun's failure to verify his story. "I even gave the production company a piece of the wood to test," he wrote, "but they obviously weren't interested in truth; all they wanted was a good performance. If they had actually been concerned about truth, they should have asked me why Noah's Ark smelled like teriyaki sauce!"[125] A representative for Sun stated that Jammal's segment would be edited from future releases of The Incredible Discovery of Noah's Ark.[127]

21st century edit

Daniel McGivern edit

Honolulu businessman Daniel McGivern began investigating the search for Noah's Ark in 1995, and eventually financed commercial satellite photos of Mount Ararat.[128] According to his research, a 2003 heat wave melted enough ice and snow on the northwestern slope to reveal a dark patch, which he interpreted as resembling three beams and a crossbeam.[129] In April 2004, McGivern and Turkish mountaineer Ahmet Ali Arslan announced plans for an expedition to the site in July.[128][130][131] A Guardian article associated McGivern's site with the Ararat anomaly, a similar phenomenon observed in surveillance photos of Mount Ararat declassified by the US government in the 1990s.[132]

Although McGivern hoped to begin the expedition by 15 July, he instead spent the entire summer trying to obtain approval from the Turkish government. His request was finally declined in September.[133] Critics suggested that McGivern announced the expedition before obtaining permission as a publicity stunt to persuade Turkey to authorize it. The choice of Arslan, who claimed in 1989 to have photographed Noah's Ark, to lead the mission was also questioned. "Ahmet is a big talker," according to an ark researcher commenting to National Geographic. "In one conversation he will say that he has 3,000 photos, and in another conversation ten minutes later 5,000 photos."[130]

McGivern said he would not make another attempt the following year. "I don't have Ark fever like many who go year after year," he said. "A good businessman calculates what amount of money and time he will invest and has to know when to walk away."[133] However, in 2011 he said he had funded other, smaller expeditions, and had spent $500,000 on research.[134]

Bob Cornuke edit

 
1722 map depicting Noah's Ark at Ecbatana, in what is now western Iran

During an unsuccessful expedition in 1988, Bob Cornuke became convinced that Noah's Ark could not be on Mount Ararat.[111]: color plate 6  He gave up the search, forming the Bible Archeology Search and Exploration Institute in 1992 to seek out other biblical locations and artifacts. However, in 1998 Cornuke learned of the idea that Genesis 11:2 places the Ark's landing site east of Shinar.[111]: 45–47  In this context he reevaluated the testimony of Ed Davis, and concluded that the site Davis described must be in Iran.[111]: 51–57, 63 

In June 2006, the BASE Institute announced the discovery of a large object resembling petrified wood on Mount Takht-e Suleyman in the Alborz.[135][136][137] The object, located 13,000 feet (4,000 m) above sea level, was reported to be similar in size to estimates for the Ark.[136] The BASE website asserted that this object was the same one Ed Davis claimed to have seen, but stopped short of proclaiming it Noah's Ark, instead calling it "a candidate."[138] "I think we've found something that deserves a lot more research," Cornuke said. "It has a distinct possibility that it could be something like the ark."[139]

Critics of the announcement objected to the lack of peer review on Cornuke's findings.[7][140] Looking at the expedition's photos, experts in geology and ancient timber disputed the possibility that the object was petrified wood.[137] The expedition included many "business, law, and ministry leaders," but no professional geologists or archaeologists.[141] Cornuke's interpretation of scripture was also criticized, as Genesis does not indicate whether Noah's descendants migrated to Shinar directly from Ararat, or from some unnamed intermediate location.[142] Moreover, Genesis 11:2 can be plausibly translated to indicate that the clan migrated eastward, suggesting a point of origin west of Shinar.[123]: 6–7 

By 2010, Cornuke had stopped looking for Noah's Ark, saying "I came down (from the mountain) with all this evidence for Noah’s Ark, and nobody cared."[143] In 2012 he wrote "In all my 25 years of searching for the ark I have never seen the old boat."[144]: xi 

Noah's Ark Ministries International edit

 
Exhibit on the search for Noah's Ark at the Noah's Ark theme park in Hong Kong

In 2004, Media Evangelism founder Andrew Yuen Man-fai and pastor Boaz Li Chi-kwong announced the discovery of parts of Noah's Ark on Mount Ararat. They reported that their team found a large wooden structure at an elevation of 4,200 metres (13,800 ft) during their fourth trip to the mountain.[145] According to an exhibit at Hong Kong's Noah's Ark theme park, the search team had been exploring Ararat as Noah's Ark Ministries International(NAMI) since 2003.[146] Yuen and Li had no evidence of their claim beyond blurred images, as they said a "mysterious force" disrupted their video footage.[145] In 2005, Media Evangelism released a documentary, The Days of Noah, based on the NAMI expedition.[147]

According to NAMI's website, Turkish mountaineer Ahmet Ertuğrul (nicknamed "Paraşut") submitted a sample of petrified wood to NAMI, which he claimed to have obtained in August 2006 from a second wooden structure, located 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) up Mount Ararat. NAMI claimed that an expedition was sent in February 2007, which found that the 2004 site had collapsed due to an earthquake, and was prevented from examining the 2006 site due to weather conditions.[148] An October 2007 press conference announced that a follow-up mission in August successfully recovered more petrified wood from the site Ertuğrul reported.[148][149]

In a press conference on 25 April 2010, NAMI announced that an October 2009 expedition had excavated and filmed the wood structure discovered by Ertuğrul.[150][151][152][153] Although NAMI's website claimed Ertuğrul discovered the site in August 2006, he stated at the press conference that he learned of it in June 2008.[148][153] The wooden structure reported by Yuen and Li in 2004 was not addressed.[153] According to NAMI, specimens from the site were carbon-dated to 4800 BP.[152][154] Footage of the interior of the structure was released on NAMI's YouTube account.[155] NAMI said that Turkey would submit the location for designation as a World Heritage Site; however, when reached for comment a spokesperson for UNESCO said that the organization had not received such a request.[151]

The immediate response to the announcement was largely skeptical.[156][157] Mainstream scientists objected to the lack of professional archaeologists involved with the research, and the decision to reveal the findings via a media event rather than publishing a peer-reviewed study.[150][158] Creationists also expressed concern about the lack of data available for independent corroboration.[159]Andrew A. Snelling later said that NAMI supplied him with their radiocarbon dating report, which showed that only one test of one sample had produced the publicized result of 4800 BP. Moreover, Snelling rejected the 4800 BP result as evidence for Noah's Ark, based on creationist beliefs about carbon-14 levels in antediluvian wood.[160] Turkey's Ministry of Culture and Tourism expressed doubt that NAMI secured permission to conduct their expeditions, and began an investigation as to how NAMI transported its wood samples from Turkey to China.[161][162]

Within days of the announcement, Randall Price, who had consulted with NAMI in 2008, came forward with allegations that Ertuğrul hired Kurdish workers to construct the site using wood from an old structure near the Black Sea.[163][164][165][166] NAMI issued a statement saying that its relationship with Price ended in October 2008, and he was therefore unfamiliar with findings made after that time.[167] Defending NAMI's claims, team members argued that it would not be possible to haul enough materials up Mount Ararat to build the structure that they had described.[161] In rebuttal, Price and his colleague Don Patton cited the use of heavy equipment in other Ararat expeditions, as well as a 2007 publicity stunt in which Greenpeace built a 10-metre (33 ft) replica of Noah's Ark on the mountain.[168]: 27–28 [169]

After promoting the release of the 2011 film The Days of Noah 2: Apocalypse, the NAMI website NoahsArkSearch.net was no longer updated.[170][171] Support for NAMI's claims was later taken up by Norman Geisler, who invited Ertuğrul to speak at an apologetics conference organized by Southern Evangelical Seminary in October 2015.[171][172][173][174] Joel Klenck, formerly associated with NAMI, has continued to promote NAMI's claims as recently as December 2020.[175]

NAMI and Ertuğrul never disclosed the location of the site they reported, although Price and Patton claimed in 2010 to have independently located it.[175][168]: 18–19  Donald Mackenzie, a self-styled missionary who had searched for Noah's Ark for nearly a decade, traveled to Ararat in 2010 hoping to find Ertuğrul's site on his own. Mackenzie contacted his family from the mountain in September, but was never heard from again. His abandoned campsite was later found, but the circumstances of his disappearance remain unknown.[176][177]

Conflicting opinions edit

Modern organized searches for the ark tend to originate in American evangelical circles. According to Larry Eskridge,

An interesting phenomenon that has arisen within twentieth-century conservative American evangelism – the widespread conviction that the ancient Ark of Noah is embedded in ice high atop Mount Ararat, waiting to be found. It is a story that has combined earnest faith with the lure of adventure, questionable evidence with startling claims. The hunt for the ark, like evangelism itself, is a complex blend of the rational and the supernatural, the modern and the premodern. While it acknowledges a debt to pure faith in a literal reading of the Scriptures and centuries of legend, the conviction that the Ark literally lies on Ararat is a recent one, backed by a largely twentieth-century canon of evidence that includes stories of shadowy eyewitnesses, tales of mysterious missing photographs, rumors of atheistic conspiracy, and pieces of questionable "ark wood" from the mountain. (...) Moreover, it skirts the domain of pop pseudoscience and the paranormal, making the attempt to find the ark the evangelical equivalent of the search for Bigfoot or the Loch Ness monster. In all these ways, it reveals much about evangelicals' distrust of mainstream science and the motivations and modus operandi of the scientific elite.[76]: 245 

Ark-seeker Richard Carl Bright considers the search for the ark a religious quest, dependent on God's blessing for its success. Bright is also confident that there is a multinational government conspiracy to hide the "truth" about the ark:

I firmly believe that the governments of Turkey, Russia, and the United States know exactly where the ark sits. They suppress the information, but (...) God is in charge. The structure will be revealed in its time. We climb the mountain and search, hoping it is, in fact, God's time as we climb. Use us, O Lord, is our prayer.[102]: 78 

See also edit

References edit

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Further reading edit

  • Bailey, Lloyd R. (1978). Where is Noah's Ark? Nashville: Abingdon. ISBN 0687450934.
  • Cargill, Robert R. (28 April 2010) "no, no you didn’t find noah's ark". XKV8R: The Official Blog of Robert R. Cargill, Ph.D.
  • Cummings, Violet M. (1973). Noah's Ark: Fable or Fact? San Diego: Creation-Science Research Center.
  • Feagans, Carl (23 December 2020). "The Pseudoarchaeology of Noah's Ark". Archaeology Review.
  • Habermehl, Anne (2008). "A Review of the Search for Noah's Ark". Proceedings of the International Conference on Creationism Vol. 6, Article 39. ISSN 2639-4006
  • Wrigley, Patrick (25 November 2014). "A Mystery on the Mountain of Pain". Roads & Kingdoms.

External links edit

  • Mount Ararat Photo Album with photos and illustrations by Elfred Lee
  • - From Bob Cornuke's 2005-2006 expeditions
  • Photographs of the Durupınar site: aerial and ground level
  • Noah's ark sightings on the Index to Creationist Claims
  • Noah's Ark Search.com
  • In Search of Noah's Ark on the Internet Archive
  • The Incredible Discovery of Noah's Ark on the Internet Archive

April 12, 2024
searches, noah, have, been, reported, since, antiquity, ancient, scholars, sought, affirm, historicity, genesis, flood, narrative, citing, accounts, relics, recovered, from, with, emergence, biblical, archaeology, 19th, century, potential, formal, search, attr. Searches for Noah s Ark have been reported since antiquity as ancient scholars sought to affirm the historicity of the Genesis flood narrative by citing accounts of relics recovered from the Ark 1 43 47 2 With the emergence of biblical archaeology in the 19th century the potential of a formal search attracted interest in alleged discoveries and hoaxes By the 1940s expeditions were being organized to follow up on these apparent leads 3 4 8 9 This modern search movement has been informally called arkeology 5 A reliquary displaying a piece of wood at the museum of Etchmiadzin Cathedral in Armenia said to be from Noah s Ark By tradition Jacob of Nisibis received the wood from an angel during his search for the Ark In 2020 the young Earth creationist group the Institute for Creation Research acknowledged that despite many expeditions Noah s Ark had not been found and is unlikely to be found 6 Many of the supposed findings and methods used in the search are regarded as pseudoscience and pseudoarchaeology by geologists and archaeologists 7 8 581 582 9 72 75 10 Contents 1 Antiquity 2 Middle Ages and early modern period 3 19th century 3 1 New Zealand Herald hoax 3 2 John Joseph Nouri 4 20th century 4 1 Alleged Russian expedition 4 2 Aaron J Smith 4 3 Haji Yearam 4 4 Fernand Navarra 4 5 Durupinar site 4 6 George Greene 4 7 Georgie Hagopian 4 8 James Irwin 4 9 Ed Davis 4 10 George Jammal hoax 5 21st century 5 1 Daniel McGivern 5 2 Bob Cornuke 5 3 Noah s Ark Ministries International 6 Conflicting opinions 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksAntiquity editFurther information Genesis flood narrative Noah s Ark and Mountains of Ararat nbsp Cast of a rock relief of Sennacherib carved at Mount Judi The Talmud suggests he visited Noah s Ark in the 7th century BCE At the end of the Genesis flood narrative when the flooding subsides the Ark is said to come to rest on the mountains of Ararat 11 The Book of Jubilees specifies a particular mountain naming it Lubar 12 The Torah does not describe any particular holiness about the Ark and so little attention is given to its fate after Noah s departure 13 According to the Talmud the Assyrian king Sennacherib found a beam from the Ark and reasoning that it was the god who delivered Noah from the flood fashioned the wood into an idol 14 This expands upon the biblical account of Sennacherib worshiping in the temple of Nisroch interpreting the god s name to be derived from the Hebrew word neser beam 15 A Midrash regarding the Book of Esther says that the gallows erected by Haman was built using a beam from the Ark 16 13 Opinions on the location of the mountains of Ararat have varied since antiquity Interpretations of the Noah story were influenced by the Armenian flood myth about Masis and the Syrian version about Qardu in Corduene until these locations became conflated 17 336 The targumim for Genesis 8 interpret Ararat as Qadron and Kardu i e Corduene 18 19 20 233 In his recounting of the Flood Josephus seeks to link the story of Noah to the Sumerian flood myth as described by Berossus Hieronymus of Cardia Mnaseas of Patrae and Nicolaus of Damascus thereby placing Noah s Ark on a mountain in Armenia where he says relics from the ship are exhibited to this day 1 43 47 21 329 330 However Josephus later describes Carrhae as the location of the Ark again claiming that the locals would show the remains to visitors 22 237 Jerome of Stridon translated Ararat as Armenia in the Vulgate 23 whereas the Armenians themselves associated Noah s Ark with Corduene until the 11th century 17 336 In the early Christian church stories about the remains of Noah s Ark were regarded as evidence that the ship had been located identified and preserved in some form This became useful in Christian apologetics for affirming the events of the Pentateuch as fact 4 6 7 Epiphanius of Salamis wrote Thus even today the remains of Noah s ark are still shown in Cardyaei 24 48 25 75 77 Similarly John Chrysostom proposed to ask non believers Have you heard of the Flood of that universal destruction That was not just a threat was it Did it not really come to pass was not this mighty work carried out Do not the mountains of Armenia testify to it where the Ark rested And are not the remains of the Ark preserved there to this very day for our admonition 25 78 However with the widespread adoption of Christianity in Europe the apologetic value of Ark relics diminished as there were far fewer non believers to persuade 4 7 By the 5th century a legend had arisen that Jacob of Nisibis scaled a mountain in search of Noah s Ark As related by Faustus of Byzantium Jacob and his party traveled to the mountains of Armenia and came to Sararad mountain which was in the borders of the Ayraratean lordship in the district of Korduk Near the summit an angel visited him in his sleep instructing him to climb no further In consolation the angel provided Jacob with a board taken from the Ark Jacob brought the artifact back to the city which is said to have preserved the relic ever since 2 Agathangelos relates a similar story although not directly related to the Ark in which the 3rd century Armenian king Tiridates scales Masis and brings back eight rocks to use in the foundation of new churches 26 35 Middle Ages and early modern period editIn the 7th century the Etymologiae states that remains of the Ark are still at Mount Ararat in Armenia whereas the Quran describes the Ark landing on al judi which is understood to refer to Qardu now known as Mount Judi 27 298 28 29 683 684 Heraclius is reported to have scaled Mount Judi to visit the site of the Ark in either 628 or 629 30 78 One legend claims that Omar ibn al Khaṭṭab removed the Ark from a site near Nisibis and used the wood to construct a mosque 31 284 Despite the longstanding association of Armenia with Ararat in Western Christianity Christians in Armenia did not adopt the idea of Masis as the landing site of the Ark until the arrival of Crusaders in the late 11th century Thereafter Armenians adopted the Western identification of Masis as Mount Ararat and relocated the Jacob of Nisibis legend to that peak 26 36 The angel s admonition to Jacob became a new explanation for the pre Christian taboo against climbing the sacred mountain 26 37 32 202 203 33 214 34 100 Regardless of this cultural impediment other travelers claimed the summit was physically inaccessible due to the permanent snow line and an abundance of precipices 35 25 26 36 37 187 Late medieval reports from Ararat often mentioned the survival of Ark fragments but there was less consensus about whether the vessel itself survived Petachiah of Regensburg simply declared the Ark is not there for it has decayed 38 49 Just over a century later however Hayton of Corycus claimed that on the mountain s summit something black is visible which people say is the Ark 36 Sir Walter Raleigh objected to the view that the Ark landed in Armenia arguing that the Armenian mountains could merely be a sub range of the mountains of Ararat He proposed a definition of Ararat that would encompass the Taurus Caucasus Sariphi and Paropamisus mountain ranges This interpretation would allow the Ark to have landed to the east of Mesopotamia which Raleigh felt was necessary to explain why Noah s descendants migrated to Shinar from the east in Genesis 11 2 39 19th century edit nbsp Mount AraratThe first recorded ascent of Ararat was led by Friedrich Parrot in 1829 40 iv In his account of the expedition Parrot wrote that all the Armenians are firmly persuaded that Noah s Ark remains to this very day on the top of Ararat and that in order to preserve it no human being is allowed to approach it 40 162 James Bryce scaled Ararat in 1876 41 293 294 On his ascent he discovered a piece of wood about four feet long and five inches thick evidently cut by some tool and so far above the limit of trees that it could by no possibility be a natural fragment of one Bryce cut off a portion of the wood to keep and later argued that it might plausibly be a remnant of Noah s ark Although he admitted another explanation for the wood had occurred to him he determined that no man is bound to discredit his own relic 41 280 281 New Zealand Herald hoax edit On 26 March 1883 an avalanche was reported at Mount Ararat which destroyed several villages 42 43 44 45 As an April Fools Day joke George McCullagh Reed writing as Pollex for his opinion column in the New Zealand Herald claimed that the avalanche had revealed the remains of Noah s Ark 46 47 48 59 60 Reed s story largely takes the form of a dispatch supposedly received from the Levant Herald in Constantinople which he believed to have ceased operations several years earlier in fact the paper had by that time relaunched as the Eastern Express 49 The report describes the findings of Commissioners appointed by the Turkish Government including a nonexistent English scientist named Captain Gascoyne which had already been submitted to Sultan Abdul Hamid II and the German ambassador to the Ottoman Empire A reference to an enterprising American traveller seeking to purchase the Ark for exhibition in the United States was intended by Reed to be recognized as P T Barnum 46 50 Over the next several months Reed s prank was picked up by newspapers around the world 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 While some publications presented the story tongue in cheek others uncritically reprinted much of what Reed originally wrote attributing it as he had to a correspondent in Constantinople On 24 November Reed wrote another column apologizing for the hoax and expressing amusement that the story had spread so far 50 59 From the London Times to the Glasgow Herald from the Leeds Mercury to the Pall Mall Gazette through all the principal metropolitan and provincial journals in Britain and all over America my friend Captain Gascoyne and our Ark have been honoured with being handed on but the editor of the Prophetic Messenger is to be credited with the greatest zeal in establishing the authenticity 50 Despite this retraction the story has continued to be circulated often referencing the Prophetic Messenger article which Tim LaHaye and John D Morris called the most complete and accurate account of the discovery 60 56 63 61 62 111 63 64 John Joseph Nouri edit nbsp John Joseph NouriJohn Joseph Nouri claimed to have discovered Noah s Ark on the summit of Mount Ararat in April 1887 65 164 165 66 39 Little else about him is known for certain He was born in Baghdad in 1865 and in 1885 he was consecrated as an archdeacon in the Chaldean Catholic Church During his tour of the United States he attracted attention with his long list of formal titles His Pontifical Eminence the most Venerable Prelate Monseignior The Zamorin Nouri John Joseph Prince of Nouri D D LL D By Divine Providence Chaldean Patriarchal Archdeacon of Babylon and Jerusalem Grand Apostolic Ambassador of Malabar India and Persia The Discoveror of Noah s Ark and the Golden Mountains of the Moon The Sacred Crown s Supreme Representative General of the Holy Orthodox Oriental Patriarchal Imperiality of 900 000 000 People of Asia The First Universal Exploring Traveler of One Million Miles 67 Those who knew him including J O Kinnaman Frederick G Coan and John Henry Barrows regarded him as a charismatic well traveled scholar who spoke multiple languages 66 41 45 65 163 68 299 300 In 1893 Nouri attended the Parliament of the World s Religions in Chicago 65 163 164 By his account he was invited to the event to speak about his encounter with the Ark although the official reports of the event do not say whether such a lecture occurred 66 46 52 Later that year while visiting San Francisco Nouri was robbed and left at the Napa Insane Asylum which took him into custody as a patient 66 46 67 Although he eventually arranged his release the incident raised questions about his mental state and therefore the legitimacy of his extraordinary claims Upon researching the case for a 2014 paper Emrah Sahin concluded that Nouri though of an unusual character was sane 69 55 56 An 1897 report that Nouri had been crowned Patriarch at the Chaldean Pontifical Cathedral at Thrissur has been taken as vindication of his authenticity Nevertheless Turkish officials did not corroborate his claim of discovering Noah s Ark 70 20th century editSearches since the mid 20th century have been largely supported by evangelical millenarian churches and sustained by ongoing popular interest faith based magazines lecture tours videos and occasional television specials Alleged Russian expedition edit nbsp Alexander A Koor claimed to have learned in 1921 about a Russian expedition to find Noah s Ark In 1940 the article Noah s Ark Found appeared in a special edition of New Eden one of several booklets published in Los Angeles by Floyd M Gurley The article was credited to Vladimir Roskovitsky and contained his account of discovering Noah s Ark on Mount Ararat circa 1917 just before the Russian revolution 62 83 89 60 76 79 According to the story Roskovitsky was a Russian aviator stationed 25 miles 40 km northeast of Ararat In August no year is provided he was ordered to perform a test flight of an airplane equipped with a new supercharger Flying near Ararat Roskovitsky and his co pilot spotted an enormous shipwreck on the shore of a lake on the mountain His captain later identified the wreckage as Noah s Ark and submitted a report to the government which sent 150 soldiers to the site The expedition s report was supposedly sent to the tsar just days before godless Bolshevism took over causing the report to be suppressed and presumably destroyed to discredit all religion and belief in the truth of the Bible Roskovitsky identified as a White Russian is said to have fled to the United States to enjoy the freedom to pursue his newfound faith 62 83 87 The story is inconsistent with Russian history as Tsar Nicholas II abdicated the throne at the end of the February Revolution months before the Bolsheviks took power in the October Revolution 71 31 References to parachutes oxygen cans and superchargers in aircraft are anachronistic for the given timeframe 72 Nevertheless the story became very popular and was widely reprinted 73 59 74 4 75 By 1942 however at least two publications had retracted the story 73 59 Inquiries to New Eden about the article were referred to Benjamin F Allen the source for the story 62 87 However Allen had not intended for the story to be published until it could be corroborated and he resented the embellishments Gurley had added In October 1945 he described the version of the story he told to Gurley writing In conversation with him I had given him the few details originating from two soldiers in the Czarist Russian army during the First World War deceased many years ago The story by these soldiers came to me from their relatives of how a Russian aviator had sighted a suspicious looking structure in one of Ararat s obscure canyons Infantrymen were sent on foot to investigate and their officers and they decided it must be Noah s Ark with one end sunk in a small swamp These were the only details they gave Allen said that 95 of the New Eden article including the name Vladimir Roskovitsky had been fabricated by Gurley who issued an apology at his request 62 89 91 60 79 82 Despite Gurley s retraction interest in the Russian aviator story persisted as attention turned to verifying Allen s version 76 247 66 34 37 62 88 89 60 80 81 87 Real estate agent Eryl Cummings who learned of the Roskovitsky story in 1945 was particularly inspired to investigate the possibility that Noah s Ark had been discovered In November 1945 he founded the Sacred History Research Expedition for the purpose of investigating the matter and through his research he later came to be considered the dean of American ark hunters 66 27 30 76 247 Cummings discovered a new lead in an article from the October 6 1945 issue of the Russian language magazine Rosseya which was similar to Gurley s Roskovitsky account The Rosseya article written by former Russian officer Alexander A Koor placed the tsar s expedition in December 1917 and described the Ark as measuring 500 feet 150 m long 83 feet 25 m wide and 50 feet 15 m high Koor s version ended with a rumor that the expedition s report was intercepted by Leon Trotsky who had the courier shot 66 55 60 Cummings later contacted Koor who said he had served in the Ararat region in 1915 and heard of the Ark expedition from fellow officers he met in 1921 This was enough to convince Cummings that Koor had not simply plagiarized the New Eden article 66 61 64 An amateur archaeologist Koor also claimed to have discovered cuneiform inscriptions at Ararat describing the story of the Flood 60 87 Following his correspondence with Cummings Koor would take an interest in promoting the discredited Book of Veles 77 Aaron J Smith edit In November 1948 Edwin Greenwald reported for the Associated Press that Kurdish villagers had discovered a large petrified wooden ship on Mount Ararat 78 60 123 Shukra Asena who owned land in the area reported to Greenwald that a farmer named Reshit found the ship s prow in September about two thirds of the way up the mountain Asena claimed that Reshit spread word of his discovery and people from many of the local villages had climbed Ararat to view the object 78 Although the article was largely secondhand hearsay British amateur archaeologist Egerton Sykes hoped to organize an expedition to establish that Reshit s discovery was in fact Noah s Ark 79 56 57 66 85 Aaron J Smith dean of the People s Bible College in North Carolina joined Sykes in preparing for the operation The pair received publicity when Pravda accused them of planning a surveillance operation for Anglo American imperialists citing the proximity of Mount Ararat to the Soviet border 3 When Sykes was unable to proceed due to a lack of funding Smith went on without him 66 86 87 Upon arrival in Turkey the expedition spent two months in Istanbul arranging all of the permits necessary to proceed to Ararat Following this delay Greenwald joined Smith s party which planned to hire Reshit as a guide 66 87 88 However Reshit could not be located despite the offer of a reward for information Although Greenwald s article had indicated that Reshit s find had been witnessed by people throughout the area no such witnesses could be found by the team 60 118 Although the mission ended in failure Smith remained hopeful that Noah s Ark would be found on Ararat someday Expedition member Necati Dolunay argued that the project has done a great deal for science and research as regards the ark It finally has utterly disproved opinions and observations during more than 100 years that the ark is in plain sight 66 89 90 In 1986 David Fasold interviewed a man named Ali Oglu Reșit Sarihan whom he believed to be the Reshit described by Shukra Asena thirty eight years earlier According to Fasold the object that Reshit allegedly discovered in 1948 was not located on Mount Ararat as originally reported but was in fact the Durupinar site 80 321 325 Haji Yearam edit Harold Williams a Seventh Day Adventist pastor related the story of Haji Yearam in a 1952 letter to Ark researcher Eryl Cummings 66 111 116 Over the next few years Eryl and his wife Violet worked to corroborate the story locating Yearam s death certificate in 1956 and securing Williams s permission in 1958 to publish his letters 66 119 123 It is unclear if the story was widely circulated until the 1970s when Violet Cummings began writing books about the Ark Yearam was a devout Seventh Day Adventist who had immigrated from Armenia to the United States eventually settling in Oakland California In 1915 Harold Williams and his parents began caring for the elderly ailing Yearam Haji asked me to write down carefully a story he was very anxious to tell Williams wrote because he was sure that it would be of use some day after he was dead and gone According to Williams this deathbed statement revealed that Yearam as a boy had been part of a secret expedition that located Noah s Ark on Mount Ararat 66 112 116 The exact timeframe of this alleged expedition is uncertain though Violet Cummings concludes that it occurred circa 1856 66 112 In Yearam s story as related by Williams his home village was at the foot of Mount Ararat and his community had once made regular pilgrimages up to the Ark One day three vile men who did not believe the Bible hired Yearam and his father as guides as they intended to search the mountain in order to disprove the Noah s Ark story When Yearam s father led them to the Ark the three scientists went into a Satanic rage at finding what they hoped to prove nonexistent After trying and failing to destroy the vessel the scientists agreed to cover up the discovery and made Yearam and his father swear to keep the secret under threat of torture and murder 66 113 115 Williams later explained that Yearam wanted his story preserved so that when the right time came it might encourage brave men to go and locate the Ark and give to the world such proof as could not be denied 66 117 Haji Yearam died on 3 May 1920 66 123 Williams claimed that around that same time he read a newspaper article about a scientist in London who gave a deathbed confession about concealing the discovery of Noah s Ark This second account was supposed to be remarkably consistent with the statement Yearam had given Williams said that he saved the newspaper keeping it with his transcript of Yearam s story however both were destroyed in a 1940 house fire 66 115 116 Despite a diligent search no copy of the article about the dying scientist has ever been located 66 124 126 The chief criticism of Williams s account is that it is entirely hearsay evidence 79 57 58 Williams is the sole source for a story he considered to be very important in 1920 yet he made no effort to share it before the destruction of his evidence twenty years later and no effort to publish it until the 1950s 79 49 The motivations of the story s scientists make no sense except to conform to their villainous role in what Larry Eskridge characterizes as a melodrama 79 50 76 250 The TalkOrigins Archive suggests that the depiction of unbelievers indicates that the entire story was manufactured as religious propaganda 81 Fernand Navarra edit French industrialist Fernand Navarra claimed to have located Noah s Ark in his 1956 book J ai Trouve l Arche de Noe 82 69 According to Navarra he was inspired to search for the ship in 1937 after listening to an Armenian friend describe the legends his grandfather had told him in 1920 82 xiii xiv In 1952 he was invited to join an Ararat expedition with Jean de Riquer and Sehap Atalay which reported no sign of the Ark 82 10 11 30 83 However Navarra would later claim that while alone he sighted a large dark mass that he said could only be the Ark Since he could not reach this object or provide proof for its existence he decided not to reveal his discovery until he could return 82 36 38 After failing to return to the site in 1953 Navarra resolved to return in 1955 For his next attempt he sought to avoid potential delays caused by securing permission from the Turkish authorities to climb Ararat To that end he disguised the mission as a family vacation bringing his wife and three sons to Turkey and scaling the mountain with eleven year old Raphael Navarra 82 38 41 The father and son filmed their recovery of a 5 foot 1 5 m beam of hand hewn wood which Fernand said was cut from the structure he located in 1952 To make the wood easier to carry without arousing suspicion from the Turks they cut the beam into smaller pieces 82 63 In 1956 Navarra submitted his wood to several institutions for scientific analysis 82 123 133 The wood was identified as oak Analyses based on color density and lignitization reportedly indicated the wood was about 5 000 years old in line with the literalist timeframe of the Flood 84 137 However these methodologies for dating wood are unreliable and rejected by most scientists 84 139 141 Personal correspondence from 1959 refers to an unknown report that Navarra s wood had been radiocarbon dated to exactly 4 484 years old 82 136 62 135 Such a precise figure is not possible to obtain from radiocarbon dating and does not correspond to any biblical chronology except that of Navarra who wrote in 1955 that the Flood occurred 4 484 years ago 62 135 The Archaeological Research Foundation conducted several expeditions to locate Navarra s site in the 1960s but were unable to find it Acting as a consultant Navarra supplied maps which ARF found vague and inconsistent with the mountain 85 317 328 In negotiations for him to personally lead ARF to the site Navarra demanded considerable financial compensation and royalties from whatever the team might find The two sides came to an agreement for a 1968 mission in which Navarra arrived late and injured his foot while attempting to catch up 62 137 141 By 1969 the efforts of ARF had been taken over by a new organization the SEARCH Foundation led by Ralph Crawford and with Navarra serving on the board of directors 85 328 329 On a SEARCH expedition in 1969 Navarra became separated from the rest of the party and shortly thereafter identified a site where the team found pieces of wood 85 329 332 SEARCH board member Elfred Lee arranged for radiocarbon dating on samples from Navarra s specimens 62 142 The 1955 samples were analyzed by five institutions with results dating the wood to approximately 1 200 1 700 years ago Two analyses of the 1969 samples dated the wood to about 1 350 years ago 86 94 101 In 1984 Navarra gave another piece of wood to James Irwin who submitted it for another round of tests Irwin s sample was found to be about 1500 years old with evidence that the pitch coating was of far more recent origin and applied using modern technology 87 18 21 Several allegations have cast doubt on Navarra s credibility 60 133 134 4 9 Although Navarra said in 1958 that Sehap Atalay had collected wood from the Navarra site Atalay contradicted that claim in 1962 According to Atalay Navarra gave him the wood on his way back from the 1955 expedition 85 317 318 In 1970 Jean de Riquer accused Navarra of attempting to buy ancient wood from villagers at the foot of Ararat during their 1952 expedition 62 161 85 331 During his own ascents of Ararat Gunnar Smars met Kurdish guides who accompanied Navarra on one or more private climbs around 1968 or 1969 unbeknownst to SEARCH 85 331 Durupinar site edit nbsp The Durupinar site Agri TurkeyMain article Durupinar site During a 1959 geodetic survey of Turkey an anomalous shape near Dogubayazit was identified by Ilhan Durupinar of the Turkish Air Force and Sevket Kurtis of Ohio State University 66 127 128 88 112 114 89 The size and shape of the object resemble a boat approximately 450 feet 140 m long and 150 feet 46 m wide inviting speculation that it could be Noah s Ark 66 128 130 Evangelist George Vandeman organized an expedition to the site in 1960 which determined that the shape was a natural geological formation 66 133 135 nbsp The Durupinar site in July 2019Interest in the site was renewed by Ron Wyatt who visited the site in 1977 1979 and 1984 90 275 Based on Wyatt s promotion of his research the Turkish government declared the site a national park in 1986 90 278 279 Geophysicist John Baumgardner and salvage expert David Fasold strongly advocated that the site was in fact Noah s Ark but both of them eventually broke with Wyatt to express misgivings about their findings 90 282 284 291 293 In 1996 Fasold co authored a paper with geologist Lorence G Collins asserting that the site cannot have been Noah s Ark nor even a man made model 89 George Greene edit In the mid 1960s oil engineer Fred Drake claimed to have seen six photographs of Noah s Ark in 1954 According to Drake the photos were taken by his colleague George Greene who had taken a helicopter flight around Mount Ararat while working at a Turkish oil pipeline The pictures showed an unidentified protrusion on the mountain resembling the prow of a large wooden ship An investigation by the Archeological Research Foundation determined that Greene tried and failed to organize an expedition to Ararat and then relocated to British Guiana where he died in 1962 Greene s friends and family were uncertain what became of his Ararat photos which were never found 66 138 144 A 1990 article by Bill Crouse listed various natural formations on Ararat that appeared to resemble a ship in photographs until mountaineers examined them in person Crouse believed one of these phantom arks a prow shaped chunk of basalt photographed by Tom Crotser in the 1970s could be the same object seen by Greene 91 Georgie Hagopian edit In 1970 Armenian American Georgie Hagopian reported that his uncle took him to see Noah s Ark twice during his childhood Different accounts of his story place the first sighting in 1902 1906 or 1908 with the second incident occurring about two years later 60 69 25 113 118 66 186 190 92 According to this account the moss covered Ark lay on the edge of a cliff so that only one side was accessible 25 114 116 Hagopian said that many other boys in his childhood community told him that they had seen the structure 66 190 The TalkOrigins Archive takes issue with the apparent ease with which these children supposedly reached the Ark site in contrast with the difficulties reported by other explorers 93 By Hagopian s estimate the Ark was over 1 000 feet 300 m long 600 700 feet 180 210 m wide and over 35 feet 11 m high To reconcile this estimate with traditional interpretations of the Ark s size John Warwick Montgomery suggested that Dimensions regularly appear greater than they actually are to small children 25 114 However Hagopian s recollection of an 18 inch 46 cm window which is consistent with traditional views is accepted as a precise estimate by Violet Cummings 66 191 192 Hagopian said that his uncle wanted to keep a piece of the Ark but was unable to cut into the wood using a knife or a blast of gunpowder He adamantly rejected Fernand Navarra s claim to have found fragments of the Ark 66 189 190 Attempting to reconcile the two claims Montgomery raised the possibility that the Ark was not uniformly petrified 25 113 Hagopian however believed the entire structure was absolutely petrified and that Almighty God would never permit the Ark to be cut and broken up 66 190 James Irwin edit nbsp James IrwinAstronaut James Irwin the eighth person to walk on the Moon experienced a religious epiphany during the Apollo 15 mission in 1971 The following year he resigned from NASA and founded an evangelical organization the High Flight Foundation 94 95 During his outreach work Irwin met Eryl Cummings in 1976 and expressed interest in joining one of his expeditions in search of Noah s Ark 96 7 At the time Turkish policy had closed off Mount Ararat to explorers and Irwin was denied a permit in 1977 However following the 1980 coup Irwin s celebrity allowed him to establish a rapport with President Kenan Evren who invited him to lead an expedition in 1982 96 7 14 97 Irwin s 1982 mission ended in disaster when he left the group in search of a shortcut to the summit and fell off the trail He had no memory of what caused the fall but later speculated that he d been caught in a rockslide and struck by a rock He awoke hours later badly wounded and crawled into his sleeping bag to survive the night 96 63 64 The expedition team sent out a search party the following day which rescued him and brought him down the mountain for medical treatment 96 70 86 98 Undeterred Irwin returned to Ararat a month later this time with his wife and son 97 87 page needed He hoped to pursue a tip offered to him by another explorer who reported seeing an object about 12 000 feet 3 700 m up the mountain in Ahora Gorge Mary Irwin later expressed misgivings about her husband s mental state so soon after his fall Because Jim s rationale wasn t quite right after being hit so hard on his head she wrote in 2012 he deduced we wouldn t need backpacks and climbing gear Without proper equipment the team struggled to make progress during the night and were forced to abandon the expedition 87 page needed In August 1983 Irwin made another attempt partnering with Marvin Steffins 99 100 They chartered an airplane to survey Ararat and led a 22 member expedition including Eryl Cummings and several members of Irwin s family 87 page needed 100 During the climb a Turkish guide had sighted wood where the snowline had receded 100 A blizzard forced the team to turn back before they could reach the site 101 14 It s easier to walk on the moon Irwin said regarding the difficulties in climbing Ararat I ve done all I possibly can but the ark continues to elude us 100 Irwin fully intended to try again in 1984 However he acknowledged the possibility that the Ark might not be found Although he firmly believed the ship had really existed he was far less certain that it had not been destroyed over the centuries The likelihood of it surviving at all he said is small He also suspected that many of the reported sightings on Mount Ararat were false 97 Nevertheless he scaled the mountain that summer to look for the wood sighted the previous year When he reached the site he found only a pair of abandoned skis 101 14 102 244 During the 1985 climbing season Kurdish rebels had ambushed at least four parties on Ararat 103 By the time Irwin could begin his climb on 24 August only five of his 22 member party were allowed to accompany him and the expedition was escorted by thirty Turkish soldiers 104 Just as the team reached the summit Turkish officials ordered them to descend By the time the party received permission to resume the mission they were too exhausted to continue According to the US Ambassador to Turkey Robert Strausz Hupe the government was reacting to Soviet maneuvers near the border and concern that Irwin would become a high value target for terrorists 105 235 240 Irwin planned to make a sixth trip to Ararat in July 1986 with a smaller team 106 These plans were disrupted when he suffered arrhythmia on 6 June 107 By July however he had resumed plans for the expedition 108 My doctor is against my traveling and he said that I cannot go over 10 000 feet Irwin said But the Lord willing I will be there 109 After completing an aerial survey of Ararat Irwin s team was detained at their hotel under accusations of violating Soviet and Iranian airspace The party was released once local officials confirmed Irwin s flight had been authorized 110 111 35 37 According to expedition member Bob Cornuke Irwin expressed concern that his fame attracted media attention and security risks that were hampering the search Jim himself had confided on our last trip as the permit process reached new heights of lunacy that the problems could be traced to him not as some had come to suspect a sinister Turkish plot to prevent us from finding the ark 111 27 29 In September Irwin announced I think I ve done all I can to attract attention to the ark I think it is time others take up the search 112 A 1987 heat wave in Turkey convinced Irwin to change his mind and return for his seventh expedition to Mount Ararat He believed the warm temperatures might have melted enough of the mountain s glaciers to make Noah s Ark easier to spot from the air 113 114 Irwin s High Flight Foundation teamed with the Institute for Creation Research Evangelische Omroep and International Exploration Inc for a joint operation According to ICR s John D Morris the Turkish government had banned exploration of Ararat earlier in the year and only approved this expedition on the condition that the team also evaluate the Durupinar site Permits to explore Ararat itself were revoked before the party could begin its intended mission Ultimately the expedition was only able to arrange a high altitude aerial survey staying no less than 20 kilometres 12 mi from Soviet and Iranian airspace 115 The 1987 expedition would be Irwin s last as doctors ordered him to give up the search 116 When the High Flight Foundation organized another trip in 1988 Bob Cornuke led the party while Irwin stayed home 111 18 24 Ed Davis edit nbsp Persian Gulf Command where Davis was stationed in 1943Optometrist and Ararat explorer Don Shockey learned in 1985 that Ed Davis had spoken to his church about seeing Noah s Ark during World War II 117 Shockey invited Davis to speak at an ark a thon convention he organized in 1986 at Farmington New Mexico 111 15 16 Davis was interviewed extensively about his story by Shockey s FIBER organization and later subjected to a polygraph test on behalf of James Irwin s High Flight Foundation 118 119 111 17 22 In 1943 Davis was a sergeant in the United States Army Corps of Engineers stationed in Hamadan to work on the Persian Corridor between Khorramshahr and Qazvin 118 4 44 120 308 According to Davis during this assignment he befriended a local driver named Badi and his father Abas Abas who claimed to have visited Noah s Ark atop the mountain near their village Around 1 July Abas Abas invited Davis to join them in one such visit saying that enough snow and ice had melted to partially expose the ship Upon reaching Doomsday Point Davis said he saw the Ark which first appeared as a huge rock formation covered by fog It was lying in a cove lake within a canyon below his position and broken into two portions Abas Abas claimed that the Ark had been whole in his youth and had only broken apart within his lifetime 118 4 8 Ark researchers disagree about whether Davis s experience involved Mount Ararat in Turkey s Agri Province Davis said the mountain he visited could be seen from his unit s base in Hamadan but Agri is 400 miles 640 km away 121 The first published version of his account describes Badi and Abas Abas as Kurds which is consistent with a story about visiting a village in Agri 118 4 7 However in footage of his original interview Davis says the villagers were Lurs an ethnic group in western Iran 111 56 121 Several different mountains in Lorestan are identified by the Lurs as the landing site of Noah s Ark 122 100 111 89 93 154 Similarly Lur tradition places the Garden of Eden which Davis also reported seeing in Lorestan 123 3 George Jammal hoax edit In November 1985 actor George Jammal wrote to Duane Gish vice president of the Institute for Creation Research falsely claiming to have searched for Noah s Ark between 1972 and 1984 Jammal described being aided by Mr Asholian Alis Buls Hitian and Vladimir Sobitchsky The story culminated with Jammal and Vladimir locating the Ark in a cave of ice whereupon Vladimir fell to his death trying to photograph the ship Jammal also claimed to have taken a piece of wood from the site 124 ICR s John D Morris responded to Jammal in 1986 seeking to arrange an interview Jammal prepared by studying books about the search for the Ark as well as the 1976 Sun Classic Pictures film In Search of Noah s Ark During the interview Jammal used cold reading techniques to elicit information from Morris that would determine Jammal s answers to Morris s questions 124 According to Jammal Morris repeatedly offered to finance an expedition to corroborate his story 125 Years later when Sun began work on a follow up to In Search of Noah s Ark Morris shared his information on Jammal David Balsiger researching the story for Sun was advised by Ark researchers David Fasold and Bill Crouse that Jammal s account was not credible Unsure whether to perpetuate the hoax Jammal contacted noted skeptic Gerald A Larue who described how he felt misrepresented by Sun s 1992 TV movie Ancient Secrets of the Bible 124 125 On 20 February 1993 CBS aired Sun s The Incredible Discovery of Noah s Ark which featured a segment on Jammal s story and showed him displaying a piece of wood purportedly taken from the Ark 126 124 Larue issued a press release exposing the hoax which was largely ignored until Time covered the story in July 124 Following the exposure of the hoax Jammal was initially reluctant to comment for fear of legal reprisal 124 However in October 1993 he admitted that he made up the entire story 127 The wood he presented on screen had in fact been pine found near some railroad tracks in Long Beach California which he boiled with spices and baked in an oven 127 125 Jammal was critical of Sun s failure to verify his story I even gave the production company a piece of the wood to test he wrote but they obviously weren t interested in truth all they wanted was a good performance If they had actually been concerned about truth they should have asked me why Noah s Ark smelled like teriyaki sauce 125 A representative for Sun stated that Jammal s segment would be edited from future releases of The Incredible Discovery of Noah s Ark 127 21st century editDaniel McGivern edit Honolulu businessman Daniel McGivern began investigating the search for Noah s Ark in 1995 and eventually financed commercial satellite photos of Mount Ararat 128 According to his research a 2003 heat wave melted enough ice and snow on the northwestern slope to reveal a dark patch which he interpreted as resembling three beams and a crossbeam 129 In April 2004 McGivern and Turkish mountaineer Ahmet Ali Arslan announced plans for an expedition to the site in July 128 130 131 A Guardian article associated McGivern s site with the Ararat anomaly a similar phenomenon observed in surveillance photos of Mount Ararat declassified by the US government in the 1990s 132 Although McGivern hoped to begin the expedition by 15 July he instead spent the entire summer trying to obtain approval from the Turkish government His request was finally declined in September 133 Critics suggested that McGivern announced the expedition before obtaining permission as a publicity stunt to persuade Turkey to authorize it The choice of Arslan who claimed in 1989 to have photographed Noah s Ark to lead the mission was also questioned Ahmet is a big talker according to an ark researcher commenting to National Geographic In one conversation he will say that he has 3 000 photos and in another conversation ten minutes later 5 000 photos 130 McGivern said he would not make another attempt the following year I don t have Ark fever like many who go year after year he said A good businessman calculates what amount of money and time he will invest and has to know when to walk away 133 However in 2011 he said he had funded other smaller expeditions and had spent 500 000 on research 134 Bob Cornuke edit nbsp 1722 map depicting Noah s Ark at Ecbatana in what is now western IranDuring an unsuccessful expedition in 1988 Bob Cornuke became convinced that Noah s Ark could not be on Mount Ararat 111 color plate 6 He gave up the search forming the Bible Archeology Search and Exploration Institute in 1992 to seek out other biblical locations and artifacts However in 1998 Cornuke learned of the idea that Genesis 11 2 places the Ark s landing site east of Shinar 111 45 47 In this context he reevaluated the testimony of Ed Davis and concluded that the site Davis described must be in Iran 111 51 57 63 In June 2006 the BASE Institute announced the discovery of a large object resembling petrified wood on Mount Takht e Suleyman in the Alborz 135 136 137 The object located 13 000 feet 4 000 m above sea level was reported to be similar in size to estimates for the Ark 136 The BASE website asserted that this object was the same one Ed Davis claimed to have seen but stopped short of proclaiming it Noah s Ark instead calling it a candidate 138 I think we ve found something that deserves a lot more research Cornuke said It has a distinct possibility that it could be something like the ark 139 Critics of the announcement objected to the lack of peer review on Cornuke s findings 7 140 Looking at the expedition s photos experts in geology and ancient timber disputed the possibility that the object was petrified wood 137 The expedition included many business law and ministry leaders but no professional geologists or archaeologists 141 Cornuke s interpretation of scripture was also criticized as Genesis does not indicate whether Noah s descendants migrated to Shinar directly from Ararat or from some unnamed intermediate location 142 Moreover Genesis 11 2 can be plausibly translated to indicate that the clan migrated eastward suggesting a point of origin west of Shinar 123 6 7 By 2010 Cornuke had stopped looking for Noah s Ark saying I came down from the mountain with all this evidence for Noah s Ark and nobody cared 143 In 2012 he wrote In all my 25 years of searching for the ark I have never seen the old boat 144 xi Noah s Ark Ministries International edit nbsp Exhibit on the search for Noah s Ark at the Noah s Ark theme park in Hong KongIn 2004 Media Evangelism founder Andrew Yuen Man fai and pastor Boaz Li Chi kwong announced the discovery of parts of Noah s Ark on Mount Ararat They reported that their team found a large wooden structure at an elevation of 4 200 metres 13 800 ft during their fourth trip to the mountain 145 According to an exhibit at Hong Kong s Noah s Ark theme park the search team had been exploring Ararat as Noah s Ark Ministries International NAMI since 2003 146 Yuen and Li had no evidence of their claim beyond blurred images as they said a mysterious force disrupted their video footage 145 In 2005 Media Evangelism released a documentary The Days of Noah based on the NAMI expedition 147 According to NAMI s website Turkish mountaineer Ahmet Ertugrul nicknamed Parasut submitted a sample of petrified wood to NAMI which he claimed to have obtained in August 2006 from a second wooden structure located 4 000 metres 13 000 ft up Mount Ararat NAMI claimed that an expedition was sent in February 2007 which found that the 2004 site had collapsed due to an earthquake and was prevented from examining the 2006 site due to weather conditions 148 An October 2007 press conference announced that a follow up mission in August successfully recovered more petrified wood from the site Ertugrul reported 148 149 In a press conference on 25 April 2010 NAMI announced that an October 2009 expedition had excavated and filmed the wood structure discovered by Ertugrul 150 151 152 153 Although NAMI s website claimed Ertugrul discovered the site in August 2006 he stated at the press conference that he learned of it in June 2008 148 153 The wooden structure reported by Yuen and Li in 2004 was not addressed 153 According to NAMI specimens from the site were carbon dated to 4800 BP 152 154 Footage of the interior of the structure was released on NAMI s YouTube account 155 NAMI said that Turkey would submit the location for designation as a World Heritage Site however when reached for comment a spokesperson for UNESCO said that the organization had not received such a request 151 The immediate response to the announcement was largely skeptical 156 157 Mainstream scientists objected to the lack of professional archaeologists involved with the research and the decision to reveal the findings via a media event rather than publishing a peer reviewed study 150 158 Creationists also expressed concern about the lack of data available for independent corroboration 159 Andrew A Snelling later said that NAMI supplied him with their radiocarbon dating report which showed that only one test of one sample had produced the publicized result of 4800 BP Moreover Snelling rejected the 4800 BP result as evidence for Noah s Ark based on creationist beliefs about carbon 14 levels in antediluvian wood 160 Turkey s Ministry of Culture and Tourism expressed doubt that NAMI secured permission to conduct their expeditions and began an investigation as to how NAMI transported its wood samples from Turkey to China 161 162 Within days of the announcement Randall Price who had consulted with NAMI in 2008 came forward with allegations that Ertugrul hired Kurdish workers to construct the site using wood from an old structure near the Black Sea 163 164 165 166 NAMI issued a statement saying that its relationship with Price ended in October 2008 and he was therefore unfamiliar with findings made after that time 167 Defending NAMI s claims team members argued that it would not be possible to haul enough materials up Mount Ararat to build the structure that they had described 161 In rebuttal Price and his colleague Don Patton cited the use of heavy equipment in other Ararat expeditions as well as a 2007 publicity stunt in which Greenpeace built a 10 metre 33 ft replica of Noah s Ark on the mountain 168 27 28 169 After promoting the release of the 2011 film The Days of Noah 2 Apocalypse the NAMI website NoahsArkSearch net was no longer updated 170 171 Support for NAMI s claims was later taken up by Norman Geisler who invited Ertugrul to speak at an apologetics conference organized by Southern Evangelical Seminary in October 2015 171 172 173 174 Joel Klenck formerly associated with NAMI has continued to promote NAMI s claims as recently as December 2020 175 NAMI and Ertugrul never disclosed the location of the site they reported although Price and Patton claimed in 2010 to have independently located it 175 168 18 19 Donald Mackenzie a self styled missionary who had searched for Noah s Ark for nearly a decade traveled to Ararat in 2010 hoping to find Ertugrul s site on his own Mackenzie contacted his family from the mountain in September but was never heard from again His abandoned campsite was later found but the circumstances of his disappearance remain unknown 176 177 Conflicting opinions editModern organized searches for the ark tend to originate in American evangelical circles According to Larry Eskridge An interesting phenomenon that has arisen within twentieth century conservative American evangelism the widespread conviction that the ancient Ark of Noah is embedded in ice high atop Mount Ararat waiting to be found It is a story that has combined earnest faith with the lure of adventure questionable evidence with startling claims The hunt for the ark like evangelism itself is a complex blend of the rational and the supernatural the modern and the premodern While it acknowledges a debt to pure faith in a literal reading of the Scriptures and centuries of legend the conviction that the Ark literally lies on Ararat is a recent one backed by a largely twentieth century canon of evidence that includes stories of shadowy eyewitnesses tales of mysterious missing photographs rumors of atheistic conspiracy and pieces of questionable ark wood from the mountain Moreover it skirts the domain of pop pseudoscience and the paranormal making the attempt to find the ark the evangelical equivalent of the search for Bigfoot or the Loch Ness monster In all these ways it reveals much about evangelicals distrust of mainstream science and the motivations and modus operandi of the scientific elite 76 245 Ark seeker Richard Carl Bright considers the search for the ark a religious quest dependent on God s blessing for its success Bright is also confident that there is a multinational government conspiracy to hide the truth about the ark I firmly believe that the governments of Turkey Russia and the United States know exactly where the ark sits They suppress the information but God is in charge The structure will be revealed in its time We climb the mountain and search hoping it is in fact God s time as we climb Use us O Lord is our prayer 102 78 See also editArchaeological forgery Biblical archeology Biblical literalism Creationism Flood myth Flood geology In Search of Noah s Ark List of topics characterized as pseudoscienceReferences edit a b Josephus Titus Flavius 1961 circa 93 94 CE Jewish Antiquities Books I IV Josephus Vol IV Translated by Thackeray H St J London William Heinemann Retrieved 9 February 2021 a b Faustus of Byzantium 1985 Concerning Yakob James of Mcbin Nisibis P awstos Buzand s History of the Armenians Translated by Bedrosian Robert Retrieved 10 February 2021 a b Russia Suspicion On The Mount Time 25 April 1949 Archived from the original on 2 March 2021 Retrieved 8 February 2021 a b c d Moore Robert A Fall 1981 Arkeology A New Science in Support of Creation PDF Creation Evolution Vol 2 no 4 VI pp 6 15 Retrieved 8 February 2021 Montgomery John Warwick 7 January 1972 Arkeology 1971 Christianity Today Vol XVI no 7 pp 50 51 Retrieved 21 February 2021 Thomas Brian September 2020 Did Someone Really Find Noah s Ark Acts amp Facts Vol 49 no 9 Dallas Institute for Creation Research p 20 Archived from the original on 21 September 2020 Retrieved 24 February 2021 a b Cline Eric H 30 September 2007 Raiders of the faux ark Boston Globe Archived from the original on 28 February 2021 Retrieved 15 February 2021 Feder Kenneth L 1996 Pseudo Archaeology In Fagan Brian M Beck Charlotte Michaels George Scarre Chris Silberman Neil Asher eds The Oxford Companion to Archaeology Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 0195076184 Retrieved 14 February 2021 Cline Eric H 2009 Biblical Archaeology A Very Short Introduction Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0199741076 Retrieved 17 January 2014 Feder Kenneth L 2010 Encyclopedia of Dubious Archaeology From Atlantis to the Walam Olum Santa Barbara California ABC CLIO p 196 ISBN 978 0313379192 Retrieved 15 February 2021 Genesis 8 3 4 Book of Jubilees 7 1 Sefaria Retrieved 10 February 2021 a b Shurpin Yehuda 27 October 2019 What Happened to Noah s Ark Chabad org Retrieved 8 February 2021 Talmud b Sanhedrin 96a 2 Kings 19 37 Esther 5 14 a b Conybeare F C April 1901 Untitled review of Ararat und Masis Studien zur armenischen Altertumskunde und Litteratur by Friedrich Murad The American Journal of Theology 5 2 The University of Chicago Press 335 337 doi 10 1086 477703 JSTOR 3152410 Targum Onkelos Genesis 8 4 Sefaria Retrieved 10 February 2021 Targum Jonathan Genesis 8 4 Sefaria Retrieved 10 February 2021 Neusner Jacob July September 1964 The Jews in Pagan Armenia Journal of the American Oriental Society 84 3 American Oriental Society 230 240 doi 10 2307 596556 JSTOR 596556 Buchler Adolf January 1897 The Sources of Josephus for the History of Syria In Antiquities XII 3 XIII 14 The Jewish Quarterly Review 9 2 University of Pennsylvania 311 349 doi 10 2307 1450594 JSTOR 1450594 Josephus Titus Flavius Complete works of Josephus Antiquities of the Jews The wars of the Jews against Apion etc etc Vol III New York Bigelow Brown amp Co Retrieved 9 February 2021 Genesis 8 4 Latin Vulgate LatinVulgate Com Retrieved 10 February 2021 Epiphanius of Salamis 2009 Thomassen Einar van Oort Johannes eds The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis Book I Sects 1 46 Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies Vol 63 Translated by Williams Frank Leiden Koninklijke Brill NV ISBN 9789004170179 Retrieved 10 February 2021 a b c d e f Montgomery John Warwick 1974 1972 The Quest for Noah s Ark 2 ed Minneapolis Dimension Books ISBN 0871234777 Retrieved 10 February 2021 a b c Petrosyan Hamlet 2001 The Sacred Mountain In Abrahamian Levon Sweezy Nancy eds Armenian Folk Arts Culture and Identity Bloomington Indiana University pp 33 39 ISBN 0253337046 Retrieved 13 February 2021 Isidore of Seville 2006 c 615 636 The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville PDF Translated by Barney Stepehen A Lewis W J Beach J A Berghof Oliver With the collaboration of Muriel Hall Cambridge Cambridge University ISBN 9780511217593 Retrieved 13 February 2021 Quran 11 44 Translated by Pickthall Reynolds Gabriel Said October December 2004 A Reflection on Two Qurʾanic Words Iblis and Judi with Attention to the Theories of A Mingana Journal of the American Oriental Society 124 4 American Oriental Society 675 689 doi 10 2307 4132112 JSTOR 4132112 Theophilus of Edessa 2011 8th c Theophilus of Edessa s Chronicle and the Circulation of Historical Knowledge in Late Antiquity and Early Islam Translated Texts for Historians Vol 57 Translated by Hoyland Robert G Liverpool Liverpool University ISBN 978 1 84631 697 5 Retrieved 11 February 2021 Benjamin of Tudela 1928 12th c The Travels of Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela In Komroff Manuel ed Contemporaries of Marco Polo New York Liveright pp 251 322 Retrieved 13 February 2021 William of Rubruck 1928 13th c The Journal of Friar William of Rubruck In Komroff Manuel ed Contemporaries of Marco Polo New York Liveright pp 51 209 Retrieved 13 February 2021 Odoric of Pordenone 1928 14th c The Journal of Friar Odoric In Komroff Manuel ed Contemporaries of Marco Polo New York Liveright pp 211 250 Retrieved 13 February 2021 Mandeville John 1905 14th c The Travels of Sir John Mandeville London Macmillan and Co Retrieved 13 February 2021 Polo Marco 1926 13th c Komroff Manuel ed The Travels of Marco Polo Translated by Marsden William New York Liveright Retrieved 13 February 2021 a b Hayton of Corycus 2004 1307 The Kingdom of Armenia Het um the Historian s History of the Tartars The Flower of Histories of the East Translated by Bedrosian Robert Retrieved 14 February 2021 Olearius Adam 1662 The Voyages amp Travels of the Ambassadors from the Duke of Holstein to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia Translated by Davies John London Thomas Dring and John Starkey Retrieved 14 February 2021 Petachiah of Regensburg 1856 ca 1187 Travels of Rabbi Petachiah of Ratisbon Translated by Benisch A London Trubner amp Co Retrieved 14 February 2021 Raleigh Walter 1829 1614 That the ark rested upon part of the hill Taurus or Caucasus between the East Indies and Scythia The History of the World Book I The Works of Sir Walter Raleigh Kt Vol II Oxford Oxford University pp 217 247 Retrieved 12 February 2021 a b Parrot Friedrich 1859 1834 Journey to Ararat Translated by Cooley W D New York Harper amp Brothers Retrieved 7 February 2021 a b Bryce James 1896 1877 Transcaucasia and Ararat Being Notes of a Vacation Tour in the Autumn of 1876 4th ed revised ed London MacMillan and Co Retrieved 7 February 2021 Buried by Snow Avalanches The Sun New York 26 March 1883 p 1 Retrieved 15 February 2021 Dreadful Loss of Life Indianapolis Journal 26 March 1883 p 2 Retrieved 15 February 2021 Over a Hundred Persons Killed by Snow Avalanches Portland Daily Press Portland Maine 26 March 1883 p 1 Retrieved 15 February 2021 Destructive Avalanches at Mount Ararat New Zealand Herald Vol XX no 6664 Auckland 28 March 1883 p 5 a b Reed George McCullagh 31 March 1883 Calamo Currente New Zealand Herald Vol XX no 6667 Auckland p 1 supplement Retrieved 15 February 2021 Rudman Brian 1 April 2004 NZ hoax went round world New Zealand Herald Auckland Retrieved 15 February 2021 Benbow Hannah Lee 2009 I Like New Zealand Best London Correspondents for New Zealand Newspapers 1884 1942 Master of Arts in History University of Canterbury doi 10 26021 5181 hdl 10092 3047 Retrieved 7 February 2021 Caglar Burhan March 2017 Brief History of an English language Journal in the Ottoman Empire The Levant Herald and Constantinople Messenger 1859 1878 M A thesis University of Toronto hdl 1807 76645 Retrieved 15 February 2021 a b c Reed George McCullagh 24 November 1883 Calamo Currente New Zealand Herald Vol XX no 6871 Auckland p 9 supplement Retrieved 15 February 2021 Noah s Ark found Ashburton Guardian Vol IV no 942 14 May 1883 p 2 Retrieved 15 February 2021 Reported Discovery of Noah s Ark Australian Town and Country Journal Sydney 23 June 1883 p 27 Retrieved 15 February 2021 The Latest Ark aeological Find The Weekly Mail Henry Mackenzie Thomas 28 July 1883 hdl 10107 3372750 Retrieved 15 February 2021 Noah s Ark Discovered on Mount Ararat Chicago Daily Tribune 10 August 1883 p 5 The Ark Found Daily Globe St Paul Minnesota 11 August 1883 p 1 Retrieved 15 February 2021 Noah s Ark Discovered The Silver State Unionville Nevada 21 August 1883 Retrieved 15 February 2021 untitled The Straits Times Vol XXIV no 15089 Singapore 25 August 1883 p 2 Retrieved 15 February 2021 Reported Discovery of Noah s Ark Saints Herald Vol 30 no 36 539 Lamoni Iowa 8 September 1883 p 570 Retrieved 15 February 2021 Aalten Gerrit 11 February 2020 1883 Noah s Ark Discovery Hoax Ark InSight Retrieved 7 February 2021 a b c d e f g h i LaHaye Tim F Morris John D 1976 The Ark on Ararat Nashville Thomas Nelson ISBN 0840751109 Retrieved 15 February 2021 Berlitz Charles 1987 The Lost Ship of Noah In Search of the Ark at Ararat New York G P Putnam s Sons p 25 ISBN 0 399 13182 5 OL 2731060M Retrieved 8 February 2021 a b c d e f g h i j k Noorbergen Rene 1974 The Ark File Mountain View California Pacific Press Retrieved 8 March 2021 Castellano Michael News from Constantinople www arkonararat com Archived from the original on 4 May 2017 Retrieved 8 February 2021 Nissen Henri 26 January 2015 Clark Anne ed Noah s Ark Ancient Accounts and New Discoveries Translated by Skondin Tracy Jay Steuer Bruce Orbesen Dorthe Kjaedegaard Irene Copenhagen Scandinavia Publishing House ISBN 9788771321111 Retrieved 15 February 2021 a b c Coan Frederick G 1939 Yesterdays in Persia and Kurdistan Claremont California Saunders Studio Press Retrieved 16 February 2021 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Cummings Violet M 1973 Noah s Ark Fable or Fact San Diego Creation Science Research Center Retrieved 16 February 2021 a b The Chaldean Patriarch The Prince of Nouri Kidnaped at San Francisco Indianapolis News Vol XXV no 61 7 537 15 February 1894 p 5 Retrieved 16 February 2021 Barrows John Henry 1899 Barrows Mary Eleanor ed A World Pilgrimage 3 ed Chicago A C McClurg Retrieved 16 February 2021 Sahin Emrah 2014 Sultan s America Lessons from Ottoman Encounters with the United States PDF Journal of American Studies of Turkey 39 55 76 Retrieved 16 February 2021 John Joseph Nouri Crowned San Francisco Call Vol 81 no 140 19 April 1897 Retrieved 16 February 2021 Zindler Frank R August 1986 Stalking the Elusive Mountain Boat The Quest for Noah s Ark American Atheist Vol 28 no 8 pp 28 31 Retrieved 19 March 2021 Wood Lynn H 18 July 1946 Has Noah s Ark Been Found PDF Present Truth Vol 62 no 15 pp 2 3 Retrieved 19 March 2021 a b Bright John December 1942 Has Archaeology Found Evidence of the Flood The Biblical Archaeologist 5 4 University of Chicago 55 62 72 doi 10 2307 3209284 JSTOR 3209284 S2CID 134227592 Has Noah s Ark Been Discovered PDF The Baptist Examiner Vol 11 no 39 247 Russel Kentucky 14 November 1942 pp 1 2 4 Retrieved 22 March 2021 Hoehn Herman Have Any Remains Of Noah s Ark Ever Been Found PDF Hoehn Research Library Archived PDF from the original on 24 June 2021 Retrieved 19 March 2021 Alt URL a b c d Eskridge Larry 1999 A Sign for an Unbelieving Age Evangelicals and the Search for Noah s Ark In Livingstone David N Hart D G Noll Mark A eds Evangelicals and Science in Historical Perspective Oxford UP pp 244 263 ISBN 9780195353969 Ilieva 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January 1984 Ex Astronaut blasts off on new mission Find Noah s Ark Tempo Chicago Tribune p NW1 2 Rizvi Sajid 21 August 1982 untitled UPI Archived from the original on 13 March 2021 Retrieved 11 March 2021 Ex astronaut vows to persist in search for biblical ark Chicago Tribune 17 August 1983 p 15 a b c d Howe Marvin 1 October 1983 The rush is on to climb Mt Ararat The Canberra Times p 11 Retrieved 11 March 2021 a b Toumey Christopher P October 1997 Who s Seen Noah s Ark Natural History Vol 106 no 9 pp 14 17 hdl 2246 6503 Retrieved 11 March 2021 a b Bright Richard Carl 2001 Quest for Discovery One Man s Epic Search for Noah s Ark Green Forest Arkansas New Leaf ISBN 0892215054 Retrieved 12 March 2021 Goltz Thomas C 25 August 1985 Raiders search for Noah s Ark UPI Archived from the original on 13 March 2021 Retrieved 12 March 2021 Goltz Thomas C 24 August 1985 Ex astronaut searching for Noah s Ark UPI Archived from the original on 13 March 2021 Retrieved 12 March 2021 Bright Richard 1999 1984 2006 Dick Bright Ph D In Corbin B J ed The Explorers of Ararat and the Search for Noah s Ark Great Commission Illustrated Books pp 226 273 ISBN 9780965346986 Sifford Darrell 1 June 1986 Astronaut thinks ark is no myth Chicago Tribune p A5 Archived from the original on 13 March 2021 Retrieved 12 March 2021 Ex astronaut Irwin continues to improve UPI 9 June 1986 Archived from the original on 13 March 2021 Retrieved 12 March 2021 Irwin Plans 5th Bid For Ark South Florida Sun Sentinel Archived from the original on 13 March 2021 Retrieved 12 March 2021 Alemdar Zeynep 13 August 1986 Going to the Mountain Washington Post Archived from the original on 13 March 2021 Retrieved 12 March 2021 Ex Astronaut Irwin Briefly Detained in Turkey With AM Soviet Reporter Bjt Associated Press 30 August 1986 Archived from the original on 13 March 2021 Retrieved 12 March 2021 a b c d e f g h i j Cornuke Robert Halbrook David 2001 In Search of the Lost Mountains of Noah The Discovery of the Real Mts of 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Mountain Fresno Pioneer Publishing Company ISBN 0914330942 Davis Ed Ararat adventure and Ark sighting NoahsArkSearch com Retrieved 28 February 2021 Schubert Frank N 1992 The Persian Gulf Command Lifeline to the Soviet Union In Fowle Barry W ed Builders and Fighters U S Army Engineers in World War II Fort Belvoir Virginia US Army Corps of Engineers pp 305 315 Retrieved 1 March 2021 a b Crouse Bill May 1993 Figment or Fact The Incredible Discovery of Noah s Ark The Ararat Report No 32 Archived from the original on 13 October 2007 Retrieved 2 March 2021 Rawlinson Henry 1839 Notes on a March from Zohab at the Foot of Zagros along the Mountains to Khuzistan Susiana and from Thence Through the Province of Luristan to Kirmanshah in the Year 1836 The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London 9 London John Murray 26 116 doi 10 2307 1797715 JSTOR 1797715 a b Franz Gordon Crouse Bill Geissler Rex 12 December 2008 The Search for Noah s Ark Critique of 2008 Video Tape produced by the BASE 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orphans The Gazette Colorado Springs Retrieved 27 February 2021 Cornuke Robert 19 October 2012 Foreword The Unsolved Mystery of Noah s Ark By Irwin Mary Bloomington Indiana WestBow pp xi xiii ISBN 9781449764760 Retrieved 27 February 2021 a b Yeung Winnie 23 November 2004 HK evangelists join list of Noah s Ark discoverers South China Morning Post Archived from the original on 13 March 2021 Retrieved 13 March 2021 Heifetz Justin 4 July 2016 Hong Kong s Bizarre Noah s Ark Theme Park Roads amp Kingdoms Archived from the original on 8 November 2020 Retrieved 13 March 2021 Song Christina 20 March 2005 Media Evangelism Featuring Documentary of The Days of Noah The Gospel Herald Archived from the original on 18 September 2020 Retrieved 13 March 2021 a b c Major Events of the Noah s Ark Expedition NoahsArkSearch net Noah s Ark Ministries International Archived from the original on 1 May 2010 Retrieved 13 March 2021 Wong Martin 3 October 2007 Explorers bring traces of Noah s ark to HK South 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Ministries International NAMI on Randall Price s recently released document The Alleged Discovery of a Wooden Structure on Mt Ararat by a Chinese Turkish Expedition that is claimed to be the Remains of Noah s Ark NoahsArkSearch net Noah s Ark Ministries International 30 April 2010 Archived from the original on 4 May 2010 Retrieved 8 February 2021 a b Price Randall Patton Don Fall 2010 A Critique of the Claim of Noah s Ark Ministries International of the Discovery of a Wooden Structure on Mount Ararat PDF World of the Bible News amp Views Vol 12 no 2 pp 1 33 Archived from the original PDF on 2 December 2010 Retrieved 15 March 2021 How Greenpeace rebuilt Noah s Ark The Guardian 1 June 2007 Archived from the original on 15 March 2021 Retrieved 15 March 2021 NoahsArkSearch net NoahsArkSearch net Noah s Ark Ministries International Archived from the original on 26 October 2011 Retrieved 15 March 2015 a b Lanser Rick 21 October 2015 Does New Eyewitness Evidence Point to Noah s Ark Associates for Biblical Research Archived from the original on 19 September 2020 Retrieved 15 March 2015 Thomas Brian 26 October 2015 Noah s Ark Discovery Likely a Sinking Ship Institute for Creation Research Archived from the original on 26 October 2018 Retrieved 15 March 2021 Funk Tim 14 October 2015 Panel will focus on claims that ancient structure is Noah s Ark The Charlotte Observer Archived from the original on 16 October 2015 Retrieved 15 March 2021 Does New Eyewitness Evidence Point to Noah s Ark Southern Evangelical Seminary 9 October 2015 Archived from the original on 21 October 2015 Retrieved 15 March 2021 a b Feagans Carl 23 December 2020 The Pseudoarchaeology of Noah s Ark Archaeology Review Archived from the original on 23 December 2020 Retrieved 15 March 2021 Wrigley Patrick 25 November 2014 A Mystery on the Mountain of Pain Roads amp Kingdoms Archived from the original on 8 December 2014 Retrieved 15 March 2021 McKenzie Steven 30 November 2010 Weather hits search for Noah s Ark man Donald Mackenzie BBC News Archived from the original on 14 December 2017 Retrieved 8 February 2021 Further reading editBailey Lloyd R 1978 Where is Noah s Ark Nashville Abingdon ISBN 0687450934 Cargill Robert R 28 April 2010 no no you didn t find noah s ark XKV8R The Official Blog of Robert R Cargill Ph D Cummings Violet M 1973 Noah s Ark Fable or Fact San Diego Creation Science Research Center Feagans Carl 23 December 2020 The Pseudoarchaeology of Noah s Ark Archaeology Review Habermehl Anne 2008 A Review of the Search for Noah s Ark Proceedings of the International Conference on Creationism Vol 6 Article 39 ISSN 2639 4006 Wrigley Patrick 25 November 2014 A Mystery on the Mountain of Pain Roads amp Kingdoms External links editMount Ararat Photo Album with photos and illustrations by Elfred Lee Photos from the Mount Suleiman site From Bob Cornuke s 2005 2006 expeditions Photographs of the Durupinar site aerial and ground level Noah s ark sightings on the Index to Creationist Claims Noah s Ark Search com In Search of Noah s Ark on the Internet Archive The Incredible Discovery of Noah s Ark on the Internet Archive Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Searches for Noah 27s Ark amp oldid 1213910051, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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