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Zikhron Ya'akov

December 18, 2023

Zikhron Ya'akov (Hebrew: זִכְרוֹן יַעֲקֹב, lit. "Jacob's Memorial"; often shortened to just Zikhron) is a town in Israel, 35 kilometres (22 mi) south of Haifa, and part of the Haifa District. It is located at the southern end of the Carmel mountain range overlooking the Mediterranean Sea, near the coastal highway (Highway 2). It was one of the first Jewish settlements of Halutzim in the country, founded in 1882 by Baron Edmond James de Rothschild and named in honor of his father, James Mayer de Rothschild ("James" being derived from the Hebrew name Ya'akov, Jacob).[2] In 2021 it had a population of 23,857.[1]

Zikhron Ya'akov
זִכְרוֹן יַעֲקֹב‎
Local council
Hebrew transcription(s)
 • ISO 259Zichron Yaˁaqob
 • Also spelledZichron Ya'aqov (official)
Zichron Yaakov (unofficial)
HaMeyasdim Street in Zikhron Ya'akov
Emblem of Zichron Ya'akov
Zikhron Ya'akov
Zikhron Ya'akov
Coordinates: 32°34′15″N 34°57′06″E / 32.57083°N 34.95167°E / 32.57083; 34.95167
Country Israel
District Haifa
Founded1882; 141 years ago (1882)
Government
 • Head of MunicipalityZiv Deshe
Area
 • Total32,129 dunams (32.129 km2 or 12.405 sq mi)
Population
 (2021)[1]
 • Total23,857
 • Density740/km2 (1,900/sq mi)
Name meaningJacob's Memorial
Building wine barrels, 1890s
Ohel Ya'akov Synagogue

History edit

Zikhron Ya'akov was founded in December 1882 when 100 Jewish pioneers from Romania, members of the Hibbat Zion movement, purchased two plots of land 5 km apart: 6000 dunam in Zammarin and 500 dunam in Tantura.[3] The land was acquired for 46000 francs from Frances Germain, a French citizen, probably of Christian Arab origin.[4] Deeming the name of the place to derive from "Samaria", for a number of years the place was called Shomron in the Hebrew and Yiddish press.[5][6] The families came from Moineşti in Moldavia and a central merit in organising the move belongs to Moses Gaster, scholar and early Zionist.​ [7] The difficulty of working the rocky soil and an outbreak of malaria led many of the settlers to leave before the year was up.[4]

In 1883, Baron Edmond James de Rothschild became the patron of the settlement and drew up plans for its residential layout and agricultural economy. Zikhron was one of the first Jewish agricultural colonies to come under the wing of the Baron (along with Rishon LeZion and Rosh Pinna), who renamed it in memory of his father, James (Ya'akov) Mayer de Rothschild.[2][4]

To accomplish his first objective, Baron de Rothschild brought in planners who designed and allotted housing lots along the main road for the use of settlement farmers. Each lot included a house facing the street, a long interior courtyard and a rear building for storing agricultural implements. The French-inspired architecture included tiled roofs and painted wooden windows. Each farmer was given a salary and placed under the direction of Elijah Shaid, the Baron's clerk. The Baron also commissioned the construction of the Ohel Ya'akov Synagogue, named after his father, to serve the town.[8] Sparing no expense to build the edifice, the synagogue features a majestic ark made of white marble. The synagogue opened in 1886 and has conducted daily prayer services continuously to this day.[9]

Following a number of economic failures, in 1885 Rothschild helped to establish the first winery in Israel, Carmel Winery, together with a bottling factory, in Zikhron Ya'akov. This was more successful economically although it was initially short-lived as in 1892 the grapevines succumbed to phylloxera, a type of parasite. After a brief set-back, American seedlings which were resistant to phylloxera were grown and the winery began to flourish. Today, the winery remains in action, as do the huge wine cellars that were carved into the mountain over a century ago.

In 1894, Jewish and Arab workers earned a wage of six piastres working in the plantations, but Jewish workers also received a supplement of four piastres from a charity fund.[10] When Rothschild withdrew his financial support from plantations in Palestine in 1900, the subsidy was discontinued. Jewish workers were quickly replaced by Arab ones, used to being paid the lower wage.[10]

 
Teachers at the First Eretz Yisraeli Congress, Zichron Ya'akov, 1903

In August 1903, the First Eretz Yisraeli Congress was assembled by Menachem Ussishkin in Zichron Ya'akov. Complementing the World Zionist Congress, it was originally intended as an annual gathering of the leaders of the Yishuv; but it didn't get traction, so the First Congress was also the last one. The effort to coordinate the development of the Yishuv did however bear fruit in establishing the trade union of teachers, which joined Histadrut in 1950 and stays active to this day.

Between 1907 and 1919, Hillel Yaffe's hospital, the only Jewish hospital north of Jaffa, was located in Zichron Ya'akov; according to Hillel Yaffe's wishes, he was buried in Zikhron Ya'akov in 1936.

In 1910 David Ben Gurion worked as a farm labourer in Zichron Ya'akov for several months. At that time he found several Arab families living in the yards of almost every farmer.[11]

In 1954, the remains of Baron Edmond de Rothschild were reinterred in Zikhron Ya'akov.[12]

Nili spy ring edit

Zikhron Ya'akov came to fame during World War I for the establishment of the Nili spy ring by Sarah Aaronsohn, together with her brothers, Aaron (a noted botanist) and Alex, and their friend Avshalom Feinberg. The group volunteered to spy on Ottoman positions and report them to British agents offshore. In September 1917, the Ottomans caught one of Sarah's carrier pigeons and cracked the Nili code. In October, they surrounded Zikhron Ya'akov and arrested Sarah and several others. After four days of torture, they planned on transporting Sarah elsewhere, she requested to be taken home to change her clothes and shot herself with a pistol hidden in her bathroom and died after several days. Sarah shot herself in the throat, leaving her unable to speak, in order to avoid releasing classified information. The Aaronsohn House–Nili Museum recreates the history of this period.[citation needed]

Demographics edit

 
Zikhron Ya’akov 1920
 
Zikhron Ya’akov 1937
 
Houses in Zikhron Ya'akov

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Zikhron-Yaakov had a population of 1,302 inhabitants; 1,013 Jews, 7 Christians and 282 Muslims,[13] where the Christians were 2 Orthodox, 3 Roman Catholics, 1 Anglican and 1 Protestant.[14]

The population increased dramatically in the early 1950s, after the establishment of the State of Israel. Between the 1960s and 1990s, the population remained constant with about 5,000 inhabitants. At the end of 2009, Zikhron Yaakov had a population of 18,719.[15] Many residents continue to engage in agriculture, although upscale private homes have been built by families attracted to the scenic landscape. Zikhron Ya'akov has a high number of English speaking residents, olim and others.

Education and religious institutions edit

While the majority of citizens of the town would define themselves as secular, there is a sizable religious Jewish community in the town, including Haredi members of the Ohr Yaakov Yeshiva and members of a Chabad-Lubavitch community. In addition there are several religious zionist synagogues. It is unique in that there are Progressive/Reform and Conservative Jewish communities and synagogues in Zikhron Ya'akov. The former, "Kehillat Sulam Yaakov" (in Hebrew "Jacob's Ladder Community") is a synagogue that practices Progressive Judaism and is a part of the Israeli Movement for Progressive Judaism. The latter, "VeAhavta", is a synagogue that practices Conservative Judaism.[citation needed]

Landmarks edit

 
Zichron Yaacov in 1935

The original Carmel-Mizrahi Winery continues to make wine in Zikhron Yaakov. The town draws many tourists attracted to its picturesque setting and historic city center whose restored main street of landmark buildings, called Derekh HaYayin ("Path of the Wine"), houses coffeehouses and boutique shops selling locally-made crafts, jewellery, and antiques, especially on the town's famous "Midrachov" (Rechov haMeyasdim — Founders Street).[4] It was announced in early 2008 that a 150-acre (0.61 km2) wine park would be created on the slope between Zikhron and neighboring town Binyamina.[16]

Notable residents edit

 
Joseph Zaritsky

Twin towns – sister cities edit

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Israel

Zikhron Ya'akov is twinned with:

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b "Regional Statistics". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
  2. ^ a b "Zichron Yaakov". Retrieved 2008-01-26.
  3. ^ Marom, Roy. "The Abu Hameds of Mulabbis: An Oral History of a Palestinian Village Depopulated in the Late Ottoman Period". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies: 2.
  4. ^ a b c d . Gems in Israel. Archived from the original on 2008-08-27. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
  5. ^ Merkaz Ha-Hasbarah, Israel (1963). "Israel Government Year Book".
  6. ^ Ran Aaronsohn; Yehoshua Ben Arieh (1988). "The Establishment of the Jewish Settlement in Eretz Israel and the Gaster Papers". Jewish History: Essays in Honour of Chimen Abramsky. London: Peter Halban. pp. 585–592. ISBN 1870015193.
  7. ^ . Studia Hebraica I, University of Bucharest, 2003. Archived from the original on 2018-01-10.
  8. ^ Ya'akov offers breathtaking views, history lesson
  9. ^ Ohel Yaakov Synagogue
  10. ^ a b Gershon Shafir, Land, Labor and the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict 1882-1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  11. ^ Segev, Tom (2018 - 2019 translation Haim Watzman) A State at Any Cost. The Life of David Ben-Gurion. Apollo. ISBN 9-781789-544633. p.78
  12. ^ Edmond James de Rothschild (1845-1934)
  13. ^ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Haifa, p. 34
  14. ^ Barron, 1923, Table XVI, p. 49
  15. ^ "List of Localities" (PDF) (in Hebrew and English). The Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics. 31 December 2009. p. 10. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
  16. ^ "Israel seeks to become wine tourism destination". Globes. 2008-01-17. Retrieved 2008-01-17.

Bibliography edit

  • Barron, J. B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.

External links edit

  • Official website
  • Tourist Israel: Zichron Yaakov

December 18, 2023
zikhron, akov, hebrew, רו, jacob, memorial, often, shortened, just, zikhron, town, israel, kilometres, south, haifa, part, haifa, district, located, southern, carmel, mountain, range, overlooking, mediterranean, near, coastal, highway, highway, first, jewish, . Zikhron Ya akov Hebrew ז כ רו ן י ע ק ב lit Jacob s Memorial often shortened to just Zikhron is a town in Israel 35 kilometres 22 mi south of Haifa and part of the Haifa District It is located at the southern end of the Carmel mountain range overlooking the Mediterranean Sea near the coastal highway Highway 2 It was one of the first Jewish settlements of Halutzim in the country founded in 1882 by Baron Edmond James de Rothschild and named in honor of his father James Mayer de Rothschild James being derived from the Hebrew name Ya akov Jacob 2 In 2021 it had a population of 23 857 1 Zikhron Ya akov ז כ רו ן י ע ק ב Local councilHebrew transcription s ISO 259Zichron Yaˁaqob Also spelledZichron Ya aqov official Zichron Yaakov unofficial HaMeyasdim Street in Zikhron Ya akovEmblem of Zichron Ya akovZikhron Ya akovShow map of Haifa region of IsraelZikhron Ya akovShow map of IsraelCoordinates 32 34 15 N 34 57 06 E 32 57083 N 34 95167 E 32 57083 34 95167Country IsraelDistrict HaifaFounded1882 141 years ago 1882 Government Head of MunicipalityZiv DesheArea Total32 129 dunams 32 129 km2 or 12 405 sq mi Population 2021 1 Total23 857 Density740 km2 1 900 sq mi Name meaningJacob s MemorialBuilding wine barrels 1890sOhel Ya akov Synagogue Contents 1 History 2 Nili spy ring 3 Demographics 4 Education and religious institutions 5 Landmarks 6 Notable residents 7 Twin towns sister cities 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External linksHistory editZikhron Ya akov was founded in December 1882 when 100 Jewish pioneers from Romania members of the Hibbat Zion movement purchased two plots of land 5 km apart 6000 dunam in Zammarin and 500 dunam in Tantura 3 The land was acquired for 46000 francs from Frances Germain a French citizen probably of Christian Arab origin 4 Deeming the name of the place to derive from Samaria for a number of years the place was called Shomron in the Hebrew and Yiddish press 5 6 The families came from Moinesti in Moldavia and a central merit in organising the move belongs to Moses Gaster scholar and early Zionist wbr 7 The difficulty of working the rocky soil and an outbreak of malaria led many of the settlers to leave before the year was up 4 In 1883 Baron Edmond James de Rothschild became the patron of the settlement and drew up plans for its residential layout and agricultural economy Zikhron was one of the first Jewish agricultural colonies to come under the wing of the Baron along with Rishon LeZion and Rosh Pinna who renamed it in memory of his father James Ya akov Mayer de Rothschild 2 4 To accomplish his first objective Baron de Rothschild brought in planners who designed and allotted housing lots along the main road for the use of settlement farmers Each lot included a house facing the street a long interior courtyard and a rear building for storing agricultural implements The French inspired architecture included tiled roofs and painted wooden windows Each farmer was given a salary and placed under the direction of Elijah Shaid the Baron s clerk The Baron also commissioned the construction of the Ohel Ya akov Synagogue named after his father to serve the town 8 Sparing no expense to build the edifice the synagogue features a majestic ark made of white marble The synagogue opened in 1886 and has conducted daily prayer services continuously to this day 9 Following a number of economic failures in 1885 Rothschild helped to establish the first winery in Israel Carmel Winery together with a bottling factory in Zikhron Ya akov This was more successful economically although it was initially short lived as in 1892 the grapevines succumbed to phylloxera a type of parasite After a brief set back American seedlings which were resistant to phylloxera were grown and the winery began to flourish Today the winery remains in action as do the huge wine cellars that were carved into the mountain over a century ago In 1894 Jewish and Arab workers earned a wage of six piastres working in the plantations but Jewish workers also received a supplement of four piastres from a charity fund 10 When Rothschild withdrew his financial support from plantations in Palestine in 1900 the subsidy was discontinued Jewish workers were quickly replaced by Arab ones used to being paid the lower wage 10 nbsp Teachers at the First Eretz Yisraeli Congress Zichron Ya akov 1903In August 1903 the First Eretz Yisraeli Congress was assembled by Menachem Ussishkin in Zichron Ya akov Complementing the World Zionist Congress it was originally intended as an annual gathering of the leaders of the Yishuv but it didn t get traction so the First Congress was also the last one The effort to coordinate the development of the Yishuv did however bear fruit in establishing the trade union of teachers which joined Histadrut in 1950 and stays active to this day Between 1907 and 1919 Hillel Yaffe s hospital the only Jewish hospital north of Jaffa was located in Zichron Ya akov according to Hillel Yaffe s wishes he was buried in Zikhron Ya akov in 1936 In 1910 David Ben Gurion worked as a farm labourer in Zichron Ya akov for several months At that time he found several Arab families living in the yards of almost every farmer 11 In 1954 the remains of Baron Edmond de Rothschild were reinterred in Zikhron Ya akov 12 Nili spy ring editZikhron Ya akov came to fame during World War I for the establishment of the Nili spy ring by Sarah Aaronsohn together with her brothers Aaron a noted botanist and Alex and their friend Avshalom Feinberg The group volunteered to spy on Ottoman positions and report them to British agents offshore In September 1917 the Ottomans caught one of Sarah s carrier pigeons and cracked the Nili code In October they surrounded Zikhron Ya akov and arrested Sarah and several others After four days of torture they planned on transporting Sarah elsewhere she requested to be taken home to change her clothes and shot herself with a pistol hidden in her bathroom and died after several days Sarah shot herself in the throat leaving her unable to speak in order to avoid releasing classified information The Aaronsohn House Nili Museum recreates the history of this period citation needed Demographics edit nbsp Zikhron Ya akov 1920 nbsp Zikhron Ya akov 1937 nbsp Houses in Zikhron Ya akovIn the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities Zikhron Yaakov had a population of 1 302 inhabitants 1 013 Jews 7 Christians and 282 Muslims 13 where the Christians were 2 Orthodox 3 Roman Catholics 1 Anglican and 1 Protestant 14 The population increased dramatically in the early 1950s after the establishment of the State of Israel Between the 1960s and 1990s the population remained constant with about 5 000 inhabitants At the end of 2009 Zikhron Yaakov had a population of 18 719 15 Many residents continue to engage in agriculture although upscale private homes have been built by families attracted to the scenic landscape Zikhron Ya akov has a high number of English speaking residents olim and others Education and religious institutions editWhile the majority of citizens of the town would define themselves as secular there is a sizable religious Jewish community in the town including Haredi members of the Ohr Yaakov Yeshiva and members of a Chabad Lubavitch community In addition there are several religious zionist synagogues It is unique in that there are Progressive Reform and Conservative Jewish communities and synagogues in Zikhron Ya akov The former Kehillat Sulam Yaakov in Hebrew Jacob s Ladder Community is a synagogue that practices Progressive Judaism and is a part of the Israeli Movement for Progressive Judaism The latter VeAhavta is a synagogue that practices Conservative Judaism citation needed Landmarks edit nbsp Zichron Yaacov in 1935The original Carmel Mizrahi Winery continues to make wine in Zikhron Yaakov The town draws many tourists attracted to its picturesque setting and historic city center whose restored main street of landmark buildings called Derekh HaYayin Path of the Wine houses coffeehouses and boutique shops selling locally made crafts jewellery and antiques especially on the town s famous Midrachov Rechov haMeyasdim Founders Street 4 It was announced in early 2008 that a 150 acre 0 61 km2 wine park would be created on the slope between Zikhron and neighboring town Binyamina 16 Notable residents edit nbsp Joseph ZaritskyAaron Aaronsohn Sarah Aaronsohn Aaron Ben Ze ev Rivka Carmi b 1948 Israeli pediatrician geneticist and President of Ben Gurion University of the Negev Tony Cliff Reuven Gal Moshe Ivgy Chaim Dov Kantor Peretz Lavie b 1949 Motti Lerner Avi Mizrahi Yair Naveh David Remez Dan Shilon Joseph Zaritsky 1891 1985 Israeli painter Shlomo Maital scientist b 1942 Twin towns sister cities editSee also List of twin towns and sister cities in Israel Zikhron Ya akov is twinned with nbsp Charenton le Pont France nbsp South Palm Beach United statesSee also editIsraeli wineReferences edit a b Regional Statistics Israel Central Bureau of Statistics Retrieved 22 February 2023 a b Zichron Yaakov Retrieved 2008 01 26 Marom Roy The Abu Hameds of Mulabbis An Oral History of a Palestinian Village Depopulated in the Late Ottoman Period British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 2 a b c d Gems in Israel Zichron Ya acov Gems in Israel Archived from the original on 2008 08 27 Retrieved 2008 01 26 Merkaz Ha Hasbarah Israel 1963 Israel Government Year Book Ran Aaronsohn Yehoshua Ben Arieh 1988 The Establishment of the Jewish Settlement in Eretz Israel and the Gaster Papers Jewish History Essays in Honour of Chimen Abramsky London Peter Halban pp 585 592 ISBN 1870015193 Măriuca Stanciu A promotor of the Haskala in Romania Moses Gaster Studia Hebraica I University of Bucharest 2003 Archived from the original on 2018 01 10 Ya akov offers breathtaking views history lesson Ohel Yaakov Synagogue a b Gershon Shafir Land Labor and the Origins of the Israeli Palestinian Conflict 1882 1914 Cambridge Cambridge University Press Segev Tom 2018 2019 translation Haim Watzman A State at Any Cost The Life of David Ben Gurion Apollo ISBN 9 781789 544633 p 78 Edmond James de Rothschild 1845 1934 Barron 1923 Table XI Sub district of Haifa p 34 Barron 1923 Table XVI p 49 List of Localities PDF in Hebrew and English The Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics 31 December 2009 p 10 Retrieved 12 July 2011 Israel seeks to become wine tourism destination Globes 2008 01 17 Retrieved 2008 01 17 Bibliography editBarron J B ed 1923 Palestine Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 Government of Palestine External links editOfficial website Tourist Israel Zichron Yaakov Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Zikhron Ya 27akov amp oldid 1182692917, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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