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Qaidam Basin

January 29, 2023

The Qaidam, Tsaidam, or Chaidamu Basin is a hyperarid basin that occupies a large part of Haixi Prefecture in Qinghai Province, China. The basin covers an area of approximately 120,000 km2 (46,000 sq mi), one-fourth of which is covered by saline lakes and playas. Around one third of the basin, about 35,000 km2 (14,000 sq mi), is desert.

Qaidam
class=notpageimage|
Location of Qaidam in China
Qaidam Basin
Qaidam Basin
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese柴達木盆地
Simplified Chinese柴达木盆地
PostalZaidam Swamp
Literal meaningQaidam Lowlands
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinCháidámù Péndì
Wade–GilesCh‘ai-ta-mu P‘en-ti
Tibetan name
Tibetanཚྭའི་འདམ་
Transcriptions
WylieTshwa'i 'Dam
Tibetan PinyinCaidam
Mongolian name
Mongolian CyrillicЦайдам
Transcriptions
SASM/GNCQaidam
Tsajdam
Qaidam Desert
Traditional Chinese柴達木盆地沙漠
Simplified Chinese柴达木盆地沙漠
Literal meaningQaidam Lowland Desert
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinCháidámù Péndì Shāmò
Wade–GilesCh‘ai-ta-mu P‘en-ti Sha-mo

Name

Tshwa'i 'Dam is the Wylie romanization of the Tibetan name ཚྭའི་འདམ་, meaning "Salt Marsh"; the Tibetan Pinyin romanization of the same name is Caidam. Qaidam is the GNC romanization of its transcription into Mongolian; Tsaidam[1] is a variant romanization of the same name. Chaidamu is the pinyin romanization of its transcription into Chinese characters; the same name was formerly romanized as the Zaidam Swamp for the Chinese Postal Map.[2]

Geography

Orographically, the Qaidam Basin is a comparatively low area in the northeastern part of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau.[3] With an elevation of around 3,000 m (10,000 ft), Qaidam forms a kind of shelf between Tibet to the south (around 4,300 m or 14,000 ft) and Gansu to the north (around 1,100 m or 3,500 ft). A low water divide separates the Qaidam Basin proper from that of Qinghai Lake to the east. Despite this lower elevation, Qaidam is still high enough that its mean annual temperature is 2–4 °C (36–39 °F)[4] despite lying on the same latitude as Algeria, Greece, and Virginia in the United States.

The crescent-shaped basin[5] covers an area of approximately 120,000 km2 (46,000 sq mi).[6][7] Its substrate is broadly divided into three blocks: the Mangya Depression, a northern fault zone, and the Sanhu Depression.[8] Qaidam is an intermontane basin, surrounded on all sides by mountain ranges.[3] In the south, the Kunlun Mountains separate it from the higher central section of the Tibetan Plateau. In the north, a number of smaller ridges like the Shulenanshan separate it from another higher plateau, which usually referenced by the name of its northern escarpment, the Qilian or Nanshan. In the northwest, the Altyn-Tagh separates it from the Kumtagh Desert of southeastern Xinjiang.

 
Yardangs ("yadans")[9] in the Qaidam Desert.

Because of this position, Qaidam forms an endorheic basin accumulating lakes with no outlet to the sea. The area is among the most arid non-polar locations on earth, with some places reporting an aridity index of 0.008–0.04.[10] Across the entire basin, the mean annual rainfall is 26 mm (1 in) but the mean annual evaporation is 3,000–3,200 mm (120–130 in).[4] Because of the low rainfall, these lakes have become saline or dried up completely. Presently, there are four main playas in the basin: Qarhan in the southeast and (from north to south) Kunteyi, Chahanshilatu, and Dalangtan in the northwest.[10] These playas and a few other saline lakes occupy over one-fourth of the basin,[6] with the sediments deposited since the Jurassic as deep as 10[7] to 14 km[4] (6–9 mi) in places despite tectonic activity having repeatedly shifted the center of the region's sedimentation.[10] The seasonal nature and commercial exploitation of some of the lakes makes an exact count problematic: one count reckoned there were 27 lakes in the basin,[11] another reckoned 43 with a total area of 16,509 km2 (6,374 sq mi).[12]

The aridity, salinity, wide diurnal and seasonal temperature swings, and relatively high ultraviolet radiation has led to Qaidam being studied by the China Geological Survey as a Mars analogue[13] for use in testing spectroscopy and equipment for China's 2020 Mars rover program.[14]

Geological history

 
 
Detailed US Army maps of Qaidam, c. 1975. (Names given in Wade-Giles romanization.)

Qaidam was part of the North China Craton from at least 1 billion years ago, before breaking off c. 560 million years ago at the end of the Neoproterozoic.[5] It was an island in a shallow sea until uplift beginning around 400 Ma finally rejoined it to the mainland by 200 Ma.[5]

Three-dimensional modeling shows that the present basin has been squeezed to an irregular diamond shape since the beginning of the Cenozoic,[15] with the Indian Plate beginning to impact the ancient Tibetan shoreline somewhere between 55[16]–35 Ma.[17] At first, Qaidam was at a far lower elevation. Pollen found in core samples shows that the Oligocene (34–23 Ma) was relatively humid.[18] A great lake slowly formed in the western basin, which two major tectonic movements raised and cut off from its original sources of sediment.[18] At its greatest extent during the Miocene (23–5 Ma), this lake spread at the present 2,800 m (9,200 ft) elevation contour[6] over 300 km (190 mi)[4] and was among the largest lakes in the world. Nutrient-rich inflows contributed to plankton blooms, which supported an ecosystem that built up reserves of organic carbon.[19] The Tibetan plateau's uplift, however, eventually cut it off from the warm and humid Indian monsoon.[19] It went from a forest steppe to a desert.[5] By 12 Ma, the climate had dried enough to break Qaidam's single lake into separate basins, which frequently became saline.[4] During the Pliocene (5–2.5 Ma), the focus of most sedimentation was at what is now Kunteyi but, during the Pleistocene (after 2.5 Ma), tectonic activity shifted the basin's tributaries and floor, moving the focus of sedimentation from the Dalangtan to Qarhan area.[10] During this time, the record's glacial intervals suggest a low-temperature climate[18] and its sandstone yardangs attest to strong winds.[19]

From 770,000 and 30,000 years ago, the enormous lake which filled much of the southeastern basin alternated nine times between being a fresh- and saltwater lake.[20] Pollen studies suggest the bed of Dabusun Lake in the Qarhan Playa—nearly the lowest point of the basin—was elevated about 700 m (2,300 ft) within the last 500,000 years.[21] At around 30 kya, this great—at the time, freshwater—lake spread over at least 25,000 km2 (9,700 sq mi) with a surface 50–60 m (160–200 ft) above the present levels of its successors.[22] At the same time, a river from the "Kunlun" paleolake to its south was enriching the Sanhu region with enormous reserves of lithium[23] derived from hot springs near Mount Buka Daban which now feed into the Narin Gol River[24] that flows into East Taijinar Lake.[25]

Around 30 kya, the lake in the Kunluns dried up and the Qarhan was cut off from sufficient inflows of fresh water. It became saline again, beginning to precipitate salts about 25,000 years ago.[22] The basin's continuing formation and evolution is controlled by the Altyn Tagh fault constituting the northern basin boundary.[15]

Resources

 
The Sanhu Depression in SE Qaidam (2014). The two Taijinar lakes lie to the northwest and the lakes of the Qarhan Playa to the southeast. (ESA)
 
A salt mine in the Qaidam Desert

The basin's large mineral deposits caused a great deal of investment interest from 2005. Qarhan Playa, a salt flat including about ten of the lakes, contains over 50 billion metric tons (55 billion short tons) of salt.[9]

Beneath the salt, Qaidam is one of China's nine most important petroliferous basins[26] and its largest center of onshore production. The Qinghai Oilfield, exploited since 1954, includes the Lenghu, Gasikule, Yuejin-2, and Huatugou oil fields and the Sebei-1, Sebei-2, and Tainan gas fields.[27] All together, it has proven reserves of 347.65 million metric tons (more than 2 billion barrels) of petroleum and 306.6 billion cubic meters (10.83 trillion cubic feet) of natural gas.[28] Annual production capacity is about 2 million metric tons of petroleum and 8.5 billion cubic meters of natural gas. A pipeline connects the Huatugou field with the major refinery at Golmud, and the Sebei gas fields are connected to Xining, Lanzhou, and Yinchuan.[29]

Qaidam has reserves of asbestos, borax, gypsum, and several metals, with the greatest reserves of lithium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium of anywhere in China.

Transportation

The Xining-Golmud rail line (the first stage of the Qinghai–Tibet Railway), which crossed the eastern part of the Qaidam Basin in the early 1980s, is an essential transportation link for accessing the region's mineral resources. As of 2012, additional rail lines are under construction. The construction of the Golmud–Dunhuang Railway started in October 2012; it is expected to be completed within 5 years.[30] In the early 2012, Zangge Potash Co Ltd started the construction of a 25-km private railway from the Qarhan station on the Qinghai–Tibet Railway (near the eponymous salt lake) to their facilities nearby.[31]

As of the late 2013, preliminary planning is conducted for the Golmud-Korla Railway, which will stretch along the entire western part of the Qaidam Basin as well.[32]

References

Citations

  1. ^ china.org.cn - Salt lakes
  2. ^ Stanford (1917), p. 21.
  3. ^ a b Meng & al. (2008), pp. 1–2.
  4. ^ a b c d e Warren (2016), p. 1104.
  5. ^ a b c d CNPC, p. 2.
  6. ^ a b c Chen & al. (1986).
  7. ^ a b Spencer & al. (1990), p. 395.
  8. ^ CNPC, p. 3.
  9. ^ a b CNPC, p. 8.
  10. ^ a b c d Kong & al. (2018), §2.
  11. ^ Fan & al. (2012).
  12. ^ "About Salt Lakes", Official site, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes.
  13. ^ Kong & al. (2018), §1–2.
  14. ^ Kong & al. (2018), §4.
  15. ^ a b Guo & al. (2017).
  16. ^ Scotese (2001).
  17. ^ Aitchison & al. (2007).
  18. ^ a b c Mao & al. (2017), p. 48.
  19. ^ a b c Mao & al. (2017), p. 49.
  20. ^ Huang & al. (1997), p. 277.
  21. ^ Jiang & al. (2000), pp. 95 & 106.
  22. ^ a b Zheng (1997), p. 149.
  23. ^ Yu & al. (2013), pp. 172–173.
  24. ^ Yu & al. (2013), pp. 177–178.
  25. ^ Yu & al. (2013), p. 173.
  26. ^ CNPC, p. 1.
  27. ^ CNPC, pp. 17–18.
  28. ^ CNPC, p. 18.
  29. ^ CNPC, pp. 18–19.
  30. ^ 格尔木至敦煌铁路开工 December 9, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Renmin Tielu Bao, 2012-10-20
  31. ^ 青海格尔木藏格钾肥有限公司铁路专用线项目开工 February 21, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, 2012-02-18
  32. ^ 库尔勒—格尔木铁路项目预可研报告获批 October 22, 2013, at the Wayback Machine (Korla-Golmud Railway project preliminary feasibility study report approved), 中华铁道网, 2013-09-30

Bibliography

  • "20: Qaidam Basin" (PDF), Brochures, Beijing: China National Petroleum Corporation.
  • Aitchison, Jonathan C.; et al. (2007), "When and Where did India and Asia Collide?", Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 112, Bibcode:2007JGRB..112.5423A, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1008.2522, doi:10.1029/2006JB004706, ISSN 0148-0227.
  • Chen Kezao; et al. (1986), "Late Pleistocene Evolution of Salt Lakes in the Qaidam Basin, Qinghai Province, China", Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology, pp. 87–104, doi:10.1016/0031-0182(86)90119-7.
  • Fan Qishun; et al. (2012), "Geomorphic and Chronometric Evidence for High Lake Level History in Gahai Lake and Toson Lake of North-Eastern Qaidam Basin, North-Eastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau" (PDF), Journal of Quaternary Science, 27 (8): 819–827, Bibcode:2012JQS....27..819F, doi:10.1002/jqs.2572, S2CID 128821676.
  • Guo Jianming; et al. (2 June 2017), "Three-Dimensional Structural Model of the Qaidam Basin: Implications for Crustal Shortening and Growth of the Northeast Tibet", Open Geosciences, vol. 9, pp. 174–185, Bibcode:2017OGeo....9...15G, doi:10.1515/geo-2017-0015, ISSN 2391-5447.
  • Huang Qi; et al. (1997), "Stable Isotopes Distribution in Core Ck6 and Variations of Paleoclimate over Qarhan Lake Region in Qaidam Basin, China", Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, vol. 15, Beijing: Science Press, pp. 271–278, doi:10.1007/BF02850884, S2CID 129491899.
  • Jiang Dexin; et al. (January 2000), Palynology, vol. 24, Milton Park: Taylor & Francis, pp. 95–112, doi:10.2113/0240095.
  • Kong Fanjing; et al. (1 October 2018), "Dalangtan Saline Playa in a Hyperarid Region on Tibet Plateau", Astrobiology, vol. 18, pp. 1243–1253, doi:10.1089/ast.2018.1830, PMC 6205091, PMID 29792755.
  • Mao Wenjing; et al. (February 2018), "Discovery and Significance of Quaternary Aqueously Deposited Aeolian Sandstones in the Sanhu Area, Qaidam Basin, China", Petroleum Science, vol. 15, Beijing: China University of Petroleum, pp. 41–50, doi:10.1007/s12182-017-0214-x.
  • Meng Qingren; et al. (2008), "Cenozoic Tectonic Development of the Qaidam Basin in the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau", Investigations into the Tectonics of the Tibetan Plateau, Special Paper No. 444, Geological Society of America, ISBN 978-0-8137-2444-7.
  • Scotese, Christopher R. (January 2001), "The Collision of India and Asia (90 mya — Present)", Official site, Paleomap Project.
  • Spencer, Ronald James; et al. (1990), "Origin of Potash Salts and Brines in the Qaidam Basin, China" (PDF), Fluid-Mineral Interactions: A Tribute to H.P. Eugster, Special Publication No. 2, Geochemical Society.
  • Stanford, Edward (1917), Complete Atlas of China, 2nd ed., London: China Inland Mission.
  • Warren, John Keith (2016), "Playas of the Qaidam Basin", Evaporites (2nd ed.), Cham: Springer International, pp. 1100–1109, ISBN 9783319135120.
  • Yu Junqing; et al., "Geomorphic, Hydroclimatic, and Hydrothermal Controls on the Formation of Lithium Brine Deposits in the Qaidam Basin, Northern Tibetan Plateau, China" (PDF), Ore Geology Reviews, Amsterdam: Elvesier, pp. 171–183, doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2012.11.001.
  • Zheng Mianping (1997), An Introduction to Saline Lakes on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 9789401154581.

External links

 
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Tsaidam".

Coordinates: 37°16′N 94°27′E / 37.267°N 94.450°E / 37.267; 94.450

January 29, 2023
qaidam, basin, qaidam, tsaidam, chaidamu, basin, hyperarid, basin, that, occupies, large, part, haixi, prefecture, qinghai, province, china, basin, covers, area, approximately, fourth, which, covered, saline, lakes, playas, around, third, basin, about, desert,. The Qaidam Tsaidam or Chaidamu Basin is a hyperarid basin that occupies a large part of Haixi Prefecture in Qinghai Province China The basin covers an area of approximately 120 000 km2 46 000 sq mi one fourth of which is covered by saline lakes and playas Around one third of the basin about 35 000 km2 14 000 sq mi is desert Qaidamclass notpageimage Location of Qaidam in China Qaidam BasinQaidam BasinChinese nameTraditional Chinese柴達木盆地Simplified Chinese柴达木盆地PostalZaidam SwampLiteral meaningQaidam LowlandsTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinChaidamu PendiWade GilesCh ai ta mu P en tiTibetan nameTibetanཚ འ འདམ TranscriptionsWylieTshwa i DamTibetan PinyinCaidamMongolian nameMongolian CyrillicCajdamTranscriptionsSASM GNCQaidamTsajdamQaidam DesertTraditional Chinese柴達木盆地沙漠Simplified Chinese柴达木盆地沙漠Literal meaningQaidam Lowland DesertTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinChaidamu Pendi ShamoWade GilesCh ai ta mu P en ti Sha mo Contents 1 Name 2 Geography 3 Geological history 4 Resources 5 Transportation 6 References 6 1 Citations 6 2 Bibliography 7 External linksName EditTshwa i Dam is the Wylie romanization of the Tibetan name ཚ འ འདམ meaning Salt Marsh the Tibetan Pinyin romanization of the same name is Caidam Qaidam is the GNC romanization of its transcription into Mongolian Tsaidam 1 is a variant romanization of the same name Chaidamu is the pinyin romanization of its transcription into Chinese characters the same name was formerly romanized as the Zaidam Swamp for the Chinese Postal Map 2 Geography EditOrographically the Qaidam Basin is a comparatively low area in the northeastern part of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau 3 With an elevation of around 3 000 m 10 000 ft Qaidam forms a kind of shelf between Tibet to the south around 4 300 m or 14 000 ft and Gansu to the north around 1 100 m or 3 500 ft A low water divide separates the Qaidam Basin proper from that of Qinghai Lake to the east Despite this lower elevation Qaidam is still high enough that its mean annual temperature is 2 4 C 36 39 F 4 despite lying on the same latitude as Algeria Greece and Virginia in the United States The crescent shaped basin 5 covers an area of approximately 120 000 km2 46 000 sq mi 6 7 Its substrate is broadly divided into three blocks the Mangya Depression a northern fault zone and the Sanhu Depression 8 Qaidam is an intermontane basin surrounded on all sides by mountain ranges 3 In the south the Kunlun Mountains separate it from the higher central section of the Tibetan Plateau In the north a number of smaller ridges like the Shulenanshan separate it from another higher plateau which usually referenced by the name of its northern escarpment the Qilian or Nanshan In the northwest the Altyn Tagh separates it from the Kumtagh Desert of southeastern Xinjiang Yardangs yadans 9 in the Qaidam Desert Because of this position Qaidam forms an endorheic basin accumulating lakes with no outlet to the sea The area is among the most arid non polar locations on earth with some places reporting an aridity index of 0 008 0 04 10 Across the entire basin the mean annual rainfall is 26 mm 1 in but the mean annual evaporation is 3 000 3 200 mm 120 130 in 4 Because of the low rainfall these lakes have become saline or dried up completely Presently there are four main playas in the basin Qarhan in the southeast and from north to south Kunteyi Chahanshilatu and Dalangtan in the northwest 10 These playas and a few other saline lakes occupy over one fourth of the basin 6 with the sediments deposited since the Jurassic as deep as 10 7 to 14 km 4 6 9 mi in places despite tectonic activity having repeatedly shifted the center of the region s sedimentation 10 The seasonal nature and commercial exploitation of some of the lakes makes an exact count problematic one count reckoned there were 27 lakes in the basin 11 another reckoned 43 with a total area of 16 509 km2 6 374 sq mi 12 The aridity salinity wide diurnal and seasonal temperature swings and relatively high ultraviolet radiation has led to Qaidam being studied by the China Geological Survey as a Mars analogue 13 for use in testing spectroscopy and equipment for China s 2020 Mars rover program 14 Geological history Edit Detailed US Army maps of Qaidam c 1975 Names given in Wade Giles romanization Qaidam was part of the North China Craton from at least 1 billion years ago before breaking off c 560 million years ago at the end of the Neoproterozoic 5 It was an island in a shallow sea until uplift beginning around 400 Ma finally rejoined it to the mainland by 200 Ma 5 Three dimensional modeling shows that the present basin has been squeezed to an irregular diamond shape since the beginning of the Cenozoic 15 with the Indian Plate beginning to impact the ancient Tibetan shoreline somewhere between 55 16 35 Ma 17 At first Qaidam was at a far lower elevation Pollen found in core samples shows that the Oligocene 34 23 Ma was relatively humid 18 A great lake slowly formed in the western basin which two major tectonic movements raised and cut off from its original sources of sediment 18 At its greatest extent during the Miocene 23 5 Ma this lake spread at the present 2 800 m 9 200 ft elevation contour 6 over 300 km 190 mi 4 and was among the largest lakes in the world Nutrient rich inflows contributed to plankton blooms which supported an ecosystem that built up reserves of organic carbon 19 The Tibetan plateau s uplift however eventually cut it off from the warm and humid Indian monsoon 19 It went from a forest steppe to a desert 5 By 12 Ma the climate had dried enough to break Qaidam s single lake into separate basins which frequently became saline 4 During the Pliocene 5 2 5 Ma the focus of most sedimentation was at what is now Kunteyi but during the Pleistocene after 2 5 Ma tectonic activity shifted the basin s tributaries and floor moving the focus of sedimentation from the Dalangtan to Qarhan area 10 During this time the record s glacial intervals suggest a low temperature climate 18 and its sandstone yardangs attest to strong winds 19 From 770 000 and 30 000 years ago the enormous lake which filled much of the southeastern basin alternated nine times between being a fresh and saltwater lake 20 Pollen studies suggest the bed of Dabusun Lake in the Qarhan Playa nearly the lowest point of the basin was elevated about 700 m 2 300 ft within the last 500 000 years 21 At around 30 kya this great at the time freshwater lake spread over at least 25 000 km2 9 700 sq mi with a surface 50 60 m 160 200 ft above the present levels of its successors 22 At the same time a river from the Kunlun paleolake to its south was enriching the Sanhu region with enormous reserves of lithium 23 derived from hot springs near Mount Buka Daban which now feed into the Narin Gol River 24 that flows into East Taijinar Lake 25 Around 30 kya the lake in the Kunluns dried up and the Qarhan was cut off from sufficient inflows of fresh water It became saline again beginning to precipitate salts about 25 000 years ago 22 The basin s continuing formation and evolution is controlled by the Altyn Tagh fault constituting the northern basin boundary 15 Resources Edit The Sanhu Depression in SE Qaidam 2014 The two Taijinar lakes lie to the northwest and the lakes of the Qarhan Playa to the southeast ESA A salt mine in the Qaidam Desert The basin s large mineral deposits caused a great deal of investment interest from 2005 Qarhan Playa a salt flat including about ten of the lakes contains over 50 billion metric tons 55 billion short tons of salt 9 Beneath the salt Qaidam is one of China s nine most important petroliferous basins 26 and its largest center of onshore production The Qinghai Oilfield exploited since 1954 includes the Lenghu Gasikule Yuejin 2 and Huatugou oil fields and the Sebei 1 Sebei 2 and Tainan gas fields 27 All together it has proven reserves of 347 65 million metric tons more than 2 billion barrels of petroleum and 306 6 billion cubic meters 10 83 trillion cubic feet of natural gas 28 Annual production capacity is about 2 million metric tons of petroleum and 8 5 billion cubic meters of natural gas A pipeline connects the Huatugou field with the major refinery at Golmud and the Sebei gas fields are connected to Xining Lanzhou and Yinchuan 29 Qaidam has reserves of asbestos borax gypsum and several metals with the greatest reserves of lithium magnesium potassium and sodium of anywhere in China Transportation EditThe Xining Golmud rail line the first stage of the Qinghai Tibet Railway which crossed the eastern part of the Qaidam Basin in the early 1980s is an essential transportation link for accessing the region s mineral resources As of 2012 additional rail lines are under construction The construction of the Golmud Dunhuang Railway started in October 2012 it is expected to be completed within 5 years 30 In the early 2012 Zangge Potash Co Ltd started the construction of a 25 km private railway from the Qarhan station on the Qinghai Tibet Railway near the eponymous salt lake to their facilities nearby 31 As of the late 2013 preliminary planning is conducted for the Golmud Korla Railway which will stretch along the entire western part of the Qaidam Basin as well 32 References EditCitations Edit china org cn Salt lakes Stanford 1917 p 21 a b Meng amp al 2008 pp 1 2 a b c d e Warren 2016 p 1104 a b c d CNPC p 2 a b c Chen amp al 1986 a b Spencer amp al 1990 p 395 CNPC p 3 a b CNPC p 8 a b c d Kong amp al 2018 2 Fan amp al 2012 harvp error no target CITEREFFan amp al 2012 help About Salt Lakes Official site Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes Kong amp al 2018 1 2 Kong amp al 2018 4 a b Guo amp al 2017 Scotese 2001 Aitchison amp al 2007 a b c Mao amp al 2017 p 48 a b c Mao amp al 2017 p 49 Huang amp al 1997 p 277 Jiang amp al 2000 pp 95 amp 106 a b Zheng 1997 p 149 Yu amp al 2013 pp 172 173 Yu amp al 2013 pp 177 178 Yu amp al 2013 p 173 CNPC p 1 CNPC pp 17 18 CNPC p 18 CNPC pp 18 19 格尔木至敦煌铁路开工 Archived December 9 2012 at the Wayback Machine Renmin Tielu Bao 2012 10 20 青海格尔木藏格钾肥有限公司铁路专用线项目开工 Archived February 21 2012 at the Wayback Machine 2012 02 18 库尔勒 格尔木铁路项目预可研报告获批 Archived October 22 2013 at the Wayback Machine Korla Golmud Railway project preliminary feasibility study report approved 中华铁道网 2013 09 30 Bibliography Edit 20 Qaidam Basin PDF Brochures Beijing China National Petroleum Corporation Aitchison Jonathan C et al 2007 When and Where did India and Asia Collide Journal of Geophysical Research vol 112 Bibcode 2007JGRB 112 5423A CiteSeerX 10 1 1 1008 2522 doi 10 1029 2006JB004706 ISSN 0148 0227 Chen Kezao et al 1986 Late Pleistocene Evolution of Salt Lakes in the Qaidam Basin Qinghai Province China Paleogeography Paleoclimatology Paleoecology pp 87 104 doi 10 1016 0031 0182 86 90119 7 Fan Qishun et al 2012 Geomorphic and Chronometric Evidence for High Lake Level History in Gahai Lake and Toson Lake of North Eastern Qaidam Basin North Eastern Qinghai Tibetan Plateau PDF Journal of Quaternary Science 27 8 819 827 Bibcode 2012JQS 27 819F doi 10 1002 jqs 2572 S2CID 128821676 Guo Jianming et al 2 June 2017 Three Dimensional Structural Model of the Qaidam Basin Implications for Crustal Shortening and Growth of the Northeast Tibet Open Geosciences vol 9 pp 174 185 Bibcode 2017OGeo 9 15G doi 10 1515 geo 2017 0015 ISSN 2391 5447 Huang Qi et al 1997 Stable Isotopes Distribution in Core Ck6 and Variations of Paleoclimate over Qarhan Lake Region in Qaidam Basin China Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology vol 15 Beijing Science Press pp 271 278 doi 10 1007 BF02850884 S2CID 129491899 Jiang Dexin et al January 2000 Palynology vol 24 Milton Park Taylor amp Francis pp 95 112 doi 10 2113 0240095 Kong Fanjing et al 1 October 2018 Dalangtan Saline Playa in a Hyperarid Region on Tibet Plateau Astrobiology vol 18 pp 1243 1253 doi 10 1089 ast 2018 1830 PMC 6205091 PMID 29792755 Mao Wenjing et al February 2018 Discovery and Significance of Quaternary Aqueously Deposited Aeolian Sandstones in the Sanhu Area Qaidam Basin China Petroleum Science vol 15 Beijing China University of Petroleum pp 41 50 doi 10 1007 s12182 017 0214 x Meng Qingren et al 2008 Cenozoic Tectonic Development of the Qaidam Basin in the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau Investigations into the Tectonics of the Tibetan Plateau Special Paper No 444 Geological Society of America ISBN 978 0 8137 2444 7 Scotese Christopher R January 2001 The Collision of India and Asia 90 mya Present Official site Paleomap Project Spencer Ronald James et al 1990 Origin of Potash Salts and Brines in the Qaidam Basin China PDF Fluid Mineral Interactions A Tribute to H P Eugster Special Publication No 2 Geochemical Society Stanford Edward 1917 Complete Atlas of China 2nd ed London China Inland Mission Warren John Keith 2016 Playas of the Qaidam Basin Evaporites 2nd ed Cham Springer International pp 1100 1109 ISBN 9783319135120 Yu Junqing et al Geomorphic Hydroclimatic and Hydrothermal Controls on the Formation of Lithium Brine Deposits in the Qaidam Basin Northern Tibetan Plateau China PDF Ore Geology Reviews Amsterdam Elvesier pp 171 183 doi 10 1016 j oregeorev 2012 11 001 Zheng Mianping 1997 An Introduction to Saline Lakes on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau Dordrecht Kluwer Academic Publishers ISBN 9789401154581 External links Edit Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica article Tsaidam Qaidam in the Columbia Encyclopedia Qaidam Basin Photos from NASA Coordinates 37 16 N 94 27 E 37 267 N 94 450 E 37 267 94 450 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Qaidam Basin amp oldid 1109774191, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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