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Rothschild family

December 18, 2023

"House of Rothschild" redirects here. For the film, see The House of Rothschild.

The Rothschild family (/ˈrɒθ(s)tʃaɪld/ ROTH(S)-chylde German: [ˈʁoːt.ʃɪlt]) is a wealthy Ashkenazi Jewish family originally from Frankfurt that rose to prominence with Mayer Amschel Rothschild (1744–1812), a court factor to the German Landgraves of Hesse-Kassel in the Free City of Frankfurt, Holy Roman Empire, who established his banking business in the 1760s.[2] Unlike most previous court factors, Rothschild managed to bequeath his wealth and established an international banking family through his five sons,[3] who established businesses in London, Paris, Frankfurt, Vienna, and Naples. The family was elevated to noble rank in the Holy Roman Empire and the United Kingdom.[4][5] The family's documented history starts in 16th century Frankfurt; its name is derived from the family house, Rothschild, built by Isaak Elchanan Bacharach in Frankfurt in 1567.

Rothschild
Jewish noble banking family
Coat of arms granted to the Barons Rothschild in 1822 by Emperor Francis I of Austria
Current regionWestern Europe (mainly United Kingdom, France, and Germany)[1]
EtymologyRothschild (German): 'red shield'
Place of originFrankfurter Judengasse, Frankfurt, Holy Roman Empire
Founded1760s (1577 (1577))
FounderMayer Amschel Rothschild (1744–1812)
(Elchanan Rothschild, b. 1577)
Titles
List
TraditionsJudaism, Goût Rothschild
MottoConcordia, Integritas, Industria (Latin for 'Harmony, Integrity, Industry')
Estate(s)
List
Cadet branches
List

During the 19th century, the Rothschild family possessed the largest private fortune in the world, as well as in modern world history.[6][7][8] The family's wealth declined over the 20th century, and was divided among many descendants.[9] Today, their interests cover a diverse range of fields, including financial services, real estate, mining, energy, agriculture, winemaking, and nonprofits.[10][11] Many examples of the family's rural architecture exist across northwestern Europe. The Rothschild family has frequently been the subject of conspiracy theories, many of which have antisemitic origins.[12]

Overview

The first member of the family who was known to use the name "Rothschild" was Isaak Elchanan Rothschild, born in 1577. The name is derived from the German zum rothen Schild (with the old spelling "th"), meaning "at the red shield", in reference to the house where the family lived for many generations (in those days, houses were designated not by numbers, but by signs displaying different symbols or colours). A red shield can still be seen at the centre of the Rothschild coat of arms. The family's ascent to international prominence began in 1744, with the birth of Mayer Amschel Rothschild in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. He was the son of Amschel Moses Rothschild (born circa 1710),[13] a money changer who had traded with the Prince of Hesse. Born in the "Judengasse", the ghetto of Frankfurt, Mayer developed a finance house and spread his empire by installing each of his five sons in the five main European financial centres to conduct business. The Rothschild coat of arms contains a clenched fist with five arrows symbolising the five dynasties established by the five sons of Mayer Rothschild, in a reference to Psalm 127: "Like arrows in the hands of a warrior, so are the children of one's youth." The family motto appears below the shield: Concordia, Integritas, Industria (Unity, Integrity, Industry).[14]

 
A Rothschild house, Waddesdon Manor in Waddesdon, Buckinghamshire, England, donated to the National Trust by the family in 1957
 
House of the Rothschild family, Judengasse, Frankfurt
 
A house formerly belonging to the Viennese branch of the family (Schillersdorf Palace)
 
Schloss Hinterleiten [de], one of the many palaces built by the Austrian Rothschild dynasty. Donated to charity by the family in 1905
 
Beatrice de Rothschild's villa on the Côte d'Azur, France
 
Palace of Baron Albert von Rothschild (photo 1884)
 
Château de Montvillargenne. A Rothschild family house in Picardy, France

Paul Johnson writes "[T]he Rothschilds are elusive. There is no book about them that is both revealing and accurate. Libraries of nonsense have been written about them... A woman who planned to write a book entitled Lies about the Rothschilds abandoned it, saying: 'It was relatively easy to spot the lies, but it proved impossible to find out the truth.'" Johnson writes that, unlike the court factors of earlier centuries, who had financed and managed European noble houses, but often lost their wealth through violence or expropriation, the new kind of international bank created by the Rothschilds was impervious to local attacks. Their assets were held in financial instruments, circulating through the world as stocks, bonds and debts. Changes made by the Rothschilds allowed them to insulate their property from local violence: "Henceforth their real wealth was beyond the reach of the mob, almost beyond the reach of greedy monarchs."[15] Johnson argued that their fortune was generated to the greatest extent by Nathan Mayer Rothschild in London; however, more recent research by Niall Ferguson indicates that greater and equal profits also were realised by the other Rothschild dynasties, including James Mayer de Rothschild in Paris, Carl Mayer von Rothschild in Naples and Amschel Mayer Rothschild in Frankfurt.[16]

Another essential part of Mayer Rothschild's strategy for success was to keep control of their banks in family hands, allowing them to maintain full secrecy about the size of their fortunes. In about 1906, the Jewish Encyclopedia noted: "The practice initiated by the Rothschilds of having several brothers of a firm establish branches in the different financial centres was followed by other Jewish financiers, like the Bischoffsheims, Pereires, Seligmans, Lazards and others, and these financiers by their integrity and financial skill obtained credit not alone with their Jewish confrères, but with the banking fraternity in general. By this means, Jewish financiers obtained an increasing share of international finance during the middle and last quarter of the 19th century. The head of the whole group was the Rothschild family..." It also says: "Of more recent years, non-Jewish financiers have learned the same cosmopolitan method, and, on the whole, the control is now rather less than more in Jewish hands than formerly."[17] Mayer Rothschild successfully kept the fortune in the family with carefully arranged marriages, often between first- or second-cousins (similar to royal intermarriage). By the late 19th century, however, almost all Rothschilds had started to marry outside the family, usually into the aristocracy or other financial dynasties.[18] His sons were:

The German family name "Rothschild" is pronounced [ˈʁoːt.ʃɪlt] in German, unlike /ˈrɒθ(s)tʃaɪld/ in English. The surname "Rothschild" is rare in Germany.[19]

Families by country:

The five sons of Mayer Amschel Rothschild were elevated to the Austrian nobility by Emperor Francis I of Austria, and they were all granted the Austrian hereditary title of Freiherr (baron) on 29 September 1822.[20] The British branch of the family was elevated by Queen Victoria, who granted the hereditary title of baronet (1847)[21] and later the hereditary peerage title of Baron Rothschild (1885).[22]

The Napoleonic Wars

 
A landmark Rothschild palace in Frankfurt, Germany, Villa Günthersburg (photographed 1855)

The Rothschilds already possessed a significant fortune before the start of the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815), and the family had gained preeminence in the bullion trade by this time.[23] From London in 1813 to 1815, Nathan Mayer Rothschild was instrumental in almost single-handedly financing the British war effort, organising the shipment of bullion to the Duke of Wellington's armies across Europe, as well as arranging the payment of British financial subsidies to their continental allies. In 1815 alone, the Rothschilds provided £9.8 million (equivalent to about £710 million in 2019) in subsidy loans to Britain's continental allies.[24]

 
One of the smaller city houses, Vienna. A collection of far larger Viennese palaces known as Palais Rothschild were torn down during the Second World War.

The brothers helped coordinate Rothschild activities across the continent, and the family developed a network of agents, shippers and couriers to transport gold across war-torn Europe. The family network was also to provide Nathan Rothschild time and again with political and financial information ahead of his peers, giving him an advantage in the markets and rendering the house of Rothschild still more invaluable to the British government.

In one instance, the family network enabled Nathan to receive in London the news of Wellington's victory at the Battle of Waterloo a full day ahead of the government's official messengers.[23] Rothschild's first concern on this occasion was not to the potential financial advantage on the market which the knowledge would have given him; he and his courier immediately took the news to the government.[23] That he used the news for financial advantage was a fiction then repeated in later popular accounts, such as that of Morton.[25][26] The basis for the Rothschilds' most famously profitable move was made after the news of British victory had been made public. Nathan Rothschild calculated that the future reduction in government borrowing brought about by the peace would create a bounce in British government bonds after a two-year stabilisation, which would finalise the post-war restructuring of the domestic economy.[24][25][26] In what has been described as one of the most audacious moves in financial history, Nathan immediately bought up the government bond market, for what at the time seemed an excessively high price, before waiting two years, then selling the bonds on the crest of a short bounce in the market in 1817 for a 40% profit. Given the sheer power of leverage the Rothschild family had at their disposal, this profit was an enormous sum.[24]

Nathan Mayer Rothschild started his business in Manchester in 1806 and gradually moved it to London, where in 1809 he acquired the location at 2 New Court in St. Swithin's Lane, City of London,[23] where it operates today; he established N M Rothschild & Sons in 1811.[27][28] In 1818, he arranged a £5 million (equal to £360 million in 2019) loan to the Prussian government, and the issuing of bonds for government loans formed a mainstay of his bank's business. He gained a position of such power in the City of London that by 1825–26 he was able to supply enough coin to the Bank of England to enable it to avert a market liquidity crisis.

International high finance

"I have not the nerve for his operations. They are well-planned, with great cleverness and adroitness in execution – but he is in money and funds what Napoleon was in war." —Baron Baring on Nathan Rothschild[29]
 
Mentmore Towers, one of the many Rothschild mansions built in Buckinghamshire
"... your friends at the West End have the business in their hands to decide between Portugal & Brazil and an early intimation from you may serve us materially."—Samuel Phillips & Co to Nathan Rothschild, referring to the question on whether or not to support Brazilian independence[30]
 
The family financed the creation of the country Rhodesia, and it became the site of the first international expansion of one of their mining enterprises—the Rio Tinto mining company.
 
The Frankfurt terminus of the Taunus railway, financed by the Rothschilds. Opened in 1840, it was one of Germany's first railways.

Rothschild family banking businesses pioneered international high finance during the industrialisation of Europe and were instrumental in supporting railway systems across the world and in complex government financing for projects such as the Suez Canal. From 1895 through 1907 they loaned nearly $450,000,000 (equivalent to $14,100,000,000 in 2022[31]) to European governments.[32] During the 19th century, the family bought up a large proportion of the property in Mayfair, London.[33]

The Rothschild family was directly involved in the independence of Brazil from Portugal in the early 19th century. Upon an agreement, the Brazilian government should pay a compensation of two million pounds sterling to the Kingdom of Portugal to accept Brazil's independence.[30] N M Rothschild & Sons was pre-eminent in raising this capital for the government of the newly formed Empire of Brazil on the London market. In 1825, Nathan Rothschild raised £2,000,000, and indeed was probably discreetly involved in the earlier tranche of this loan which raised £1,000,000 in 1824.[30][34] Part of the price of Portuguese recognition of Brazilian independence, secured in 1825, was that Brazil should take over repayment of the principal and interest on a £1,500,000 loan made to the Portuguese government in 1823 by N M Rothschild & Sons.[30] A correspondence from Samuel Phillips & Co. in 1824 suggests the close involvement of the Rothschilds in the occasion.

Major 19th-century businesses founded with Rothschild family capital include:

The family funded Cecil Rhodes in the creation of the African colony of Rhodesia. From the late 1880s onwards, the family took over control of the Rio Tinto mining company.

The Japanese government approached the London and Paris families for funding during the Russo-Japanese War. The London consortium's issue of Japanese war bonds would total £11.5 million (at 1907 currency rates; £1.08 billion in 2012 currency terms).[36]

The name of Rothschild became synonymous with extravagance and great wealth; and the family was renowned for its art collecting, for its palaces, as well as for its philanthropy. By the end of the century, the family owned, or had built, at the lowest estimates, 41 palaces, of a scale and luxury perhaps unparalleled even by the richest royal families.[24] The British Chancellor of the Exchequer David Lloyd George claimed, in 1909, that Nathan, Lord Rothschild was the most powerful man in Britain.[6][failed verification][37]

Niles' Weekly Register, Volume 49 had the following to say about the Rothschilds' influence on international high finance in 1836:

The Rothschilds are the wonders of modern banking ... we see the descendants of Judah, after a persecution of two thousand years, peering above kings, rising higher than emperors, and holding a whole continent in the hollow of their hands. The Rothschilds govern a Christian world. Not a cabinet moves without their advice. They stretch their hand, with equal ease, from [Saint] Petersburgh to Vienna, from Vienna to Paris, from Paris to London, from London to Washington. Baron Rothschild, the head of the house, is the true king of Judah, the prince of the captivity, the Messiah so long looked for by this extraordinary people. He holds the keys of peace or war, blessing or cursing. ... They are the brokers and counselors of the kings of Europe and of the republican chiefs of America. What more can they desire?[38]

Changes to family fortunes

The Neapolitan Rothschilds was the first branch of the family to decline when revolution broke out and Giuseppe Garibaldi captured Naples on 7 September 1860 and set up a provisional Italian government. Because of the family's close political connections with Austria and France, Adolphe Carl von Rothschild [fr] was caught in a delicate position. He chose to take temporary sanctuary in Gaeta with the last Neapolitan king, Francis II of the Two Sicilies. However, the Rothschild branches in London, Paris, and Vienna were not prepared nor willing to financially support the deposed king. With the ensuing unification of Italy, and the mounting tension between Adolph and the rest of the family, the Naples house closed in 1863 after forty-two years in business.

In 1901, the German branch closed its doors after more than a century in business following the death of Wilhelm Rothschild with no male heirs. It was not until 1989 that the family returned to Germany, when N M Rothschild & Sons, the British branch, plus Bank Rothschild AG, the Swiss branch, set up a representative banking office in Frankfurt.

By the start of the 20th century, the introduction of national taxation systems had ended the Rothschilds' policy of operating with a single set of commercial account records, which resulted in the various branches gradually going their own separate ways as independent banks. The system of the five brothers and their successor sons all but disappeared by World War I.[39]

The rise of Nazi Germany in the 1930s led to a precarious situation for the Austrian Rothschilds under the annexation of Austria in 1938 when the family was pressured to sell its banking operation at a fraction of its real worth. While other Rothschilds had escaped the Nazis, Louis Rothschild was imprisoned for a year and only released after a substantial ransom was paid by his family. After Louis was allowed to leave the country in March 1939, the Nazis placed the firm of S M von Rothschild under compulsory administration. Nazi officers and senior staff from Austrian museums also emptied the Rothschild family estates of all their valuables. Following the war, the Austrian Rothschilds were unable to reclaim much of their former assets and properties.

Later, the fall of France during the Second World War led to the seizure of the property of the French Rothschilds under German occupation. Despite having their bank restored to them at the end of the war, the French Rothschilds were powerless in 1982 as the family business was nationalised by the socialist government of newly elected President François Mitterrand.[40]

In addition, The New York Times wrote that the Rothschilds "grossly misjudged the opportunities directly across the Atlantic" and quoted Evelyn de Rothschild as saying that despite the accomplishments made by the various branches of the family in international high finance for over 200 years, "we never seized the initiative in America and that was one of the mistakes my family made."[41]

Hereditary titles

In 1816, four of the five sons of Mayer Amschel Rothschild were elevated to the Austrian nobility by Emperor Francis I of Austria.[20] The remaining son, Nathan, was elevated in 1818.[dubious – discuss] All of them were granted the Austrian hereditary title of Freiherr (baron) on 29 September 1822.[20] As a result, some members of the family used the nobiliary particle de or von before their surname to acknowledge the grant of nobility.

In 1847, Anthony de Rothschild was made a hereditary baronet of the United Kingdom.[42] In 1885, Sir Nathan Rothschild, 2nd Baronet, was granted the hereditary peerage title of Baron Rothschild in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.[22] This title is currently held by the 4th Baron Rothschild.

English branch

Main article: Rothschild banking family of England

The Rothschild banking family of England was founded in 1798 by Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777–1836), who first settled in Manchester but then moved to London. Nathan Mayer von Rothschild, the third son of Mayer Amschel Rothschild (1744–1812), first established a textile jobbing business in Manchester and from there went on to establish N M Rothschild & Sons bank in London.[43]

During the early part of the 19th century, the Rothschild family's London bank took a leading part in managing and financing the subsidies that the British government transferred to its allies during the Napoleonic Wars. Through the creation of a network of agents, couriers and shippers, the bank was able to provide funds to the armies of the Duke of Wellington in Portugal and Spain, therefore funding the war. The providing of other innovative and complex financing for government projects formed a mainstay of the bank's business for the better part of the century. N M Rothschild & Sons' financial strength in the City of London became such that, by 1825–26, the bank was able to supply enough coin to the Bank of England to enable it to avert a liquidity crisis.

Nathan Mayer's eldest son, Lionel de Rothschild (1808–1879), succeeded him as head of the London branch. Under Lionel, the bank financed the British government's 1875 purchase of Egypt's interest in the Suez Canal. The Rothschild bank also funded Cecil Rhodes in the development of the British South Africa Company. Leopold de Rothschild (1845–1917) administered Rhodes's estate after his death in 1902 and helped to set up the Rhodes Scholarship scheme at the University of Oxford. In 1873, de Rothschild Frères in France and N M Rothschild & Sons of London joined with other investors to acquire the Spanish government's money-losing Rio Tinto copper mines. The new owners restructured the company and turned it into a profitable business. By 1905, the Rothschild interest in Rio Tinto amounted to more than 30 percent. In 1887, the French and British Rothschild banking houses loaned money to, and invested in, the De Beers diamond mines in South Africa, becoming its largest shareholders.

The London banking house continued under the management of Lionel Nathan de Rothschild (1882–1942) and his brother Anthony Gustav de Rothschild (1887–1961), and then to Sir Evelyn de Rothschild (1931–2022). In 2003, following Sir Evelyn's retirement as head of N M Rothschild & Sons of London, the British and French financial firms merged under the leadership of David René de Rothschild.

French branches

Main article: Rothschild banking family of France
 
Château de Ferrières, the largest château of the 19th century, was built in 1854. It is set on a 30 km2 (12 sq mi) estate outside Paris. It was charitably donated by the family to the University of Paris in 1975.

There are two branches of the family connected to France.

The first was the branch of James Mayer de Rothschild (1792–1868), known as "James", who established de Rothschild Frères in Paris; he married his niece Betty von Rothschild. Following the Napoleonic Wars, he played a major role in financing the construction of railways and the mining business that helped make France an industrial power. By 1980, the Paris business employed about 2,000 people and had an annual turnover of 26 billion francs (€4.13 billion or $5 billion in the currency rates of 1980).[44]

"No kings could afford this! It could only belong to a Rothschild."

— Wilhelm I, Emperor of Germany, on visiting Château de Ferrières.[45]

However, the Paris business suffered a near death blow in 1982, when the socialist government of François Mitterrand nationalised and renamed it as Compagnie Européenne de Banque.[46] Baron David de Rothschild, then 39, decided to stay and rebuild, creating a new entity named Rothschild & Cie Banque, with just three employees and €830,000 (US$1 million) in capital. Today, the Paris operation has 22 partners and accounts for a significant part of the global business.

Ensuing generations of the Paris Rothschild family remained involved in the family business, becoming a major force in international investment banking. The Paris Rothschilds have since led the Thomson Financial League Tables in Investment Banking Merger and Acquisition deals in the UK, France and Italy.

 
A former Rothschild family house, at the site of Château de la Muette, Paris. Built as a family residence by the secondary branch of the French Rothschild family, today it houses the headquarters of the OECD.

James Mayer de Rothschild's other son, Edmond James de Rothschild (1845–1934), was very much engaged in philanthropy and the arts, and he was a leading proponent of Zionism. His grandson, Baron Edmond Adolphe de Rothschild, founded in 1953 the LCF Rothschild Group, a private bank. Since 1997, Baron Benjamin de Rothschild chairs the group. The group has €100bn of assets in 2008 and owns many wine properties in France (Château Clarke, Château des Laurets), in Australia or in South Africa. In 1961, the 35-year-old Edmond Adolphe de Rothschild purchased the company Club Med, after he had visited a resort and enjoyed his stay.[47][48] His interest in Club Med was sold off by the 1990s. In 1973, he bought out the Bank of California, selling his interests in 1984 before it was sold to Mitsubishi Bank in 1985.

 
Hôtel Salomon de Rothschild, built in 1872 as a Paris townhouse for Salomon James de Rothschild

The second French branch was founded by Nathaniel de Rothschild (1812–1870). Born in London, he was the fourth child of the founder of the British branch of the family, Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777–1836). In 1850 Nathaniel Rothschild moved to Paris to work with his uncle James Mayer Rothschild. In 1853 Nathaniel acquired Château Brane Mouton, a vineyard in Pauillac in the Gironde département. Nathaniel Rothschild renamed the estate Château Mouton Rothschild, and it would become one of the best known labels in the world. In 1868, Nathaniel's uncle, James Mayer de Rothschild, acquired the neighbouring Château Lafite vineyard.

Austrian branch

Main article: Rothschild banking family of Austria
 
Grüneburgschlößchen, Frankfurt, 1845, one of the Rothschilds' many German garden-mansions. This particular estate was destroyed in an Allied bombing raid, 1944.

In Vienna, Salomon Mayer Rothschild established a bank in the 1820s and the Austrian family had vast wealth and position.[49] The crash of 1929 brought problems, and Baron Louis von Schwartz Rothschild attempted to shore up the Creditanstalt, Austria's largest bank, to prevent its collapse. Nevertheless, during the Second World War they had to surrender their bank to the Nazis and flee the country. Their Rothschild palaces, a collection of vast palaces in Vienna built and owned by the family, were confiscated, plundered and destroyed by the Nazis. The palaces were famous for their sheer size and for their huge collections of paintings, armour, tapestries and statues (some of which were restored to the Rothschilds by the Austrian government in 1999). All family members escaped the Holocaust, some of them moving to the United States, and returning to Europe only after the war. In 1999, the government of Austria agreed to return to the Rothschild family some 250 art treasures looted by the Nazis and absorbed into state museums after the war.[50]

Neapolitan branch

 
Villa Pignatelli, Naples, with views onto Mount Vesuvius
Main article: Rothschild banking family of Naples

The C M de Rothschild & Figli bank arranged substantial loans to the Papal States and to various Kings of Naples plus the Duchy of Parma and the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. However, in the 1830s, Naples followed Spain with a gradual shift away from conventional bond issues that began to affect the bank's growth and profitability. The Unification of Italy in 1861, with the ensuing decline of the Italian aristocracy who had been the Rothschilds' primary clients, eventually brought about the closure of their Naples bank, due to a forecasted decline in the sustainability of the business over the long-term. However, in the early 19th century, the Rothschild family of Naples built up close relations with the Holy See, and the association between the family and the Vatican continued into the 20th century.[citation needed] In 1832, when Pope Gregory XVI was seen meeting Carl von Rothschild to arrange the 1832 Rothschild loan to the Holy See (for £400,000, worth €43,000,000 in 2014), observers were shocked that Rothschild was not required to kiss the Pope's feet, as was then required for all other visitors to the Pope, including monarchs.[51] The 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia described the Rothschilds as "the guardians of the papal treasure".[52]

Jewish identity and positions on Zionism

Jewish solidarity in the family was not homogeneous. Many Rothschilds were supporters of Zionism, while other members of the family opposed the creation of the Jewish state. In 1917 Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild was the addressee of the Balfour Declaration to the Zionist Federation,[53] which committed the British government to the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people. His nephew, Victor, Lord Rothschild was against granting asylum or helping Jewish refugees in 1938.[a][54]

After the death of James Jacob de Rothschild in 1868, his eldest son Alphonse Rothschild took over the management of the family bank and was the most active in support for Eretz Israel.[55] The Rothschild family archives show that during the 1870s the family contributed nearly 500,000 francs per year on behalf of Eastern Jewry to the Alliance Israélite Universelle.[56]

Baron Edmond James de Rothschild (known in Israel simply as "the Baron Rothschild" or "the Benefactor" (Hebrew: "HaNadiv"), youngest son of James Jacob de Rothschild, was a patron of the first permanent settlement in Palestine at Rishon-LeZion (1882). He also provided funding for the establishment of Petah Tikva as a permanent settlement (1883). Overall, he bought from Ottoman landlords 2–3% of the land which now makes up present-day Israel.[57][b] After Baron de Hirsch died in 1896, the Hirsch-founded Jewish Colonisation Association (ICA) started supporting the settlement of Palestine (1896), and Baron Rothschild took an active role in the organization and transferred his Palestinian land holdings as well as 15 million francs to it. In 1924, he reorganized the Palestinian branch of the ICA into the Palestine Jewish Colonisation Association (PICA), which acquired more than 125,000 acres (50,586 ha) of land and set up business ventures.[58] In Tel Aviv, the Rothschild Boulevard is named after him, as are a number of localities throughout Israel which he assisted in founding, including Metulla, Zikhron Ya'akov, Rishon Lezion and Rosh Pina. A park in Boulogne-Billancourt, Paris, the Parc Edmond de Rothschild (Edmond de Rothschild Park), is also named after its founder.[59] The Rothschilds also played a significant part in the funding of Israel's governmental infrastructure. James A. de Rothschild financed the Knesset building as a gift to the State of Israel[60] and the Supreme Court of Israel building was donated to Israel by Dorothy de Rothschild.[61] Outside the President's Chamber is displayed the letter Dorothy de Rothschild wrote to then Prime Minister Shimon Peres expressing her intention to donate a new building for the Supreme Court.[62]

Interviewed by Haaretz in 2010, Baron Benjamin Rothschild, who was a Swiss-based member of the banking family, said that he supported the Israeli–Palestinian peace process: "I understand that it is a complicated business, mainly because of the fanatics and extremists – and I am talking about both sides. I think you have fanatics in Israel. ... In general I am not in contact with politicians. I spoke once with Netanyahu. I met once with an Israeli finance minister, but the less I mingle with politicians the better I feel."[63] Due to a dispute with the Israeli tax authorities, the baron refused to visit Israel. But his widow Ariane de Rothschild often visits Israel where she manages the Caesarea Foundation. She says: "It is insulting that the state [Israel] casts doubt on us. If there is a family that does not have to prove its commitment to Israel, it's ours."[64]

Places in Israel named after Rothschild family members

Primarily due to the generosity and influence of Baron Edmond James de Rothschild, HaNadiv (the Benefactor), on the history of the Land of Israel and the State of Israel, a tradition exists of naming cities, towns and other settlements in Israel in honor of members of the Rothschild family. Six of these places are grouped in the same vicinity, on the Sharon plain, while the others are scattered throughout the country. They are, listed in order of founding:

Modern businesses, investments, and philanthropy

 
The family has fully restored Spencer House, St. James's Park, London.

Since the late 19th century, the family has taken a low-key public profile, donating many famous estates, as well as vast quantities of art, to charity, and generally eschewing conspicuous displays of wealth. Today, Rothschild businesses are on a smaller scale than they were throughout the 19th century, although they encompass a diverse range of fields, including: real estate, financial services, mixed farming, energy, mining, winemaking and nonprofits.[10][11]

The Rothschild Group

Main article: Rothschild Group

Since 2003, a group of Rothschild banks have been controlled by Rothschild Continuation Holdings, a Swiss-registered holding company (under the chairmanship of Baron David René de Rothschild). Rothschild Continuation Holdings is in turn controlled by Concordia BV, a Dutch-registered master holding company. Concordia BV is managed by Paris Orléans S.A., a French-registered holding company.[69] Paris Orléans S.A. is ultimately controlled by Rothschild Concordia SAS, a Rothschild's family holding company.[70] Rothschild & Cie Banque controls Rothschild banking businesses in France and continental Europe, while Rothschilds Continuation Holdings AG controls a number of Rothschild banks elsewhere, including N M Rothschild & Sons in London. Twenty per cent of Rothschild Continuation Holdings AG was sold in 2005 to Jardine Strategic, which is a subsidiary of Jardine, Matheson & Co. of Hong Kong. In November 2008, Rabobank Group, the leading investment and private bank in the Netherlands, acquired 7.5% of Rothschild Continuation Holdings AG, and Rabobank and Rothschild entered into a co-operation agreement in the fields of mergers and acquisitions (M&A) advisory and equity capital markets advisory in the food and agribusiness sectors.[71] It was believed that the move was intended to help Rothschild Continuation Holdings AG gain access to a wider capital pool, enlarging its presence in East Asian markets.[72]

Paris Orléans S.A. is a financial holding company listed on Euronext Paris and controlled by the French and English branches of the Rothschild family. Paris Orléans is the flagship of the Rothschild banking group and controls the Rothschild Group's banking activities including N M Rothschild & Sons and Rothschild & Cie Banque. It has over 2,000 employees. Directors of the company include Eric de Rothschild, Robert de Rothschild and Count Philippe de Nicolay.[73]

N M Rothschild & Sons, an English investment bank, does most of its business as an advisor for mergers and acquisitions. In 2004, the investment bank withdrew from the gold market, a commodity the Rothschild bankers had traded in for two centuries.[54] In 2006, it ranked second in UK M&A with deals totalling $104.9 billion.[74] In 2006, the bank recorded a pre-tax annual profit of £83.2 million with assets of £5.5 billion.[75]

"Treat the stock exchange like a cold shower (quick in, quick out)."

—A traditional family maxim.[76]

Edmond de Rothschild Group

 
The Large Mansion at Gunnersbury Park, London

In 1953, one Swiss member of the family, Edmond Adolphe de Rothschild (1926–1997), founded the LCF Rothschild Group (now Edmond de Rothschild Group) which is based in Geneva and today extends to 15 countries across the world. Although this group is primarily a financial entity, specializing in asset management and private banking, its activities also cover mixed farming, luxury hotels and yacht racing. Edmond de Rothschild Group's committee is currently being chaired by Ariane de Rothschild.

In late 2010, Baron Benjamin Rothschild, the chairman at the time, said that the family had been unaffected by the financial crisis of 2007–2010, due to their conservative business practices: "We came through it well, because our investment managers did not want to put money into crazy things." He added that the Rothschilds were still a small-scale, traditional family business and took greater care over their clients' investments than American companies, adding: "The client knows we will not speculate with his money".[63][77]

Edmond de Rothschild group includes these companies.

RIT Capital Partners

In 1980, Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild resigned from N M Rothschild & Sons and took independent control of Rothschild Investment Trust (now RIT Capital Partners, a British investment trust), which has reported assets of $3.4 billion in 2008.[78] It is listed on London Stock Exchange. Lord Rothschild is also one of the major investors behind BullionVault, a gold trading platform.[79]

In 2010 RIT Capital Partners stored a significant proportion of its assets in the form of physical gold. Other assets included oil and energy-related investments.[80]

In 2012, RIT Capital Partners announced it was to buy a 37 per cent stake in a Rockefeller family wealth advisory and asset management group.[81] Commenting on the deal, David Rockefeller, a former patriarch of the Rockefeller family, said: "The connection between our two families remains very strong."[82]

Investments

In 1991, Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild founded J. Rothschild Assurance Group (now St. James's Place Wealth Management) with Sir Mark Weinberg. It is also listed on London Stock Exchange.[83]

In 2001, the Rothschild mansion located at 18 Kensington Palace Gardens, London, was on sale for £85 million, at that time (2001) the most expensive residential property ever to go on sale in the world. It was built in marble, at 9,000 sq ft, with underground parking for 20 cars.[84]

In December 2009, Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild invested $200 million of his own money in a North Sea oil company.[85]

In January 2010, Nathaniel Philip Rothschild bought a substantial share of the Glencore mining and oil company's market capitalisation. He also bought a large share of the aluminium mining company United Company RUSAL.[86]

During the 19th century, the Rothschilds controlled the Rio Tinto mining corporation, and to this day, Rothschild and Rio Tinto maintain a close business relationship.[87]

Wine

 
Château Lafite Rothschild, Bordeaux. Alongside Château Mouton Rothschild, it is perhaps the most prestigious of the many Rothschild wine estates.

The Rothschild family has been in the winemaking industry for 150 years.[88] In 1853, Nathaniel de Rothschild purchased Château Brane-Mouton and renamed it Château Mouton Rothschild. In 1868, James Mayer de Rothschild purchased the neighbouring Château Lafite and renamed it Château Lafite Rothschild.

Today, the Rothschild family owns many wine estates: their estates in France include Château Clarke, Château de Malengin, Château Clerc-Milon, Château d'Armailhac, Château Duhart-Milon, Château Lafite Rothschild, Château de Laversine, Château des Laurets, Château L'Évangile, Château Malmaison, Château de Montvillargenne, Château Mouton Rothschild, Château de la Muette, Château Rieussec and Château Rothschild d'Armainvilliers. They also own wine estates across North America, South America, South Africa and Australia.

Especially, Château Mouton Rothschild and Château Lafite Rothschild are classified as Premier Cru Classé—i.e., First Growth, the status referring to a classification of wines from the Bordeaux region of France.

Saskia de Rothschild was named Chairwoman of Château Lafite Rothschild in 2018, succeeding her father, Éric de Rothschild.[89] Château Mouton Rothschild was managed by Philippine de Rothschild until her death in 2014. It is now under the direction of her son Philippe Sereys de Rothschild.[90]

Art and charity

The family once had one of the largest private art collections in the world, and a significant proportion of the art in the world's public museums are Rothschild donations which were sometimes, in the family tradition of discretion, donated anonymously.[91]

Hannah Mary Rothschild was appointed in December 2014 as chair of the board of the National Gallery of London.[92]

Cultural references

 
The neo-Gothic Castle de Haar

In the words of The Daily Telegraph: "This multinational banking family is a byword for wealth, power – and discretion... The Rothschild name has become synonymous with money and power to a degree that perhaps no other family has ever matched."[93]

 
The neo-Gothic Rothschildschloss, Waidhofen

Writing of the Rockefeller and Rothschild families, Harry Mount writes: "That is what makes these two dynasties so exceptional – not just their dizzying wealth, but the fact that they have held on to it for so long: and not just the loot, but also their family companies."[94]

The story of the Rothschild family has been featured in a number of films. The 1934 Hollywood film titled The House of Rothschild, starring George Arliss and Loretta Young, recounted the life of Mayer Amschel Rothschild and Nathan Mayer Rothschild (both played by Arliss). Excerpts from this film were incorporated into the Nazi propaganda film Der ewige Jude (The Eternal Jew) without the permission of the copyright holder. Another Nazi film, Die Rothschilds (also called Aktien auf Waterloo), was directed by Erich Waschneck in 1940. A Broadway musical entitled The Rothschilds, covering the history of the family up to 1818, was nominated for a Tony Award in 1971. Nathaniel Mayer ("Natty") Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild appears as a minor character in the historical-mystery novel Stone's Fall, by Iain Pears. Mayer Rothschild is featured in Diana Gabaldon's novel Voyager as a coin seller summoned to Le Havre by Jamie Fraser to appraise coins, prior to the establishment of the Rothschild dynasty, when Mayer is in his early 20s. The Rothschild name is mentioned by Aldous Huxley in his novel Brave New World, among many names of historically affluent persons, scientific innovators and others. The character, named Morgana Rothschild, played a relatively minor role in the story. The name Rothschild used as a synonym for extreme wealth inspired the song "If I Were a Rich Man", which is based on a song from the Tevye the Dairyman stories, written in the Yiddish as Ven ikh bin Rotshild, meaning 'If I were a Rothschild'.[95]

In France, the word "Rothschild" was throughout the 19th and 20th centuries a synonym for seemingly endless wealth, neo-Gothic styles, and epicurean glamour.[96] The family also has lent its name to "le goût Rothschild," a suffocatingly glamorous style of interior decoration whose elements include neo-Renaissance palaces, extravagant use of velvet and gilding, vast collections of armour and sculpture, a sense of Victorian horror vacui, and the highest masterworks of art. Le goût Rothschild has influenced designers such as Robert Denning, Yves Saint Laurent, Vincent Fourcade and others.

"Yes, my dear fellow, it all amounts to this: in order to do something first you must be something. We think Dante great, and he had a civilization of centuries behind him; the House of Rothschild is rich and it has required much more than one generation to attain such wealth. Such things all lie much deeper than one thinks."

— Johann Wolfgang Goethe, October 1828[97]

Conspiracy theories

See also: List of conspiracy theories § Antisemitic conspiracy theories, and Antisemitic trope § Controlling the global financial system

Over more than two centuries,[25][26] the Rothschild family has frequently been the subject of conspiracy theories.[12][page needed][98][99] These theories take differing forms, such as claiming that the family controls the world's wealth and financial institutions[100][101] or encouraged or discouraged wars between governments. Discussing this and similar views, the historian Niall Ferguson wrote that,

Without wars, nineteenth-century states would have little need to issue bonds. As we have seen, however, wars tended to hit the price of existing bonds by increasing the risk that a debtor state would fail to meet its interest payments in the event of defeat and losses of territory. By the middle of the 19th century, the Rothschilds had evolved from traders into fund managers, carefully tending to their own vast portfolio of government bonds. Now having made their money, they stood to lose more than they gained from conflict. [...] The Rothschilds had decided the outcome of the Napoleonic Wars by putting their financial weight behind Britain. Now they would [...] sit on the sidelines.[102]

Many conspiracy theories about the Rothschild family arise from anti-Semitic prejudice and various antisemitic tropes.[103][104][105][106][107][108]

Prominent descendants of Mayer Amschel Rothschild

See also: Genealogy of the Rothschild family

Prominent lineal descendants of Mayer Amschel Rothschild include among many others:

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
 
Baron David René de Rothschild, current French chairman of N M Rothschild & Sons and formerly of De Beers
 
Bertha-Clara von Rothschild (Princess of Wagram) (Ellis William Roberts, 1890)
 
Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild, M.P. (1839–1898)
 
Sybil Cholmondeley, Marchioness of Cholmondeley (1894–1989), painted by John Singer Sargent
 
Halton House, a Rothschild family mansion in Buckinghamshire, England
 
Lionel de Rothschild, whose colt Sir Bevys won the 1879 Epsom Derby
 
The Astronomer, by Johannes Vermeer given to the Louvre Museum by the Rothschild family in 1982
 
Palace Nathaniel Rothschild, Vienna
 
Ascott House, donated to charity by the family in 1947
 
Exbury House, a Rothschild estate in England
 
Hôtel Lambert, Paris

Prominent marriages into the family include, among many others:

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Coat of arms

Coat of arms of Rothschild family
 
Notes
Coat of arms of the Rothschild family[125]
Adopted
1822 (granted by Emperor Francis I of Austria)
Crest
Crests: 1st, out of a ducal coronet Or a mullet of six points Or between two horns per fess alternately Or and Sable, Sable and Or; 2nd, issuant from a ducal coronet Or an eagle displayed Sable; 3rd, out of a ducal coronet Or three ostrich feathers, the centre one Argent and the exterior ones Azure[126]
Escutcheon
Quarterly: 1st, Or an eagle displayed Sable langued Gules; 2nd, Azure issuing from the sinister flank an arm embowed proper grasping five arrows points downward Argent; 3rd, Azure issuing from the dexter flank an arm embowed proper grasping five arrows points downward Argent; 4th, Or a Lion rampant Gules; over all an inescutcheon Gules charged with an oval target with pointed center Argent per bend sinister[126]
Supporters
Dexter: a lion rampant Or langued Gules
Sinister: a unicorn Argent langued Gules
Motto
Concordia, Integritas, Industria (Latin for "Harmony, Integrity, Industry")

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The Independent reported that he "shocked an audience by saying that in spite of 'the slow murder of 600,000 people' on the continent 'we probably all agree that there is something unsatisfactory in refugees encroaching on the privacy of our country, even for relatively short periods of time.'"
  2. ^ The PICA obtained about 450–550 km2 (170–210 sq mi) of land in Palestine, out of about 1,850 km2 (710 sq mi) (7% of the area Mandatory Palestine) that were Jewish-owned by 1947. Today's Israel proper, excluding the West Bank, Gaza, Golan and East Jerusalem, is about 21,000 km2 (8,100 sq mi), but the Mandatory Palestine was larger.

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  105. ^ Richard Allen Landes and Steven T. Katz (2012). The Paranoid Apocalypse: A Hundred-year Retrospective on the Protocols of the Elders of Zion. NYU Press. p. 189. ISBN 9780814749456. ... there are anti-Semitic claims of a vast conspiracy by Jews that structurally replicate the Protocols without mentioning the hoax document. Another way conspiracy theories try to avoid the label of anti-Semitic is to argue that there is a vast conspiracy by the "Rothschild family" or the "Khazars" or some other entity...
  106. ^ David Norman Smith (2013). "Anti-Semitism". In Carl Skutsch (ed.). Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities. Vol. 1 (A-F). Routledge. p. 110. ISBN 9781135193881. The great banking barons of the Rothschild family became, in anti-Semitic fantasy, living emblems of Jews everywhere. ... For anti-Semites, socialism and bank capitalism are just two sides of the Jewish conspiracy against order and tradition...
  107. ^ Michael Streeter (2008). Behind Closed Doors: The Power and Influence of Secret Societies. New Holland Publishers. pp. 146–47. ISBN 9781845379377. When it comes to conspiracy theories and the secret societies that supposedly run out world ... The finger of suspicion often points to bankers and Jews – and often to Jewish bankers – as the moneymen behind this world plot. Chief among the 'suspects' are the Rothschilds, the Jewish banking dynasty ... Yet there is little or nothing that the Rothschild bankers have done that is not perfectly explicable by normal banking practices. ... The fact that the Rothschilds feature at the centre of so many conspiracy theories is perhaps no coincidence. For it is sadly the case that many claims alleging secret societies have contained more than a tinge of anti-Semitism.[dead link]
  108. ^ Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke (2002). Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity. NYU Press. p. 296. ISBN 9780814732373. [Conspiracy theorist Jan van] Helsing's dubious sources, his constant repetition of Jewish names as members of private and public organizations, and above all his emphasis on the assets and powerbroking influence of the Rothschilds as the top Illuminati family leave no doubt that his conspiracy theories are aimed at Jewish targets.
  109. ^ Morton, Fredreric (1962)The Rothschilds; A Family Portrait, Secker & Warburg;London, UK
  110. ^ Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage-96th Ed-1938
  111. ^ a b c 1.[S37] Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes (Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003), volume 3, page 3416. Hereinafter cited as Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 107th edition.
  112. ^ Francesco Rapazzini, Élisabeth de Gramont, Paris, Fayard, 2004.
  113. ^ Eco-warrior sets sail to save oceans from 'plastic death' 26 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine The Observer (London), 12 April 2009, Robin McKie
  114. ^ "Anne-Myriam Dutrieue, Le baron Léon Lambert, un banquier et financier belge d'envergure internationale du XXe siècle, 2010" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  115. ^ The Rothschilds and their 200 years of political influence 1 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine Andy McSmith, 23 October 2008, The Independent (London)
  116. ^ Grand fortunes: dynasties of wealth in France (Algora Publishing, 1998), By Michel Pinçon, Monique Pinçon-Charlot, Andrea Lyn Secara, page 124
  117. ^ Young love will cement marriage of Britain's top three dynasties 11 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine Ingrid Mansell, The Times (London) 21 April 2003
  118. ^ Carola W. Rothschild, Ex-Girl Scout Official 20 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine, New York Times, 1 September 1987
  119. ^ DRUON Maurice, "Ces Messieurs de Rothschild", Paris 1966
  120. ^ Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes (Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003), volume 3, page 3417. Hereinafter cited as Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 107th edition.
  121. ^ . Archived from the original on 3 June 2002. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  122. ^ Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes (Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003), volume 3, page 3416. Hereinafter cited as Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 107th edition.
  123. ^ US Magazine: "Nicky Hilton Is Engaged to James Rothschild: Hotel Heiress to Marry Banking Heir" By Esther Lee and Brody Brown 11 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine 12 August 2014
  124. ^ Rebecca Pocklington (10 July 2015). "Mr & Mrs: First pictures of Nicky Hilton and James Rothschild on their wedding day as she flashes her garter". mirror. from the original on 5 January 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  125. ^ "Rothschild coat of arms". The Rothschild Archive. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  126. ^ a b "Jewish Heraldry". heraldica.org. from the original on 2 July 1998. Retrieved 11 March 2014.

Further reading

  • Niall Ferguson: The House of Rothschild: Money's Prophets, 1798–1848 (ISBN 0-14-024084-5)
  • Niall Ferguson: The House of Rothschild: The World's Banker, 1849–1998 (ISBN 0-14-028662-4)
  • Frederic Morton: The Rothschilds: Portrait of a Dynasty (ISBN 1-56836-220-X)
  • Amos Elon: Founder: A Portrait of the First Rothschild and His Time, 1996. (ISBN 0-670-86857-4)
  • Egon Caesar Conte Corti: Rise of the House of Rothschild, B. Lunn (translator), Books for Business 2001 (reprint of 1928 translation published by Gollancz), ISBN 978-0-89499-058-8, Amazon.co.uk searchable online view
  • Joseph Valynseele & Henri-Claude Mars, Le Sang des Rothschild, ICC Editions, Paris [fr]. 2004 (ISBN 2-908003-22-8)
  • Derek A. Wilson: Rothschild: A Story of Wealth and Power (ISBN 0-233-98870-X)
  • Mir-Babayev M.F.: The role of Azerbaijan in the World's oil industry – "Oil-Industry History" (USA), 2011, v. 12, no. 1, p. 109–123.
  • Mir-Babayev M.F.: The Rothschild brother's contribution to Baku's oil industry – "Oil-Industry History" (USA), 2012, v. 13, no. 1, p. 225–236.
  • Pietro Ratto: I Rothschild e gli altri. Dal governo del mondo all'indebitamento delle nazioni: i segreti delle famiglie più potenti, Arianna Editrice, Bologna [it]. 2015 (ISBN 978-88-6588-115-6)
  • William Verity: The Rise of the Rothschilds – "History Today" (April 19680, Vol. 18 Issue 4, p225-233. covers 1770 to 1839.

Documentary film

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rothschild family.
 
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Rothschild".

History

  • Rothschild Archive
  • The article of "Rothschild" in Jewish Encyclopedia
  • Newspaper clippings about Rothschild family in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW

Foundations

  • The Edmond de Rothschild Foundations

December 18, 2023
rothschild, family, house, rothschild, redirects, here, film, house, rothschild, roth, chylde, german, ˈʁoːt, ʃɪlt, wealthy, ashkenazi, jewish, family, originally, from, frankfurt, that, rose, prominence, with, mayer, amschel, rothschild, 1744, 1812, court, fa. House of Rothschild redirects here For the film see The House of Rothschild The Rothschild family ˈ r ɒ 8 s tʃ aɪ l d ROTH S chylde German ˈʁoːt ʃɪlt is a wealthy Ashkenazi Jewish family originally from Frankfurt that rose to prominence with Mayer Amschel Rothschild 1744 1812 a court factor to the German Landgraves of Hesse Kassel in the Free City of Frankfurt Holy Roman Empire who established his banking business in the 1760s 2 Unlike most previous court factors Rothschild managed to bequeath his wealth and established an international banking family through his five sons 3 who established businesses in London Paris Frankfurt Vienna and Naples The family was elevated to noble rank in the Holy Roman Empire and the United Kingdom 4 5 The family s documented history starts in 16th century Frankfurt its name is derived from the family house Rothschild built by Isaak Elchanan Bacharach in Frankfurt in 1567 RothschildJewish noble banking familyCoat of arms granted to the Barons Rothschild in 1822 by Emperor Francis I of AustriaCurrent regionWestern Europe mainly United Kingdom France and Germany 1 EtymologyRothschild German red shield Place of originFrankfurter Judengasse Frankfurt Holy Roman EmpireFounded1760s 1577 1577 FounderMayer Amschel Rothschild 1744 1812 Elchanan Rothschild b 1577 TitlesList Freiherr von Rothschild 1822 Baronet of Tring Park 1847 Baron Rothschild 1885 TraditionsJudaism Gout RothschildMottoConcordia Integritas Industria Latin for Harmony Integrity Industry Estate s List British propertiesChateau de FerrieresPalais RothschildCadet branchesList Austrian branchEnglish branchFrench branchNeapolitan branchDuring the 19th century the Rothschild family possessed the largest private fortune in the world as well as in modern world history 6 7 8 The family s wealth declined over the 20th century and was divided among many descendants 9 Today their interests cover a diverse range of fields including financial services real estate mining energy agriculture winemaking and nonprofits 10 11 Many examples of the family s rural architecture exist across northwestern Europe The Rothschild family has frequently been the subject of conspiracy theories many of which have antisemitic origins 12 Contents 1 Overview 2 The Napoleonic Wars 3 International high finance 4 Changes to family fortunes 5 Hereditary titles 6 English branch 7 French branches 8 Austrian branch 9 Neapolitan branch 10 Jewish identity and positions on Zionism 10 1 Places in Israel named after Rothschild family members 11 Modern businesses investments and philanthropy 11 1 The Rothschild Group 11 2 Edmond de Rothschild Group 11 3 RIT Capital Partners 11 4 Investments 11 5 Wine 11 6 Art and charity 12 Cultural references 13 Conspiracy theories 14 Prominent descendants of Mayer Amschel Rothschild 15 Coat of arms 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 19 Further reading 19 1 Documentary film 20 External linksOverviewThe first member of the family who was known to use the name Rothschild was Isaak Elchanan Rothschild born in 1577 The name is derived from the German zum rothen Schild with the old spelling th meaning at the red shield in reference to the house where the family lived for many generations in those days houses were designated not by numbers but by signs displaying different symbols or colours A red shield can still be seen at the centre of the Rothschild coat of arms The family s ascent to international prominence began in 1744 with the birth of Mayer Amschel Rothschild in Frankfurt am Main Germany He was the son of Amschel Moses Rothschild born circa 1710 13 a money changer who had traded with the Prince of Hesse Born in the Judengasse the ghetto of Frankfurt Mayer developed a finance house and spread his empire by installing each of his five sons in the five main European financial centres to conduct business The Rothschild coat of arms contains a clenched fist with five arrows symbolising the five dynasties established by the five sons of Mayer Rothschild in a reference to Psalm 127 Like arrows in the hands of a warrior so are the children of one s youth The family motto appears below the shield Concordia Integritas Industria Unity Integrity Industry 14 nbsp A Rothschild house Waddesdon Manor in Waddesdon Buckinghamshire England donated to the National Trust by the family in 1957 nbsp House of the Rothschild family Judengasse Frankfurt nbsp A house formerly belonging to the Viennese branch of the family Schillersdorf Palace nbsp Schloss Hinterleiten de one of the many palaces built by the Austrian Rothschild dynasty Donated to charity by the family in 1905 nbsp Beatrice de Rothschild s villa on the Cote d Azur France nbsp Palace of Baron Albert von Rothschild photo 1884 nbsp Chateau de Montvillargenne A Rothschild family house in Picardy FrancePaul Johnson writes T he Rothschilds are elusive There is no book about them that is both revealing and accurate Libraries of nonsense have been written about them A woman who planned to write a book entitled Lies about the Rothschilds abandoned it saying It was relatively easy to spot the lies but it proved impossible to find out the truth Johnson writes that unlike the court factors of earlier centuries who had financed and managed European noble houses but often lost their wealth through violence or expropriation the new kind of international bank created by the Rothschilds was impervious to local attacks Their assets were held in financial instruments circulating through the world as stocks bonds and debts Changes made by the Rothschilds allowed them to insulate their property from local violence Henceforth their real wealth was beyond the reach of the mob almost beyond the reach of greedy monarchs 15 Johnson argued that their fortune was generated to the greatest extent by Nathan Mayer Rothschild in London however more recent research by Niall Ferguson indicates that greater and equal profits also were realised by the other Rothschild dynasties including James Mayer de Rothschild in Paris Carl Mayer von Rothschild in Naples and Amschel Mayer Rothschild in Frankfurt 16 Another essential part of Mayer Rothschild s strategy for success was to keep control of their banks in family hands allowing them to maintain full secrecy about the size of their fortunes In about 1906 the Jewish Encyclopedia noted The practice initiated by the Rothschilds of having several brothers of a firm establish branches in the different financial centres was followed by other Jewish financiers like the Bischoffsheims Pereires Seligmans Lazards and others and these financiers by their integrity and financial skill obtained credit not alone with their Jewish confreres but with the banking fraternity in general By this means Jewish financiers obtained an increasing share of international finance during the middle and last quarter of the 19th century The head of the whole group was the Rothschild family It also says Of more recent years non Jewish financiers have learned the same cosmopolitan method and on the whole the control is now rather less than more in Jewish hands than formerly 17 Mayer Rothschild successfully kept the fortune in the family with carefully arranged marriages often between first or second cousins similar to royal intermarriage By the late 19th century however almost all Rothschilds had started to marry outside the family usually into the aristocracy or other financial dynasties 18 His sons were Amschel Mayer Rothschild 1773 1855 Frankfurt died childless as his fortune passed to the sons of Salomon and Kalman Salomon Mayer Rothschild 1774 1855 Vienna Nathan Mayer Rothschild 1777 1836 London Kalman Mayer Rothschild 1788 1855 Naples Jakob Mayer Rothschild 1792 1868 ParisThe German family name Rothschild is pronounced ˈʁoːt ʃɪlt in German unlike ˈ r ɒ 8 s tʃ aɪ l d in English The surname Rothschild is rare in Germany 19 Families by country Rothschild banking family of Austria Rothschild banking family of England Rothschild banking family of Naples Rothschild banking family of FranceThe five sons of Mayer Amschel Rothschild were elevated to the Austrian nobility by Emperor Francis I of Austria and they were all granted the Austrian hereditary title of Freiherr baron on 29 September 1822 20 The British branch of the family was elevated by Queen Victoria who granted the hereditary title of baronet 1847 21 and later the hereditary peerage title of Baron Rothschild 1885 22 The Napoleonic Wars nbsp A landmark Rothschild palace in Frankfurt Germany Villa Gunthersburg photographed 1855 The Rothschilds already possessed a significant fortune before the start of the Napoleonic Wars 1803 1815 and the family had gained preeminence in the bullion trade by this time 23 From London in 1813 to 1815 Nathan Mayer Rothschild was instrumental in almost single handedly financing the British war effort organising the shipment of bullion to the Duke of Wellington s armies across Europe as well as arranging the payment of British financial subsidies to their continental allies In 1815 alone the Rothschilds provided 9 8 million equivalent to about 710 million in 2019 in subsidy loans to Britain s continental allies 24 nbsp One of the smaller city houses Vienna A collection of far larger Viennese palaces known as Palais Rothschild were torn down during the Second World War The brothers helped coordinate Rothschild activities across the continent and the family developed a network of agents shippers and couriers to transport gold across war torn Europe The family network was also to provide Nathan Rothschild time and again with political and financial information ahead of his peers giving him an advantage in the markets and rendering the house of Rothschild still more invaluable to the British government In one instance the family network enabled Nathan to receive in London the news of Wellington s victory at the Battle of Waterloo a full day ahead of the government s official messengers 23 Rothschild s first concern on this occasion was not to the potential financial advantage on the market which the knowledge would have given him he and his courier immediately took the news to the government 23 That he used the news for financial advantage was a fiction then repeated in later popular accounts such as that of Morton 25 26 The basis for the Rothschilds most famously profitable move was made after the news of British victory had been made public Nathan Rothschild calculated that the future reduction in government borrowing brought about by the peace would create a bounce in British government bonds after a two year stabilisation which would finalise the post war restructuring of the domestic economy 24 25 26 In what has been described as one of the most audacious moves in financial history Nathan immediately bought up the government bond market for what at the time seemed an excessively high price before waiting two years then selling the bonds on the crest of a short bounce in the market in 1817 for a 40 profit Given the sheer power of leverage the Rothschild family had at their disposal this profit was an enormous sum 24 Nathan Mayer Rothschild started his business in Manchester in 1806 and gradually moved it to London where in 1809 he acquired the location at 2 New Court in St Swithin s Lane City of London 23 where it operates today he established N M Rothschild amp Sons in 1811 27 28 In 1818 he arranged a 5 million equal to 360 million in 2019 loan to the Prussian government and the issuing of bonds for government loans formed a mainstay of his bank s business He gained a position of such power in the City of London that by 1825 26 he was able to supply enough coin to the Bank of England to enable it to avert a market liquidity crisis International high finance I have not the nerve for his operations They are well planned with great cleverness and adroitness in execution but he is in money and funds what Napoleon was in war Baron Baring on Nathan Rothschild 29 nbsp Mentmore Towers one of the many Rothschild mansions built in Buckinghamshire your friends at the West End have the business in their hands to decide between Portugal amp Brazil and an early intimation from you may serve us materially Samuel Phillips amp Co to Nathan Rothschild referring to the question on whether or not to support Brazilian independence 30 nbsp The family financed the creation of the country Rhodesia and it became the site of the first international expansion of one of their mining enterprises the Rio Tinto mining company nbsp The Frankfurt terminus of the Taunus railway financed by the Rothschilds Opened in 1840 it was one of Germany s first railways Rothschild family banking businesses pioneered international high finance during the industrialisation of Europe and were instrumental in supporting railway systems across the world and in complex government financing for projects such as the Suez Canal From 1895 through 1907 they loaned nearly 450 000 000 equivalent to 14 100 000 000 in 2022 31 to European governments 32 During the 19th century the family bought up a large proportion of the property in Mayfair London 33 The Rothschild family was directly involved in the independence of Brazil from Portugal in the early 19th century Upon an agreement the Brazilian government should pay a compensation of two million pounds sterling to the Kingdom of Portugal to accept Brazil s independence 30 N M Rothschild amp Sons was pre eminent in raising this capital for the government of the newly formed Empire of Brazil on the London market In 1825 Nathan Rothschild raised 2 000 000 and indeed was probably discreetly involved in the earlier tranche of this loan which raised 1 000 000 in 1824 30 34 Part of the price of Portuguese recognition of Brazilian independence secured in 1825 was that Brazil should take over repayment of the principal and interest on a 1 500 000 loan made to the Portuguese government in 1823 by N M Rothschild amp Sons 30 A correspondence from Samuel Phillips amp Co in 1824 suggests the close involvement of the Rothschilds in the occasion Major 19th century businesses founded with Rothschild family capital include Alliance Assurance 1824 now Royal amp Sun Alliance Chemin de Fer du Nord 1845 The Rio Tinto mining company 1873 from the 1880s onwards the Rothschilds had full control of Rio Tinto 35 Eramet 1880 Imerys 1880 De Beers 1888 The family funded Cecil Rhodes in the creation of the African colony of Rhodesia From the late 1880s onwards the family took over control of the Rio Tinto mining company The Japanese government approached the London and Paris families for funding during the Russo Japanese War The London consortium s issue of Japanese war bonds would total 11 5 million at 1907 currency rates 1 08 billion in 2012 currency terms 36 The name of Rothschild became synonymous with extravagance and great wealth and the family was renowned for its art collecting for its palaces as well as for its philanthropy By the end of the century the family owned or had built at the lowest estimates 41 palaces of a scale and luxury perhaps unparalleled even by the richest royal families 24 The British Chancellor of the Exchequer David Lloyd George claimed in 1909 that Nathan Lord Rothschild was the most powerful man in Britain 6 failed verification 37 Niles Weekly Register Volume 49 had the following to say about the Rothschilds influence on international high finance in 1836 The Rothschilds are the wonders of modern banking we see the descendants of Judah after a persecution of two thousand years peering above kings rising higher than emperors and holding a whole continent in the hollow of their hands The Rothschilds govern a Christian world Not a cabinet moves without their advice They stretch their hand with equal ease from Saint Petersburgh to Vienna from Vienna to Paris from Paris to London from London to Washington Baron Rothschild the head of the house is the true king of Judah the prince of the captivity the Messiah so long looked for by this extraordinary people He holds the keys of peace or war blessing or cursing They are the brokers and counselors of the kings of Europe and of the republican chiefs of America What more can they desire 38 Changes to family fortunesThe Neapolitan Rothschilds was the first branch of the family to decline when revolution broke out and Giuseppe Garibaldi captured Naples on 7 September 1860 and set up a provisional Italian government Because of the family s close political connections with Austria and France Adolphe Carl von Rothschild fr was caught in a delicate position He chose to take temporary sanctuary in Gaeta with the last Neapolitan king Francis II of the Two Sicilies However the Rothschild branches in London Paris and Vienna were not prepared nor willing to financially support the deposed king With the ensuing unification of Italy and the mounting tension between Adolph and the rest of the family the Naples house closed in 1863 after forty two years in business In 1901 the German branch closed its doors after more than a century in business following the death of Wilhelm Rothschild with no male heirs It was not until 1989 that the family returned to Germany when N M Rothschild amp Sons the British branch plus Bank Rothschild AG the Swiss branch set up a representative banking office in Frankfurt By the start of the 20th century the introduction of national taxation systems had ended the Rothschilds policy of operating with a single set of commercial account records which resulted in the various branches gradually going their own separate ways as independent banks The system of the five brothers and their successor sons all but disappeared by World War I 39 The rise of Nazi Germany in the 1930s led to a precarious situation for the Austrian Rothschilds under the annexation of Austria in 1938 when the family was pressured to sell its banking operation at a fraction of its real worth While other Rothschilds had escaped the Nazis Louis Rothschild was imprisoned for a year and only released after a substantial ransom was paid by his family After Louis was allowed to leave the country in March 1939 the Nazis placed the firm of S M von Rothschild under compulsory administration Nazi officers and senior staff from Austrian museums also emptied the Rothschild family estates of all their valuables Following the war the Austrian Rothschilds were unable to reclaim much of their former assets and properties Later the fall of France during the Second World War led to the seizure of the property of the French Rothschilds under German occupation Despite having their bank restored to them at the end of the war the French Rothschilds were powerless in 1982 as the family business was nationalised by the socialist government of newly elected President Francois Mitterrand 40 In addition The New York Times wrote that the Rothschilds grossly misjudged the opportunities directly across the Atlantic and quoted Evelyn de Rothschild as saying that despite the accomplishments made by the various branches of the family in international high finance for over 200 years we never seized the initiative in America and that was one of the mistakes my family made 41 Hereditary titlesIn 1816 four of the five sons of Mayer Amschel Rothschild were elevated to the Austrian nobility by Emperor Francis I of Austria 20 The remaining son Nathan was elevated in 1818 dubious discuss All of them were granted the Austrian hereditary title of Freiherr baron on 29 September 1822 20 As a result some members of the family used the nobiliary particle de or von before their surname to acknowledge the grant of nobility In 1847 Anthony de Rothschild was made a hereditary baronet of the United Kingdom 42 In 1885 Sir Nathan Rothschild 2nd Baronet was granted the hereditary peerage title of Baron Rothschild in the Peerage of the United Kingdom 22 This title is currently held by the 4th Baron Rothschild English branchMain article Rothschild banking family of England The Rothschild banking family of England was founded in 1798 by Nathan Mayer Rothschild 1777 1836 who first settled in Manchester but then moved to London Nathan Mayer von Rothschild the third son of Mayer Amschel Rothschild 1744 1812 first established a textile jobbing business in Manchester and from there went on to establish N M Rothschild amp Sons bank in London 43 During the early part of the 19th century the Rothschild family s London bank took a leading part in managing and financing the subsidies that the British government transferred to its allies during the Napoleonic Wars Through the creation of a network of agents couriers and shippers the bank was able to provide funds to the armies of the Duke of Wellington in Portugal and Spain therefore funding the war The providing of other innovative and complex financing for government projects formed a mainstay of the bank s business for the better part of the century N M Rothschild amp Sons financial strength in the City of London became such that by 1825 26 the bank was able to supply enough coin to the Bank of England to enable it to avert a liquidity crisis Nathan Mayer s eldest son Lionel de Rothschild 1808 1879 succeeded him as head of the London branch Under Lionel the bank financed the British government s 1875 purchase of Egypt s interest in the Suez Canal The Rothschild bank also funded Cecil Rhodes in the development of the British South Africa Company Leopold de Rothschild 1845 1917 administered Rhodes s estate after his death in 1902 and helped to set up the Rhodes Scholarship scheme at the University of Oxford In 1873 de Rothschild Freres in France and N M Rothschild amp Sons of London joined with other investors to acquire the Spanish government s money losing Rio Tinto copper mines The new owners restructured the company and turned it into a profitable business By 1905 the Rothschild interest in Rio Tinto amounted to more than 30 percent In 1887 the French and British Rothschild banking houses loaned money to and invested in the De Beers diamond mines in South Africa becoming its largest shareholders The London banking house continued under the management of Lionel Nathan de Rothschild 1882 1942 and his brother Anthony Gustav de Rothschild 1887 1961 and then to Sir Evelyn de Rothschild 1931 2022 In 2003 following Sir Evelyn s retirement as head of N M Rothschild amp Sons of London the British and French financial firms merged under the leadership of David Rene de Rothschild French branchesMain article Rothschild banking family of France nbsp Chateau de Ferrieres the largest chateau of the 19th century was built in 1854 It is set on a 30 km2 12 sq mi estate outside Paris It was charitably donated by the family to the University of Paris in 1975 There are two branches of the family connected to France The first was the branch of James Mayer de Rothschild 1792 1868 known as James who established de Rothschild Freres in Paris he married his niece Betty von Rothschild Following the Napoleonic Wars he played a major role in financing the construction of railways and the mining business that helped make France an industrial power By 1980 the Paris business employed about 2 000 people and had an annual turnover of 26 billion francs 4 13 billion or 5 billion in the currency rates of 1980 44 No kings could afford this It could only belong to a Rothschild Wilhelm I Emperor of Germany on visiting Chateau de Ferrieres 45 However the Paris business suffered a near death blow in 1982 when the socialist government of Francois Mitterrand nationalised and renamed it as Compagnie Europeenne de Banque 46 Baron David de Rothschild then 39 decided to stay and rebuild creating a new entity named Rothschild amp Cie Banque with just three employees and 830 000 US 1 million in capital Today the Paris operation has 22 partners and accounts for a significant part of the global business Ensuing generations of the Paris Rothschild family remained involved in the family business becoming a major force in international investment banking The Paris Rothschilds have since led the Thomson Financial League Tables in Investment Banking Merger and Acquisition deals in the UK France and Italy nbsp A former Rothschild family house at the site of Chateau de la Muette Paris Built as a family residence by the secondary branch of the French Rothschild family today it houses the headquarters of the OECD James Mayer de Rothschild s other son Edmond James de Rothschild 1845 1934 was very much engaged in philanthropy and the arts and he was a leading proponent of Zionism His grandson Baron Edmond Adolphe de Rothschild founded in 1953 the LCF Rothschild Group a private bank Since 1997 Baron Benjamin de Rothschild chairs the group The group has 100bn of assets in 2008 and owns many wine properties in France Chateau Clarke Chateau des Laurets in Australia or in South Africa In 1961 the 35 year old Edmond Adolphe de Rothschild purchased the company Club Med after he had visited a resort and enjoyed his stay 47 48 His interest in Club Med was sold off by the 1990s In 1973 he bought out the Bank of California selling his interests in 1984 before it was sold to Mitsubishi Bank in 1985 nbsp Hotel Salomon de Rothschild built in 1872 as a Paris townhouse for Salomon James de RothschildThe second French branch was founded by Nathaniel de Rothschild 1812 1870 Born in London he was the fourth child of the founder of the British branch of the family Nathan Mayer Rothschild 1777 1836 In 1850 Nathaniel Rothschild moved to Paris to work with his uncle James Mayer Rothschild In 1853 Nathaniel acquired Chateau Brane Mouton a vineyard in Pauillac in the Gironde departement Nathaniel Rothschild renamed the estate Chateau Mouton Rothschild and it would become one of the best known labels in the world In 1868 Nathaniel s uncle James Mayer de Rothschild acquired the neighbouring Chateau Lafite vineyard Austrian branchMain article Rothschild banking family of Austria nbsp Gruneburgschlosschen Frankfurt 1845 one of the Rothschilds many German garden mansions This particular estate was destroyed in an Allied bombing raid 1944 In Vienna Salomon Mayer Rothschild established a bank in the 1820s and the Austrian family had vast wealth and position 49 The crash of 1929 brought problems and Baron Louis von Schwartz Rothschild attempted to shore up the Creditanstalt Austria s largest bank to prevent its collapse Nevertheless during the Second World War they had to surrender their bank to the Nazis and flee the country Their Rothschild palaces a collection of vast palaces in Vienna built and owned by the family were confiscated plundered and destroyed by the Nazis The palaces were famous for their sheer size and for their huge collections of paintings armour tapestries and statues some of which were restored to the Rothschilds by the Austrian government in 1999 All family members escaped the Holocaust some of them moving to the United States and returning to Europe only after the war In 1999 the government of Austria agreed to return to the Rothschild family some 250 art treasures looted by the Nazis and absorbed into state museums after the war 50 Neapolitan branch nbsp Villa Pignatelli Naples with views onto Mount VesuviusMain article Rothschild banking family of Naples The C M de Rothschild amp Figli bank arranged substantial loans to the Papal States and to various Kings of Naples plus the Duchy of Parma and the Grand Duchy of Tuscany However in the 1830s Naples followed Spain with a gradual shift away from conventional bond issues that began to affect the bank s growth and profitability The Unification of Italy in 1861 with the ensuing decline of the Italian aristocracy who had been the Rothschilds primary clients eventually brought about the closure of their Naples bank due to a forecasted decline in the sustainability of the business over the long term However in the early 19th century the Rothschild family of Naples built up close relations with the Holy See and the association between the family and the Vatican continued into the 20th century citation needed In 1832 when Pope Gregory XVI was seen meeting Carl von Rothschild to arrange the 1832 Rothschild loan to the Holy See for 400 000 worth 43 000 000 in 2014 observers were shocked that Rothschild was not required to kiss the Pope s feet as was then required for all other visitors to the Pope including monarchs 51 The 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia described the Rothschilds as the guardians of the papal treasure 52 Jewish identity and positions on ZionismJewish solidarity in the family was not homogeneous Many Rothschilds were supporters of Zionism while other members of the family opposed the creation of the Jewish state In 1917 Walter Rothschild 2nd Baron Rothschild was the addressee of the Balfour Declaration to the Zionist Federation 53 which committed the British government to the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people His nephew Victor Lord Rothschild was against granting asylum or helping Jewish refugees in 1938 a 54 After the death of James Jacob de Rothschild in 1868 his eldest son Alphonse Rothschild took over the management of the family bank and was the most active in support for Eretz Israel 55 The Rothschild family archives show that during the 1870s the family contributed nearly 500 000 francs per year on behalf of Eastern Jewry to the Alliance Israelite Universelle 56 Baron Edmond James de Rothschild known in Israel simply as the Baron Rothschild or the Benefactor Hebrew HaNadiv youngest son of James Jacob de Rothschild was a patron of the first permanent settlement in Palestine at Rishon LeZion 1882 He also provided funding for the establishment of Petah Tikva as a permanent settlement 1883 Overall he bought from Ottoman landlords 2 3 of the land which now makes up present day Israel 57 b After Baron de Hirsch died in 1896 the Hirsch founded Jewish Colonisation Association ICA started supporting the settlement of Palestine 1896 and Baron Rothschild took an active role in the organization and transferred his Palestinian land holdings as well as 15 million francs to it In 1924 he reorganized the Palestinian branch of the ICA into the Palestine Jewish Colonisation Association PICA which acquired more than 125 000 acres 50 586 ha of land and set up business ventures 58 In Tel Aviv the Rothschild Boulevard is named after him as are a number of localities throughout Israel which he assisted in founding including Metulla Zikhron Ya akov Rishon Lezion and Rosh Pina A park in Boulogne Billancourt Paris the Parc Edmond de Rothschild Edmond de Rothschild Park is also named after its founder 59 The Rothschilds also played a significant part in the funding of Israel s governmental infrastructure James A de Rothschild financed the Knesset building as a gift to the State of Israel 60 and the Supreme Court of Israel building was donated to Israel by Dorothy de Rothschild 61 Outside the President s Chamber is displayed the letter Dorothy de Rothschild wrote to then Prime Minister Shimon Peres expressing her intention to donate a new building for the Supreme Court 62 Interviewed by Haaretz in 2010 Baron Benjamin Rothschild who was a Swiss based member of the banking family said that he supported the Israeli Palestinian peace process I understand that it is a complicated business mainly because of the fanatics and extremists and I am talking about both sides I think you have fanatics in Israel In general I am not in contact with politicians I spoke once with Netanyahu I met once with an Israeli finance minister but the less I mingle with politicians the better I feel 63 Due to a dispute with the Israeli tax authorities the baron refused to visit Israel But his widow Ariane de Rothschild often visits Israel where she manages the Caesarea Foundation She says It is insulting that the state Israel casts doubt on us If there is a family that does not have to prove its commitment to Israel it s ours 64 Places in Israel named after Rothschild family members Primarily due to the generosity and influence of Baron Edmond James de Rothschild HaNadiv the Benefactor on the history of the Land of Israel and the State of Israel a tradition exists of naming cities towns and other settlements in Israel in honor of members of the Rothschild family Six of these places are grouped in the same vicinity on the Sharon plain while the others are scattered throughout the country They are listed in order of founding Zichron Ya akov Hebrew Jacob s Memory a town founded in 1882 and named after the Benefactor s father James Jacob Mayer de Rothschild 1792 1868 from the Paris branch of the family Mazkeret Batya Hebrew Remembrance of Batya a local council near Tel Aviv founded in 1883 and named after Betty von Rothschild 1805 1886 the Benefactor s mother Bat Shlomo Hebrew Salomon s Daughter a moshav near Rehovot founded in 1889 and also named after the Baron s mother who was the daughter of Salomon Mayer von Rothschild 1774 1855 the Benefactor s grandfather from the Vienna branch Meir Shfeya Hebrew Mayer s Fields a youth village near Zichron Ya acov founded as a moshava in 1891 and named after Amschel Mayer von Rothschild 1773 1855 the Benefactor s grandfather from the Frankfurt branch Givat Ada Hebrew Ada s Hill a town near Zichron Ya acov founded in 1903 and named after the Benefactor s wife Adelheid von Rothschild 1853 1935 who was also his cousin from the Naples branch Binyamina a town near Zichron Ya acov founded in 1922 and named after Benefactor himself Binyamina was officially merged with Givat Ada in 2003 Ashdot Ya akov Hebrew Jacob s Rapids a kibbutz just south of the Sea of Galilee founded in 1924 and named after James Armand Edmond de Rothschild 1878 1957 son of the Benefactor Pardes Hanna Hebrew Hannah s Citrus Orchard a local council near Zichron Ya acov founded in 1929 and named after Hannah Primrose Countess of Rosebery nee de Rothschild 1851 1890 daughter of Mayer Anschel Rothschild 65 66 67 Shadmot Dvora Hebrew Deborah s Cultivated Fields a moshav near Tiberias founded in 1939 and named after Dorothy de Rothschild 1895 1988 who was James de Rothschild s wife and the Benefactor s daughter in law Sde Eliezer Hebrew Eliezer s Field a moshav in the Hula Valley founded in 1950 and named after Robert Rothschild 1911 1998 a relative of the Benefactor s of the French branch 68 Modern businesses investments and philanthropy nbsp The family has fully restored Spencer House St James s Park London Since the late 19th century the family has taken a low key public profile donating many famous estates as well as vast quantities of art to charity and generally eschewing conspicuous displays of wealth Today Rothschild businesses are on a smaller scale than they were throughout the 19th century although they encompass a diverse range of fields including real estate financial services mixed farming energy mining winemaking and nonprofits 10 11 The Rothschild Group Main article Rothschild Group Since 2003 a group of Rothschild banks have been controlled by Rothschild Continuation Holdings a Swiss registered holding company under the chairmanship of Baron David Rene de Rothschild Rothschild Continuation Holdings is in turn controlled by Concordia BV a Dutch registered master holding company Concordia BV is managed by Paris Orleans S A a French registered holding company 69 Paris Orleans S A is ultimately controlled by Rothschild Concordia SAS a Rothschild s family holding company 70 Rothschild amp Cie Banque controls Rothschild banking businesses in France and continental Europe while Rothschilds Continuation Holdings AG controls a number of Rothschild banks elsewhere including N M Rothschild amp Sons in London Twenty per cent of Rothschild Continuation Holdings AG was sold in 2005 to Jardine Strategic which is a subsidiary of Jardine Matheson amp Co of Hong Kong In November 2008 Rabobank Group the leading investment and private bank in the Netherlands acquired 7 5 of Rothschild Continuation Holdings AG and Rabobank and Rothschild entered into a co operation agreement in the fields of mergers and acquisitions M amp A advisory and equity capital markets advisory in the food and agribusiness sectors 71 It was believed that the move was intended to help Rothschild Continuation Holdings AG gain access to a wider capital pool enlarging its presence in East Asian markets 72 Paris Orleans S A is a financial holding company listed on Euronext Paris and controlled by the French and English branches of the Rothschild family Paris Orleans is the flagship of the Rothschild banking group and controls the Rothschild Group s banking activities including N M Rothschild amp Sons and Rothschild amp Cie Banque It has over 2 000 employees Directors of the company include Eric de Rothschild Robert de Rothschild and Count Philippe de Nicolay 73 N M Rothschild amp Sons an English investment bank does most of its business as an advisor for mergers and acquisitions In 2004 the investment bank withdrew from the gold market a commodity the Rothschild bankers had traded in for two centuries 54 In 2006 it ranked second in UK M amp A with deals totalling 104 9 billion 74 In 2006 the bank recorded a pre tax annual profit of 83 2 million with assets of 5 5 billion 75 Treat the stock exchange like a cold shower quick in quick out A traditional family maxim 76 Edmond de Rothschild Group nbsp The Large Mansion at Gunnersbury Park LondonIn 1953 one Swiss member of the family Edmond Adolphe de Rothschild 1926 1997 founded the LCF Rothschild Group now Edmond de Rothschild Group which is based in Geneva and today extends to 15 countries across the world Although this group is primarily a financial entity specializing in asset management and private banking its activities also cover mixed farming luxury hotels and yacht racing Edmond de Rothschild Group s committee is currently being chaired by Ariane de Rothschild In late 2010 Baron Benjamin Rothschild the chairman at the time said that the family had been unaffected by the financial crisis of 2007 2010 due to their conservative business practices We came through it well because our investment managers did not want to put money into crazy things He added that the Rothschilds were still a small scale traditional family business and took greater care over their clients investments than American companies adding The client knows we will not speculate with his money 63 77 Edmond de Rothschild group includes these companies Banque privee Edmond de Rothschild Swiss private banking firm Compagnie Financiere Edmond de Rothschild French private bank La Compagnie Benjamin de Rothschild Cogifrance Real estate Compagnie Vinicole Baron Edmond de Rothschild wine making firmRIT Capital Partners In 1980 Jacob Rothschild 4th Baron Rothschild resigned from N M Rothschild amp Sons and took independent control of Rothschild Investment Trust now RIT Capital Partners a British investment trust which has reported assets of 3 4 billion in 2008 78 It is listed on London Stock Exchange Lord Rothschild is also one of the major investors behind BullionVault a gold trading platform 79 In 2010 RIT Capital Partners stored a significant proportion of its assets in the form of physical gold Other assets included oil and energy related investments 80 In 2012 RIT Capital Partners announced it was to buy a 37 per cent stake in a Rockefeller family wealth advisory and asset management group 81 Commenting on the deal David Rockefeller a former patriarch of the Rockefeller family said The connection between our two families remains very strong 82 Investments In 1991 Jacob Rothschild 4th Baron Rothschild founded J Rothschild Assurance Group now St James s Place Wealth Management with Sir Mark Weinberg It is also listed on London Stock Exchange 83 In 2001 the Rothschild mansion located at 18 Kensington Palace Gardens London was on sale for 85 million at that time 2001 the most expensive residential property ever to go on sale in the world It was built in marble at 9 000 sq ft with underground parking for 20 cars 84 In December 2009 Jacob Rothschild 4th Baron Rothschild invested 200 million of his own money in a North Sea oil company 85 In January 2010 Nathaniel Philip Rothschild bought a substantial share of the Glencore mining and oil company s market capitalisation He also bought a large share of the aluminium mining company United Company RUSAL 86 During the 19th century the Rothschilds controlled the Rio Tinto mining corporation and to this day Rothschild and Rio Tinto maintain a close business relationship 87 Wine nbsp Chateau Lafite Rothschild Bordeaux Alongside Chateau Mouton Rothschild it is perhaps the most prestigious of the many Rothschild wine estates The Rothschild family has been in the winemaking industry for 150 years 88 In 1853 Nathaniel de Rothschild purchased Chateau Brane Mouton and renamed it Chateau Mouton Rothschild In 1868 James Mayer de Rothschild purchased the neighbouring Chateau Lafite and renamed it Chateau Lafite Rothschild Today the Rothschild family owns many wine estates their estates in France include Chateau Clarke Chateau de Malengin Chateau Clerc Milon Chateau d Armailhac Chateau Duhart Milon Chateau Lafite Rothschild Chateau de Laversine Chateau des Laurets Chateau L Evangile Chateau Malmaison Chateau de Montvillargenne Chateau Mouton Rothschild Chateau de la Muette Chateau Rieussec and Chateau Rothschild d Armainvilliers They also own wine estates across North America South America South Africa and Australia Especially Chateau Mouton Rothschild and Chateau Lafite Rothschild are classified as Premier Cru Classe i e First Growth the status referring to a classification of wines from the Bordeaux region of France Saskia de Rothschild was named Chairwoman of Chateau Lafite Rothschild in 2018 succeeding her father Eric de Rothschild 89 Chateau Mouton Rothschild was managed by Philippine de Rothschild until her death in 2014 It is now under the direction of her son Philippe Sereys de Rothschild 90 Art and charity The family once had one of the largest private art collections in the world and a significant proportion of the art in the world s public museums are Rothschild donations which were sometimes in the family tradition of discretion donated anonymously 91 Hannah Mary Rothschild was appointed in December 2014 as chair of the board of the National Gallery of London 92 Cultural references nbsp The neo Gothic Castle de HaarIn the words of The Daily Telegraph This multinational banking family is a byword for wealth power and discretion The Rothschild name has become synonymous with money and power to a degree that perhaps no other family has ever matched 93 nbsp The neo Gothic Rothschildschloss WaidhofenWriting of the Rockefeller and Rothschild families Harry Mount writes That is what makes these two dynasties so exceptional not just their dizzying wealth but the fact that they have held on to it for so long and not just the loot but also their family companies 94 The story of the Rothschild family has been featured in a number of films The 1934 Hollywood film titled The House of Rothschild starring George Arliss and Loretta Young recounted the life of Mayer Amschel Rothschild and Nathan Mayer Rothschild both played by Arliss Excerpts from this film were incorporated into the Nazi propaganda film Der ewige Jude The Eternal Jew without the permission of the copyright holder Another Nazi film Die Rothschilds also called Aktien auf Waterloo was directed by Erich Waschneck in 1940 A Broadway musical entitled The Rothschilds covering the history of the family up to 1818 was nominated for a Tony Award in 1971 Nathaniel Mayer Natty Rothschild 1st Baron Rothschild appears as a minor character in the historical mystery novel Stone s Fall by Iain Pears Mayer Rothschild is featured in Diana Gabaldon s novel Voyager as a coin seller summoned to Le Havre by Jamie Fraser to appraise coins prior to the establishment of the Rothschild dynasty when Mayer is in his early 20s The Rothschild name is mentioned by Aldous Huxley in his novel Brave New World among many names of historically affluent persons scientific innovators and others The character named Morgana Rothschild played a relatively minor role in the story The name Rothschild used as a synonym for extreme wealth inspired the song If I Were a Rich Man which is based on a song from the Tevye the Dairyman stories written in the Yiddish as Ven ikh bin Rotshild meaning If I were a Rothschild 95 In France the word Rothschild was throughout the 19th and 20th centuries a synonym for seemingly endless wealth neo Gothic styles and epicurean glamour 96 The family also has lent its name to le gout Rothschild a suffocatingly glamorous style of interior decoration whose elements include neo Renaissance palaces extravagant use of velvet and gilding vast collections of armour and sculpture a sense of Victorian horror vacui and the highest masterworks of art Le gout Rothschild has influenced designers such as Robert Denning Yves Saint Laurent Vincent Fourcade and others Yes my dear fellow it all amounts to this in order to do something first you must be something We think Dante great and he had a civilization of centuries behind him the House of Rothschild is rich and it has required much more than one generation to attain such wealth Such things all lie much deeper than one thinks Johann Wolfgang Goethe October 1828 97 Conspiracy theoriesSee also List of conspiracy theories Antisemitic conspiracy theories and Antisemitic trope Controlling the global financial systemOver more than two centuries 25 26 the Rothschild family has frequently been the subject of conspiracy theories 12 page needed 98 99 These theories take differing forms such as claiming that the family controls the world s wealth and financial institutions 100 101 or encouraged or discouraged wars between governments Discussing this and similar views the historian Niall Ferguson wrote that Without wars nineteenth century states would have little need to issue bonds As we have seen however wars tended to hit the price of existing bonds by increasing the risk that a debtor state would fail to meet its interest payments in the event of defeat and losses of territory By the middle of the 19th century the Rothschilds had evolved from traders into fund managers carefully tending to their own vast portfolio of government bonds Now having made their money they stood to lose more than they gained from conflict The Rothschilds had decided the outcome of the Napoleonic Wars by putting their financial weight behind Britain Now they would sit on the sidelines 102 Many conspiracy theories about the Rothschild family arise from anti Semitic prejudice and various antisemitic tropes 103 104 105 106 107 108 Prominent descendants of Mayer Amschel RothschildSee also Genealogy of the Rothschild family Prominent lineal descendants of Mayer Amschel Rothschild include among many others This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources nbsp Baron David Rene de Rothschild current French chairman of N M Rothschild amp Sons and formerly of De Beers nbsp Bertha Clara von Rothschild Princess of Wagram Ellis William Roberts 1890 nbsp Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild M P 1839 1898 nbsp Sybil Cholmondeley Marchioness of Cholmondeley 1894 1989 painted by John Singer Sargent nbsp Halton House a Rothschild family mansion in Buckinghamshire England nbsp Lionel de Rothschild whose colt Sir Bevys won the 1879 Epsom Derby nbsp The Astronomer by Johannes Vermeer given to the Louvre Museum by the Rothschild family in 1982 nbsp Palace Nathaniel Rothschild Vienna nbsp Ascott House donated to charity by the family in 1947 nbsp Exbury House a Rothschild estate in England nbsp Hotel Lambert ParisMajor Alexander Karet 1905 1976 109 110 Adeleheid von Rothschild 1853 1935 x 1877 Edmond de Rothschild 1845 1934 see the Paris branch Almina Herbert Countess of Carnarvon 15 August 1876 8 May 1969 Prince Alexandre Louis Philippe Marie Berthier 1883 1918 died fighting in the First World War Albert Salomon von Rothschild 1844 1911 former majority shareholder of Creditanstalt Alfred Charles de Rothschild 20 July 1842 31 January 1918 Alice Charlotte von Rothschild 1847 1922 close friend of Queen Victoria Aline Caroline de Rothschild 1867 1909 French socialite Alice Rothschild born 1983 wife of Zac Goldsmith after his divorce of Sheherazade Ventura Bentley citation needed Lady Aline Caroline Cholmondeley born 1916 citation needed Baroness Afdera Franchetti born c 1931 a former wife of Henry Fonda from the noble Italian Jewish Franchetti family Baroness Alix Hermine Jeannette Schey de Koromla 1911 1982 111 Alphonse James de Rothschild 1827 1905 Amschel Mayor James Rothschild 1955 1996 Paris patron of motor racing Princess Andrea de La Tour d Auvergne Lauraguais born Paris 1972 citation needed Anthony Gustav de Rothschild 1887 1961 horse breeder Anthony James de Rothschild born 1977 Anselm von Rothschild 1803 1874 Austrian banker Anselm Alexander Carl de Rothschild 1835 1854 citation needed Sir Anthony de Rothschild 1st Baronet 1810 1876 Antoine Armand Odelric Marie Henri de Gramont 13th Duke of Gramont born 1951 112 Alain de Rothschild 1910 1982 Lady Barbara Marie Louise Constance Berry born 1935 Arthur de Rothschild 1851 1903 Benjamin de Rothschild 1963 2021 Princess Beatrice de Broglie 1913 1994 Beatrice Ephrussi de Rothschild 1864 1934 Bethsabee de Rothschild 1914 1999 Carl Mayer von Rothschild 1788 1855 Cecile Leonie Eugenie Gudule Lucie de Rothschild 1913 1995 Charlotte de Rothschild 1825 1899 Charlotte Henriette de Rothschild born 1955 British opera singer Charlotte von Rothschild 1818 84 Count Charles Emmanuel Lannes de Montebello born 1942 Charles Rothschild 1877 1923 banker and entomologist Constance Flower 1st Baroness of Battersea 1843 1931 citation needed David Cholmondeley 7th Marquess of Cholmondeley born 1960 Lord Great Chamberlain of England David Mayer de Rothschild born 1978 billionaire 113 British adventurer and environmentalist David Rene de Rothschild born 1942 Edmond Adolphe de Rothschild 1926 1997 Edouard Etienne de Rothschild born 1957 Edouard Alphonse James de Rothschild 1868 1949 financier and polo player Prince Edouard de La Tour d Auvergne Lauraguais born 1949 Edmond James de Rothschild 1845 1934 Edmund Leopold de Rothschild 1916 2009 Elie de Rothschild 1917 2007 Princess Elisabeth de Broglie born 1920 Emma Rothschild born 1948 Esther de Rothschild born 1979 Evelina de Rothschild 1839 66 Evelyn Achille de Rothschild 1886 1917 died fighting for the British Army in the First World War Sir Evelyn de Rothschild 1931 2022 banker Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild M P 1839 1898 Count Gabriel Antoine Armand 1908 1943 a soldier of the French Resistance Gustave Samuel de Rothschild 1829 1911 Guy de Rothschild 1909 2007 Hannah Primrose Countess of Rosebery nee Hannah Rothschild 1851 1890 Hannah Mary Rothschild born 1962 documentary filmmaker Helene Cecile Muhlstein de Rothschild 1936 2007 x 1962 Francois Nourissier 1927 2011 president de l Academie Goncourt Henri James de Rothschild 1872 1946 playwright grandson of Nathaniel de Rothschild Henry Herbert 6th Earl of Carnarvon 1898 1987 Duke Helie Marie Auguste Jacques Bertrand Philippe 1943 10th Duke of Noailles Henriette Rothschild 1791 1866 married Sir Moses Montefiore 1784 1885 Count Henri de Gramont 1909 1994 citation needed Hugh Cholmondeley 6th Marquess of Cholmondeley 1919 90 Lord Great Chamberlain of England Jacqueline de Rothschild 1911 2012 x 1 1930 Robert Calmann Levy 1899 1982 puis x 2 1937 Gregor Piatigorsky 1903 1976 James Amschel Victor Rothschild born 1985 James Armand de Rothschild 1878 1957 James Mayer Rothschild 1792 1868 Joachim Von Rothschild 1929 1998 Marie Angliviel de la Beaumelle 1963 2013 Neil Primrose 7th Earl of Rosebery born 1929 Neil James Archibald Primrose 1882 1917 MP killed fighting in the First World War Baroness Nica de Koenigswarter nee Baroness Pannonica Rothschild 1913 1988 patron of bebop and jazz writer often called the Jazz Baroness Baron Leon Lambert 1929 1987 Belgian art collector 114 Leopold de Rothschild 1845 1917 Leopold David de Rothschild 1927 2012 Leonora de Rothschild 1837 1911 Lionel Nathan Rothschild 1808 1879 Louis Nathaniel de Rothschild 1882 1955 Lady Louise Rothschild 1821 1910 philanthropist and daughter of Henrietta Rothschild Countess Magdalene Sophie von Attems born 1927 Marie Helene de Rothschild 1927 94 French socialite Maurice de Rothschild 1881 1957 Mayer Amschel de Rothschild 1818 1874 Miriam Louisa Rothschild 1908 2005 famous entomologist and zoologist Lionel Walter Rothschild 2nd Baron Rothschild of Tring in the County of Hertford 1868 1937 Nathaniel de Rothschild 1812 1870 Nathan Mayer Rothschild 1777 1836 Nathan Mayer Rothschild 1st Baron Rothschild of Tring in the County of Hertford 1840 1915 Nathaniel Charles Jacob Rothschild 4th Baron Rothschild of Tring in the County of Hertford born 1936 Nathaniel Robert de Rothschild 1946 French financier Nathaniel Mayer Victor Rothschild 3rd Baron Rothschild of Tring in the County of Hertford 1910 1990 Nathaniel Philip Rothschild born 1971 a co chairman of Atticus Capital a 20 billion hedge fund 115 Nathaniel Anselm von Rothschild 1836 1905 Austrian socialite Sir Philip Sassoon 3rd Baronet 1888 1939 British First Commissioner of Works and Under Secretary of State for Air Count Philippe de Nicolay born 1955 great grandson of Salomon James de Rothschild he is a director of the Rothschild group 73 Robert de Rothschild 1880 1946 x 1907 Gabrielle Beer 1886 1945 Philippe de Rothschild 1902 1988 vintner son of Henri James de Rothschild Philippine de Rothschild 1935 2014 vintner daughter of Philippe Jacqueline Rebecca Louise de Rothschild 1911 2012 chess and tennis champion Harry Primrose 6th Earl of Rosebery 1882 1974 Earl of Roseberry Raphael de Rothschild 1976 2000 Salomon James de Rothschild 1835 1864 Lady Serena Dunn Rothschild 1935 2019 Countess Sophie von Lowenstein Scharffeneck 1896 1978 Lady Sybil Grant 1879 1955 British writer Sybil Cholmondeley Marchioness of Cholmondeley 1894 1989 Valentine Noemi von Springer 1886 1969 Victoria Katherine Rothschild born 1953 Walter Rothschild 2nd Baron Rothschild 1868 1937 zoologist Wilhelm Carl von Rothschild 1828 1901 Prominent marriages into the family include among many others This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources Maurice Ephrussi 1849 1916 of the Ephrussi family 116 Ben Goldsmith born 1980 son of financier James Goldsmith of the Goldsmith family married Kate Emma Rothschild born 1982 Anita Patience Guinness 1957 of the Guinness family married Amschel Mayor James Rothschild 117 Abraham Oppenheim 1804 1878 of the Oppenheim Family married Charlotte Beyfus 1811 1887 Cora Guggenheim 1873 1956 of the Guggenheim family married Louis F Rothschild 1869 1957 Aline Caroline de Rothschild 1867 1909 married Edward Sassoon 1856 1912 of the Sassoon family Carola Warburg Rothschild 1894 1987 philanthropist born into the Warburg family 118 Sara Louise de Rothschild born 1834 married the Baron Raimondo Franchetti born 1829 Baron Eugene Daniel de Rothschild 1884 1976 married Countess Cathleen Wolff de Schonborn Bucheim 1885 c 1946 119 In 1923 James Nathaniel Charles Leopold Rothschild son of Henri James Nathaniel Charles Rothschild and Mathilde Sophie Henriette de Weisweiller married Claude du Pont of the Du Pont family 120 Bertha Clara de Rothschild 1862 married Prince Alexandre de Wagram Bertha Juliet de Rothschild 1870 married Baron Emmanuel Leonino Lili Jeanette von Goldschimdt Rothschild 1883 1929 married Baron Philippe Schey de Koromla Elisabeth Pelletier de Chambure 1902 1945 the only member of the Rothschild family to die in the Holocaust Antoine Agenor Armand 1879 1962 of the Naples Rothschild lines married Countess Elaine Greffulhe daughter of Princess Elisabeth de Caraman Chimay Hannah Mayer Rothschild 1815 1864 married Hon Henry Fitzroy 1807 1859 of the family of the Dukes of Grafton Edouard Alphonse James de Rothschild 1868 1949 married in 1905 the Baroness Alice Germaine de Helphen 1884 1979 Count Francois de Nicolay 1919 1963 of the House of Nicolay married Marie Helene Naila Stephanie Josina van Zuylen van Nyevelt Marguerite de Rothschild in 1878 married Antoine Alfred Agenor 11th Duc de Gramont 1851 1921 Dorothy de Rothschild 1895 1988 on her death she left the largest probated estate in Britain George Herbert 5th Earl of Carnarvon married Almina Victoria Maria Alexandra Wombwell the illegitimate daughter of Alfred de Rothschild Pauline de Rothschild 1908 1976 fashion designer and translator of Elizabethan poetry Lady Irma Pauahi Wodehouse 1897 citation needed of the Wodehouse family 111 Louis Philippe Marie Alexandre Berthier 3rd Prince of Wagram 1836 1911 Countess Katharina Eleonore Veronika Irma Luise Henckel von Donnersmarck 1902 1965 actress married Baron Erich von Goldschmidt Rothschild Amartya Sen born 1933 Nobel Laureate Indian economist and philosopher married Emma Georgina Rothschild of the Rothschild banking family of England Jeanne de Rothschild 1908 2003 actress Nadine de Rothschild 1932 French actress and author Princess Sophie de Ligne born 1957 of the House of Ligne married Philippe de Nicolay born 1955 a director of the Rothschild group 73 and the great grandson of Salomon James de Rothschild Liliane de Rothschild 1916 2003 nee Fould Springer art collector David Rene de Rothschild married Princess Olimpia Anna Aldobrandini of the House of Borghese and the House of Bonaparte 111 Baron Robert Philippe de Rothschild married Nelly Beer a great grand niece of Giacomo Meyerbeer Richard Francis Roger Yarde Buller 4th Baron Churston of Churston Ferrers and Lupton 1910 1991 married Olga Alice Muriel Rothschild Serena Dunn Rothschild 1935 2019 granddaughter of Sir James Hamet Dunn 1st Baronet Lynn Forester de Rothschild born 1954 businesswoman Edward Maurice Stonor 1885 1930 son of Francis Stonor 4th Baron Camoys citation needed Lady Pamela Wellesley Grant born 1912 great great granddaughter of the Duke of Wellington married Lieutenant Charles Robert Archibald Grant great great grandson of Mayer Amschel de Rothschild Baroness Rozsika Edle von Wertheimstein 8 Baron Etienne van Zuylen van Nyevelt of the House of Van Zuylen van Nyevelt married Baroness Helene de Rothschild 1863 1947 121 Baron Sigismund von Springer 1873 1927 married Baroness Valentine Noemi von Rothschild 1886 1969 after whom the asteroid 703 Noemi is named In 1943 Baron Elie Robert de Rothschild 1917 2007 married Lady Liliane Elisabeth Victoire Fould Springer great aunt of actress Helena Bonham Carter 122 In 2015 James Rothschild married American heiress and socialite Nicky Hilton the great granddaughter of Hilton Hotels founder Conrad Hilton 123 124 Coat of armsCoat of arms of Rothschild family nbsp Notes Coat of arms of the Rothschild family 125 Adopted 1822 granted by Emperor Francis I of Austria Crest Crests 1st out of a ducal coronet Or a mullet of six points Or between two horns per fess alternately Or and Sable Sable and Or 2nd issuant from a ducal coronet Or an eagle displayed Sable 3rd out of a ducal coronet Or three ostrich feathers the centre one Argent and the exterior ones Azure 126 Escutcheon Quarterly 1st Or an eagle displayed Sable langued Gules 2nd Azure issuing from the sinister flank an arm embowed proper grasping five arrows points downward Argent 3rd Azure issuing from the dexter flank an arm embowed proper grasping five arrows points downward Argent 4th Or a Lion rampant Gules over all an inescutcheon Gules charged with an oval target with pointed center Argent per bend sinister 126 Supporters Dexter a lion rampant Or langued Gules Sinister a unicorn Argent langued Gules Motto Concordia Integritas Industria Latin for Harmony Integrity Industry See also nbsp Biography portal nbsp Europe portal nbsp Business portal nbsp Politics portal nbsp Judaism portalList of European Jewish nobility List of wealthiest families Ascott House Avenue Foch Cecil John Rhodes Chateau de Montvillargenne Chateau de Pregny Chateau Lafite Rothschild Chateau Mouton Rothschild De Beers Eramet Genealogy of the Rothschild family Gout Rothschild Hotel de Marigny Hotel Salomon de Rothschild Hotel Lambert The House of Rothschild 1934 film addresses Rothschild roles in the Napoleonic era Imerys Napoleonic Wars Old money Palais Rothschild Rockefeller family Rothschild Island Rothschild Faberge egg Rothschild properties in and around Buckinghamshire Rio Tinto Mining Group Vaux de Cernay Abbey Warburg familyNotes The Independent reported that he shocked an audience by saying that in spite of the slow murder of 600 000 people on the continent we probably all agree that there is something unsatisfactory in refugees encroaching on the privacy of our country even for relatively short periods of time The PICA obtained about 450 550 km2 170 210 sq mi of land in Palestine out of about 1 850 km2 710 sq mi 7 of the area Mandatory Palestine that were Jewish owned by 1947 Today s Israel proper excluding the West Bank Gaza Golan and East Jerusalem is about 21 000 km2 8 100 sq mi but the Mandatory Palestine was larger References Lord Rothschild Investors face a geopolitical situation as dangerous as any since WW2 Telegraph co uk 4 March 2015 Archived from the original on 10 January 2022 Elon Amos 1996 Founder Meyer Amschel Rothschild and His Time New York HarperCollins ISBN 978 0 00 255706 1 Backhaus Fritz 1996 The Last of the Court Jews Mayer Amschel Rothschild and His Sons In Mann Vivian B Cohen Richard I eds From Court Jews to the Rothschilds Art Patronage and Power 1600 1800 New York Prestel pp 79 95 ISBN 978 3 7913 1624 6 Rubinstein William D Jolles Michael Rubinstein Hilary L 2011 The Palgrave Dictionary of Anglo Jewish History Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 9780230304666 Leeson Robert 2014 Hayek A Collaborative Biography Part II Austria America and the Rise of Hitler 1899 1933 Springer Publishing p 27 ISBN 9781137325099 Archived from the original on 26 March 2023 Retrieved 26 June 2019 a b The House of Rothschild Money s prophets 1798 1848 Volume 1 Niall Ferguson 1999 page 481 85 The Rothschild story A golden era ends for a secretive dynasty The Independent Archived from the original on 15 January 2006 a b The Secret Life of the Jazz Baroness from The Times 11 April 2009 Rosie Boycott Rothschild a story of wealth and power by Derek A Wilson Deutsch 1988 pages 415 456 a b The Rothschilds Portrait of a Dynasty By Frederic Morton page 11 a b Robert Booth 8 July 2011 Million pound bash for rising star of the super rich The Guardian London Archived from the original on 5 May 2021 Retrieved 13 December 2016 a b McConnachie James Tudge Robin 2008 The Rough Guide to Conspiracy Theories Second ed London Rough Guides Ltd p 244 246 ISBN 9781858282817 Pohl Manfred 2005 Rothschild Mayer Amschel Neue Deutsche Biographie in German vol 22 Berlin Duncker amp Humblot pp 131 133 Concordia Integritas Industria The Rothschilds LCF Rothschild Group Lcf rothschild com Archived from the original on 24 October 2007 Retrieved 8 July 2010 Paul Johnson A History of the Jews p 317 The House of Rothschild Vol 2 The World s Banker 1849 1999 Niall Ferguson 2000 Jewish Encyclopedia c 1906 Finance Archived 28 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine Go Ahead Kiss Your Cousin Archived 15 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine by Richard Conniff From the August 2003 issue published online 1 August 2003 Rothschild Verwandt de Archived from the original on 6 May 2016 Retrieved 29 April 2019 a b c Constantin von Wurzbach 1874 Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich in German Vienna Zamarski p 120 Archived from the original on 26 March 2023 Retrieved 26 February 2018 The Genealogy of the Existing British Peerage and Baronetage By Edmund Lodge Hurst and Blackett 1859 page 808 a b No 25486 The London Gazette 3 July 1885 p 3060 a b c d Victor Gray and Melanie Aspey Rothschild Nathan Mayer 1777 1836 Archived 26 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press September 2004 online edition May 2006 Retrieved 21 May 2007 a b c d The Ascent of Money A Financial History of the World London 2008 page 78 a b c Victor Rothschild The Shadow of a Great Man in Random Variables Collins 1984 a b c Ferguson Niall The World s Banker The History of the House of Rothschild Weidenfeld amp Nicolson 1998 ISBN 0 297 81539 3 Brief history of the London house N M Rothschild amp Sons The Rothschild Archive Retrieved 29 September 2021 Records of the Rothschild banking and finance business Private records of Rothschild family members and their estates Archives Hub archiveshub jisc ac uk Archived from the original on 26 March 2023 Retrieved 29 September 2021 Philip Ziegler The Sixth Great Power Barings 1726 1929 London 1988 pp 94f a b c d Shaw Caroline S 2005 Rothschilds and Brazil An Introduction to Sources in the Rothschild Archive PDF Latin American Research Review Austin 40 165 185 doi 10 1353 lar 2005 0013 S2CID 144998736 Archived from the original PDF on 21 September 2013 Retrieved 20 September 2013 1634 1699 McCusker J J 1997 How Much Is That in Real Money A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States Addenda et Corrigenda PDF American Antiquarian Society 1700 1799 McCusker J J 1992 How Much Is That in Real Money A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States PDF American Antiquarian Society 1800 present Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Consumer Price Index estimate 1800 Retrieved 28 May 2023 Two Great Foreign Fortunes No 3 21 1907 The Spanish Fork Press University of Utah 21 March 1907 Archived from the original on 11 February 2022 Retrieved 11 February 2022 1 Seamore Place London England Rothschild Archive Retrieved 27 March 2017 Rothschild and Brazil the online archive Information Bureau The Rothschild Archive Archived from the original on 4 February 2011 Retrieved 20 September 2013 The Rio Tinto Company an economic history of a leading international mining concern Charles E Harvey 1981 page 188 Smethurst Richard Takahasi Korekiyo the Rothschilds and the Russo Japanese War 1904 1907 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 16 February 2007 Retrieved 4 September 2007 A History of the Jews Paul Johnson London 2004 page 319 320 Weekly Register 1836 p 41 Archived from the original on 26 March 2023 Retrieved 22 November 2015 House of Rothschild Money s Prophets 1798 1848 by Niall Ferguson Viking Press 1998 ISBN 0 670 85768 8 Baron Guy de Rothschild Leader of French Arm of Bank Dynasty Dies at 98 The New York Times 14 June 2007 Archived from the original on 8 March 2021 Retrieved 12 February 2017 Meyer William H 4 December 1988 Meagdealer For The Rothschilds The New York Times Archived from the original on 22 May 2014 Retrieved 21 May 2014 No 20684 The London Gazette 18 December 1864 p 5885 Brief history of the London house N M Rothschild amp Sons at Rothschild Archive website 2020 Retrieved 10 August 2020 RPT French banker Guy de Rothschild dies aged 98 Archived 6 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine Reuters 14 June 2007 Lafite the story of Chateau Lafite Rothschild by Cyril Ray NY 1969 page 66 Lewis Paul 14 June 2007 Baron Guy de Rothschild Leader of French Arm of Bank Dynasty Dies at 98 New York Times Archived from the original on 8 March 2021 Retrieved 12 February 2017 Faith Nicholas 4 November 1997 Obituary Baron Edmond de Rothschild The Independent London Archived from the original on 12 April 2020 Retrieved 29 March 2009 Gilbert Trigano a Developer of Club Med Is Dead at 80 By JOHN TAGLIABUE Published 6 February 2001 Thomas Trenkler Der Fall Rothschild Chronik einer Enteignung Czernin Verlag Vienna 1999 ISBN 3 85485 026 3 Vogel Carol 10 April 1999 Austrian Rothschilds Decide to Sell Sotheby s in London Will Auction 40 Million in Art Seized by Nazis New York Times Archived from the original on 8 March 2021 Retrieved 1 June 2013 The reign of the house of Rothschild Egon Caesar Corti Conte 1928 page 46 Rothschild Archived 14 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine Jewish Encyclopedia 1901 1906 Vol 2 p 497 Balfour Declaration 2007 In Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 12 August 2007 from Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Archived 9 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine a b Vallely Paul 16 April 2004 The Rothschild story A golden era ends for a secretive dynasty The Independent London Archived from the original on 9 July 2008 Retrieved 18 February 2010 Aharonson Ran 2000 Rothschild and early Jewish colonization in Palestine Israel The Hebrew university Magnes Press Jerusalem p 53 ISBN 978 0 7425 0914 6 Aharonson Ran 2000 Rothschild and early Jewish colonization in Palestine Israel The Hebrew university Magnes Press Jerusalem p 54 ISBN 978 0 7425 0914 6 Aumann Moshe Land Ownership in Palestine 1880 1948 Survival of a Nation The Rohr Jewish Learning Institute Archived from the original on 14 December 2020 Retrieved 23 July 2021 Encyclopedia of Zionism and Israel vol 2 Rothschild Baron Edmond James de p 966 Greenwood Naftali The Redeemers of the Land Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archived from the original on 15 May 2010 Retrieved 8 April 2010 James Armand de Rothschild on the Knesset web site Knesset gov il Archived from the original on 8 March 2021 Retrieved 8 July 2010 Dorothy de Rothschild 93 Supporter of Israel Archived 26 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine obituary The New York Times 13 December 1988 Retrieved 19 June 2008 The Presidents Chamber Tour of Supreme Court The Judicial Authority of the State of Israel Archived from the original on 26 May 2021 Retrieved 23 July 2021 a b Family values Haaretz Magazine 11 15 05 11 10 By Eytan Avriel and Guy Rolnik Magen Hadas 31 May 2015 Baroness Rothschild Israel insults our family Archived 2 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine Globes Personal email correspondence between Pardes Hannah Rishonim Museum representative and Wikipedia editor April 2022 This identification of Hanna Primrose as the source of the name given to Pardes Hanna is information that was provided to the Pardes Hannah Rishonim Museum in the 1980s after a clarification was conducted at that time with the Rothschild family archives in London Hannah Primrose s picture which hangs in the Rishonim Museum also came from the same source We are aware that there are those who attribute the name to other women The claims we receive usually rely on some measure of logic but not on information that has been confirmed rishonim house Pardes Hanna Karkur Founders House Museum מקור השם פרדס חנה Pardes Hana Karkur in Hebrew Archived from the original on 6 October 2022 Retrieved 15 September 2022 Ramat HaNadiv official site section on the Rothschilds on the map of the Land of Israel Archived 4 August 2022 at the Wayback Machine Hebrew Banking activities organisation chart of Rothschild Paris orleans com Archived from the original on 25 March 2012 Paris Orleans Annual report 2007 2008 PDF Paris orleans com Archived from the original PDF on 25 March 2012 Retrieved 31 July 2008 Rothschild and Rabobank establish global food and agri co operation Rabobank Archived from the original on 5 February 2009 Rothschild sells 7 5 stake to Rabobank Financial Times 2008 Archived from the original on 5 February 2009 Retrieved 20 November 2008 a b c People Paris Orleans S A PROR PA Archived 25 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine Reuters League tables Rothschild com Archived from the original on 23 August 2002 Retrieved 8 July 2010 Annual Report of N M Rothschild amp Sons Limited for the year ended 31 March 2006 The House of Rothschild Money s prophets 1798 1848 Volume 1 Niall Ferguson 1999 p 3 Hei Hu Quan 11 August 2011 Undeleted Evidence undeletedevidence blogspot com Archived from the original on 17 November 2011 Retrieved 19 October 2011 RIT Capital Partners Miranda hemscott com 28 October 2003 Archived from the original on 25 August 2004 Retrieved 8 July 2010 Lord Rothschild fund joins World Gold Council to put 12 5m into BullionVault Archived 14 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine The Daily Telegraph London Garry White 20 June 2010 Rothschild s RIT Capital Boosts Gold Investments as Net Asset Value Climbs Bloomberg 17 November 2010 Rockefellers and Rothschilds unite Archived 31 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine Financial Times London Daniel Schafer 29 May 2012 Transatlantic alliance between Rothschilds and Rockefellers for wealth management Archived 12 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine Tom Bawden Thursday 31 May 2012 The Independent London Peippo Kathleen 2000 St James s Place Capital plc International Directory of Company Histories Find Articles at BNET com Findarticles com Archived from the original on 8 July 2012 Retrieved 8 July 2010 If you have to ask the price The Daily Telegraph London Ross Clark 1 August 2001 Rothschild backs North Sea oil trio Archived 11 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine Sunday Times 6 December 2009 Bloomberg Businessweek Glencore May Expand to Rival BHP Rothschild Says 6 January 2010 Simon Casey James de Rothschild le banquier de l ere industrielle Le Monde fr 16 August 2013 Archived from the original on 21 August 2013 Retrieved 31 August 2013 Rothschild info WINE rothschild info Archived from the original on 25 September 2003 Jancis Robinson on Saskia de Rothschild new head of Chateau Lafite Financial Times 15 June 2018 Archived from the original on 10 December 2022 Retrieved 4 April 2022 Philippe Sereys de Rothschild takes over the family business Financial Times 10 July 2015 Archived from the original on 10 December 2022 Retrieved 4 April 2022 The Rothschilds Portrait of a Dynasty By Frederic Morton page 11 13 Hannah Rothschild appointed Chair of the National Gallery s Board of Trustees nationalgallery org uk Archived from the original on 12 April 2020 Retrieved 10 December 2014 The Daily Telegraph London The Rothschilds They prefer to let their money do the talking William Langley 25 October 2008 Rothschild and Rockefeller their family fortunes Archived 16 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine Harry Mount 30 May 2012 The Daily Telegraph London Fiddler On The Roof Tradition Lyrics Lyrics Mania Archived from the original on 2 November 2015 Retrieved 2 November 2015 The Rothschilds Portrait of a Dynasty By Frederic Morton 1998 page 5 Ferguson ch 1 Levy Richard S 2005 Antisemitism A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice ABC CLIO p 624 ISBN 978 1 85109 439 4 Poliakov Leon 2003 The History of Anti semitism From Voltaire to Wagner University of Pennsylvania Press p 343 ISBN 978 0 8122 1865 7 Brustein William 2003 Roots of hate Cambridge University Press p 147 ISBN 978 0 521 77478 9 Perry Marvin 2002 Antisemitism Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present Palgrave Macmillan p 117 ISBN 978 0 312 16561 1 The Ascent of Money A Financial History of the World London 2008 page 91 Jovan Byford 2011 Conspiracy Theories A Critical Introduction Palgrave Macmillan p 104 ISBN 9780230349216 a further and more direct link with the conspiracy culture s antisemitic apparent in the treatment of the Rothschild family Ever since the nineteenth century the Rothchilds who combined Jewishness financial wealth and international connections have been the epitome of the international Jewish conspiracy Barkun 2006 The family name continues to feature in conspiratorial narratives to the present day although writers of the post 1945 era have tended to play down their importance Markku Ruotsila 2003 Antisemitism In Peter Knight ed Conspiracy Theories in American History An Encyclopedia ABC CLIO p 82 ISBN 9781576078129 This new economic antisemitism issued in a variety of full blown conspiracy theories in the 1870s through the 1890s In these conspiracy theories all the perceived evils of modern capitalism and industrialism were ascribed to Jews and on a more precise level because of the purported machinations of identifiable Jewish financiers The latter type of theories tended to centre around the supposed power of the Rothschild banking family and those of its U S agents that were central in various reconstruction and public debt refinancing schemes after the Civil War Richard Allen Landes and Steven T Katz 2012 The Paranoid Apocalypse A Hundred year Retrospective on the Protocols of the Elders of Zion NYU Press p 189 ISBN 9780814749456 there are anti Semitic claims of a vast conspiracy by Jews that structurally replicate the Protocols without mentioning the hoax document Another way conspiracy theories try to avoid the label of anti Semitic is to argue that there is a vast conspiracy by the Rothschild family or the Khazars or some other entity David Norman Smith 2013 Anti Semitism In Carl Skutsch ed Encyclopedia of the World s Minorities Vol 1 A F Routledge p 110 ISBN 9781135193881 The great banking barons of the Rothschild family became in anti Semitic fantasy living emblems of Jews everywhere For anti Semites socialism and bank capitalism are just two sides of the Jewish conspiracy against order and tradition Michael Streeter 2008 Behind Closed Doors The Power and Influence of Secret Societies New Holland Publishers pp 146 47 ISBN 9781845379377 When it comes to conspiracy theories and the secret societies that supposedly run out world The finger of suspicion often points to bankers and Jews and often to Jewish bankers as the moneymen behind this world plot Chief among the suspects are the Rothschilds the Jewish banking dynasty Yet there is little or nothing that the Rothschild bankers have done that is not perfectly explicable by normal banking practices The fact that the Rothschilds feature at the centre of so many conspiracy theories is perhaps no coincidence For it is sadly the case that many claims alleging secret societies have contained more than a tinge of anti Semitism dead link Nicholas Goodrick Clarke 2002 Black Sun Aryan Cults Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity NYU Press p 296 ISBN 9780814732373 Conspiracy theorist Jan van Helsing s dubious sources his constant repetition of Jewish names as members of private and public organizations and above all his emphasis on the assets and powerbroking influence of the Rothschilds as the top Illuminati family leave no doubt that his conspiracy theories are aimed at Jewish targets Morton Fredreric 1962 The Rothschilds A Family Portrait Secker amp Warburg London UK Burke s Peerage Baronetage amp Knightage 96th Ed 1938 a b c 1 S37 Charles Mosley editor Burke s Peerage Baronetage amp Knightage 107th edition 3 volumes Wilmington Delaware U S A Burke s Peerage Genealogical Books Ltd 2003 volume 3 page 3416 Hereinafter cited as Burke s Peerage and Baronetage 107th edition Francesco Rapazzini Elisabeth de Gramont Paris Fayard 2004 Eco warrior sets sail to save oceans from plastic death Archived 26 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine The Observer London 12 April 2009 Robin McKie Anne Myriam Dutrieue Le baron Leon Lambert un banquier et financier belge d envergure internationale du XXe siecle 2010 PDF Archived PDF from the original on 26 October 2020 Retrieved 29 April 2019 The Rothschilds and their 200 years of political influence Archived 1 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine Andy McSmith 23 October 2008 The Independent London Grand fortunes dynasties of wealth in France Algora Publishing 1998 By Michel Pincon Monique Pincon Charlot Andrea Lyn Secara page 124 Young love will cement marriage of Britain s top three dynasties Archived 11 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine Ingrid Mansell The Times London 21 April 2003 Carola W Rothschild Ex Girl Scout Official Archived 20 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine New York Times 1 September 1987 DRUON Maurice Ces Messieurs de Rothschild Paris 1966 Charles Mosley editor Burke s Peerage Baronetage amp Knightage 107th edition 3 volumes Wilmington Delaware U S A Burke s Peerage Genealogical Books Ltd 2003 volume 3 page 3417 Hereinafter cited as Burke s Peerage and Baronetage 107th edition Baron Etienne van Zuylen van Nijevelt van de Haar and baroness Helene de Rothschild Archived from the original on 3 June 2002 Retrieved 29 April 2019 Charles Mosley editor Burke s Peerage Baronetage amp Knightage 107th edition 3 volumes Wilmington Delaware U S A Burke s Peerage Genealogical Books Ltd 2003 volume 3 page 3416 Hereinafter cited as Burke s Peerage and Baronetage 107th edition US Magazine Nicky Hilton Is Engaged to James Rothschild Hotel Heiress to Marry Banking Heir By Esther Lee and Brody Brown Archived 11 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine 12 August 2014 Rebecca Pocklington 10 July 2015 Mr amp Mrs First pictures of Nicky Hilton and James Rothschild on their wedding day as she flashes her garter mirror Archived from the original on 5 January 2018 Retrieved 4 April 2018 Rothschild coat of arms The Rothschild Archive Retrieved 3 March 2018 a b Jewish Heraldry heraldica org Archived from the original on 2 July 1998 Retrieved 11 March 2014 Further readingNiall Ferguson The House of Rothschild Money s Prophets 1798 1848 ISBN 0 14 024084 5 Niall Ferguson The House of Rothschild The World s Banker 1849 1998 ISBN 0 14 028662 4 Frederic Morton The Rothschilds Portrait of a Dynasty ISBN 1 56836 220 X Amos Elon Founder A Portrait of the First Rothschild and His Time 1996 ISBN 0 670 86857 4 Egon Caesar Conte Corti Rise of the House of Rothschild B Lunn translator Books for Business 2001 reprint of 1928 translation published by Gollancz ISBN 978 0 89499 058 8 Amazon co uk searchable online view Joseph Valynseele amp Henri Claude Mars Le Sang des Rothschild ICC Editions Paris fr 2004 ISBN 2 908003 22 8 Derek A Wilson Rothschild A Story of Wealth and Power ISBN 0 233 98870 X Mir Babayev M F The role of Azerbaijan in the World s oil industry Oil Industry History USA 2011 v 12 no 1 p 109 123 Mir Babayev M F The Rothschild brother s contribution to Baku s oil industry Oil Industry History USA 2012 v 13 no 1 p 225 236 Pietro Ratto I Rothschild e gli altri Dal governo del mondo all indebitamento delle nazioni i segreti delle famiglie piu potenti Arianna Editrice Bologna it 2015 ISBN 978 88 6588 115 6 William Verity The Rise of the Rothschilds History Today April 19680 Vol 18 Issue 4 p225 233 covers 1770 to 1839 Documentary film The Ascent of Money A Financial History of the World The early history of the Rothschild s family business feature in the second of a four part series by Niall Ferguson aired on Channel FourExternal links nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rothschild family nbsp Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica article Rothschild History Rothschild Archive The article of Rothschild in Jewish Encyclopedia Newspaper clippings about Rothschild family in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBWFoundations The Edmond de Rothschild Foundations The Rothschild Foundation Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Rothschild family amp oldid 1189928972, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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