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Wikipedia

Amazon Kindle

March 20, 2023

This article is about Amazon's E Ink e-readers. For the LCD Fire line of tablets that formerly had "Kindle" as a prefix in their names, see Amazon Fire tablet.

Amazon Kindle is a series of e-readers designed and marketed by Amazon. Amazon Kindle devices enable users to browse, buy, download, and read e-books, newspapers, magazines and other digital media via wireless networking to the Kindle Store.[5] The hardware platform, which Amazon subsidiary Lab126 developed, began as a single device in 2007. Currently, it comprises a range of devices, including e-readers with E Ink electronic paper displays and Kindle applications on all major computing platforms. All Kindle devices integrate with Windows and macOS file systems and Kindle Store content and, as of March 2018, the store had over six million e-books available in the United States.[6]

Amazon Kindle
DeveloperAmazon
ManufacturerFoxconn
Product familyKindle
TypeE-reader
Release dateNovember 19, 2007; 15 years ago (2007-11-19)
Introductory priceUS$399; equivalent to $521 in 2021 (Kindle 1)
Operating systemKindle firmware, utilizing Linux kernel from version 2.6.10[1]
Latest versions (List)
  • Kindle 1: 1.2.1
  • Kindle 2, DX: 2.5.8
  • Kindle Keyboard: 3.4.3
  • Kindle 4, 5: 4.1.4
  • Kindle Touch: 5.3.7.3
  • Kindle Paperwhite 1: 5.6.1.1
  • Kindle 7, Paperwhite 2: 5.12.2.2
  • Kindle Voyage: 5.13.6
  • Kindle 8, 10, 11; Paperwhite 3, 4, 5; Oasis 1, 2, 3: 5.15.1.1
  • Kindle Scribe: 5.16.1.2[2]
CPU
List
Memory
  • Kindle 1: 64 MB
  • Kindle 2: 32 MB
  • Kindle DX: 128 MB
  • Kindle Keyboard, 4, 5, 6, 7, Touch; Paperwhite 1, 2: 256 MB
  • Kindle 8, 10, Voyage; Paperwhite 3, 4, 5; Oasis 1, 2, 3: 512 MB
Storage
  • (available total/user)
  • Kindle 1: 256/180 MB
  • Kindle 2: 2/1.4 GB
  • Kindle DX, Keyboard, Touch: 4/3 GB
  • Kindle 4, 5; Paperwhite 1, 2: 2/1.25 GB
  • Kindle 7, 8, 10, Voyage, Paperwhite 3, Oasis: 4/3 GB
  • Oasis 2, 3, Paperwhite 4: 8/6 GB or 32/30 GB
  • Paperwhite 5: 8/6 GB or 16 GB.
  • Paperwhite 5 Signature Edition: 32/30 GB
  • Kindle 11: 16 GB
  • Kindle Scribe: 16 GB, 32 GB or 64 GB
Display
  • Kindle 1:
    6-inch (150 mm), 600 × 800 pixels, 167 PPI density, 4-level grayscale[3]
  • Kindle 2, 3, 4, 5, Touch, 7, 8:
    as Kindle 1 but 16-level grayscale
  • Kindle 10:
    as Kindle 2, 3, 4, 5, Touch, 7, 8 but with LED frontlit
  • Kindle DX:
    9.7-inch (250 mm), 824 × 1200 pixels, 150 PPI density, 16-level grayscale
  • Kindle Paperwhite 1, 2:
    6-inch, 768 × 1024 pixels, 212 PPI density, 16-level grayscale, LED frontlit
  • Kindle Voyage; Paperwhite 3, 4; Oasis, Kindle 11:
    6-inch, 1072 × 1448 pixels, 300 PPI density, 16-level grayscale, LED frontlit
  • Kindle Oasis 2, 3:
    7-inch, 1264 × 1680 pixels, 300 PPI density, 16-level grayscale, LED frontlit
  • Kindle Paperwhite 5:
    6.8-inch, 1236 × 1648 pixels, 300 PPI density, 16-level grayscale, LED frontlit
  • Kindle Scribe:
    10.2-inch, 300 PPI density, 16-level grayscale, LED frontlit
SoundSpeakers/3.5 mm headphone jack (Kindle 1, 2, DX, Keyboard, Touch)
USB Audio Adapter (Kindle Voyage, Paperwhite 3)
Bluetooth (Kindle 8, 10, 11; Oasis 1, 2, 3; Paperwhite 4)
InputUSB 2.0 Mini-B port (2007-2008)
Micro-B port (2009–2020)
USB-C port (Paperwhite 5, Kindle 11, Scribe)
SD card (Kindle 1 only)
3.5 mm headphone jack (Kindle 1, 2, DX, Keyboard, Touch)
Controller inputKeyboard, scrollwheel, D-pad (select models, 2007–2012)
Touchscreen (select models, 2011–present)
Stylus Pen (Kindle Scribe)
CameraNone
Connectivity
List
  • Amazon Whispernet using wireless modem (3G models)
  • 802.11bg Wi-Fi (Kindle Keyboard)
  • 802.11bgn Wi-Fi (Kindle 4, 5, Touch, 7, 8, 10; Paperwhite 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; Voyage; Oasis 1, 2, 3)
  • Bluetooth (Kindle 8, 10, 11; Oasis 1, 2, 3; Paperwhite 4, 5; Scribe) - Sound only
Power
List
  • Kindle 1, 2, DX: 1,530 mAh
  • Kindle Keyboard: 1,750 mAh
  • Kindle 4, 5, 7, 8: 890 mAh
  • Kindle Touch; Paperwhite 1, 2, 3: 1,420 mAh
  • Kindle Voyage: 1,320 mAh
  • Kindle Oasis: 245 mAh (no cover), 1,535 mAh (with cover)
  • Kindle Oasis 2: 1,000 mAh
  • Kindle Paperwhite 4: 1,500 mAh
  • Kindle 10: 1,040 mAh
  • Kindle Oasis 3: 1,130 mAh
  • Kindle Paperwhite 5: 1,700 mAh
Online servicesKindle Store
Dimensions
List
  • Kindle 1:
    8.0 in (203 mm) H
    5.3 in (135 mm) W
    0.8 in (20 mm) D
  • Kindle 2:
    8.0 in (203 mm) H
    5.3 in (135 mm) W
    0.36 in (9 mm) D
  • Kindle Keyboard:
    7.5 in (191 mm) H
    4.8 in (122 mm) W
    0.34 in (9 mm) D
  • Kindle DX:
    10.4 in (264 mm) H
    7.2 in (183 mm) W
    0.38 in (10 mm) D
  • Kindle Touch:
    6.8 in (173 mm) H
    4.7 in (119 mm) W
    0.40 in (10 mm) D
  • Kindle 4, 5:
    6.5 in (165 mm) H
    4.5 in (114 mm) W
    0.34 in (9 mm) D
  • Kindle Paperwhite 1, 2, 3:
    6.7 in (170 mm) H
    4.6 in (117 mm) W
    0.36 in (9 mm) D
  • Kindle 7:
    6.7 in (170 mm) H
    4.7 in (119 mm) W
    0.40 in (10 mm) D
  • Kindle Voyage:
    6.4 in (163 mm) H
    4.5 in (114 mm) W
    0.30 in (8 mm) D
  • Kindle Oasis (no cover):
    5.6 in (142 mm) H
    4.8 in (122 mm) W
    0.13 in (3 mm) D
  • Kindle Oasis (with cover):
    5.6 in (142 mm) H
    4.8 in (122 mm) W
    0.33 in (8 mm) D
  • Kindle 8:
    6.3 in (160 mm) H
    4.5 in (114 mm) W
    0.36 in (9 mm) D
  • Kindle Oasis 2, 3:
    6.3 in (160 mm) H
    5.6 in (142 mm) W
    0.33 in (8 mm) D
  • Kindle Paperwhite 4:
    6.6 in (168 mm) H
    4.6 in (117 mm) W
    0.32 in (8 mm) D
  • Kindle 10:
    6.3 in (160 mm) H
    4.5 in (114 mm) W
    0.34 in (9 mm) D
  • Kindle Paperwhite 5:
    6.9 in (175 mm) H
    4.9 in (124 mm) W
    0.32 in (8 mm) D
  • Kindle 11:
    6.21 in (158 mm) H
    4.28 in (109 mm) W
    0.315 in (8 mm) D
  • Kindle Scribe:
    7.7 in (196 mm) H
    9.0 in (229 mm) W
    0.22 in (6 mm) D
Mass
List
  • Kindle 1, 2:
    10.2 oz (290 g)
  • Kindle Keyboard 3G:
    8.7 oz (247 g)
  • Kindle Keyboard:
    8.5 oz (241 g)
  • Kindle Touch 3G:
    7.8 oz (220 g)
  • Kindle Touch:
    7.5 oz (213 g)
  • Kindle DX:
    18.9 oz (540 g)
  • Kindle 4, 5:
    5.98 oz (170 g)
  • Kindle Paperwhite 3G:
    7.8 oz (222 g)
  • Kindle Paperwhite:
    7.5 oz (213 g)
  • Kindle Paperwhite 2 3G:
    7.6 oz (215 g)
  • Kindle Paperwhite 2:
    7.3 oz (206 g)
  • Kindle 7:
    6.7 oz (191 g)
  • Kindle Voyage 3G:
    6.6 oz (188 g)
  • Kindle Voyage:
    6.3 oz (180 g)
  • Kindle Paperwhite 3 3G:
    7.7 oz (217 g)
  • Kindle Paperwhite 3:
    7.2 oz (205 g)
  • Kindle Oasis 3G (no cover):
    4.7 oz (133 g)
  • Kindle Oasis (no cover):
    4.6 oz (131 g)
  • Kindle Oasis's cover:
    3.8 oz (107 g)
  • Kindle 8:
    5.7 oz (161 g)
  • Kindle Oasis 2:
    6.8 oz (194 g)
  • Kindle Paperwhite 4 3G:
    6.7 oz (191 g)
  • Kindle Paperwhite 4:
    6.4 oz (182 g)
  • Kindle 10:
    6.1 oz (174 g)
  • Kindle Oasis 3:
    6.6 oz (188 g)
  • Kindle Paperwhite 5:
    7.2 oz (205 g)
  • Kindle 11:
    5.6 oz (158 g)
  • Kindle Scribe:
    15.3 oz (433 g)
Websitewww.amazon.com/kindle

Naming and evolution

In 2004, Amazon founder and CEO Jeff Bezos instructed the company's employees to build the world's best e-reader before Amazon's competitors could. Amazon originally used the codename Fiona for the device.[7]

Branding consultants Michael Cronan and Karin Hibma devised the Kindle name. Lab126 asked them to name the product, and they suggested "kindle", meaning to light a fire.[8] They felt this was an apt metaphor for reading and intellectual excitement.[9]

Kindle hardware evolved from the original Kindle introduced in 2007 and the Kindle DX (with its larger 9.7" screen) introduced in 2009. The DX remained the only non-6" eink Kindle device until the 2017 introduction of the Oasis 2. The range included early generation devices with a keyboard (Kindle Keyboard), devices with touch-sensitive, lighted, high-resolution screens (Kindle Paperwhite), early generations of a tablet computer with the Kindle app (Kindle Fire), and low-priced devices with a touch-sensitive screen (Kindle 7). However, the Kindle e-reader has often been a narrow-purpose device for reading rather than being multipurpose hardware that might create distractions while reading. Active Content support was introduced in 2010 only to be dropped from new Kindle devices in late 2014. After an initial 3 generations the Kindle Fire tablet branding was changed in 2014 to Amazon Fire, reflecting their wider capabilities as an Android-derived tablet. Other later developments include devices with larger eink displays such as the Kindle Oasis 2 (2017) at 7" and the Paperwhite 5 (2021) at 6.8", as well as a device with a 10.2" screen and Wacom stylus support called the Kindle Scribe (2022). In 2022 Amazon also introduced the 11th gen Kindle with a 300 PPI display, ending the use of the 6" 167 PPI display that had been on every basic Kindle since 2007.

Amazon has also introduced Kindle apps for use on various devices and platforms, including Windows, macOS, Android, iOS, BlackBerry 10 and Windows Phone.[10] Amazon also has a cloud reader to allow users to read e-books using modern web browsers.[11]

Devices

First generation

Kindle

  •  

Amazon released the Kindle, its first e-reader, on November 19, 2007, for $399.[12] It sold out in 5.5 hours.[13] The device remained out of stock for five months until late April 2008.[14]

The device featured a six-inch (diagonal) four-level grayscale E Ink display, with 250 MB of internal storage, which can hold approximately 200 non-illustrated titles.[15] It also has a speaker and a headphone jack for listening to audio files.[12] It has expandable storage via an SD card slot. Content was available from Amazon via the Sprint Corporation US-wide EVDO 3G data network, via a dedicated connection protocol which Amazon called Whispernet.[15] Amazon did not sell the first-generation Kindle outside of the US.[15]

Second generation

Kindle 2

  •  

On February 10, 2009, Amazon announced the Kindle 2, the second-generation Kindle.[16] It became available for purchase on February 23, 2009. The Kindle 2 features a text-to-speech option to read the text aloud. It also has 6 inch screen and 2 GB of internal memory, of which 1.4 GB is user-accessible. By Amazon's estimates, the Kindle 2 can hold about 1,500 non-illustrated books. Unlike the first-generation Kindle, Kindle 2 does not have a slot for SD memory cards.[17] It is slimmer than the original Kindle.[18][19][20] The Kindle 2 features a Freescale 532 MHz, ARM-11 90 nm processor, 32 MB main memory, 2 GB flash memory and a 3.7 V 1,530 mAh lithium polymer battery.[21]

To promote the Kindle 2, in February 2009 author Stephen King released Ur, his then-new novella, made available exclusively through the Kindle Store.[22]

Kindle 2 international

On October 7, 2009, Amazon announced an international version of the Kindle 2 with the ability to download e-books wirelessly. This version released in over 100 countries. It became available on October 19, 2009. The international Kindle 2 is physically the same as the U.S.-only Kindle 2, although it uses a different mobile network standard.

The original Kindle 2 used CDMA2000 for use on the Sprint network. The international version used standard GSM and 3G GSM, enabling it to be used on AT&T's U.S. mobile network and internationally in 100 other countries.[23]

Kindle DX

  •  

    A Kindle DX underneath a Kindle 2

Amazon launched the Kindle DX on May 6, 2009. This device has the largest Kindle screen at 9.7 inches and supports displaying PDF files. It was marketed as more suitable for displaying newspaper and textbook content,[24] includes built-in speakers, and has an accelerometer that enables users to rotate pages between landscape and portrait orientations when the Kindle DX is turned on its side.[25] The device can only connect to Whispernet while in the U.S.[26]

Kindle DX international

On January 19, 2010, the Kindle DX international version was released in over 100 countries.[27] The Kindle DX international version is the same as the Kindle DX, except for having support for international 3G data.

Kindle DX Graphite

 
Kindle DX Graphite

On July 1, 2010, Amazon released the Kindle DX Graphite (DXG) globally. The DXG has an E Ink display with 50% better contrast ratio due to using E Ink Pearl technology and comes only in a graphite case color. It is speculated the case color change is to improve contrast ratio perception further, as some users found the prior white casing highlighted that the E Ink background is light gray and not white. Like the Kindle DX, it does not have a Wi-Fi connection.[28] The DXG is a mix of third-generation hardware and second-generation software. The CPU has the same speed as Kindle Keyboard's CPU, but the DXG has only half the system memory, 128MB. Due to these differences, the DXG runs the same firmware as Kindle 2. Therefore, DXG cannot display international fonts, like Cyrillic, Chinese, or any other non-Latin font, and PDF support and the web browser are limited to matching the Kindle 2's features.

Amazon withdrew the Kindle DX from sale in October 2012, but in September 2013 made it available again for a few months. Using 3G data is free when accessing the Kindle Store and Wikipedia. Downloading personal documents via 3G data costs about $1 per megabyte. Its battery life is about one week with 3G on and two weeks with 3G off. Text-to-Speech and MP3 playback are supported.

Third generation

Kindle Keyboard

 
Kindle Keyboard

Amazon announced the third-generation Kindle, later renamed "Kindle Keyboard", on July 28, 2010.[29] Amazon began accepting pre-orders for the Kindle Keyboard as soon as it was announced and began shipping the devices on August 27, 2010. On August 25, Amazon announced that the Kindle Keyboard was the fastest-selling Kindle ever.[30] While Amazon does not officially add numbers to the end of each Kindle denoting its generation, reviewers, customers and press companies often referred to this Kindle as the "K3" or the "Kindle 3".[31][32][33] The Kindle Keyboard has a 6-inch screen with a resolution of 600x800 (167 PPI).[34]

The Kindle Keyboard was available in two versions. One of these, the Kindle Wi-Fi, was initially priced at $139 and connects to the Internet via Wi-Fi networks.[29] The other version, called the Kindle 3G, was priced at $189 and includes both 3G and Wi-Fi connectivity.[29] The built-in free 3G connectivity uses the same wireless signals that cell phones use, allowing it to download and purchase content from any location with cell service.[29] The Kindle Keyboard is available in two colors: classic white and graphite. Both versions use an E Ink "Pearl" display, which has a higher contrast than prior displays and a faster refresh rate than prior e-ink displays. However, it remains significantly slower than traditional LCDs.[35] An ad-supported version, the "Kindle with Special Offers", was introduced on May 3, 2011, with a price $25 lower than the no-ad version, for $114. On July 13, 2011, Amazon announced that due to a sponsorship with AT&T, the price of the Kindle 3G with ads would be $139, $50 less than the Kindle 3G without ads.[36]

The Kindle Keyboard is 0.5 inches shorter and 0.5 inches narrower than the Kindle 2. It supports additional fonts and international Unicode characters and has a Voice Guide feature with spoken menu navigation from the built-in speakers or audio jack. Internal memory is expanded to 4 GB, with approximately 3 GB available for user content. Battery life is advertised at up to two months of reading half an hour a day with the wireless turned off, which amounts to roughly 30 hours.[29]

The Kindle Keyboard generally received good reviews after launch. Review Horizon describes the device as offering "the best reading experience in its class"[37] while Engadget[38] states, "In the standalone category, the Kindle is probably the one to beat".

Fourth generation

The fourth-generation Kindle and the Kindle Touch were announced on September 28, 2011. They retain the 6-inch, 167-PPI e-ink display of the 2010 Kindle model, with the addition of an infrared touch-screen control on the Touch. They also include Amazon's experimental web-browsing capability with Wi-Fi.[39] On the same date, Amazon announced the Kindle Fire, a tablet computer including a Kindle app; in September 2014, Kindle was dropped from the Amazon Fire's name.

Kindle 4

 
Kindle 4

The fourth-generation Kindle was significantly less expensive (initially $79 ad supported, $109 no ads) and features a slight reduction in weight and size, with a reduced battery life and storage capacity, compared to the Kindle 3.[39] It has a silver-grey bezel, 6-inch display, nine hard keys, a cursor pad, an on-screen rather than physical keyboard, a flash storage capacity of 2 GB, and an estimated one month battery life under ideal reading conditions.[40][41]

Kindle Touch

 
Kindle Touch

Amazon introduced two versions of touchscreen Kindles: the Kindle Touch, available with Wi-Fi (initially $99 ad-supported, $139 no ads), and the Kindle Touch 3G, with Wi-Fi/3G connectivity (initially $149 ad-supported, $189 no ads).[39] The latter version is capable of connecting via 3G to the Kindle Store, downloading books and periodicals, and accessing Wikipedia. Experimental web browsing (outside Wikipedia) on Kindle Touch 3G is only available over a Wi-Fi connection.[42] (Kindle Keyboard does not have this restriction). The usage of the 3G data is limited to 50MB per month.[43] Like the Kindle 3, the Kindle Touch has a capacity of 4 GB and battery life of two months under ideal reading conditions, and is larger than the Kindle 4.[44] The Kindle Touch was released on November 15, 2011.[45] Amazon announced in March 2012 that the device would be available in the UK, Germany, France, Spain and Italy on April 27, 2012.[46] The Touch was the first Kindle to support X-Ray, which lists the commonly used character names, locations, themes, or ideas in a book.[47] In January 2013, Amazon released the 5.2.0 firmware that updated the operating system to match the Paperwhite's interface with the Touch's MP3/audiobook capabilities remaining.

Fifth generation

Kindle 5

 
Kindle 5

Amazon released the Kindle 5 on September 6, 2012 ($70 ad-supported, $90 no ads).[48] The Kindle has a black bezel, differing from the Kindle 4 which was available in silver-grey, and has better display contrast. Amazon also claims that it has 15% faster page loads. It has a 167 PPI display and was the lightest Kindle, at 5.98 ounce, until 2016's Kindle Oasis.

Kindle Paperwhite (first iteration)

 
Kindle Paperwhite

The first-iteration Kindle Paperwhite was announced on September 6, 2012, and released on October 1. It has a 6 in, 212 PPI E Ink Pearl display (758×1024 resolution) with four built-in LEDs to illuminate the screen. It was available in Wi-Fi ($120 ad-supported, $140 no ads) and Wi-Fi + 3G ($180 ad-supported, $200 no ads) models,[48] with the ad-supported options only intended to be available in the United States.[49] The light is one of the main features of the Paperwhite and it has a manually adjusted light level. The 3G access restrictions are the same as the Kindle Touch, and usage of the 3G data is limited to 50 MB per month and only on Amazon and Wikipedia's websites; additional data may be bought.[43] Battery life is advertised as up to eight weeks of reading with half an hour per day with wireless off and constant light use; this usage equals 28 hours.[50] The official leather cover for the Paperwhite uses a hall effect sensor to detect when the cover is closed or opened and turn the screen off or on respectively. This was the first Kindle model to track reading speed to estimate when the reader will finish a chapter or book; this feature was later included with updates to the other models of Kindle and Kindle Fire. The Kindle Paperwhite lacks physical buttons for page turning and does not perform auto-hyphenation. Except for the lock screen/power button at its bottom, it relies solely on the touchscreen interface.[51]

In November 2012, Amazon released the 5.3.0 update that allowed users to turn off recommended content on the home screen in Grid View (allowing two rows of user content) and included general bug fixes. In March 2014, the Paperwhite 5.4.4 update was released that added Goodreads integration, Kindle FreeTime to restrict usage for children, Cloud Collections for organization and Page Flip for scanning content without losing your place, which closely matched the Paperwhite 2's software features.[52]

The Kindle Paperwhite was released in most major international markets in early 2013, with Japan's version including 4 GB of storage, and in China on June 7, 2013; all non-Japan versions have 2 GB of storage (1.25 GB usable).[53]

Engadget praised the Paperwhite, giving it 92 of 100. The reviewer liked the frontlit display, high contrast, and useful software features, but did not like that it was less comfortable to hold than the Nook, the starting price includes ads, and it had no expandable storage.[54]

Shortly after release, some users complained about the lighting implementation on the Kindle Paperwhite.[55] While not widespread, some users found the lighting inconsistent, causing the bottom edge to cast irregular shadows. Also, some users complained that the light cannot be turned off completely.[56]

Sixth generation

Kindle Paperwhite (second iteration)

 
Kindle Paperwhite 2

Amazon announced the second-iteration Kindle Paperwhite, marketed as the "All-New Kindle Paperwhite" and colloquially referred to as the Paperwhite 2, on September 3, 2013; the Wi-Fi version was released on September 30 ($120 ad-supported, $140 no ads), and the 3G/Wi-Fi version was released in the US on November 5, 2013 ($190 ad-supported, $210 no ads). The Paperwhite 2 features a higher contrast E Ink Carta display technology,[57] improved LED illumination, 25% faster processor (1 GHz) that allows for faster page turns, and better response to touch input compared to the original Paperwhite. It has the same 6" screen with 212 PPI, bezel and estimated 28-hour battery life as the original Paperwhite. The software features dictionary/Wikipedia/X-Ray look-up, Page Flip that allows the user to skip ahead or back in the text in a pop-up window and go back to the previous page, and Goodreads social integration.[58]

The Paperwhite 2 uses a similar experimental web browser with the same 3G data use restrictions as previous Kindles; there are no use restrictions when using Wi-Fi. The official Amazon leather cover for the Paperwhite 2 is the same item as was used for the original Paperwhite. The cover's magnets turn the screen on and off when it is opened and closed.

Although released in 2013 with 2GB of storage, all versions of the Paperwhite 2 were sold with 4GB of storage by September 2014.

Engadget rated the Paperwhite 2 as 93 of 100, saying while it offers few new features, "an improved frontlight and some software tweaks have made an already great reading experience even better."[59]

Seventh generation

Kindle 7

Amazon announced an upgraded basic Kindle and the Kindle Voyage on September 18, 2014.[60] The Kindle 7 was released on October 2, 2014 ($80 ad-supported, $100 no ads). It is the first basic Kindle to use a touchscreen for navigating within books and to have a 1 GHz CPU.[61] It is also the first basic Kindle available in international markets such as India, Japan and China. Amazon claims that a single charge lasts up to 30 days if used for 30 minutes a day without using Wi-Fi.

Kindle Voyage

 
Kindle Voyage with origami cover.
 
Kindle Voyage's rear

The Kindle Voyage was released on November 4, 2014, in the U.S. It has a 6-inch, 300 ppi E Ink Carta HD display, which was the highest resolution and contrast available in e-readers, as of 2014,[62] with six LEDs with an adaptive light sensor that can automatically illuminate the screen depending on the environment. It is available in Wi-Fi ($200 ad-supported, $220 no ads) and Wi-Fi + 3G ($270 ad-supported, $290 no ads) models.[63] It has 4 GB of storage.[64] Its design features a flush glass screen on the front and the rear has angular, raised plastic edges that house the power button, similar to the Fire HDX. At 0.3 inches, it is the thinnest Kindle to date. The Voyage uses "PagePress", a navigation system that has sensors on either side of the screen that turns the page when pressed.[65] PagePress may be disabled, but the touchscreen is always active.

The Verge rated the Voyage as 9.1 of 10, stating that "this is the best E Ink e-reader I've used, and it's unquestionably the best that Amazon has ever made. The thing is, it's only marginally better than the fantastic Paperwhite in several ways, and significantly better in none" and with those differences in mind, disliked how it costs $80 more than the Paperwhite.[66] Engadget rated the Voyage as 94 of 100, stating that while it was "easily the best e-reader that Amazon has ever crafted," it was also the priciest at $199.[67]

Kindle Paperwhite (third iteration)

 
Kindle Paperwhite 3

The third-iteration Kindle Paperwhite, marketed as the "All-New Kindle Paperwhite" and colloquially referred to as the Paperwhite 3 and Paperwhite 2015, was released on June 30, 2015, in the US. It is available in Wi-Fi ($120 ad-supported, $140 no ads) and Wi-Fi + 3G ($190 ad-supported, $210 no ads) models. It has a 6-inch, 1448×1072, 300 ppi E Ink Carta HD display, which is twice the pixels of the original Paperwhite and has the same touchscreen, four LEDs and size as the previous Paperwhite.[68][69] It has over 3 GB of user accessible storage. This device improved on the display of PDF files, with the possibility to select text and use some functionalities, such as translation on a PDF's text. Amazon claims it has 6 weeks of battery life if used for 30 minutes per day with wireless off and brightness set to 10, which is about 21 hours.

The Paperwhite 3 is the first e-reader to include the Bookerly font, a new font designed by Amazon, and includes updated formatting functions such as hyphenation and improved spacing.[70] The Bookerly font was added to most older models via a firmware update.[71] The official Amazon leather cover for the Paperwhite 3 is the same item as was used with the previous two Paperwhite devices.

In February 2016, the Paperwhite 2, Paperwhite 3, Kindle 7, and Voyage received the 5.7.2 update that included a new home screen layout, an OpenDyslexic font choice, improved book recommendations, and a new quick actions menu.[72]

On June 30, 2016, Amazon released a white version of the Paperwhite 3 worldwide; the only thing different about this version is the color of the shell.[73]

In October 2016, Amazon released the Paperwhite 3 "Manga Model" in Japan that has a 33% increase in page-turning speed and includes 32 GB of storage, which is space for up to 700 manga books.[74] The Manga model launched at 16,280 yen (~$156) for the ad-supported Wi-Fi version or 12,280 yen (~$118) for Prime members.[75]


The Verge rated the Paperwhite 3 as 9.0 of 10, saying that "The Kindle Paperwhite is the best e-reader for most people by a wide margin" and liked the high-resolution screen but disliked that there was no adaptive backlight; this is featured on the Kindle Voyage.[76] Popzara called the 2015 Paperwhite "the best dedicated E Ink e-reader for the money."[77]

Eighth generation

Kindle Oasis (first iteration)

 
Kindle Oasis being used with one hand
 
Kindle Oasis

Amazon announced the first-iteration Kindle Oasis on April 13, 2016, and it was released on April 27 worldwide.[78] The Kindle Oasis is available in Wi-Fi and Wi-Fi + 3G models.[79] The Oasis has a 6-inch, 300 ppi E Ink Carta HD display with ten LEDs.[80] Its asymmetrical design features physical page turn buttons on one side and it has an accelerometer so the display can be rotated for one-hand operation with either hand. It has one thicker side that tapers to an edge that is 20% thinner than the Paperwhite. It includes a removable leather battery cover for device protection and increased battery life that is available in either black, walnut (brown) or merlot (red); the cover fits in the tapered edge. The Oasis has 28 hours of battery life if used with the battery cover with Wi-Fi off. However, without the cover, the Oasis battery lasts about seven hours. It has nearly 3 GB of user storage. The Oasis includes the Bookerly (serif) font and it is the first Kindle to include the Amazon Ember (sans-serif) font.[81]

The Guardian's reviewer praised the Oasis's ease for holding, its lightweight design, long battery life, excellent display, even front lighting, usable page-turn buttons, and the luxurious cover. However, the reviewer believed the product was overpriced, noted that the battery cover only partially protects the back, and that the reader is not waterproof. The reviewer concluded, "…the Paperwhite will likely be all the e-reader most will need, but Oasis is the one you'll want. The Oasis is the Bentley to the Paperwhite's Golf – both will get the job done, just one is a cut above the other."[82] The Verge rated the Oasis as 9 of 10, praising its thinness, its weight without the cover and the ability to read with one hand, but did not like that it is so expensive, has no adaptive backlight like the Voyage and it is not waterproof.[83]

Kindle 8

 
Kindle 8 displaying the title page of an e-book from Project Gutenberg

Amazon's upgrade of the standard Kindle was released on June 22, 2016, in both black and white colors ($80 ad-supported, $100 no ads). The Kindle 8 features a new rounded design that is 0.35 inches (9 mm) shorter, 0.16 inches (4 mm) narrower, 0.043 inches (1.1 mm) thinner, and 1.1 ounces (30 g) lighter than the previous Kindle 7, and features double the RAM (512 MB) of its predecessor. The Kindle 8 is the first Kindle to use Bluetooth that can support VoiceView screen reader software for the visually impaired. It has the same screen display as its predecessor, a 167 ppi E Ink Pearl touch-screen display, and Amazon claims it has a four-week battery life and can be fully charged within four hours.[84][85]

Ninth generation

Kindle Oasis (second iteration)

Amazon released the second-iteration Kindle Oasis, marketed as the "All-New Kindle Oasis" and colloquially referred to as the Oasis 2, on October 31, 2017. It is available in 8 GB Wi-Fi, 32 GB Wi-Fi and 32 GB Wi-Fi + 3G ($350 no ads) models with a 7-inch E Ink display with 300 ppi.[86] It has an asymmetric design like the first-iteration Oasis, so it works for one-handed use, and the device finish is made from aluminum. The device has a black front, with either a silver or gold colored back.[87] The Oasis 2 is the first Kindle to be IPX8 rated so it is water-resistant up to two meters for up to 60 minutes, and first to be able to change the background black and the text to white. It is frontlit with 12 LEDs, and has ambient light sensors to adjust the screen brightness automatically. It supports playback of Audible audiobooks by pairing with A2DP supported external Bluetooth 4.2 speakers or headphones; the device can store up to 35 audiobooks with 8 GB or 160 audiobooks with the 32 GB model.[88] The Oasis 2's internal battery lasts about six weeks of reading at 30 minutes a day.

The Verge gave the Oasis 2 a score of 8 of 10, praising its design, display, and water resistance, but criticizing its high cost and inability to read an e-book while its related audiobook is playing.[89] TechRadar rated it as 4.5 of 5, saying the Oasis 2 is expensive but it praises as the best e-reader at the time with its lovely metal design, waterproofing and great reading experience.[90]

Tenth generation

Kindle Paperwhite (fourth iteration)

Amazon announced the fourth-iteration Kindle Paperwhite on October 16, 2018, and released it on November 7, 2018; it is colloquially referred to as the Paperwhite 4 and Paperwhite 2018.[91] It is available in 8 GB Wi-Fi, 32 GB Wi-Fi and 32 GB Wi-Fi + 4G LTE models. It features a 6-inch plastic-backed display of Amazon's own design with 300 ppi and a flush screen featuring five LED lights.[92] It is waterproof with an IPX8 rating, allowing submersion in 2 meters of fresh water for up to one hour. It supports playback of Audible audio books only by pairing with external Bluetooth speakers or headphones.

The Verge rated the Paperwhite 4 as 8.5 of 10, praising its great display, water-resistance and battery life but criticizing its lack of physical buttons and no USB-C support.[93]

Kindle (10th generation)

 
Kindle 10

Amazon announced the Kindle (10th generation) on March 20, 2019, which features the first front light available on a basic Kindle. The front light uses 4 LEDs compared to the Paperwhite with 5 LEDs. Kindle 10 uses a 6-inch display with higher contrast than previous basic Kindles and has the same 167 ppi resolution.[94] It has black and white colors.

Kindle Oasis (third iteration)

Amazon released the third-iteration Kindle Oasis, colloquially referred to as the Oasis 3, on July 24, 2019. Externally it is nearly identical in appearance to the second-iteration Oasis, with a similar 7-inch, 300ppi E Ink display, adjustable warm light, one-handed design, waterproofing, aluminum exterior, Bluetooth support and Micro USB for charging. It adds a 25 LED front light that can adjust color temperature to warmer tones, the first Kindle to be able to do so.[95] This device is available in two different colors; Graphite or Champagne Gold.

The Verge gave the Oasis 3 an 8 of 10 rating, praising its design, display, and warmer E Ink display, but criticizing its high cost, no USB-C support and the lackluster update over the 2017 model.[96]

Eleventh generation

Kindle Paperwhite (fifth iteration)

Amazon announced the Kindle Paperwhite (fifth iteration) on September 21, 2021, and it was released on October 27, 2021. It features 8 GB of storage and has similar dimensions to its predecessor but has a larger 6.8-inch display set in thinner bezels, 17 LEDs in the front light that can adjust color temperature to warmer tones (first featured in Kindle Oasis 3), an updated processor, and longer battery life that Amazon claims lasts up to ten weeks on a single charge.[97] It is the first Kindle with a USB-C port. The Paperwhite 5 is also available in a higher cost Signature Edition that additionally supports Qi wireless charging, has 32 GB of storage, and includes an ambient light sensor that automatically adjusts the backlight brightness.[98] Amazon has stated that some Qi chargers are incompatible and recommends using an Amazon charging dock.[99] The Verge gave the Kindle Paperwhite (fifth iteration) 8.5 out of 10, praising the display and battery but did not like the lack of physical buttons and lack of support for e-books found outside of the Kindle Store.[100] In September 2022, a model with 16 GB of storage was added.[101]

Kindle (11th generation)

Amazon announced the Kindle (11th generation) on September 17, 2022. It is upgraded with a 300 ppi display, 16 GB of storage, and includes a USB-C port.[102]

Kindle Scribe

Amazon announced the Kindle Scribe September 22, 2022, becoming available on November 30. It is similar to the Paperwhite, has 10.2 inch, 300 ppi display, with a magnetically attaching basic or premium pen for writing, drawing, and annotating. Storage options are 16 GB, 32 GB or 64 GB.[103]

Specifications

Model Gen Launch Price Display CPU Memory Storage Sound Input Controller Input Connectivity Battery Dimensions Weight IP code
Kindle 1 November 19, 2007 $399 6-inch (150 mm), 600 × 800 pixels, 167 PPI density, 4-level grayscale Marvell Xscale PXA255 400 MHz, ARM9 64 MB 256/180 MB Speakers, 3.5mm headphone Jack USB 2.0 Mini-B port (data transfer only), SD card, 3.5 mm headphone jack, charging port Keyboard, Scrollwheel Amazon Whispernet 1,530 mAh 8.0 inches (200 mm) H
5.3 inches (130 mm) W
0.8 inches (20 mm) D 		10.2 oz (290 g) No
Kindle 2 2 February 23, 2009 $299 6-inch (150 mm), 600 × 800 pixels, 167 PPI density, 16-level grayscale Freescale i.MX31 532 MHz, ARM11 32 MB 2/1.4 GB USB 2.0 Micro-B port, 3.5 mm headphone jack Keyboard, D-pad 8.0 inches (200 mm) H
5.3 inches (130 mm) W
0.36 inches (9.1 mm) D
Kindle 2 International October 19, 2009 $279
Kindle DX June 10, 2009 $489 9.7-inch, 824 x 1200 pixels, 150 PPI density, 16-level grayscale 128 MB 4/3 GB 10.4 inches (260 mm) H
7.2 inches (180 mm) W
0.38 inches (9.7 mm) D 		18.9 oz (540 g)
Kindle DX International January 6, 2010 ?
Kindle DX Graphite July 1, 2010 $379
Kindle Keyboard 3 August 27, 2010 Wi-Fi: $139
3G: $189 		6-inch (150 mm), 600 × 800 pixels, 167 PPI density, 16-level grayscale Freescale i.MX35 532 MHz, ARM11 256 MB Amazon Whispernet (3G model only), 802.11bg Wi-Fi 1,750 mAh 7.5 inches (190 mm) H
4.8 inches (120 mm) W
0.34 inches (8.6 mm) D 		Wi-Fi: 8.5 oz (240 g)
3G: 8.7 oz (250 g)
Kindle 4 4 September 28, 2011 No ads: $109
Ads: $79 		Freescale i.MX508 800 MHz 2/1.25 GB None USB 2.0 Micro-B port D-pad Amazon Whispernet (3G model only), 802.11bgn Wi-Fi 890 mAh 6.5 inches (170 mm) H
4.5 inches (110 mm) W
0.34 inches (8.6 mm) D 		5.98 oz (170 g)
Kindle Touch November 15, 2011 No ads:
Wi-Fi: $149
3G: $189
Ads:
Wi-Fi: $99
3G: $139 		4/3 GB Speakers, 3.5mm headphone jack USB 2.0 Micro-B port, 3.5 mm headphone jack Touchscreen 1,420 mAh 6.8 inches (170 mm) H
4.7 inches (120 mm) W
0.40 inches (10 mm) D 		Wi-Fi: 7.5 oz (210 g)
3G: 7.8 oz (220 g)
Kindle 5 5 September 6, 2012 No ads: $90
Ads: $70 		2/1.25 GB None USB 2.0 Micro-B port D-pad 890 mAh 6.5 inches (170 mm) H
4.5 inches (110 mm) W
0.34 inches (8.6 mm) D 		5.98 oz (170 g)
Kindle Paperwhite October 1, 2012 No ads:
Wi-Fi: $140
3G: $200
Ads:
Wi-Fi: $120
3G: $180 		6-inch, 768 × 1024 pixels, 212 PPI density, 16-level grayscale, LED frontlit Touchscreen 1,420 mAh 6.7 inches (170 mm) H
4.6 inches (120 mm) W
0.36 inches (9.1 mm) D 		Wi-Fi: 7.5 oz (210 g)
3G: 7.8 oz (220 g)
Kindle Paperwhite 2 6 Wi-Fi: September 30, 2013

3G: November 5, 2013

No ads:
Wi-Fi: $140
3G: $210
Ads:
Wi-Fi: $119
3G: $139 		Freescale/NXP i.MX6 SoloLite 1 GHz 2/1.25 GB

or

4/3 GB

Wi-Fi: 7.3 oz (210 g)
3G: 7.6 oz (220 g)
Kindle 7 7 October 2, 2014 No ads: $100
Ads: $80 		6-inch (150 mm), 600 × 800 pixels, 167 PPI density, 16-level grayscale 4/3 GB 890 mAh[104] 6.7 inches (170 mm) H
4.7 inches (120 mm) W
0.40 inches (10 mm) D 		6.7 oz (190 g)
Kindle Voyage November 4, 2014 No ads:
Wi-Fi: $220
3G: $290
Ads:
Wi-Fi: $200
3G: $270 		6-inch, 1072 × 1448 pixels, 300 PPI density, 16-level grayscale, LED frontlit 512 MB USB (through USB Audio Adapter) 1,320mAh 6.4 inches (160 mm) H
4.5 inches (110 mm) W
0.30 inches (7.6 mm) D 		Wi-Fi: 6.3 oz (180 g)
3G: 6.6 oz (190 g)
Kindle Paperwhite 3 June 30, 2015 No ads:
Wi-Fi: $140
3G: $210
Ads:
Wi-Fi: $120
3G: $190 		1,420 mAh 6.7 inches (170 mm) H
4.6 inches (120 mm) W
0.36 inches (9.1 mm) D 		Wi-Fi: 7.2 oz (200 g)
3G: 7.7 oz (220 g)
Kindle Oasis 8 April 27, 2016 $289.99 – $379.99 Bluetooth Amazon Whispernet (3G model only), 802.11bgn Wi-Fi, Bluetooth 245 mAh (no cover)
1,535 mAh (with cover) 		5.6 inches (140 mm) H
4.8 inches (120 mm) W
0.13 inches (3.3 mm) D (without cover)
0.33 inches (8.4 mm) D (with cover) 		Wi-Fi: 4.6 oz (130 g)
3G: 4.7 oz (130 g)
Cover only: 3.8 oz (110 g)
Kindle 8 June 22, 2016 No ads: $100
Ads: $80 		6-inch (150 mm), 600 × 800 pixels, 167 PPI density, 16-level grayscale 890 mAh 6.3 inches (160 mm) H
4.5 inches (110 mm) W
0.36 inches (9.1 mm) D 		5.7 oz (160 g)
Kindle Oasis 2 9 October 31, 2017 $249.99 – $349.99 7-inch, 1264 × 1680 pixels, 300 PPI density, 16-level grayscale, LED frontlit NXP i.MX7D 1 GHz 8/6 GB or 32/30 GB 1,000 mAh 6.3 inches (160 mm) H
5.6 inches (140 mm) W
0.33 inches (8.4 mm) D 		6.8 oz (190 g) IPX8
Kindle Paperwhite 4 10 November 7, 2018 $129.99+ 6-inch, 1072 × 1448 pixels, 300 PPI density, 16-level grayscale, LED frontlit Freescale/NXP i.MX6 SoloLite 1 GHz 1,500 mAh 6.6 inches (170 mm) H
4.6 inches (120 mm) W
0.32 inches (8.1 mm) D 		Wi-Fi: 6.4 oz (180 g)
3G: 6.7 oz (190 g)
Kindle 10 April 10, 2019 No ads: $109.99
Ads: $89.99 		6-inch (150 mm), 600 × 800 pixels, 167 PPI density, 16-level grayscale, LED frontlit 8/6 GB 1,040 mAh 6.3 inches (160 mm) H
4.5 inches (110 mm) W
0.34 inches (8.6 mm) D 		6.1 oz (170 g) No
Kindle Oasis 3 July 24, 2019 $249.99 – $349.99 7-inch, 1264 × 1680 pixels, 300 PPI density, 16-level grayscale, LED frontlit NXP i.MX7D 1 GHz 8/6 GB or 32/30 GB 1,130 mAh 6.3 inches (160 mm) H
5.6 inches (140 mm) W
0.33 inches (8.4 mm) D 		6.6 oz (190 g) IPX8
Kindle Paperwhite 5 11 October 27, 2021 $139.99 – $159.99 6.8-inch, 1236 x 1648 pixels, 300 PPI density, 16-level grayscale,

LED frontlit (17 LEDs)

Mediatek MT8110

1 GHz [105]

 8GB or

16 GB

USB-C port 802.11bgn Wi-Fi (does not support peer-to-peer or ad-hoc networks), Bluetooth (enabled only in USA/countries with Audible agreements) 1,700 mAh
[106]		 6.9 inches (180 mm) H
4.9 inches (120 mm) W
0.32 inches (8.1 mm) D 		7.23 oz (205 g)
Kindle Paperwhite 5 Signature Edition $189.99 32/30 GB USB-C port
Qi charging 		7.3 oz (210 g)
Kindle 11[107][108] October 12, 2022 No ads: $119.99
Ads: $99.99 		6-inch, 1072 × 1448 pixels, 300 PPI, 16-level grayscale,

LED frontlit

TBA TBA 16 GB USB-C port TBA TBA 6.21 inches (158 mm) H
4.28 inches (109 mm) W
0.315 inches (8.0 mm) D 		5.56 oz (158 g) No
Kindle Scribe[109] November 30, 2022 Basic Pen:

$339.99 Premium Pen: $369.99

10.2-inch, 1860 x 2480 pixels, 300 PPI, 16-level grayscale, LED frontlit 1GHz MediaTek MT8113 1 GB 16 GB,

32 GB or 64 GB

Touchscreen, Stylus Pen 9 inches (230 mm) H
7.7 inches (200 mm) W
0.22 inches (5.6 mm) D 		15.3 oz (430 g) TBA

Official accessories

Cases

With the release of the Kindle Paperwhite in 2012, Amazon released a natural leather cover and a plastic back that is form-fitted for the device that weighs 5.6 ounces.[110] The cover closes book-like from the left edge. The cover has magnets that activate the sleep/wake function in the Kindle when the cover is either closed or opened. The subsequent Amazon covers include this function.

With the release of the Voyage in 2014, Amazon released two covers with either a polyurethane or a leather cover. The Voyage attaches to the rear of the Protective Cover magnetically and the case's cover folds over the top, and the case weighs 4.6 ounces. The case can fold into a stand, propping the Kindle up for hands-free reading.[111] With the release of the Paperwhite 4 in 2018, Amazon released three versions of its cover: a water-safe fabric cover that can withstand brief exposure to water, a standard leather cover and a premium leather cover; these covers all weigh 4 ounces.[112]

Audio adapter

In May 2016, Amazon released the official Kindle Audio Adapter for reading e-books aloud via a text-to-speech (TTS) system for the blind and visually impaired.[113] This accessibility accessory, initially supported only for the Paperwhite 3 and Oasis, plugs in the USB port and connects to headphones or speakers. Once connected, the reader uses the Voiceview for Kindle feature to navigate the interface and listen to e-books via TTS. This feature only supports e-books, not audiobooks or music.

Using the accessory reduces the Paperwhite 3's battery life to six hours. As an alternative to the official adapter, a generic USB to audio converter will also work with Voiceview.[114]

Wireless charger

With the release of the 2021 Paperwhite Signature Edition, Amazon announced the Wireless Charging Dock which supports Qi charging up to 7.5 W.[99]

Features

Kindle devices support dictionary and Wikipedia look-up functions when highlighting a word in an e-book. The font type, size and margins can be customized. Kindles are charged by connecting to a computer's USB port or to an AC adapter. Users needing accessibility due to impaired vision can use an audio adapter to listen to any e-book read aloud on supported Kindles, or those with difficulty in reading text may use the Amazon Ember Bold font for darker text and other fonts may too have bold font versions.

The Kindle also contains experimental features such as a web browser that uses NetFront based on WebKit.[115] The browser can freely access the Kindle Store and Wikipedia on 3G models while the browser may be limited to 50 MB of data per month to websites other than Amazon and Wikipedia,[116] Other possible experimental features, depending on the model are a Text-to-Speech engine that can read the text from e-books and an MP3 player that can be used to play music while reading.

The Kindle's operating system updates are designed to be received wirelessly and installed automatically during a period in sleep mode in which Wi-Fi is turned on.[117] A user may install firmware updates manually by downloading the firmware for their device and copying the file to the device's root directory.[118] The Kindle operating system uses the Linux kernel with a Java app for reading e-books.[119]

Send-to-Kindle service

Amazon offers an email-based service called "Send-to-Kindle" that allows the user to send files such as EPUB, PDF, HTML pages, Microsoft Word documents, GIF, PNG, and BMP graphics directly to the user's Kindle library at Amazon. When Amazon receives the file, it converts the file to Kindle File Format and stores it in the user's online library (called "Your Content" by Amazon). The Send-to-Kindle service's personal documents can be accessed by all Kindle hardware devices as well as iOS and Android devices using the Kindle app.[120]

Until August 2022, in addition to the document types mentioned above, this service could be used to send unprotected and original version only .mobi/.azw files to a user's Kindle library.[121]

Sending the file is free if downloaded using Wi-Fi, but, prior to 2021,[122] cost $0.15 per MB when using Kindle's former 3G service.[123]

Format support by device

Main article: Kindle File Format

The first Kindle could read unprotected Mobipocket files (MOBI, PRC), plain text files (TXT), Topaz format books (TPZ) and Amazon's AZW format.

The Kindle 2 added native PDF capability with the version 2.3 firmware upgrade.[124] The Kindle 1 could not read PDF files, but Amazon provides experimental conversion to the native AZW format,[125] with the caveat that not all PDFs may format correctly.[126] The Kindle 2 added the ability to play the Audible Enhanced (AAX) format. The Kindle 2 can also display HTML files.

The fourth and later generation Kindles, Touch, Paperwhite (all generations), Voyage and Oasis (all generations) can display AZW, AZW3, TXT, PDF, unprotected MOBI, and PRC files natively. HTML, DOC, DOCX, JPEG, GIF, PNG, and BMP are usable through Amazon's conversion service. The Keyboard, Touch, Oasis 2 & 3, Kindle 8 & 9, and Paperwhite 4 can also play Audible Enhanced (AA, AAX). The Kindle (7, 8 & 9), Kindle Paperwhite (2, 3, 4 & 5), Voyage and Oasis (1, 2 & 3) can display KFX files natively. KFX is Amazon's successor to the AZW3 format.

Kindles cannot natively display EPUB files. However, at least two methods allow viewing the content of EPUB formatted content on Kindles:

  1. Specialized software like Calibre allows EPUB or some other unsupported files to be converted to one of the supported file formats.[127]
  2. Kindles can be jailbroken to allow third-party software, such as KOReader which does support EPUB, to be installed.[128]

In late April 2022, Amazon announced that Send-to-Kindle will support EPUB, beginning in late 2022.[129]

Multiple devices and organization

An e-book may be downloaded from Amazon to several devices at the same time, as long as the devices are registered to the same Amazon account. A sharing limit typically ranges from one to six devices, depending on an undisclosed number of licenses set by the publisher. When a limit is reached, the user must remove the e-book from some device[130] or unregister a device containing the e-book[131] in order to add the e-book to another device.

The original Kindle and Kindle 2 did not allow the user to organize books into folders. The user could only select what type of content to display on the home screen and whether to organize by author, title, or download date. Kindle software version 2.5 allowed for the organization of books into "Collections" which behave like non-structured tags/labels: a collection can not include other collections, and one book may be added to multiple collections. These collections are normally set and organized on the Kindle itself, one book at a time. The set of all collections of a first Kindle device can be imported to a second Kindle device that is connected to the cloud and is registered to the same user; as the result of this operation, the documents that are on the second device now become organized according to the first device's collections. There is no option to organize by series or series order, as the AZW format does not possess the necessary metadata fields.

X-Ray

Main article: X-Ray (Amazon Kindle)

X-Ray is a reference tool that is incorporated in Kindle Touch and later devices, the Fire tablets, the Kindle app for mobile platforms and Fire TV. X-Ray lets users explore in more depth the contents of a book, by accessing preloaded files with relevant information, such as the most common characters, locations, themes, or ideas.[132]

Annotations

Users can bookmark, highlight, and search through content. Pages can be bookmarked for reference, and notes can be added to relevant content. While a book is open on the display, menu options allow users to search for synonyms and definitions from the built-in dictionary. The device also remembers the last page read for each book. Pages can be saved as a "clipping", or a text file containing the text of the currently displayed page. All clippings are appended to a single file, which can be downloaded over a USB cable.[133] Due to the TXT format of the clippings file, all formatting (such as bold, italics, bigger fonts for headlines, etc.) is stripped off the original text.

Textbook rentals

On July 18, 2011, Amazon began a program that allows college students to rent Kindle textbooks from three different publishers for a fixed period of time.[134]

Collection of user reading data

Kindle devices may report information about their users' reading data that includes the last page read, how long each e-book was opened, annotations, bookmarks, notes, highlights, or similar markings to Amazon.[135] The Kindle stores this information on all Amazon e-books but it is unclear if this data is stored for non-Amazon e-books.[136] There is a lack of e-reader data privacy — Amazon knows the user's identity, what the user is reading, whether the user has finished the book, what page the user is on, how long the user has spent on each page, and which passages the user may have highlighted.[137]

Kindle ecosystem

Kindle Store

Main article: Kindle Store
 
The New Yorker subscribed on a "Kindle Keyboard"

Content from Amazon's Kindle Store is encoded in Amazon's proprietary Kindle formats (.azw, .kf8 and .kfx). In addition to published content, Kindle users can also access the Internet using the experimental web browser, which uses NetFront.[138][139] Users can use the Kindle Store to access reading material using the Kindle itself or through a web browser to access content.[6] The store features Kindle Unlimited for unlimited access to over one million e-books for a monthly fee.[140]

Content for the Kindle can be purchased online and downloaded wirelessly in some countries, using either standard Wi-Fi or Amazon's 3G "Whispernet" network.[141] Whispernet is accessible without any monthly fees or a subscription,[142] although fees can be incurred for the delivery of periodicals and other content when roaming internationally beyond the customer's home country. Through a service called "Whispersync," customers can synchronize reading progress, bookmarks, and other information across Kindle hardware and other mobile devices.[143][144] The Kindles that only can access Whispernet via the 3G network had that network turned off in December 2021 due to the carriers retiring 3G.[145]

For U.S. customers traveling abroad, Amazon originally charged a $1.99 fee to download e-books over 3G while overseas, but later removed the fee. Fees remain for wireless 3G delivery of periodical subscriptions and personal documents, while Wi-Fi delivery has no extra charge.[146]

In addition to the Kindle Store, content for the Kindle can be purchased from various independent sources such as Fictionwise and Baen Ebooks. Public domain titles are also obtainable for the Kindle via content providers such as Project Gutenberg, The Internet Archive and the World Public Library. In 2011, the Kindle Store had more than twice as much paid content as its nearest competitor, Barnes & Noble.[147]

Public libraries that offer books via OverDrive, Inc. also lend titles for the Kindle and Kindle reading apps in the US. Books are checked out from the library's own site, which forwards to Amazon for the completion of the checkout process. Amazon then delivers the title to the Kindle for the duration of the loan, though some titles may require transfer via a USB connection to a computer. If the book is later checked out again or purchased, annotations and bookmarks are preserved.[148]

Kindle applications for reading on other devices

Amazon released the Kindle for PC application in late 2009, available for Microsoft Windows systems.[149] This application allows ebooks from Amazon's store or personal ebooks to be read on a personal computer, with no Kindle device required.[150] Amazon released a Kindle for Mac app for Apple Macintosh & OS X systems in early 2010.[151] In June 2010, Amazon released the Amazon Kindle for Android. Soon after the Android release, versions for the Apple iOS (iPhone and iPad) and BlackBerry OS phones were available.[152] In January 2011, Amazon released Kindle for Windows Phone.[153] In July 2011, Kindle for HP TouchPad (running webOS) was released in the U.S. as a beta version.[154] In August 2011, Amazon released an HTML5-based webapp for supported web browsers called Kindle Cloud Reader.[155] In 2013, Amazon has expressed no interest in releasing a separate Kindle application for Linux systems; the Cloud Reader can be used on supported browsers in Linux.[156]

On April 17, 2014, Samsung announced it would discontinue its own e-book store effective July 1, 2014 and it partnered with Amazon to create the Kindle for Samsung app optimized for display on Samsung Galaxy devices. The app uses Amazon's e-book store and it includes a monthly limited selection of free e-books.[157]

In June 2016, Amazon released the Page Flip feature to its Kindle applications that debuted on its e-readers a few years previously.[158] This feature allows the user to flip through nine thumbnails of page images at a time.

Kindle Direct Publishing

Main article: Kindle Direct Publishing

Concurrently with the release of the first Kindle device, Amazon launched Kindle Direct Publishing, used by authors and publishers to independently publish their books directly to Kindle and Kindle Apps worldwide.[159] Authors can upload documents in several formats for delivery via Whispernet and charge between $0.99 and $200.00 per download.[159]

In a December 5, 2009 interview with The New York Times, Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos revealed that Amazon keeps 65% of the revenue from all e-book sales for the Kindle;[160] the remaining 35% is split between the book author and publisher. After numerous commentators observed that Apple's popular App Store offers 70% of royalties to the publisher, Amazon began a program that offers 70% royalties to Kindle publishers who agree to certain conditions.[161] Some of these conditions, such as the inability to opt out of the lendability feature, have caused some controversy.[162]

Kindle Development Kit

On January 21, 2010, Amazon announced the release of its Kindle Development Kit (KDK).[163] KDK aims to allow developers to build "active content" for the Kindle, and a beta version was announced with a February 2010 release date. A number of companies have already experimented with delivering active content through the Kindle's bundled browser, and the KDK gives sample code, documentation and a Kindle Simulator together with a new revenue sharing model for developers.[164] The KDK is based on the Java programming language's Personal Basis Profile packaged Java APIs.

As of May 2014, the Kindle store offered over 400 items labeled as active content.[165] These items include simple applications and games, including a free set provided by Amazon Digital Services.[166] As of 2014, active content is only available to users with a U.S. billing address.

In October 2014, Amazon announced that the Voyage and future e-readers would not support active content because most users prefer to use apps on their smartphones and tablets, but the Paperwhite first-iteration and earlier Kindles would continue to support active content.[167]

Reception

Sales

Specific Kindle device sales numbers are not released by Amazon; however, according to anonymous inside sources, over three million Kindles had been sold as of December 2009,[168] while external estimates, as of Q4-2009, place the number at about 1.5 million.[169] According to James McQuivey of Forrester Research, estimates are ranging around four million, as of mid-2010.[170]

In 2010, Amazon remained the undisputed leader in the e-reader category, accounting for 59% of e-readers shipped, and it gained 14 percentage points in share.[171] According to an International Data Corporation (IDC) study from March 2011, sales for all e-book readers worldwide reached 12.8 million in 2010; 48% of them were Kindles.[172] In the last three months of 2010, Amazon announced that in the United States its e-book sales had surpassed sales of paperback books for the first time.[173]

In January 2011, Amazon announced that digital books were outselling their traditional print counterparts for the first time ever on its site, with an average of 115 Kindle editions being sold for every 100 paperback editions.[174] In December 2011, Amazon announced that customers had purchased "well over" one million Kindles per week since the end of November 2011; this includes all available Kindle models and also the Kindle Fire tablet.[175] IDC estimated that the Kindle Fire sold about 4.7 million units during the fourth quarter of 2011.[176] Pacific Crest estimated that the Kindle Fire models sold six million units during Q4 2012.[177]

Morgan Stanley estimates that Amazon sold $3.57 billion worth of Kindle e-readers and tablets in 2012, $4.5 billion in Kindle device sales in 2013 and $5 billion in Kindle device sales in 2014.[178]

Aftermarket

Working Kindles in good condition can be sold, traded, donated or recycled in the aftermarket. Due to some Kindle devices being limited to use as reading device and the hassle of reselling Kindles, some people choose to donate their Kindle to schools, developing countries, literacy organizations, or charities.[179] "The Kindle Classroom Project" promotes reading by distributing donated Kindles to schools in need.[180] Worldreader and ‘’Develop Africa’’ ships donated e-readers to schools in developing countries in Africa for educational use.[181][182] "Project Hart" may take donations of e-readers that could be given to people in need.[183]

Whether in good condition or not, Kindles should not be disposed of in normal waste due to the device's electronic ink components and batteries. Instead, Kindles at the end of their useful life should be recycled. In the United States, Amazon runs their own program, 'Take Back', which allows owners to print out a prepaid shipping label, which can be used to return the device for disposal.[184]

Criticism

Removal of Nineteen Eighty-Four

On July 17, 2009, Amazon withdrew from sale two e-books by George Orwell, Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four, refunding the purchase price to those who had bought them, and remotely deleted these titles from purchasers' devices without warning using a backdoor after discovering that the publisher lacked rights to publish these books. The two books were protected by copyright in the United States, but they were in the public domain in Canada, Australia and other countries.[185] Notes and annotations for the books made by users on their devices were left in a separate file but "rendered useless" without the content to which they were directly linked.[185][186] The move prompted outcry and comparisons to Nineteen Eighty-Four itself: in the novel, books, magazines, and newspapers in public archives that contradict the ruling party are either edited long after being published or destroyed outright; the removed materials go "down the memory hole", the nickname for an incinerator chute used in 1984.[187] Customers and commentators noted the resemblance to the censorship in the novel, and described Amazon's action in Orwellian terms. Ars Technica argued that the deletion violated the Kindle's terms of service, which stated in part:[188]

Upon your payment of the applicable fees set by Amazon, Amazon grants you the non-exclusive right to keep a permanent copy of the applicable Digital Content and to view, use and display such Digital Content an unlimited number of times, solely on the Device or as authorized by Amazon as part of the Service and solely for your personal, non-commercial use.

Company response

Amazon spokesman Drew Herdener said that the company is "changing our systems so that in the future we will not remove books from customers' devices in these circumstances."[189] On July 23, 2009, Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos posted on Amazon's official Kindle forum an apology about the company's handling of the matter. Bezos said the action was "stupid", and that the executives at Amazon "deserve the criticism received".[190]

Aftermath

On July 30, 2009, Justin Gawronski, a Michigan high school senior, and Antoine Bruguier, a California engineer, filed suit against Amazon in the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington. Bruguier argued that Amazon had violated its terms of service by remotely deleting the copy of Nineteen Eighty-Four he purchased, in the process preventing him from accessing annotations he had written. Gawronski's copy of the e-book was also deleted without his consent, and found Amazon used deceit in an email exchange. The complaint, which sought class-action status, asked for both monetary and injunctive relief.[186][191] The case was settled on September 25, 2009, with Amazon agreeing to pay $150,000 divided between the two plaintiffs, on the understanding that the law firm representing them, Kamber Edelson, "will donate its portion of that fee to a charitable organization".[192] In the settlement, Amazon also provided wider rights to Kindle owners over its e-books:

For copies of Works purchased pursuant to TOS granting "the non-exclusive right to keep a permanent copy" of each purchased Work and to "view, use and display [such Works] an unlimited number of times, solely on the [Devices]... and solely for [the purchasers'] personal, non-commercial use", Amazon will not remotely delete or modify such Works from Devices purchased and being used in the U.S. unless (a) the user consents to such deletion or modification; (b) the user requests a refund for the work or otherwise fails to pay for the work (e.g., if a credit card issuer declines payment); (c) a judicial or regulatory order requires such deletion or modification; or (d) deletion or modification is reasonably necessary to protect the consumer, the operation of a device or network used for communication (e.g., to remove harmful code embedded within an e-book on a device).[193]

On September 4, 2009, Amazon offered all affected users a choice of restoring of the deleted e-books or receiving an Amazon gift certificate or check for US$30.[194]

Other cases

In December 2010, Amazon removed three e-books written by Selena Kitt, along with works by several other self-published erotic fiction authors, for "offensive" content regarding consensual incest that violated Amazon's publishing guidelines. Kitt stated her opinion this Amazon policy was selectively applied to some books but not others that feature similar themes. For what Amazon describes as "a brief period of time", the books were unavailable for redownload by users who had already purchased them. This ability was restored after it was brought to Amazon's attention; however, no remote deletion took place.[195]

In October 2012, Amazon suspended the account of a Norwegian woman who purchased her Kindle in the United Kingdom, and the company deleted every e-book on her Kindle. Amazon claimed that she had violated their terms of service but did not specify what she had done wrong.[196] After the woman contacted the media, Amazon restored her account and her purchased e-books.[197][198][199]

Computer programmer Richard Stallman criticized the Kindle,[200][201] citing Kindle terms of service which can censor users, which require the user's identification, and that can have a negative effect on independent book distributors; he also cited reported restrictions on Kindle users, as well the ability for Amazon to delete e-books and update software without the users' permission.[202][203]

Since 2012, Amazon has sold e-books in China and later began selling the Kindle e-book readers from 2013 onwards. Amazon had also announced that it has sold several million Kindles in the country and that China became the world's biggest regional market for the Kindle in 2016. However, it was reported that Chinese consumers prefer using their smartphones over e-readers, notwithstanding competition from Tencent, Alibaba, JD.com and Douban, each with their own e-book readers or marketplaces. Domestically developed e-book readers from brands like Xiaomi, iReader and Onyx Boox also offer added competition to the Kindle.[204][205] In 2022, Amazon announced it had stopped selling its Kindles to distributors in China and stated the online bookstore service would shut down in China on June 30, 2023.[206]

On January 4, 2022, a Kindle shortage was reported on Amazon's JD.com flagship store. Only the Kindle 10 had remained available for sale while other models like the Paperwhite, Oasis and Kids Edition had become out of stock. On the same day, It was announced that Amazon had also shut its Tmall flagship store, after having already closed its Kindle flagship store on Taobao earlier in October 2021.[207] These led to speculation that Amazon was planning to exit the Chinese market altogether, although an official Amazon representative responded that they remain committed to serving Chinese consumers and they can continue to purchase the Kindle through offline and third-party online retailers.[205]

In June 2022, Amazon announced that it will shut down its Kindle bookstore in China and starting July 2023 Kindle users can no longer purchase online books in the country. However, existing customers could still download previously bought titles until June 2024.[208]

Also in June 2022, self-published authors protested against Amazon's e-book return policy; whenever an e-book return is made, royalties originally paid to the author at the time of purchase are deducted from their earnings balance, leaving authors with negative balances.[209]

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External links

 
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Directing Technology/Kindle
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amazon Kindle.
  • Rose, Charlie (November 19, 2007), (interview), archived from the original (video) on November 22, 2007.

March 20, 2023
amazon, kindle, this, article, about, amazon, readers, fire, line, tablets, that, formerly, kindle, prefix, their, names, amazon, fire, tablet, series, readers, designed, marketed, amazon, devices, enable, users, browse, download, read, books, newspapers, maga. This article is about Amazon s E Ink e readers For the LCD Fire line of tablets that formerly had Kindle as a prefix in their names see Amazon Fire tablet Amazon Kindle is a series of e readers designed and marketed by Amazon Amazon Kindle devices enable users to browse buy download and read e books newspapers magazines and other digital media via wireless networking to the Kindle Store 5 The hardware platform which Amazon subsidiary Lab126 developed began as a single device in 2007 Currently it comprises a range of devices including e readers with E Ink electronic paper displays and Kindle applications on all major computing platforms All Kindle devices integrate with Windows and macOS file systems and Kindle Store content and as of March 2018 the store had over six million e books available in the United States 6 Amazon KindleDeveloperAmazonManufacturerFoxconnProduct familyKindleTypeE readerRelease dateNovember 19 2007 15 years ago 2007 11 19 Introductory priceUS 399 equivalent to 521 in 2021 Kindle 1 Operating systemKindle firmware utilizing Linux kernel from version 2 6 10 1 Latest versions List Kindle 1 1 2 1Kindle 2 DX 2 5 8Kindle Keyboard 3 4 3Kindle 4 5 4 1 4Kindle Touch 5 3 7 3Kindle Paperwhite 1 5 6 1 1Kindle 7 Paperwhite 2 5 12 2 2Kindle Voyage 5 13 6Kindle 8 10 11 Paperwhite 3 4 5 Oasis 1 2 3 5 15 1 1Kindle Scribe 5 16 1 2 2 CPUList Kindle 1 Marvell Xscale PXA255 400 MHz ARM9Kindle 2 DX Freescale i MX31 532 MHz ARM11Kindle Keyboard Freescale i MX35 532 MHz ARM11Kindle 4 5 Touch Paperwhite 1 Freescale i MX508 800 MHzKindle 7 8 10 Paperwhite 2 3 4 Voyage Oasis Freescale NXP i MX6 SoloLite 1 GHzOasis 2 3 NXP i MX7D 1 GHzPaperwhite 5 MediaTek MT8110 1 GHzMemoryRAM Kindle 1 64 MBKindle 2 32 MBKindle DX 128 MBKindle Keyboard 4 5 6 7 Touch Paperwhite 1 2 256 MBKindle 8 10 Voyage Paperwhite 3 4 5 Oasis 1 2 3 512 MBStorageFlash memory available total user Kindle 1 256 180 MBKindle 2 2 1 4 GBKindle DX Keyboard Touch 4 3 GBKindle 4 5 Paperwhite 1 2 2 1 25 GBKindle 7 8 10 Voyage Paperwhite 3 Oasis 4 3 GBOasis 2 3 Paperwhite 4 8 6 GB or 32 30 GBPaperwhite 5 8 6 GB or 16 GB Paperwhite 5 Signature Edition 32 30 GBKindle 11 16 GBKindle Scribe 16 GB 32 GB or 64 GBDisplayE Ink Kindle 1 6 inch 150 mm 600 800 pixels 167 PPI density 4 level grayscale 3 Kindle 2 3 4 5 Touch 7 8 as Kindle 1 but 16 level grayscaleKindle 10 as Kindle 2 3 4 5 Touch 7 8 but with LED frontlitKindle DX 9 7 inch 250 mm 824 1200 pixels 150 PPI density 16 level grayscaleKindle Paperwhite 1 2 6 inch 768 1024 pixels 212 PPI density 16 level grayscale LED frontlitKindle Voyage Paperwhite 3 4 Oasis Kindle 11 6 inch 1072 1448 pixels 300 PPI density 16 level grayscale LED frontlitKindle Oasis 2 3 7 inch 1264 1680 pixels 300 PPI density 16 level grayscale LED frontlitKindle Paperwhite 5 6 8 inch 1236 1648 pixels 300 PPI density 16 level grayscale LED frontlitKindle Scribe 10 2 inch 300 PPI density 16 level grayscale LED frontlitSoundSpeakers 3 5 mm headphone jack Kindle 1 2 DX Keyboard Touch USB Audio Adapter Kindle Voyage Paperwhite 3 Bluetooth Kindle 8 10 11 Oasis 1 2 3 Paperwhite 4 InputUSB 2 0 Mini B port 2007 2008 Micro B port 2009 2020 USB C port Paperwhite 5 Kindle 11 Scribe SD card Kindle 1 only 3 5 mm headphone jack Kindle 1 2 DX Keyboard Touch Controller inputKeyboard scrollwheel D pad select models 2007 2012 Touchscreen select models 2011 present Stylus Pen Kindle Scribe CameraNoneConnectivityList Amazon Whispernet using wireless modem 3G models 802 11bg Wi Fi Kindle Keyboard 802 11bgn Wi Fi Kindle 4 5 Touch 7 8 10 Paperwhite 1 2 3 4 5 Voyage Oasis 1 2 3 Bluetooth Kindle 8 10 11 Oasis 1 2 3 Paperwhite 4 5 Scribe Sound onlyPowerList Kindle 1 2 DX 1 530 mAhKindle Keyboard 1 750 mAhKindle 4 5 7 8 890 mAhKindle Touch Paperwhite 1 2 3 1 420 mAhKindle Voyage 1 320 mAhKindle Oasis 245 mAh no cover 1 535 mAh with cover Kindle Oasis 2 1 000 mAhKindle Paperwhite 4 1 500 mAhKindle 10 1 040 mAhKindle Oasis 3 1 130 mAhKindle Paperwhite 5 1 700 mAhOnline servicesKindle StoreDimensionsList Kindle 1 8 0 in 203 mm H5 3 in 135 mm W0 8 in 20 mm DKindle 2 8 0 in 203 mm H5 3 in 135 mm W0 36 in 9 mm DKindle Keyboard 7 5 in 191 mm H4 8 in 122 mm W0 34 in 9 mm DKindle DX 10 4 in 264 mm H7 2 in 183 mm W0 38 in 10 mm DKindle Touch 6 8 in 173 mm H4 7 in 119 mm W0 40 in 10 mm DKindle 4 5 6 5 in 165 mm H4 5 in 114 mm W0 34 in 9 mm DKindle Paperwhite 1 2 3 6 7 in 170 mm H4 6 in 117 mm W0 36 in 9 mm DKindle 7 6 7 in 170 mm H4 7 in 119 mm W0 40 in 10 mm DKindle Voyage 6 4 in 163 mm H4 5 in 114 mm W0 30 in 8 mm DKindle Oasis no cover 5 6 in 142 mm H4 8 in 122 mm W0 13 in 3 mm DKindle Oasis with cover 5 6 in 142 mm H4 8 in 122 mm W0 33 in 8 mm DKindle 8 6 3 in 160 mm H4 5 in 114 mm W0 36 in 9 mm DKindle Oasis 2 3 6 3 in 160 mm H5 6 in 142 mm W0 33 in 8 mm DKindle Paperwhite 4 6 6 in 168 mm H4 6 in 117 mm W0 32 in 8 mm DKindle 10 6 3 in 160 mm H4 5 in 114 mm W0 34 in 9 mm DKindle Paperwhite 5 6 9 in 175 mm H4 9 in 124 mm W0 32 in 8 mm DKindle 11 6 21 in 158 mm H4 28 in 109 mm W0 315 in 8 mm DKindle Scribe 7 7 in 196 mm H9 0 in 229 mm W0 22 in 6 mm DMassList Kindle 1 2 10 2 oz 290 g Kindle Keyboard 3G 8 7 oz 247 g Kindle Keyboard 8 5 oz 241 g Kindle Touch 3G 7 8 oz 220 g Kindle Touch 7 5 oz 213 g Kindle DX 18 9 oz 540 g Kindle 4 5 5 98 oz 170 g Kindle Paperwhite 3G 7 8 oz 222 g Kindle Paperwhite 7 5 oz 213 g Kindle Paperwhite 2 3G 7 6 oz 215 g Kindle Paperwhite 2 7 3 oz 206 g Kindle 7 6 7 oz 191 g Kindle Voyage 3G 6 6 oz 188 g Kindle Voyage 6 3 oz 180 g Kindle Paperwhite 3 3G 7 7 oz 217 g Kindle Paperwhite 3 7 2 oz 205 g Kindle Oasis 3G no cover 4 7 oz 133 g Kindle Oasis no cover 4 6 oz 131 g Kindle Oasis s cover 3 8 oz 107 g Kindle 8 5 7 oz 161 g Kindle Oasis 2 6 8 oz 194 g Kindle Paperwhite 4 3G 6 7 oz 191 g Kindle Paperwhite 4 6 4 oz 182 g Kindle 10 6 1 oz 174 g Kindle Oasis 3 6 6 oz 188 g Kindle Paperwhite 5 7 2 oz 205 g Kindle 11 5 6 oz 158 g Kindle Scribe 15 3 oz 433 g Websitewww wbr amazon wbr com wbr kindle Contents 1 Naming and evolution 2 Devices 2 1 First generation 2 1 1 Kindle 2 2 Second generation 2 2 1 Kindle 2 2 2 2 Kindle 2 international 2 2 3 Kindle DX 2 2 4 Kindle DX international 2 2 5 Kindle DX Graphite 2 3 Third generation 2 3 1 Kindle Keyboard 2 4 Fourth generation 2 4 1 Kindle 4 2 4 2 Kindle Touch 2 5 Fifth generation 2 5 1 Kindle 5 2 5 2 Kindle Paperwhite first iteration 2 6 Sixth generation 2 6 1 Kindle Paperwhite second iteration 2 7 Seventh generation 2 7 1 Kindle 7 2 7 2 Kindle Voyage 2 7 3 Kindle Paperwhite third iteration 2 8 Eighth generation 2 8 1 Kindle Oasis first iteration 2 8 2 Kindle 8 2 9 Ninth generation 2 9 1 Kindle Oasis second iteration 2 10 Tenth generation 2 10 1 Kindle Paperwhite fourth iteration 2 10 2 Kindle 10th generation 2 10 3 Kindle Oasis third iteration 2 11 Eleventh generation 2 11 1 Kindle Paperwhite fifth iteration 2 11 2 Kindle 11th generation 2 11 3 Kindle Scribe 3 Specifications 4 Official accessories 4 1 Cases 4 2 Audio adapter 4 3 Wireless charger 5 Features 5 1 Send to Kindle service 5 2 Format support by device 5 3 Multiple devices and organization 5 4 X Ray 5 5 Annotations 5 6 Textbook rentals 5 7 Collection of user reading data 6 Kindle ecosystem 6 1 Kindle Store 6 2 Kindle applications for reading on other devices 6 3 Kindle Direct Publishing 6 4 Kindle Development Kit 7 Reception 7 1 Sales 7 2 Aftermarket 8 Criticism 8 1 Removal of Nineteen Eighty Four 8 1 1 Company response 8 1 2 Aftermath 8 2 Other cases 9 See also 10 References 11 External linksNaming and evolution EditIn 2004 Amazon founder and CEO Jeff Bezos instructed the company s employees to build the world s best e reader before Amazon s competitors could Amazon originally used the codename Fiona for the device 7 Branding consultants Michael Cronan and Karin Hibma devised the Kindle name Lab126 asked them to name the product and they suggested kindle meaning to light a fire 8 They felt this was an apt metaphor for reading and intellectual excitement 9 Kindle hardware evolved from the original Kindle introduced in 2007 and the Kindle DX with its larger 9 7 screen introduced in 2009 The DX remained the only non 6 eink Kindle device until the 2017 introduction of the Oasis 2 The range included early generation devices with a keyboard Kindle Keyboard devices with touch sensitive lighted high resolution screens Kindle Paperwhite early generations of a tablet computer with the Kindle app Kindle Fire and low priced devices with a touch sensitive screen Kindle 7 However the Kindle e reader has often been a narrow purpose device for reading rather than being multipurpose hardware that might create distractions while reading Active Content support was introduced in 2010 only to be dropped from new Kindle devices in late 2014 After an initial 3 generations the Kindle Fire tablet branding was changed in 2014 to Amazon Fire reflecting their wider capabilities as an Android derived tablet Other later developments include devices with larger eink displays such as the Kindle Oasis 2 2017 at 7 and the Paperwhite 5 2021 at 6 8 as well as a device with a 10 2 screen and Wacom stylus support called the Kindle Scribe 2022 In 2022 Amazon also introduced the 11th gen Kindle with a 300 PPI display ending the use of the 6 167 PPI display that had been on every basic Kindle since 2007 Amazon has also introduced Kindle apps for use on various devices and platforms including Windows macOS Android iOS BlackBerry 10 and Windows Phone 10 Amazon also has a cloud reader to allow users to read e books using modern web browsers 11 Devices EditFirst generation Edit Kindle Edit Amazon released the Kindle its first e reader on November 19 2007 for 399 12 It sold out in 5 5 hours 13 The device remained out of stock for five months until late April 2008 14 The device featured a six inch diagonal four level grayscale E Ink display with 250 MB of internal storage which can hold approximately 200 non illustrated titles 15 It also has a speaker and a headphone jack for listening to audio files 12 It has expandable storage via an SD card slot Content was available from Amazon via the Sprint Corporation US wide EVDO 3G data network via a dedicated connection protocol which Amazon called Whispernet 15 Amazon did not sell the first generation Kindle outside of the US 15 Second generation Edit Kindle 2 Edit On February 10 2009 Amazon announced the Kindle 2 the second generation Kindle 16 It became available for purchase on February 23 2009 The Kindle 2 features a text to speech option to read the text aloud It also has 6 inch screen and 2 GB of internal memory of which 1 4 GB is user accessible By Amazon s estimates the Kindle 2 can hold about 1 500 non illustrated books Unlike the first generation Kindle Kindle 2 does not have a slot for SD memory cards 17 It is slimmer than the original Kindle 18 19 20 The Kindle 2 features a Freescale 532 MHz ARM 11 90 nm processor 32 MB main memory 2 GB flash memory and a 3 7 V 1 530 mAh lithium polymer battery 21 To promote the Kindle 2 in February 2009 author Stephen King released Ur his then new novella made available exclusively through the Kindle Store 22 Kindle 2 international Edit On October 7 2009 Amazon announced an international version of the Kindle 2 with the ability to download e books wirelessly This version released in over 100 countries It became available on October 19 2009 The international Kindle 2 is physically the same as the U S only Kindle 2 although it uses a different mobile network standard The original Kindle 2 used CDMA2000 for use on the Sprint network The international version used standard GSM and 3G GSM enabling it to be used on AT amp T s U S mobile network and internationally in 100 other countries 23 Kindle DX Edit A Kindle DX underneath a Kindle 2Amazon launched the Kindle DX on May 6 2009 This device has the largest Kindle screen at 9 7 inches and supports displaying PDF files It was marketed as more suitable for displaying newspaper and textbook content 24 includes built in speakers and has an accelerometer that enables users to rotate pages between landscape and portrait orientations when the Kindle DX is turned on its side 25 The device can only connect to Whispernet while in the U S 26 Kindle DX international Edit On January 19 2010 the Kindle DX international version was released in over 100 countries 27 The Kindle DX international version is the same as the Kindle DX except for having support for international 3G data Kindle DX Graphite Edit Kindle DX Graphite On July 1 2010 Amazon released the Kindle DX Graphite DXG globally The DXG has an E Ink display with 50 better contrast ratio due to using E Ink Pearl technology and comes only in a graphite case color It is speculated the case color change is to improve contrast ratio perception further as some users found the prior white casing highlighted that the E Ink background is light gray and not white Like the Kindle DX it does not have a Wi Fi connection 28 The DXG is a mix of third generation hardware and second generation software The CPU has the same speed as Kindle Keyboard s CPU but the DXG has only half the system memory 128MB Due to these differences the DXG runs the same firmware as Kindle 2 Therefore DXG cannot display international fonts like Cyrillic Chinese or any other non Latin font and PDF support and the web browser are limited to matching the Kindle 2 s features Amazon withdrew the Kindle DX from sale in October 2012 but in September 2013 made it available again for a few months Using 3G data is free when accessing the Kindle Store and Wikipedia Downloading personal documents via 3G data costs about 1 per megabyte Its battery life is about one week with 3G on and two weeks with 3G off Text to Speech and MP3 playback are supported Third generation Edit Kindle Keyboard Edit Kindle Keyboard Amazon announced the third generation Kindle later renamed Kindle Keyboard on July 28 2010 29 Amazon began accepting pre orders for the Kindle Keyboard as soon as it was announced and began shipping the devices on August 27 2010 On August 25 Amazon announced that the Kindle Keyboard was the fastest selling Kindle ever 30 While Amazon does not officially add numbers to the end of each Kindle denoting its generation reviewers customers and press companies often referred to this Kindle as the K3 or the Kindle 3 31 32 33 The Kindle Keyboard has a 6 inch screen with a resolution of 600x800 167 PPI 34 The Kindle Keyboard was available in two versions One of these the Kindle Wi Fi was initially priced at 139 and connects to the Internet via Wi Fi networks 29 The other version called the Kindle 3G was priced at 189 and includes both 3G and Wi Fi connectivity 29 The built in free 3G connectivity uses the same wireless signals that cell phones use allowing it to download and purchase content from any location with cell service 29 The Kindle Keyboard is available in two colors classic white and graphite Both versions use an E Ink Pearl display which has a higher contrast than prior displays and a faster refresh rate than prior e ink displays However it remains significantly slower than traditional LCDs 35 An ad supported version the Kindle with Special Offers was introduced on May 3 2011 with a price 25 lower than the no ad version for 114 On July 13 2011 Amazon announced that due to a sponsorship with AT amp T the price of the Kindle 3G with ads would be 139 50 less than the Kindle 3G without ads 36 The Kindle Keyboard is 0 5 inches shorter and 0 5 inches narrower than the Kindle 2 It supports additional fonts and international Unicode characters and has a Voice Guide feature with spoken menu navigation from the built in speakers or audio jack Internal memory is expanded to 4 GB with approximately 3 GB available for user content Battery life is advertised at up to two months of reading half an hour a day with the wireless turned off which amounts to roughly 30 hours 29 The Kindle Keyboard generally received good reviews after launch Review Horizon describes the device as offering the best reading experience in its class 37 while Engadget 38 states In the standalone category the Kindle is probably the one to beat Fourth generation Edit The fourth generation Kindle and the Kindle Touch were announced on September 28 2011 They retain the 6 inch 167 PPI e ink display of the 2010 Kindle model with the addition of an infrared touch screen control on the Touch They also include Amazon s experimental web browsing capability with Wi Fi 39 On the same date Amazon announced the Kindle Fire a tablet computer including a Kindle app in September 2014 Kindle was dropped from the Amazon Fire s name Kindle 4 Edit Kindle 4 The fourth generation Kindle was significantly less expensive initially 79 ad supported 109 no ads and features a slight reduction in weight and size with a reduced battery life and storage capacity compared to the Kindle 3 39 It has a silver grey bezel 6 inch display nine hard keys a cursor pad an on screen rather than physical keyboard a flash storage capacity of 2 GB and an estimated one month battery life under ideal reading conditions 40 41 Kindle Touch Edit Kindle Touch Amazon introduced two versions of touchscreen Kindles the Kindle Touch available with Wi Fi initially 99 ad supported 139 no ads and the Kindle Touch 3G with Wi Fi 3G connectivity initially 149 ad supported 189 no ads 39 The latter version is capable of connecting via 3G to the Kindle Store downloading books and periodicals and accessing Wikipedia Experimental web browsing outside Wikipedia on Kindle Touch 3G is only available over a Wi Fi connection 42 Kindle Keyboard does not have this restriction The usage of the 3G data is limited to 50MB per month 43 Like the Kindle 3 the Kindle Touch has a capacity of 4 GB and battery life of two months under ideal reading conditions and is larger than the Kindle 4 44 The Kindle Touch was released on November 15 2011 45 Amazon announced in March 2012 that the device would be available in the UK Germany France Spain and Italy on April 27 2012 46 The Touch was the first Kindle to support X Ray which lists the commonly used character names locations themes or ideas in a book 47 In January 2013 Amazon released the 5 2 0 firmware that updated the operating system to match the Paperwhite s interface with the Touch s MP3 audiobook capabilities remaining Fifth generation Edit Kindle 5 Edit Kindle 5 Amazon released the Kindle 5 on September 6 2012 70 ad supported 90 no ads 48 The Kindle has a black bezel differing from the Kindle 4 which was available in silver grey and has better display contrast Amazon also claims that it has 15 faster page loads It has a 167 PPI display and was the lightest Kindle at 5 98 ounce until 2016 s Kindle Oasis Kindle Paperwhite first iteration Edit Kindle Paperwhite The first iteration Kindle Paperwhite was announced on September 6 2012 and released on October 1 It has a 6 in 212 PPI E Ink Pearl display 758 1024 resolution with four built in LEDs to illuminate the screen It was available in Wi Fi 120 ad supported 140 no ads and Wi Fi 3G 180 ad supported 200 no ads models 48 with the ad supported options only intended to be available in the United States 49 The light is one of the main features of the Paperwhite and it has a manually adjusted light level The 3G access restrictions are the same as the Kindle Touch and usage of the 3G data is limited to 50 MB per month and only on Amazon and Wikipedia s websites additional data may be bought 43 Battery life is advertised as up to eight weeks of reading with half an hour per day with wireless off and constant light use this usage equals 28 hours 50 The official leather cover for the Paperwhite uses a hall effect sensor to detect when the cover is closed or opened and turn the screen off or on respectively This was the first Kindle model to track reading speed to estimate when the reader will finish a chapter or book this feature was later included with updates to the other models of Kindle and Kindle Fire The Kindle Paperwhite lacks physical buttons for page turning and does not perform auto hyphenation Except for the lock screen power button at its bottom it relies solely on the touchscreen interface 51 In November 2012 Amazon released the 5 3 0 update that allowed users to turn off recommended content on the home screen in Grid View allowing two rows of user content and included general bug fixes In March 2014 the Paperwhite 5 4 4 update was released that added Goodreads integration Kindle FreeTime to restrict usage for children Cloud Collections for organization and Page Flip for scanning content without losing your place which closely matched the Paperwhite 2 s software features 52 The Kindle Paperwhite was released in most major international markets in early 2013 with Japan s version including 4 GB of storage and in China on June 7 2013 all non Japan versions have 2 GB of storage 1 25 GB usable 53 Engadget praised the Paperwhite giving it 92 of 100 The reviewer liked the frontlit display high contrast and useful software features but did not like that it was less comfortable to hold than the Nook the starting price includes ads and it had no expandable storage 54 Shortly after release some users complained about the lighting implementation on the Kindle Paperwhite 55 While not widespread some users found the lighting inconsistent causing the bottom edge to cast irregular shadows Also some users complained that the light cannot be turned off completely 56 Sixth generation Edit Kindle Paperwhite second iteration Edit Kindle Paperwhite 2 Amazon announced the second iteration Kindle Paperwhite marketed as the All New Kindle Paperwhite and colloquially referred to as the Paperwhite 2 on September 3 2013 the Wi Fi version was released on September 30 120 ad supported 140 no ads and the 3G Wi Fi version was released in the US on November 5 2013 190 ad supported 210 no ads The Paperwhite 2 features a higher contrast E Ink Carta display technology 57 improved LED illumination 25 faster processor 1 GHz that allows for faster page turns and better response to touch input compared to the original Paperwhite It has the same 6 screen with 212 PPI bezel and estimated 28 hour battery life as the original Paperwhite The software features dictionary Wikipedia X Ray look up Page Flip that allows the user to skip ahead or back in the text in a pop up window and go back to the previous page and Goodreads social integration 58 The Paperwhite 2 uses a similar experimental web browser with the same 3G data use restrictions as previous Kindles there are no use restrictions when using Wi Fi The official Amazon leather cover for the Paperwhite 2 is the same item as was used for the original Paperwhite The cover s magnets turn the screen on and off when it is opened and closed Although released in 2013 with 2GB of storage all versions of the Paperwhite 2 were sold with 4GB of storage by September 2014 Engadget rated the Paperwhite 2 as 93 of 100 saying while it offers few new features an improved frontlight and some software tweaks have made an already great reading experience even better 59 Seventh generation Edit Kindle 7 Edit Amazon announced an upgraded basic Kindle and the Kindle Voyage on September 18 2014 60 The Kindle 7 was released on October 2 2014 80 ad supported 100 no ads It is the first basic Kindle to use a touchscreen for navigating within books and to have a 1 GHz CPU 61 It is also the first basic Kindle available in international markets such as India Japan and China Amazon claims that a single charge lasts up to 30 days if used for 30 minutes a day without using Wi Fi Kindle Voyage Edit Kindle Voyage with origami cover Kindle Voyage s rear The Kindle Voyage was released on November 4 2014 in the U S It has a 6 inch 300 ppi E Ink Carta HD display which was the highest resolution and contrast available in e readers as of 2014 62 with six LEDs with an adaptive light sensor that can automatically illuminate the screen depending on the environment It is available in Wi Fi 200 ad supported 220 no ads and Wi Fi 3G 270 ad supported 290 no ads models 63 It has 4 GB of storage 64 Its design features a flush glass screen on the front and the rear has angular raised plastic edges that house the power button similar to the Fire HDX At 0 3 inches it is the thinnest Kindle to date The Voyage uses PagePress a navigation system that has sensors on either side of the screen that turns the page when pressed 65 PagePress may be disabled but the touchscreen is always active The Verge rated the Voyage as 9 1 of 10 stating that this is the best E Ink e reader I ve used and it s unquestionably the best that Amazon has ever made The thing is it s only marginally better than the fantastic Paperwhite in several ways and significantly better in none and with those differences in mind disliked how it costs 80 more than the Paperwhite 66 Engadget rated the Voyage as 94 of 100 stating that while it was easily the best e reader that Amazon has ever crafted it was also the priciest at 199 67 Kindle Paperwhite third iteration Edit Kindle Paperwhite 3 The third iteration Kindle Paperwhite marketed as the All New Kindle Paperwhite and colloquially referred to as the Paperwhite 3 and Paperwhite 2015 was released on June 30 2015 in the US It is available in Wi Fi 120 ad supported 140 no ads and Wi Fi 3G 190 ad supported 210 no ads models It has a 6 inch 1448 1072 300 ppi E Ink Carta HD display which is twice the pixels of the original Paperwhite and has the same touchscreen four LEDs and size as the previous Paperwhite 68 69 It has over 3 GB of user accessible storage This device improved on the display of PDF files with the possibility to select text and use some functionalities such as translation on a PDF s text Amazon claims it has 6 weeks of battery life if used for 30 minutes per day with wireless off and brightness set to 10 which is about 21 hours The Paperwhite 3 is the first e reader to include the Bookerly font a new font designed by Amazon and includes updated formatting functions such as hyphenation and improved spacing 70 The Bookerly font was added to most older models via a firmware update 71 The official Amazon leather cover for the Paperwhite 3 is the same item as was used with the previous two Paperwhite devices In February 2016 the Paperwhite 2 Paperwhite 3 Kindle 7 and Voyage received the 5 7 2 update that included a new home screen layout an OpenDyslexic font choice improved book recommendations and a new quick actions menu 72 On June 30 2016 Amazon released a white version of the Paperwhite 3 worldwide the only thing different about this version is the color of the shell 73 In October 2016 Amazon released the Paperwhite 3 Manga Model in Japan that has a 33 increase in page turning speed and includes 32 GB of storage which is space for up to 700 manga books 74 The Manga model launched at 16 280 yen 156 for the ad supported Wi Fi version or 12 280 yen 118 for Prime members 75 The Verge rated the Paperwhite 3 as 9 0 of 10 saying that The Kindle Paperwhite is the best e reader for most people by a wide margin and liked the high resolution screen but disliked that there was no adaptive backlight this is featured on the Kindle Voyage 76 Popzara called the 2015 Paperwhite the best dedicated E Ink e reader for the money 77 Eighth generation Edit Kindle Oasis first iteration Edit Kindle Oasis being used with one hand Kindle Oasis Amazon announced the first iteration Kindle Oasis on April 13 2016 and it was released on April 27 worldwide 78 The Kindle Oasis is available in Wi Fi and Wi Fi 3G models 79 The Oasis has a 6 inch 300 ppi E Ink Carta HD display with ten LEDs 80 Its asymmetrical design features physical page turn buttons on one side and it has an accelerometer so the display can be rotated for one hand operation with either hand It has one thicker side that tapers to an edge that is 20 thinner than the Paperwhite It includes a removable leather battery cover for device protection and increased battery life that is available in either black walnut brown or merlot red the cover fits in the tapered edge The Oasis has 28 hours of battery life if used with the battery cover with Wi Fi off However without the cover the Oasis battery lasts about seven hours It has nearly 3 GB of user storage The Oasis includes the Bookerly serif font and it is the first Kindle to include the Amazon Ember sans serif font 81 The Guardian s reviewer praised the Oasis s ease for holding its lightweight design long battery life excellent display even front lighting usable page turn buttons and the luxurious cover However the reviewer believed the product was overpriced noted that the battery cover only partially protects the back and that the reader is not waterproof The reviewer concluded the Paperwhite will likely be all the e reader most will need but Oasis is the one you ll want The Oasis is the Bentley to the Paperwhite s Golf both will get the job done just one is a cut above the other 82 The Verge rated the Oasis as 9 of 10 praising its thinness its weight without the cover and the ability to read with one hand but did not like that it is so expensive has no adaptive backlight like the Voyage and it is not waterproof 83 Kindle 8 Edit Kindle 8 displaying the title page of an e book from Project Gutenberg Amazon s upgrade of the standard Kindle was released on June 22 2016 in both black and white colors 80 ad supported 100 no ads The Kindle 8 features a new rounded design that is 0 35 inches 9 mm shorter 0 16 inches 4 mm narrower 0 043 inches 1 1 mm thinner and 1 1 ounces 30 g lighter than the previous Kindle 7 and features double the RAM 512 MB of its predecessor The Kindle 8 is the first Kindle to use Bluetooth that can support VoiceView screen reader software for the visually impaired It has the same screen display as its predecessor a 167 ppi E Ink Pearl touch screen display and Amazon claims it has a four week battery life and can be fully charged within four hours 84 85 Ninth generation Edit Kindle Oasis second iteration Edit Amazon released the second iteration Kindle Oasis marketed as the All New Kindle Oasis and colloquially referred to as the Oasis 2 on October 31 2017 It is available in 8 GB Wi Fi 32 GB Wi Fi and 32 GB Wi Fi 3G 350 no ads models with a 7 inch E Ink display with 300 ppi 86 It has an asymmetric design like the first iteration Oasis so it works for one handed use and the device finish is made from aluminum The device has a black front with either a silver or gold colored back 87 The Oasis 2 is the first Kindle to be IPX8 rated so it is water resistant up to two meters for up to 60 minutes and first to be able to change the background black and the text to white It is frontlit with 12 LEDs and has ambient light sensors to adjust the screen brightness automatically It supports playback of Audible audiobooks by pairing with A2DP supported external Bluetooth 4 2 speakers or headphones the device can store up to 35 audiobooks with 8 GB or 160 audiobooks with the 32 GB model 88 The Oasis 2 s internal battery lasts about six weeks of reading at 30 minutes a day The Verge gave the Oasis 2 a score of 8 of 10 praising its design display and water resistance but criticizing its high cost and inability to read an e book while its related audiobook is playing 89 TechRadar rated it as 4 5 of 5 saying the Oasis 2 is expensive but it praises as the best e reader at the time with its lovely metal design waterproofing and great reading experience 90 Tenth generation Edit Kindle Paperwhite fourth iteration Edit Amazon announced the fourth iteration Kindle Paperwhite on October 16 2018 and released it on November 7 2018 it is colloquially referred to as the Paperwhite 4 and Paperwhite 2018 91 It is available in 8 GB Wi Fi 32 GB Wi Fi and 32 GB Wi Fi 4G LTE models It features a 6 inch plastic backed display of Amazon s own design with 300 ppi and a flush screen featuring five LED lights 92 It is waterproof with an IPX8 rating allowing submersion in 2 meters of fresh water for up to one hour It supports playback of Audible audio books only by pairing with external Bluetooth speakers or headphones The Verge rated the Paperwhite 4 as 8 5 of 10 praising its great display water resistance and battery life but criticizing its lack of physical buttons and no USB C support 93 Kindle 10th generation Edit Kindle 10 Amazon announced the Kindle 10th generation on March 20 2019 which features the first front light available on a basic Kindle The front light uses 4 LEDs compared to the Paperwhite with 5 LEDs Kindle 10 uses a 6 inch display with higher contrast than previous basic Kindles and has the same 167 ppi resolution 94 It has black and white colors Kindle Oasis third iteration Edit Amazon released the third iteration Kindle Oasis colloquially referred to as the Oasis 3 on July 24 2019 Externally it is nearly identical in appearance to the second iteration Oasis with a similar 7 inch 300ppi E Ink display adjustable warm light one handed design waterproofing aluminum exterior Bluetooth support and Micro USB for charging It adds a 25 LED front light that can adjust color temperature to warmer tones the first Kindle to be able to do so 95 This device is available in two different colors Graphite or Champagne Gold The Verge gave the Oasis 3 an 8 of 10 rating praising its design display and warmer E Ink display but criticizing its high cost no USB C support and the lackluster update over the 2017 model 96 Eleventh generation Edit Kindle Paperwhite fifth iteration Edit Amazon announced the Kindle Paperwhite fifth iteration on September 21 2021 and it was released on October 27 2021 It features 8 GB of storage and has similar dimensions to its predecessor but has a larger 6 8 inch display set in thinner bezels 17 LEDs in the front light that can adjust color temperature to warmer tones first featured in Kindle Oasis 3 an updated processor and longer battery life that Amazon claims lasts up to ten weeks on a single charge 97 It is the first Kindle with a USB C port The Paperwhite 5 is also available in a higher cost Signature Edition that additionally supports Qi wireless charging has 32 GB of storage and includes an ambient light sensor that automatically adjusts the backlight brightness 98 Amazon has stated that some Qi chargers are incompatible and recommends using an Amazon charging dock 99 The Verge gave the Kindle Paperwhite fifth iteration 8 5 out of 10 praising the display and battery but did not like the lack of physical buttons and lack of support for e books found outside of the Kindle Store 100 In September 2022 a model with 16 GB of storage was added 101 Kindle 11th generation Edit Amazon announced the Kindle 11th generation on September 17 2022 It is upgraded with a 300 ppi display 16 GB of storage and includes a USB C port 102 Kindle Scribe Edit Amazon announced the Kindle Scribe September 22 2022 becoming available on November 30 It is similar to the Paperwhite has 10 2 inch 300 ppi display with a magnetically attaching basic or premium pen for writing drawing and annotating Storage options are 16 GB 32 GB or 64 GB 103 Specifications EditModel Gen Launch Price Display CPU Memory Storage Sound Input Controller Input Connectivity Battery Dimensions Weight IP codeKindle 1 November 19 2007 399 6 inch 150 mm 600 800 pixels 167 PPI density 4 level grayscale Marvell Xscale PXA255 400 MHz ARM9 64 MB 256 180 MB Speakers 3 5mm headphone Jack USB 2 0 Mini B port data transfer only SD card 3 5 mm headphone jack charging port Keyboard Scrollwheel Amazon Whispernet 1 530 mAh 8 0 inches 200 mm H5 3 inches 130 mm W0 8 inches 20 mm D 10 2 oz 290 g NoKindle 2 2 February 23 2009 299 6 inch 150 mm 600 800 pixels 167 PPI density 16 level grayscale Freescale i MX31 532 MHz ARM11 32 MB 2 1 4 GB USB 2 0 Micro B port 3 5 mm headphone jack Keyboard D pad 8 0 inches 200 mm H5 3 inches 130 mm W0 36 inches 9 1 mm DKindle 2 International October 19 2009 279Kindle DX June 10 2009 489 9 7 inch 824 x 1200 pixels 150 PPI density 16 level grayscale 128 MB 4 3 GB 10 4 inches 260 mm H 7 2 inches 180 mm W0 38 inches 9 7 mm D 18 9 oz 540 g Kindle DX International January 6 2010 Kindle DX Graphite July 1 2010 379Kindle Keyboard 3 August 27 2010 Wi Fi 1393G 189 6 inch 150 mm 600 800 pixels 167 PPI density 16 level grayscale Freescale i MX35 532 MHz ARM11 256 MB Amazon Whispernet 3G model only 802 11bg Wi Fi 1 750 mAh 7 5 inches 190 mm H4 8 inches 120 mm W0 34 inches 8 6 mm D Wi Fi 8 5 oz 240 g 3G 8 7 oz 250 g Kindle 4 4 September 28 2011 No ads 109Ads 79 Freescale i MX508 800 MHz 2 1 25 GB None USB 2 0 Micro B port D pad Amazon Whispernet 3G model only 802 11bgn Wi Fi 890 mAh 6 5 inches 170 mm H4 5 inches 110 mm W0 34 inches 8 6 mm D 5 98 oz 170 g Kindle Touch November 15 2011 No ads Wi Fi 1493G 189Ads Wi Fi 993G 139 4 3 GB Speakers 3 5mm headphone jack USB 2 0 Micro B port 3 5 mm headphone jack Touchscreen 1 420 mAh 6 8 inches 170 mm H4 7 inches 120 mm W0 40 inches 10 mm D Wi Fi 7 5 oz 210 g 3G 7 8 oz 220 g Kindle 5 5 September 6 2012 No ads 90Ads 70 2 1 25 GB None USB 2 0 Micro B port D pad 890 mAh 6 5 inches 170 mm H4 5 inches 110 mm W0 34 inches 8 6 mm D 5 98 oz 170 g Kindle Paperwhite October 1 2012 No ads Wi Fi 1403G 200Ads Wi Fi 1203G 180 6 inch 768 1024 pixels 212 PPI density 16 level grayscale LED frontlit Touchscreen 1 420 mAh 6 7 inches 170 mm H4 6 inches 120 mm W0 36 inches 9 1 mm D Wi Fi 7 5 oz 210 g 3G 7 8 oz 220 g Kindle Paperwhite 2 6 Wi Fi September 30 2013 3G November 5 2013 No ads Wi Fi 1403G 210Ads Wi Fi 1193G 139 Freescale NXP i MX6 SoloLite 1 GHz 2 1 25 GB or4 3 GB Wi Fi 7 3 oz 210 g 3G 7 6 oz 220 g Kindle 7 7 October 2 2014 No ads 100Ads 80 6 inch 150 mm 600 800 pixels 167 PPI density 16 level grayscale 4 3 GB 890 mAh 104 6 7 inches 170 mm H4 7 inches 120 mm W0 40 inches 10 mm D 6 7 oz 190 g Kindle Voyage November 4 2014 No ads Wi Fi 2203G 290Ads Wi Fi 2003G 270 6 inch 1072 1448 pixels 300 PPI density 16 level grayscale LED frontlit 512 MB USB through USB Audio Adapter 1 320mAh 6 4 inches 160 mm H4 5 inches 110 mm W0 30 inches 7 6 mm D Wi Fi 6 3 oz 180 g 3G 6 6 oz 190 g Kindle Paperwhite 3 June 30 2015 No ads Wi Fi 1403G 210Ads Wi Fi 1203G 190 1 420 mAh 6 7 inches 170 mm H4 6 inches 120 mm W0 36 inches 9 1 mm D Wi Fi 7 2 oz 200 g 3G 7 7 oz 220 g Kindle Oasis 8 April 27 2016 289 99 379 99 Bluetooth Amazon Whispernet 3G model only 802 11bgn Wi Fi Bluetooth 245 mAh no cover 1 535 mAh with cover 5 6 inches 140 mm H4 8 inches 120 mm W0 13 inches 3 3 mm D without cover 0 33 inches 8 4 mm D with cover Wi Fi 4 6 oz 130 g 3G 4 7 oz 130 g Cover only 3 8 oz 110 g Kindle 8 June 22 2016 No ads 100Ads 80 6 inch 150 mm 600 800 pixels 167 PPI density 16 level grayscale 890 mAh 6 3 inches 160 mm H4 5 inches 110 mm W0 36 inches 9 1 mm D 5 7 oz 160 g Kindle Oasis 2 9 October 31 2017 249 99 349 99 7 inch 1264 1680 pixels 300 PPI density 16 level grayscale LED frontlit NXP i MX7D 1 GHz 8 6 GB or 32 30 GB 1 000 mAh 6 3 inches 160 mm H5 6 inches 140 mm W0 33 inches 8 4 mm D 6 8 oz 190 g IPX8Kindle Paperwhite 4 10 November 7 2018 129 99 6 inch 1072 1448 pixels 300 PPI density 16 level grayscale LED frontlit Freescale NXP i MX6 SoloLite 1 GHz 1 500 mAh 6 6 inches 170 mm H4 6 inches 120 mm W0 32 inches 8 1 mm D Wi Fi 6 4 oz 180 g 3G 6 7 oz 190 g Kindle 10 April 10 2019 No ads 109 99Ads 89 99 6 inch 150 mm 600 800 pixels 167 PPI density 16 level grayscale LED frontlit 8 6 GB 1 040 mAh 6 3 inches 160 mm H4 5 inches 110 mm W0 34 inches 8 6 mm D 6 1 oz 170 g NoKindle Oasis 3 July 24 2019 249 99 349 99 7 inch 1264 1680 pixels 300 PPI density 16 level grayscale LED frontlit NXP i MX7D 1 GHz 8 6 GB or 32 30 GB 1 130 mAh 6 3 inches 160 mm H5 6 inches 140 mm W0 33 inches 8 4 mm D 6 6 oz 190 g IPX8Kindle Paperwhite 5 11 October 27 2021 139 99 159 99 6 8 inch 1236 x 1648 pixels 300 PPI density 16 level grayscale LED frontlit 17 LEDs Mediatek MT8110 1 GHz 105 8GB or 16 GB USB C port 802 11bgn Wi Fi does not support peer to peer or ad hoc networks Bluetooth enabled only in USA countries with Audible agreements 1 700 mAh 106 6 9 inches 180 mm H4 9 inches 120 mm W0 32 inches 8 1 mm D 7 23 oz 205 g Kindle Paperwhite 5 Signature Edition 189 99 32 30 GB USB C portQi charging 7 3 oz 210 g Kindle 11 107 108 October 12 2022 No ads 119 99Ads 99 99 6 inch 1072 1448 pixels 300 PPI 16 level grayscale LED frontlit TBA TBA 16 GB USB C port TBA TBA 6 21 inches 158 mm H4 28 inches 109 mm W0 315 inches 8 0 mm D 5 56 oz 158 g NoKindle Scribe 109 November 30 2022 Basic Pen 339 99 Premium Pen 369 99 10 2 inch 1860 x 2480 pixels 300 PPI 16 level grayscale LED frontlit 1GHz MediaTek MT8113 1 GB 16 GB 32 GB or 64 GB Touchscreen Stylus Pen 9 inches 230 mm H7 7 inches 200 mm W0 22 inches 5 6 mm D 15 3 oz 430 g TBAOfficial accessories EditCases Edit With the release of the Kindle Paperwhite in 2012 Amazon released a natural leather cover and a plastic back that is form fitted for the device that weighs 5 6 ounces 110 The cover closes book like from the left edge The cover has magnets that activate the sleep wake function in the Kindle when the cover is either closed or opened The subsequent Amazon covers include this function With the release of the Voyage in 2014 Amazon released two covers with either a polyurethane or a leather cover The Voyage attaches to the rear of the Protective Cover magnetically and the case s cover folds over the top and the case weighs 4 6 ounces The case can fold into a stand propping the Kindle up for hands free reading 111 With the release of the Paperwhite 4 in 2018 Amazon released three versions of its cover a water safe fabric cover that can withstand brief exposure to water a standard leather cover and a premium leather cover these covers all weigh 4 ounces 112 Audio adapter Edit In May 2016 Amazon released the official Kindle Audio Adapter for reading e books aloud via a text to speech TTS system for the blind and visually impaired 113 This accessibility accessory initially supported only for the Paperwhite 3 and Oasis plugs in the USB port and connects to headphones or speakers Once connected the reader uses the Voiceview for Kindle feature to navigate the interface and listen to e books via TTS This feature only supports e books not audiobooks or music Using the accessory reduces the Paperwhite 3 s battery life to six hours As an alternative to the official adapter a generic USB to audio converter will also work with Voiceview 114 Wireless charger Edit With the release of the 2021 Paperwhite Signature Edition Amazon announced the Wireless Charging Dock which supports Qi charging up to 7 5 W 99 Features EditKindle devices support dictionary and Wikipedia look up functions when highlighting a word in an e book The font type size and margins can be customized Kindles are charged by connecting to a computer s USB port or to an AC adapter Users needing accessibility due to impaired vision can use an audio adapter to listen to any e book read aloud on supported Kindles or those with difficulty in reading text may use the Amazon Ember Bold font for darker text and other fonts may too have bold font versions The Kindle also contains experimental features such as a web browser that uses NetFront based on WebKit 115 The browser can freely access the Kindle Store and Wikipedia on 3G models while the browser may be limited to 50 MB of data per month to websites other than Amazon and Wikipedia 116 Other possible experimental features depending on the model are a Text to Speech engine that can read the text from e books and an MP3 player that can be used to play music while reading The Kindle s operating system updates are designed to be received wirelessly and installed automatically during a period in sleep mode in which Wi Fi is turned on 117 A user may install firmware updates manually by downloading the firmware for their device and copying the file to the device s root directory 118 The Kindle operating system uses the Linux kernel with a Java app for reading e books 119 Send to Kindle service Edit Amazon offers an email based service called Send to Kindle that allows the user to send files such as EPUB PDF HTML pages Microsoft Word documents GIF PNG and BMP graphics directly to the user s Kindle library at Amazon When Amazon receives the file it converts the file to Kindle File Format and stores it in the user s online library called Your Content by Amazon The Send to Kindle service s personal documents can be accessed by all Kindle hardware devices as well as iOS and Android devices using the Kindle app 120 Until August 2022 in addition to the document types mentioned above this service could be used to send unprotected and original version only mobi azw files to a user s Kindle library 121 Sending the file is free if downloaded using Wi Fi but prior to 2021 122 cost 0 15 per MB when using Kindle s former 3G service 123 Format support by device Edit Main article Kindle File Format The first Kindle could read unprotected Mobipocket files MOBI PRC plain text files TXT Topaz format books TPZ and Amazon s AZW format The Kindle 2 added native PDF capability with the version 2 3 firmware upgrade 124 The Kindle 1 could not read PDF files but Amazon provides experimental conversion to the native AZW format 125 with the caveat that not all PDFs may format correctly 126 The Kindle 2 added the ability to play the Audible Enhanced AAX format The Kindle 2 can also display HTML files The fourth and later generation Kindles Touch Paperwhite all generations Voyage and Oasis all generations can display AZW AZW3 TXT PDF unprotected MOBI and PRC files natively HTML DOC DOCX JPEG GIF PNG and BMP are usable through Amazon s conversion service The Keyboard Touch Oasis 2 amp 3 Kindle 8 amp 9 and Paperwhite 4 can also play Audible Enhanced AA AAX The Kindle 7 8 amp 9 Kindle Paperwhite 2 3 4 amp 5 Voyage and Oasis 1 2 amp 3 can display KFX files natively KFX is Amazon s successor to the AZW3 format Kindles cannot natively display EPUB files However at least two methods allow viewing the content of EPUB formatted content on Kindles Specialized software like Calibre allows EPUB or some other unsupported files to be converted to one of the supported file formats 127 Kindles can be jailbroken to allow third party software such as KOReader which does support EPUB to be installed 128 In late April 2022 Amazon announced that Send to Kindle will support EPUB beginning in late 2022 129 Multiple devices and organization Edit An e book may be downloaded from Amazon to several devices at the same time as long as the devices are registered to the same Amazon account A sharing limit typically ranges from one to six devices depending on an undisclosed number of licenses set by the publisher When a limit is reached the user must remove the e book from some device 130 or unregister a device containing the e book 131 in order to add the e book to another device The original Kindle and Kindle 2 did not allow the user to organize books into folders The user could only select what type of content to display on the home screen and whether to organize by author title or download date Kindle software version 2 5 allowed for the organization of books into Collections which behave like non structured tags labels a collection can not include other collections and one book may be added to multiple collections These collections are normally set and organized on the Kindle itself one book at a time The set of all collections of a first Kindle device can be imported to a second Kindle device that is connected to the cloud and is registered to the same user as the result of this operation the documents that are on the second device now become organized according to the first device s collections There is no option to organize by series or series order as the AZW format does not possess the necessary metadata fields X Ray Edit Main article X Ray Amazon Kindle X Ray is a reference tool that is incorporated in Kindle Touch and later devices the Fire tablets the Kindle app for mobile platforms and Fire TV X Ray lets users explore in more depth the contents of a book by accessing preloaded files with relevant information such as the most common characters locations themes or ideas 132 Annotations Edit Users can bookmark highlight and search through content Pages can be bookmarked for reference and notes can be added to relevant content While a book is open on the display menu options allow users to search for synonyms and definitions from the built in dictionary The device also remembers the last page read for each book Pages can be saved as a clipping or a text file containing the text of the currently displayed page All clippings are appended to a single file which can be downloaded over a USB cable 133 Due to the TXT format of the clippings file all formatting such as bold italics bigger fonts for headlines etc is stripped off the original text Textbook rentals Edit On July 18 2011 Amazon began a program that allows college students to rent Kindle textbooks from three different publishers for a fixed period of time 134 Collection of user reading data Edit Kindle devices may report information about their users reading data that includes the last page read how long each e book was opened annotations bookmarks notes highlights or similar markings to Amazon 135 The Kindle stores this information on all Amazon e books but it is unclear if this data is stored for non Amazon e books 136 There is a lack of e reader data privacy Amazon knows the user s identity what the user is reading whether the user has finished the book what page the user is on how long the user has spent on each page and which passages the user may have highlighted 137 Kindle ecosystem EditKindle Store Edit Main article Kindle Store The New Yorker subscribed on a Kindle Keyboard Content from Amazon s Kindle Store is encoded in Amazon s proprietary Kindle formats azw kf8 and kfx In addition to published content Kindle users can also access the Internet using the experimental web browser which uses NetFront 138 139 Users can use the Kindle Store to access reading material using the Kindle itself or through a web browser to access content 6 The store features Kindle Unlimited for unlimited access to over one million e books for a monthly fee 140 Content for the Kindle can be purchased online and downloaded wirelessly in some countries using either standard Wi Fi or Amazon s 3G Whispernet network 141 Whispernet is accessible without any monthly fees or a subscription 142 although fees can be incurred for the delivery of periodicals and other content when roaming internationally beyond the customer s home country Through a service called Whispersync customers can synchronize reading progress bookmarks and other information across Kindle hardware and other mobile devices 143 144 The Kindles that only can access Whispernet via the 3G network had that network turned off in December 2021 due to the carriers retiring 3G 145 For U S customers traveling abroad Amazon originally charged a 1 99 fee to download e books over 3G while overseas but later removed the fee Fees remain for wireless 3G delivery of periodical subscriptions and personal documents while Wi Fi delivery has no extra charge 146 In addition to the Kindle Store content for the Kindle can be purchased from various independent sources such as Fictionwise and Baen Ebooks Public domain titles are also obtainable for the Kindle via content providers such as Project Gutenberg The Internet Archive and the World Public Library In 2011 the Kindle Store had more than twice as much paid content as its nearest competitor Barnes amp Noble 147 Public libraries that offer books via OverDrive Inc also lend titles for the Kindle and Kindle reading apps in the US Books are checked out from the library s own site which forwards to Amazon for the completion of the checkout process Amazon then delivers the title to the Kindle for the duration of the loan though some titles may require transfer via a USB connection to a computer If the book is later checked out again or purchased annotations and bookmarks are preserved 148 Kindle applications for reading on other devices Edit Amazon released the Kindle for PC application in late 2009 available for Microsoft Windows systems 149 This application allows ebooks from Amazon s store or personal ebooks to be read on a personal computer with no Kindle device required 150 Amazon released a Kindle for Mac app for Apple Macintosh amp OS X systems in early 2010 151 In June 2010 Amazon released the Amazon Kindle for Android Soon after the Android release versions for the Apple iOS iPhone and iPad and BlackBerry OS phones were available 152 In January 2011 Amazon released Kindle for Windows Phone 153 In July 2011 Kindle for HP TouchPad running webOS was released in the U S as a beta version 154 In August 2011 Amazon released an HTML5 based webapp for supported web browsers called Kindle Cloud Reader 155 In 2013 Amazon has expressed no interest in releasing a separate Kindle application for Linux systems the Cloud Reader can be used on supported browsers in Linux 156 On April 17 2014 Samsung announced it would discontinue its own e book store effective July 1 2014 and it partnered with Amazon to create the Kindle for Samsung app optimized for display on Samsung Galaxy devices The app uses Amazon s e book store and it includes a monthly limited selection of free e books 157 In June 2016 Amazon released the Page Flip feature to its Kindle applications that debuted on its e readers a few years previously 158 This feature allows the user to flip through nine thumbnails of page images at a time Kindle Direct Publishing Edit Main article Kindle Direct Publishing Concurrently with the release of the first Kindle device Amazon launched Kindle Direct Publishing used by authors and publishers to independently publish their books directly to Kindle and Kindle Apps worldwide 159 Authors can upload documents in several formats for delivery via Whispernet and charge between 0 99 and 200 00 per download 159 In a December 5 2009 interview with The New York Times Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos revealed that Amazon keeps 65 of the revenue from all e book sales for the Kindle 160 the remaining 35 is split between the book author and publisher After numerous commentators observed that Apple s popular App Store offers 70 of royalties to the publisher Amazon began a program that offers 70 royalties to Kindle publishers who agree to certain conditions 161 Some of these conditions such as the inability to opt out of the lendability feature have caused some controversy 162 Kindle Development Kit Edit On January 21 2010 Amazon announced the release of its Kindle Development Kit KDK 163 KDK aims to allow developers to build active content for the Kindle and a beta version was announced with a February 2010 release date A number of companies have already experimented with delivering active content through the Kindle s bundled browser and the KDK gives sample code documentation and a Kindle Simulator together with a new revenue sharing model for developers 164 The KDK is based on the Java programming language s Personal Basis Profile packaged Java APIs As of May 2014 update the Kindle store offered over 400 items labeled as active content 165 These items include simple applications and games including a free set provided by Amazon Digital Services 166 As of 2014 active content is only available to users with a U S billing address In October 2014 Amazon announced that the Voyage and future e readers would not support active content because most users prefer to use apps on their smartphones and tablets but the Paperwhite first iteration and earlier Kindles would continue to support active content 167 Reception EditSales Edit Specific Kindle device sales numbers are not released by Amazon however according to anonymous inside sources over three million Kindles had been sold as of December 2009 168 while external estimates as of Q4 2009 place the number at about 1 5 million 169 According to James McQuivey of Forrester Research estimates are ranging around four million as of mid 2010 170 In 2010 Amazon remained the undisputed leader in the e reader category accounting for 59 of e readers shipped and it gained 14 percentage points in share 171 According to an International Data Corporation IDC study from March 2011 sales for all e book readers worldwide reached 12 8 million in 2010 48 of them were Kindles 172 In the last three months of 2010 Amazon announced that in the United States its e book sales had surpassed sales of paperback books for the first time 173 In January 2011 Amazon announced that digital books were outselling their traditional print counterparts for the first time ever on its site with an average of 115 Kindle editions being sold for every 100 paperback editions 174 In December 2011 Amazon announced that customers had purchased well over one million Kindles per week since the end of November 2011 this includes all available Kindle models and also the Kindle Fire tablet 175 IDC estimated that the Kindle Fire sold about 4 7 million units during the fourth quarter of 2011 176 Pacific Crest estimated that the Kindle Fire models sold six million units during Q4 2012 177 Morgan Stanley estimates that Amazon sold 3 57 billion worth of Kindle e readers and tablets in 2012 4 5 billion in Kindle device sales in 2013 and 5 billion in Kindle device sales in 2014 178 Aftermarket Edit Working Kindles in good condition can be sold traded donated or recycled in the aftermarket Due to some Kindle devices being limited to use as reading device and the hassle of reselling Kindles some people choose to donate their Kindle to schools developing countries literacy organizations or charities 179 The Kindle Classroom Project promotes reading by distributing donated Kindles to schools in need 180 Worldreader and Develop Africa ships donated e readers to schools in developing countries in Africa for educational use 181 182 Project Hart may take donations of e readers that could be given to people in need 183 Whether in good condition or not Kindles should not be disposed of in normal waste due to the device s electronic ink components and batteries Instead Kindles at the end of their useful life should be recycled In the United States Amazon runs their own program Take Back which allows owners to print out a prepaid shipping label which can be used to return the device for disposal 184 Criticism EditRemoval of Nineteen Eighty Four Edit On July 17 2009 Amazon withdrew from sale two e books by George Orwell Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty Four refunding the purchase price to those who had bought them and remotely deleted these titles from purchasers devices without warning using a backdoor after discovering that the publisher lacked rights to publish these books The two books were protected by copyright in the United States but they were in the public domain in Canada Australia and other countries 185 Notes and annotations for the books made by users on their devices were left in a separate file but rendered useless without the content to which they were directly linked 185 186 The move prompted outcry and comparisons to Nineteen Eighty Four itself in the novel books magazines and newspapers in public archives that contradict the ruling party are either edited long after being published or destroyed outright the removed materials go down the memory hole the nickname for an incinerator chute used in 1984 187 Customers and commentators noted the resemblance to the censorship in the novel and described Amazon s action in Orwellian terms Ars Technica argued that the deletion violated the Kindle s terms of service which stated in part 188 Upon your payment of the applicable fees set by Amazon Amazon grants you the non exclusive right to keep a permanent copy of the applicable Digital Content and to view use and display such Digital Content an unlimited number of times solely on the Device or as authorized by Amazon as part of the Service and solely for your personal non commercial use Company response Edit Amazon spokesman Drew Herdener said that the company is changing our systems so that in the future we will not remove books from customers devices in these circumstances 189 On July 23 2009 Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos posted on Amazon s official Kindle forum an apology about the company s handling of the matter Bezos said the action was stupid and that the executives at Amazon deserve the criticism received 190 Aftermath Edit On July 30 2009 Justin Gawronski a Michigan high school senior and Antoine Bruguier a California engineer filed suit against Amazon in the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington Bruguier argued that Amazon had violated its terms of service by remotely deleting the copy of Nineteen Eighty Four he purchased in the process preventing him from accessing annotations he had written Gawronski s copy of the e book was also deleted without his consent and found Amazon used deceit in an email exchange The complaint which sought class action status asked for both monetary and injunctive relief 186 191 The case was settled on September 25 2009 with Amazon agreeing to pay 150 000 divided between the two plaintiffs on the understanding that the law firm representing them Kamber Edelson will donate its portion of that fee to a charitable organization 192 In the settlement Amazon also provided wider rights to Kindle owners over its e books For copies of Works purchased pursuant to TOS granting the non exclusive right to keep a permanent copy of each purchased Work and to view use and display such Works an unlimited number of times solely on the Devices and solely for the purchasers personal non commercial use Amazon will not remotely delete or modify such Works from Devices purchased and being used in the U S unless a the user consents to such deletion or modification b the user requests a refund for the work or otherwise fails to pay for the work e g if a credit card issuer declines payment c a judicial or regulatory order requires such deletion or modification or d deletion or modification is reasonably necessary to protect the consumer the operation of a device or network used for communication e g to remove harmful code embedded within an e book on a device 193 On September 4 2009 Amazon offered all affected users a choice of restoring of the deleted e books or receiving an Amazon gift certificate or check for US 30 194 Other cases Edit In December 2010 Amazon removed three e books written by Selena Kitt along with works by several other self published erotic fiction authors for offensive content regarding consensual incest that violated Amazon s publishing guidelines Kitt stated her opinion this Amazon policy was selectively applied to some books but not others that feature similar themes For what Amazon describes as a brief period of time the books were unavailable for redownload by users who had already purchased them This ability was restored after it was brought to Amazon s attention however no remote deletion took place 195 In October 2012 Amazon suspended the account of a Norwegian woman who purchased her Kindle in the United Kingdom and the company deleted every e book on her Kindle Amazon claimed that she had violated their terms of service but did not specify what she had done wrong 196 After the woman contacted the media Amazon restored her account and her purchased e books 197 198 199 Computer programmer Richard Stallman criticized the Kindle 200 201 citing Kindle terms of service which can censor users which require the user s identification and that can have a negative effect on independent book distributors he also cited reported restrictions on Kindle users as well the ability for Amazon to delete e books and update software without the users permission 202 203 Since 2012 Amazon has sold e books in China and later began selling the Kindle e book readers from 2013 onwards Amazon had also announced that it has sold several million Kindles in the country and that China became the world s biggest regional market for the Kindle in 2016 However it was reported that Chinese consumers prefer using their smartphones over e readers notwithstanding competition from Tencent Alibaba JD com and Douban each with their own e book readers or marketplaces Domestically developed e book readers from brands like Xiaomi iReader and Onyx Boox also offer added competition to the Kindle 204 205 In 2022 Amazon announced it had stopped selling its Kindles to distributors in China and stated the online bookstore service would shut down in China on June 30 2023 206 On January 4 2022 a Kindle shortage was reported on Amazon s JD com flagship store Only the Kindle 10 had remained available for sale while other models like the Paperwhite Oasis and Kids Edition had become out of stock On the same day It was announced that Amazon had also shut its Tmall flagship store after having already closed its Kindle flagship store on Taobao earlier in October 2021 207 These led to speculation that Amazon was planning to exit the Chinese market altogether although an official Amazon representative responded that they remain committed to serving Chinese consumers and they can continue to purchase the Kindle through offline and third party online retailers 205 In June 2022 Amazon announced that it will shut down its Kindle bookstore in China and starting July 2023 Kindle users can no longer purchase online books in the country However existing customers could still download previously bought titles until June 2024 208 Also in June 2022 self published authors protested against Amazon s e book return policy whenever an e book return 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September 4 2015 Phil Johnson June 11 2015 Don t call it Linux And other things that tick off Richard Stallman IT World Archived from the original on September 10 2015 Retrieved September 4 2015 Diksha P Gupta March 19 2012 An Interview with Richard Stallman on Freedom Android Amazon Facebook Steve Jobs Open Source For U Archived from the original on September 14 2015 Retrieved September 4 2015 Kozlowski Michael August 14 2018 Amazon sold several million Kindle e readers in China Good e Reader Archived from the original on January 11 2022 Retrieved January 11 2022 a b A Kindle shortage is fueling the theory that Amazon is leaving China KrASIA January 4 2022 Archived from the original on January 11 2022 Retrieved January 11 2022 Amazon s Kindle to end its China e book service next year South China Morning Post June 2 2022 Retrieved June 2 2022 Amazon Kindle closes shop on Tmall as some question its future in China South China Morning Post January 4 2022 Archived from the original on January 11 2022 Retrieved January 11 2022 Michelle Toh Amazon is closing its Kindle store in China CNN Retrieved June 12 2022 Deanna Schwartz June 27 2022 Authors are protesting Amazon s e book policy that allows users to read and return NPR External links Edit Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Directing Technology Kindle Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amazon Kindle Rose Charlie November 19 2007 CEO Jeff Bezos about the Kindle interview archived from the original video on November 22 2007 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Amazon Kindle amp oldid 1144935679, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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