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Rubus chamaemorus

January 01, 1970

"Cloudberry" redirects here. For the computer storage solution company, see CloudBerry Lab.

Rubus chamaemorus is a species of flowering plant in the rose family Rosaceae, native to cool temperate regions, alpine and Arctic tundra and boreal forest.[2] This herbaceous perennial produces amber-colored edible fruit similar to the blackberry. English common names include cloudberry,[3] Nordic berry, bakeapple (in Newfoundland and Labrador), knotberry and knoutberry (in England), aqpik or low-bush salmonberry (in Alaska – not to be confused with salmonberry, Rubus spectabilis),[4] and averin or evron (in Scotland).[5][6]

Rubus chamaemorus
Ripe cloudberry
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Rubus
Subgenus: Rubus subg. Chamaemorus
Species:
R. chamaemorus
Binomial name
Rubus chamaemorus
L. 1753 not Fisch. ex Ser. 1825
Distribution of Rubus chamaemorus
Synonyms
Synonymy
  • Chamaemorus anglica Clus. ex Greene
  • Chamaemorus anglicus Greene
  • Chamaemorus chamaemorus (L.) House
  • Chamaemorus norvegicus Greene
  • Chamaemorus norwegica Clus. ex Greene
  • Rubus chamaemorus var. pseudochamaemorus (Tolm.) Hulten
  • Rubus nubis Gray
  • Rubus pseudochamaemorus Tolm.
  • Rubus yessoicus Kuntze

Description edit

 
Male flower

Unlike most Rubus species, the cloudberry is dioecious, and fruit production by a female plant requires pollination from a male plant.[2]

The cloudberry grows to 10–25 cm (4–10 in) high.[2] The leaves alternate between having 5 and 7 soft, handlike lobes on straight, branchless stalks. After pollination, the white (sometimes reddish-tipped) flowers form raspberry-sized aggregate fruits which are more plentiful in wooded rather than sun-exposed habitats.[2] Consisting of between 5 and 25 drupelets, each fruit is initially pale red, ripening into an amber color in early autumn.

Distribution and ecology edit

Cloudberries are a circumpolar boreal plant, occurring naturally throughout the Northern Hemisphere from 78°N, south to about 55°N, and are scattered south to 44°N mainly in mountainous areas and moorlands.[2] In Europe, they grow in the Nordic countries but are rare in the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) and Poland.[2] They occur across northern Russia east towards the Pacific Ocean as far south as Japan in the island of Hokkaido.[2] Due to peatland drainage and peat exploitation, they are considered endangered[2] and are under legal protection in Germany's Weser and Elbe valleys, and at isolated sites in the English Pennines and Scottish Highlands. A single, fragile site exists in the Sperrin Mountains of Northern Ireland.[7]

In North America, cloudberries grow wild across Greenland, most of northern Canada, Alaska, northern Minnesota, New Hampshire, Maine, and New York.[2][8]

Wide distribution occurs due to the excretion of the indigestible seeds by birds and mammals. Further distribution arises through its rhizomes, which are up to 10 m (33 ft) long and grow about 10–15 cm (4–6 in) below the soil surface, developing extensive and dense berry patches.[2] Cuttings of these taken in May or August are successful in producing a genetic clone of the parent plant.[9] The cloudberry grows in bogs, marshes, wet meadows, tundra and elevations of 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) above sea level in Norway, requiring acidic ground (between 3.5 and 5 pH).[2]

Cloudberry leaves are food for caterpillars of several Lepidoptera species. The moth Coleophora thulea has no other known food plants. See also List of Lepidoptera that feed on Rubus.

Cultivation edit

 
Ripe cloudberries

Despite great demand as a delicacy (particularly in Sweden, Norway and Finland) the cloudberry is not widely cultivated and is primarily a wild plant. Wholesale prices vary widely based on the size of the yearly harvest, but cloudberries have gone for as little as €10/kg (in 2004).[10]

Since the middle of the 1990s, however, the species has formed part of a multinational research project. Beginning in 2002, selected cultivars have been available to farmers, notably 'Apolto' (male), 'Fjellgull' (female) and 'Fjordgull' (female).[citation needed] Finnish self-pollinated 'Nyby' variety is monoecious, i.e. the female and male flowers are located in the same plant unit.[11] The cloudberry can be cultivated in Arctic areas where few other crops are possible, for example along the northern coast of Norway.[citation needed]

Uses edit

 
Unripe cloudberry
 
Cloudberry jam

When ripe, cloudberry fruits are golden-yellow, soft and juicy, and are rich in vitamin C.[2] When eaten fresh, cloudberries have a distinctive tart taste. When over-ripe, they have a creamy texture somewhat like yogurt and a sweet flavor.[12] They are often made into jams, juices, tarts, and liqueurs. In Finland, the berries are eaten with heated leipäjuusto (a local cheese; the name translates to "bread-cheese"), as well as cream and sugar. In Sweden, cloudberries (hjortron, also known in northern Sweden as snattren[13]) and cloudberry jam are used as a topping for ice cream, pancakes, and waffles. Cloudberry filmjölk (soured milk) is available in supermarkets.

In Norway, they are often mixed with whipped cream and sugar to be served as a dessert called multekrem (cloudberry cream), as a jam or as an ingredient in homemade ice cream. Cloudberry yoghurt—molte- or multeyoughurt—is a supermarket item in Norway.[14]

In Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, cloudberries are used to make "bakeapple pie" or jam. Arctic Yup'ik mix the berries with seal oil, reindeer or caribou fat (which is diced and made fluffy with seal oil) and sugar to make "Eskimo ice cream" or akutaq.[2] The recipes vary by region. Along the Yukon and Kuskokwim River areas, white fish (pike) along with shortening and sugar are used. The berries are an important traditional food resource for the Yup'ik.

Due to its high vitamin C content,[2] the berry is valued both by Nordic seafarers and Northern indigenous peoples. Its polyphenol content, including flavonoid compounds such as ellagic acid, appears to naturally preserve food preparations of the berries.[2] Cloudberries can be preserved in their own juice without added sugar, if stored cool.[15]

Extract of cloudberries is also used in cosmetics such as shower gels, hand creams and body lotions.

Alcoholic drinks edit

In Nordic countries, traditional liqueurs such as lakkalikööri (Finland) are made of cloudberry,[16] having a strong taste and high sugar content. Cloudberry is used as a flavouring for making akvavit. In northeastern Quebec, a cloudberry liqueur known as chicoutai (Innu-aimun name) is made.[17]

Nutrients and phytochemicals edit

Cloudberries are rich in vitamin C and ellagic acid,[2] citric acid, malic acid, α-tocopherol, anthocyanins and the provitamin A carotenoid, β-carotene in contents which differ across regions of Finland due to sunlight exposure, rainfall or temperature.[18] The ellagitannins lambertianin C and sanguiin H-6 are also present.[19] Genotype of cloudberry variants may also affect polyphenol composition, particularly for ellagitannins, sanguiin H-6, anthocyanins and quercetin.[20]

Polyphenol extracts from cloudberries have improved storage properties when microencapsulated using maltodextrin DE5-8.[21] At least 14 volatile compounds, including vanillin, account for the aroma of cloudberries.[22]

Cultural references edit

 
The cloudberry in the coat of arms of Muurame

The cloudberry appears on the Finnish version of the 2 euro coin.[23] The name of the hill Beinn nan Oighreag in Breadalbane in the Scottish Highlands means "Hill of the Cloudberries" in Scottish Gaelic.[24] Transactions of Camden's Britain (1637 edition) indicates the etymological origins of 'cloud-berry', the plant's name in old Lancashire dialect: 'Pendelhill [in Lancashire] advenceth itselfe up the skie [...] and in the very top thereof bringeth forth a peculiar plant which, as though it came out of the clowdes, they tearme clowdes-berry'.[25] In Norrland cloudberries are known as Norrland's gold.[26]

One of the gnomes in The Little Grey Men, a 1942 children's book by "BB" (Denys Watkins-Pitchford), and its sequel is named Cloudberry.

Harvesting on public property edit

See also: Freedom to roam

In some northern European countries such as Norway, a common use policy to non-wood forest products allows anyone to pick cloudberries on public property and eat them on location, but only local residents may transport them from that location.[27][28][29] Transporting ripe cloudberries from the harvest location is permitted in many counties.[27]

It was illegal to harvest unripe cloudberries in Norway between 1970 and 2004.[30][31] Many people still believe that it's illegal to harvest unripe cloudberries in Norway, but the law has been made defunct.[31]

Gallery edit

  • Ripe cloudberry
  •  
    Ripe cloudberry, February 2006
  •  
    Ripe cloudberry, July 2006
  •  
    Cloudberry distribution in US,[32] Map

References edit

  1. ^ Maiz-Tome, L. (2016). "Rubus chamaemorus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T64323876A67730717. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64323876A67730717.en. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Thiem B (2003). "Rubus chamaemorus L. – a boreal plant rich in biologically active metabolites: a review" (PDF). Biological Letters. 40 (1): 3–13.
  3. ^ (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  4. ^ University of Alaska @ Fairbanks, Cooperative Extension Service, Cloudberrries
  5. ^ "Cloudberry". FooDB. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  6. ^ Rapp, Kåre. "About the Cloudberry". Joint Global Ocean Flux Study. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  7. ^ "Rubus chamaemorus - cloudberry". National Museums, Northern Ireland. 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
  8. ^ "Rubus chamaemorus". State-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
  9. ^ K. Rapp (1986). "Vegetativ oppformering av molte (Rubus chamaemorus L.)". Jord og Myr. 10: 1–11.
  10. ^ Ville Heiskanen & Juho Erkheikki (28 July 2005). "Record Cloudberry Crop Lures Thousands of Finns to Lapland Bogs (see § "Prices Drop"; ¶ 1)". Bloomberg. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
  11. ^ "Lakka". Viherpeukalot.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved 2023-05-25.
  12. ^ Ogletree, Kelsey (March 18, 2020). "What Are Cloudberries?". Farm Flavor. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  13. ^ "Cloudberries – a Swedish delicacy | Visit Umeå". visitumea.se. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
  14. ^ "TINE Yoghurt Molte". TINE.no.
  15. ^ . Arctic Flavours Association. 2014. Archived from the original on 15 September 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
  16. ^ "Cloudberry - Rubus chamaemorus L." Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Canadian Museum of Nature. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  17. ^ (in French). terroirsquebec.com. Archived from the original on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
  18. ^ Jaakkola, M; Korpelainen, V; Hoppula, K; Virtanen, V (2012). "Chemical composition of ripe fruits of Rubus chamaemorus L. Grown in different habitats". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 92 (6): 1324–30. doi:10.1002/jsfa.4705. PMID 22083544.
  19. ^ Kähkönen, M; Kylli, P; Ollilainen, V; Salminen, J-P; Heinonen, M (2012). "Antioxidant activity of isolated ellagitannins from red raspberries and cloudberries". J Agric Food Chem. 60 (5): 1167–74. doi:10.1021/jf203431g. PMID 22229937.
  20. ^ McDougall, G. J.; Martinussen, I; Junttila, O; Verrall, S; Stewart, D (2011). "Assessing the influence of genotype and temperature on polyphenol composition in cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus L.) using a novel mass spectrometric method". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 59 (20): 10860–8. doi:10.1021/jf202083b. PMID 21916411.
  21. ^ Laine, P; Kylli, P; Heinonen, M; Jouppila, K (2008). "Storage stability of microencapsulated cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus ) phenolics". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 56 (23): 11251–61. doi:10.1021/jf801868h. PMID 18989975.
  22. ^ Pyysalo, T; Honkanen, E (1977). "The influence of heat on the aroma of cloudberries (rubus Chamaemorus l.)". Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung. 163 (1): 25–30. doi:10.1007/BF01123552. PMID 835340. S2CID 29831932.
  23. ^ . ec.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
  24. ^ "Beinn nan Oighreag, Hill of the Cloudberries". Scotsman.com. 20 May 2008. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
  25. ^ John Howard Nodal, George Milner, A Glossary of the Lancashire Dialect, Part 1, 1875, 84
  26. ^ . www.isof.se. Archived from the original on 2020-10-30.
  27. ^ a b Saastamoinen, Olli. "Forest policies, access rights and non-wood forest products in northern Europe" (PDF). FAO. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  28. ^ "Guide to Cloudberries". My Little Norway. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
  29. ^ "Dette har du lov til å gjøre på tur" (in Norwegian). UT.no, Norwegian Trekking and NRK. 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
  30. ^ "Lov om forbud mot plukking av moltekart - Lovdata". lovdata.no. Retrieved 2022-08-19.
  31. ^ a b "Is It Illegal To Pick Unripe Cloudberries In Norway In 2022? All You Need To Know! - The Norway Guide". 2022-08-13. Retrieved 2022-08-19.
  32. ^ "Cloudberry". Sierra Club BC. 15 December 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2022. Cloudberry is a relative of the raspberry. It has toothed leaves, white flowers in June-July and yellow-orange berries that ripen in August-September...You can find cloudberries in Canada, Scandinavia, Greenland, Russia and the US.

Further reading edit

  • Resvoll, T. R. (1929). "Rubus chamaemorus L. A morphological - biological study". Nytt Magasin for Naturvidenskapene. 67: 55–129.
  • Resvoll, T. R. (1925). "Rubus chamaemorus L. Die geographische Verbreitung der Pflanze und ihre Verbreitungsmittel". Veröffentlichungen des Geobotanischen Institutes Rübel in Zürich (in German). 3: 224–241.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rubus chamaemorus.

January 01, 1970
rubus, chamaemorus, cloudberry, redirects, here, computer, storage, solution, company, cloudberry, species, flowering, plant, rose, family, rosaceae, native, cool, temperate, regions, alpine, arctic, tundra, boreal, forest, this, herbaceous, perennial, produce. Cloudberry redirects here For the computer storage solution company see CloudBerry Lab Rubus chamaemorus is a species of flowering plant in the rose family Rosaceae native to cool temperate regions alpine and Arctic tundra and boreal forest 2 This herbaceous perennial produces amber colored edible fruit similar to the blackberry English common names include cloudberry 3 Nordic berry bakeapple in Newfoundland and Labrador knotberry and knoutberry in England aqpik or low bush salmonberry in Alaska not to be confused with salmonberry Rubus spectabilis 4 and averin or evron in Scotland 5 6 Rubus chamaemorus Ripe cloudberry Conservation status Least Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Rosids Order Rosales Family Rosaceae Genus Rubus Subgenus Rubus subg Chamaemorus Species R chamaemorus Binomial name Rubus chamaemorusL 1753 not Fisch ex Ser 1825 Distribution of Rubus chamaemorus Synonyms Synonymy Chamaemorus anglica Clus ex GreeneChamaemorus anglicus GreeneChamaemorus chamaemorus L HouseChamaemorus norvegicus GreeneChamaemorus norwegica Clus ex GreeneRubus chamaemorus var pseudochamaemorus Tolm HultenRubus nubis GrayRubus pseudochamaemorus Tolm Rubus yessoicus Kuntze Contents 1 Description 2 Distribution and ecology 3 Cultivation 4 Uses 4 1 Alcoholic drinks 5 Nutrients and phytochemicals 6 Cultural references 7 Harvesting on public property 8 Gallery 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External linksDescription edit nbsp Male flower Unlike most Rubus species the cloudberry is dioecious and fruit production by a female plant requires pollination from a male plant 2 The cloudberry grows to 10 25 cm 4 10 in high 2 The leaves alternate between having 5 and 7 soft handlike lobes on straight branchless stalks After pollination the white sometimes reddish tipped flowers form raspberry sized aggregate fruits which are more plentiful in wooded rather than sun exposed habitats 2 Consisting of between 5 and 25 drupelets each fruit is initially pale red ripening into an amber color in early autumn Distribution and ecology editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Rubus chamaemorus news newspapers books scholar JSTOR December 2016 Learn how and when to remove this message Cloudberries are a circumpolar boreal plant occurring naturally throughout the Northern Hemisphere from 78 N south to about 55 N and are scattered south to 44 N mainly in mountainous areas and moorlands 2 In Europe they grow in the Nordic countries but are rare in the Baltic states Estonia Latvia and Lithuania and Poland 2 They occur across northern Russia east towards the Pacific Ocean as far south as Japan in the island of Hokkaido 2 Due to peatland drainage and peat exploitation they are considered endangered 2 and are under legal protection in Germany s Weser and Elbe valleys and at isolated sites in the English Pennines and Scottish Highlands A single fragile site exists in the Sperrin Mountains of Northern Ireland 7 In North America cloudberries grow wild across Greenland most of northern Canada Alaska northern Minnesota New Hampshire Maine and New York 2 8 Wide distribution occurs due to the excretion of the indigestible seeds by birds and mammals Further distribution arises through its rhizomes which are up to 10 m 33 ft long and grow about 10 15 cm 4 6 in below the soil surface developing extensive and dense berry patches 2 Cuttings of these taken in May or August are successful in producing a genetic clone of the parent plant 9 The cloudberry grows in bogs marshes wet meadows tundra and elevations of 1 400 metres 4 600 ft above sea level in Norway requiring acidic ground between 3 5 and 5 pH 2 Cloudberry leaves are food for caterpillars of several Lepidoptera species The moth Coleophora thulea has no other known food plants See also List of Lepidoptera that feed on Rubus Cultivation edit nbsp Ripe cloudberries Despite great demand as a delicacy particularly in Sweden Norway and Finland the cloudberry is not widely cultivated and is primarily a wild plant Wholesale prices vary widely based on the size of the yearly harvest but cloudberries have gone for as little as 10 kg in 2004 10 Since the middle of the 1990s however the species has formed part of a multinational research project Beginning in 2002 selected cultivars have been available to farmers notably Apolto male Fjellgull female and Fjordgull female citation needed Finnish self pollinated Nyby variety is monoecious i e the female and male flowers are located in the same plant unit 11 The cloudberry can be cultivated in Arctic areas where few other crops are possible for example along the northern coast of Norway citation needed Uses editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Rubus chamaemorus news newspapers books scholar JSTOR April 2019 Learn how and when to remove this message nbsp Unripe cloudberry nbsp Cloudberry jam When ripe cloudberry fruits are golden yellow soft and juicy and are rich in vitamin C 2 When eaten fresh cloudberries have a distinctive tart taste When over ripe they have a creamy texture somewhat like yogurt and a sweet flavor 12 They are often made into jams juices tarts and liqueurs In Finland the berries are eaten with heated leipajuusto a local cheese the name translates to bread cheese as well as cream and sugar In Sweden cloudberries hjortron also known in northern Sweden as snattren 13 and cloudberry jam are used as a topping for ice cream pancakes and waffles Cloudberry filmjolk soured milk is available in supermarkets In Norway they are often mixed with whipped cream and sugar to be served as a dessert called multekrem cloudberry cream as a jam or as an ingredient in homemade ice cream Cloudberry yoghurt molte or multeyoughurt is a supermarket item in Norway 14 In Newfoundland and Labrador Canada cloudberries are used to make bakeapple pie or jam Arctic Yup ik mix the berries with seal oil reindeer or caribou fat which is diced and made fluffy with seal oil and sugar to make Eskimo ice cream or akutaq 2 The recipes vary by region Along the Yukon and Kuskokwim River areas white fish pike along with shortening and sugar are used The berries are an important traditional food resource for the Yup ik Due to its high vitamin C content 2 the berry is valued both by Nordic seafarers and Northern indigenous peoples Its polyphenol content including flavonoid compounds such as ellagic acid appears to naturally preserve food preparations of the berries 2 Cloudberries can be preserved in their own juice without added sugar if stored cool 15 Extract of cloudberries is also used in cosmetics such as shower gels hand creams and body lotions Alcoholic drinks edit In Nordic countries traditional liqueurs such as lakkalikoori Finland are made of cloudberry 16 having a strong taste and high sugar content Cloudberry is used as a flavouring for making akvavit In northeastern Quebec a cloudberry liqueur known as chicoutai Innu aimun name is made 17 Nutrients and phytochemicals editCloudberries are rich in vitamin C and ellagic acid 2 citric acid malic acid a tocopherol anthocyanins and the provitamin A carotenoid b carotene in contents which differ across regions of Finland due to sunlight exposure rainfall or temperature 18 The ellagitannins lambertianin C and sanguiin H 6 are also present 19 Genotype of cloudberry variants may also affect polyphenol composition particularly for ellagitannins sanguiin H 6 anthocyanins and quercetin 20 Polyphenol extracts from cloudberries have improved storage properties when microencapsulated using maltodextrin DE5 8 21 At least 14 volatile compounds including vanillin account for the aroma of cloudberries 22 Cultural references edit nbsp The cloudberry in the coat of arms of Muurame The cloudberry appears on the Finnish version of the 2 euro coin 23 The name of the hill Beinn nan Oighreag in Breadalbane in the Scottish Highlands means Hill of the Cloudberries in Scottish Gaelic 24 Transactions of Camden s Britain 1637 edition indicates the etymological origins of cloud berry the plant s name in old Lancashire dialect Pendelhill in Lancashire advenceth itselfe up the skie and in the very top thereof bringeth forth a peculiar plant which as though it came out of the clowdes they tearme clowdes berry 25 In Norrland cloudberries are known as Norrland s gold 26 One of the gnomes in The Little Grey Men a 1942 children s book by BB Denys Watkins Pitchford and its sequel is named Cloudberry Harvesting on public property editSee also Freedom to roam In some northern European countries such as Norway a common use policy to non wood forest products allows anyone to pick cloudberries on public property and eat them on location but only local residents may transport them from that location 27 28 29 Transporting ripe cloudberries from the harvest location is permitted in many counties 27 It was illegal to harvest unripe cloudberries in Norway between 1970 and 2004 30 31 Many people still believe that it s illegal to harvest unripe cloudberries in Norway but the law has been made defunct 31 Gallery editRipe cloudberry nbsp Ripe cloudberry February 2006 nbsp Ripe cloudberry July 2006 nbsp Cloudberry distribution in US 32 MapReferences edit Maiz Tome L 2016 Rubus chamaemorus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T64323876A67730717 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 1 RLTS T64323876A67730717 en Retrieved 29 April 2022 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Thiem B 2003 Rubus chamaemorus L a boreal plant rich in biologically active metabolites a review PDF Biological Letters 40 1 3 13 BSBI List 2007 xls Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland Archived from the original xls on 2015 06 26 Retrieved 2014 10 17 University of Alaska Fairbanks Cooperative Extension Service Cloudberrries Cloudberry FooDB Retrieved 23 October 2022 Rapp Kare About the Cloudberry Joint Global Ocean Flux Study Retrieved 23 October 2022 Rubus chamaemorus cloudberry National Museums Northern Ireland 2011 Retrieved 29 December 2016 Rubus chamaemorus State level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas NAPA Biota of North America Program BONAP 2014 K Rapp 1986 Vegetativ oppformering av molte Rubus chamaemorus L Jord og Myr 10 1 11 Ville Heiskanen amp Juho Erkheikki 28 July 2005 Record Cloudberry Crop Lures Thousands of Finns to Lapland Bogs see Prices Drop 1 Bloomberg Retrieved 13 August 2015 Lakka Viherpeukalot fi in Finnish Retrieved 2023 05 25 Ogletree Kelsey March 18 2020 What Are Cloudberries Farm Flavor Retrieved 23 October 2022 Cloudberries a Swedish delicacy Visit Umea visitumea se Retrieved 2024 04 02 TINE Yoghurt Molte TINE no Wild berries cloudberries Arctic Flavours Association 2014 Archived from the original on 15 September 2014 Retrieved 15 September 2014 Cloudberry Rubus chamaemorus L Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago Canadian Museum of Nature Retrieved 23 October 2022 Chicoutai in French terroirsquebec com Archived from the original on 24 January 2013 Retrieved 7 April 2013 Jaakkola M Korpelainen V Hoppula K Virtanen V 2012 Chemical composition of ripe fruits of Rubus chamaemorus L Grown in different habitats Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 92 6 1324 30 doi 10 1002 jsfa 4705 PMID 22083544 Kahkonen M Kylli P Ollilainen V Salminen J P Heinonen M 2012 Antioxidant activity of isolated ellagitannins from red raspberries and cloudberries J Agric Food Chem 60 5 1167 74 doi 10 1021 jf203431g PMID 22229937 McDougall G J Martinussen I Junttila O Verrall S Stewart D 2011 Assessing the influence of genotype and temperature on polyphenol composition in cloudberry Rubus chamaemorus L using a novel mass spectrometric method Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 59 20 10860 8 doi 10 1021 jf202083b PMID 21916411 Laine P Kylli P Heinonen M Jouppila K 2008 Storage stability of microencapsulated cloudberry Rubus chamaemorus phenolics Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56 23 11251 61 doi 10 1021 jf801868h PMID 18989975 Pyysalo T Honkanen E 1977 The influence of heat on the aroma of cloudberries rubus Chamaemorus l Zeitschrift fur Lebensmittel Untersuchung und Forschung 163 1 25 30 doi 10 1007 BF01123552 PMID 835340 S2CID 29831932 Finnish face of Euro coins cloudberry swan and heraldic lion ec europa eu Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 Retrieved 3 April 2013 Beinn nan Oighreag Hill of the Cloudberries Scotsman com 20 May 2008 Retrieved 7 April 2013 John Howard Nodal George Milner A Glossary of the Lancashire Dialect Part 1 1875 84 Hjortron Institutet for sprak och folkminnen www isof se Archived from the original on 2020 10 30 a b Saastamoinen Olli Forest policies access rights and non wood forest products in northern Europe PDF FAO Retrieved 17 August 2020 Guide to Cloudberries My Little Norway Retrieved 17 August 2015 Dette har du lov til a gjore pa tur in Norwegian UT no Norwegian Trekking and NRK 2015 Retrieved 17 August 2015 Lov om forbud mot plukking av moltekart Lovdata lovdata no Retrieved 2022 08 19 a b Is It Illegal To Pick Unripe Cloudberries In Norway In 2022 All You Need To Know The Norway Guide 2022 08 13 Retrieved 2022 08 19 Cloudberry Sierra Club BC 15 December 2016 Retrieved 23 October 2022 Cloudberry is a relative of the raspberry It has toothed leaves white flowers in June July and yellow orange berries that ripen in August September You can find cloudberries in Canada Scandinavia Greenland Russia and the US Further reading editResvoll T R 1929 Rubus chamaemorus L A morphological biological study Nytt Magasin for Naturvidenskapene 67 55 129 Resvoll T R 1925 Rubus chamaemorus L Die geographische Verbreitung der Pflanze und ihre Verbreitungsmittel Veroffentlichungen des Geobotanischen Institutes Rubel in Zurich in German 3 224 241 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rubus chamaemorus Rubus chamaemorus Plants for a Future Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Rubus chamaemorus amp oldid 1216951583, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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