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Princess Mononoke

March 07, 2023

Princess Mononoke (Japanese: もののけ姫, Hepburn: Mononoke-hime) is a 1997 Japanese animated epic historical fantasy film written and directed by Hayao Miyazaki and animated by Studio Ghibli for Tokuma Shoten, Nippon Television Network and Dentsu. The film stars the voices of Yōji Matsuda, Yuriko Ishida, Yūko Tanaka, Kaoru Kobayashi, Masahiko Nishimura, Tsunehiko Kamijo, Akihiro Miwa, Mitsuko Mori, and Hisaya Morishige.

Princess Mononoke
Japanese theatrical release poster
Japanese name
Kanjiもののけ姫
Transcriptions
Revised HepburnMononoke-hime
Directed byHayao Miyazaki
Written byHayao Miyazaki
Produced byToshio Suzuki
Starring
CinematographyAtsushi Okui
Edited byTakeshi Seyama
Music byJoe Hisaishi
Production
company
Distributed byToho
Release date
  • July 12, 1997 (1997-07-12)
Running time
133 minutes
CountryJapan
LanguageJapanese
Budget
  • ¥2.1 billion
  • ($23.5 million)
Box office$169.7 million[1]

Princess Mononoke is set in the late Muromachi period of Japan (approximately 1336 to 1573 CE), but it includes fantasy elements. The story follows a young Emishi prince named Ashitaka, and his involvement in a struggle between the gods (kami) of a forest and the humans who consume its resources. The film deals with themes of Shintoism and environmentalism. The term mononoke (物の怪), or もののけ, is not a name, but a Japanese word for supernatural, shape-shifting beings that possess people and cause suffering, disease, or death.[citation needed]

The film was released in Japan on July 12, 1997 by Toho, and in the United States on October 29, 1999. This was the first Studio Ghibli film in the United States to be rated PG-13 by the MPA. It was a critical and commercial blockbuster, becoming the highest-grossing film in Japan of 1997, and also held Japan's box office record for domestic films until 2001's Spirited Away, another Miyazaki film. It was dubbed into English with a script by Neil Gaiman and initially distributed in North America by Miramax, where it sold well on DVD and video, despite a poor box office performance. The film greatly increased Ghibli's popularity and influence outside Japan.[citation needed]

Plot

In the Muromachi period, in Japan; an Emishi village is attacked by a hideous demon. The last Emishi prince, Ashitaka, kills it before it reaches the village, but it manages to grasp his arm and curse him before its death. The curse grants him superhuman strength, but it also causes him pain and will eventually kill him. The villagers discover that the demon was a boar god (boar kami), corrupted by an iron ball lodged in his body. The village's wise woman tells Ashitaka that he may find a cure in the western lands that the demon came from, and that he cannot return to his homeland.

Heading west, Ashitaka meets Jigo, an opportunistic monk who tells Ashitaka he may find help from the Great Forest Spirit, a deer-like animal god by day and a giant Night Walker by night. Nearby, men on a cliffside herd oxen to their home of Iron Town, led by Lady Eboshi, and repel an attack by a wolf pack led by the wolf goddess Moro, whom Eboshi wounds with a gun shot. Riding one of the wolves is San, a human girl. Down below, Ashitaka encounters San and the wolves, who rebuff his greeting. He then manages to rescue two of the men fallen from the cliff and transports them back through the forest, where he briefly glimpses the Great Forest Spirit.

Ashitaka and the survivors arrive at Iron Town, where he is greeted with fascination. Iron Town is a refuge for outcasts and lepers employed to process iron and create firearms, such as hand cannons and matchlock muskets. Ashitaka learns that the town was built by clearcutting forests to mine the iron, leading to conflicts with Asano, a local daimyō, and a giant boar god named Nago. Eboshi admits that she shot Nago, incidentally turning him into the demon that attacked Ashitaka's village. She also reveals that San, dubbed Princess Mononoke, was raised by the wolves and hates humankind.

San infiltrates Iron Town to kill Eboshi. Ashitaka intervenes and quickly subdues Eboshi and San while they are locked in combat. Amidst the hysteria he is shot by a villager, but the curse gives him strength to carry San out of the village. San awakens and prepares to kill the weakened Ashitaka, but hesitates when he tells her that she is beautiful. She decides to trust him after the Forest Spirit heals his bullet wound that night. The next day, a boar clan led by the blind god Okkoto plans to attack Iron Town to save the forest. Eboshi sets out to kill the Forest Spirit with Jigo; Eboshi intends to give the god's head to the Emperor (who believes it will grant him immortality) in return for protection from Lord Asano, while Jigo desires the large reward being offered.

Ashitaka recovers and finds Iron Town besieged by Asano's samurai. The boar clan has been annihilated in battle, and Okkoto is badly wounded. Jigo's men trick Okkoto into leading them to the Forest Spirit. San tries to stop Okkoto but is swept up as his pain corrupts him into a demon. As everyone clashes at the pool of the Forest Spirit, Ashitaka saves San while the Forest Spirit euthanizes Moro and Okkoto. As it begins to transform into the Night Walker Eboshi decapitates it. Jigo steals the head, while the Forest Spirit's body bleeds ooze that spreads over the land and kills anything it touches. The forest and kodama begin to die; Moro's head briefly comes alive and bites off Eboshi's right arm, but she survives. Enraged, San attempts to kill Eboshi again, but is stopped by Ashitaka, who consoles her and encourages her not to give up.

After Iron Town is evacuated, Ashitaka and San pursue Jigo and retrieve the head, returning it to the Forest Spirit. The Spirit dies but its form washes over the land, healing it and lifting Ashitaka's curse. Ashitaka stays to help rebuild Iron Town, but promises San he will visit her in the forest. Grateful to Ashitaka and San, Eboshi vows to build a better town. The forest begins to regrow as a single Kodama emerges from the brush.

Cast and characters

  • Yōji Matsuda voices Prince Ashitaka (アシタカ), the last Ainu prince of the Emishi tribe whose traveling companion is Yakul (ヤックル, Yakkuru), a red elk (アカシシ, Akashishi), a fictional species of elk that Miyazaki created for the film. Novelist Ali Shaw has described Yakul as being more similar to a red Lechwe than an elk.[2] Miyazaki called Ashitaka a "melancholic boy who has a fate" and stated that Ashitaka's curse "is similar to the lives of people [at the time]".[3] Ashitaka's English voice actor Billy Crudup stated that he liked Ashitaka as "an unexpected hero. He's not your usual wild, brave guy. He's really just a young, earnest man who's trying to lead a valuable life and protect his village."[4]
  • Yuriko Ishida voices San (サン), a young woman who was raised by the wolves and feels hatred for humans, but eventually comes to care for Ashitaka. In the English version, San is voiced by Claire Danes.[citation needed]
    • Ishida also voices Kaya (カヤ), Ashitaka's bride-elect who breaks the rules of the village to gift him her dagger to remember her by.[5] Tara Strong provides her voice in the English version, where she is referred to as his younger sister due to the translation.
  • Yūko Tanaka provides the voice of Lady Eboshi (エボシ御前, Eboshi Gozen), the ruler of Irontown who continually clears the forest. Miyazaki stated that Eboshi was supposed to have a traumatic past, although it is not specifically mentioned in the film.[3] Miyazaki said that Eboshi has a strong and secure personality, evident in the fact that she let Ashitaka move freely through the settlement unescorted, despite his unclear motives.[citation needed] He also said that Eboshi does not acknowledge the Emperor's authority in Irontown, a revolutionary view for the time, and displays an atypical attitude for a woman of that era in that she wouldn't hesitate to sacrifice herself or those around her for her dreams.[3][failed verification] Miyazaki also said that Eboshi resembles a shirabyōshi.[6] Eboshi's English voice actress Minnie Driver stated that she was interested in "the challenge of playing [a] woman who supports industry and represents the interests of man, in terms of achievement and greed."[7] Driver viewed Eboshi as "a warrior, an innovator and a protector."[8]
  • Kaoru Kobayashi provides the voice of Jiko-bō (ジコ坊, called "Jigo" in the English version), a monk and mercenary who befriends Ashitaka on his journey to the west. Miyazaki was unsure whether to make Jiko-bō a government spy, a ninja, a member of a religious group or "a very good guy." He eventually decided to give him elements of all of the above groups.[3] In the English version, Jigo is voiced by Billy Bob Thornton.[citation needed]
  • Masahiko Nishimura voices Kohroku (甲六, Kōroku), an ox driver; John DeMita voices Kohroku in the English version. Miyazaki wrote Kohroku to be "an ordinary guy [who] didn't do anything heroic, right to the end", something he stated was contrary to films he'd made up to that point.[3]
  • Tsunehiko Kamijō provides the voice of Gonza (ゴンザ), Eboshi's short-tempered but loyal bodyguard; he is voiced by John DiMaggio in the English version.[citation needed]
  • Akihiro Miwa voices Moro (モロの君, Moro no Kimi), a giant wolf god and San's adopted mother; Gillian Anderson provides her voice in the English version.[citation needed]
  • Mitsuko Mori provides the voice of Hii-sama (ヒイ様), the wise woman of Ashitaka's village. In the English version, Hii-sama is voiced by Debi Derryberry.[citation needed]
  • Hisaya Morishige provides the voice of Okkoto-nushi (乙事主, called "Okkoto" in the English version), a blind boar god. In the English version, Okkoto is voiced by Keith David, who also voices the narrator in the film's opening sequence.[citation needed]

The cast also includes:[citation needed]

  • Akira Nagoya as the cattleman leader (牛飼いの長, Ushikai no Osa);
  • Kimihiro Reizei as a Jibashiri (ジバシリ);
  • Tetsu Watanabe as a mountain wolf (山犬, Yamainu);
  • Makoto Sato as Nago (ナゴの守, Nago no Mori), a wild boar turned into a demon who curses Ashitaka when he attacks the Emishi village, voiced by John DiMaggio in the English version;
  • and Sumi Shimamoto as Toki (トキ), Kohroku's wife, a former prostitute, and the leader of Eboshi's women, voiced by Jada Pinkett Smith in the English version.

Production

 
Shiratani Unsui forest, Yakushima.

In the late 1970s, Miyazaki drew sketches of a film about a princess living in the woods with a beast.[9] Miyazaki began writing the film's plotline and drew the initial storyboards for the film in August 1994.[10][11] He had difficulties adapting his early ideas and visualisations, because elements had already been used in My Neighbor Totoro and because of societal changes since the creation of the original sketches and image boards. This writer's block prompted him to accept a request for the creation of the On Your Mark promotional music video for the Chage and Aska song of the same title. According to Toshio Suzuki, the diversion allowed Miyazaki to return for a fresh start on the creation of Princess Mononoke. In April 1995, supervising animator Masashi Ando devised the character designs from Miyazaki's storyboard. In May 1995, Miyazaki drew the initial storyboards. That same month, Miyazaki and Ando went to the ancient forests of Yakushima, of Kyushu, an inspiration for the landscape of Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind, and the mountains of Shirakami-Sanchi in northern Honshu for location scouting along with a group of art directors, background artists and digital animators for three days.[10] Animation production commenced in July 1995.[11] Miyazaki personally oversaw each of the 144,000 cels in the film,[12][13] and is estimated to have retouched parts of 80,000 of them.[14] The final storyboards of the film's ending were finished only months before the Japanese premiere date.[15]

Inspired by John Ford, an Irish-American director best known for his Westerns, Miyazaki created Irontown as a "tight-knit frontier town" and populated it with "characters from outcast groups and oppressed minorities who rarely, if ever, appear in Japanese films." He made the characters "yearning, ambitious and tough."[16] Miyazaki did not want to create an accurate history of Medieval Japan, and wanted to "portray the very beginnings of the seemingly insoluble conflict between the natural world and modern industrial civilization."[17] The landscapes appearing in the film were inspired by Yakushima.[18] Despite being set during the Muromachi period, the actual time period of Princess Mononoke depicts a "symbolic neverwhen clash of three proto-Japanese races (the Jomon, Yamato and Emishi)."[19]

 
3D rendering was used to create writhing demon flesh and composite it onto a hand-drawn Ashitaka.

Princess Mononoke was produced with an estimated budget of ¥2.35 billion (approximately US$23.5 million).[20][21][22][better source needed] It was mostly hand-drawn, but incorporates some use of computer animation in approximately ten percent of the film.[23] The computer animated parts are designed to blend in and support the traditional cel animation, and are mainly used in images consisting of a mixture of computer generated graphics and traditional drawing. A further 10 minutes uses inked-and-painted, a technique used in all subsequent Studio Ghibli films. Most of the film is colored with traditional paint, based on the color schemes designed by Miyazaki and Michiyo Yasuda. However, producers agreed on the installation of computers to successfully complete the film prior to the Japanese premiere date.[15] Telecom Animation Film Company and Oh! Production helped animate the film. Toei Animation and DR Movie helped with the painting process.[citation needed]

Two titles were originally considered for the film. One, ultimately chosen, has been translated into English as Princess Mononoke. The other title can be translated into English as The Legend of Ashitaka (アシタカ𦻙記, Ashitaka Sekki), and it contains an uncommon kanji 𦻙 that represents "a legend passed down from ear to ear without being recorded in official history", according to Miyazaki. In a Tokyo Broadcasting System program, televised on November 26, 2013, Toshio Suzuki mentioned that Miyazaki had preferred The Legend of Ashitaka as the title while Suzuki himself favoured Princess Mononoke, though the former title was eventually reused for the first song on the soundtrack.[24][25] The English dub contains minor additional voice overs to explain nuances of Japanese culture to western audiences.[26]

Themes

Environment

A central theme of Princess Mononoke is the environment.[27] The film centers on the adventure of Ashitaka as he journeys to the west to undo a fatal curse inflicted upon him by Nago, a boar turned into a demon by Eboshi.[28] Michelle J. Smith and Elizabeth Parsons said that the film "makes heroes of outsiders in all identity politics categories and blurs the stereotypes that usually define such characters". In the case of the deer god's destruction of the forest and Tataraba, Smith and Parsons said that the "supernatural forces of destruction are unleashed by humans greedily consuming natural resources".[29] They also characterized Eboshi as a businesswoman who has a desire to make money at the expense of the forest, and also cite Eboshi's intention to destroy the forest to mine the mountain "embodies environmentalist evil".[28] Deirdre M. Pike writes that Princess Mononoke is simultaneously part of nature and part of the problem.[30] Mononoke represents the connection between the environment and humans, but also demonstrates that there is an imbalance in power between the two.[30]

Sexuality and disability

Two other themes found in the plot of Princess Mononoke are sexuality and disability. Speaking at the International Symposium on Leprosy / Hansen's Disease History in Tokyo, Miyazaki explained that he was inspired to portray people living with leprosy, "said to be an incurable disease caused by bad karma", after visiting the Tama Zenshoen Sanatorium near his home in Tokyo.[31] Lady Eboshi is driven by her compassion for the disabled, and believes that blood from the Great Forest Spirit could allow her to "cure [her] poor lepers".[32] Michelle Jarman, Assistant Professor of Disability Studies at the University of Wyoming, and Eunjung Kim, Assistant Professor of Gender and Women's Studies at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, said the disabled and gendered sexual bodies were partially used as a transition from the feudal era to a hegemony that "embraces modern social systems, such as industrialization, gendered division of labor, institutionalization of people with diseases, and militarization of men and women." They likened Lady Eboshi to a monarch.[33] Kim and Jarman suggested that Eboshi's disregard of ancient laws and curses towards sex workers and lepers was enlightenment reasoning and her exploitation of disabled people furthered her modernist viewpoints.[34] Kim and Jarman conclude that Lady Eboshi's supposed benevolence in incorporating lepers and sex workers into her society leverages the social stigma attached to marginalized groups, pointing out that the hierarchical structures within Irontown still support the stigmatization of lepers and sex workers.[35]

Development versus preservation

An additional theme is the morally ambiguous conflict between humankind's growth and development and Nature's need for preservation. According to the Chicago Sun-Times's Roger Ebert, "It is not a simplistic tale of good and evil, but the story of how humans, forest animals and nature gods all fight for their share of the new emerging order."[36] Billy Crudup, who provided the English voice for Ashitaka, said "The movie was such an entirely different experience; it had a whole new sensibility I had never seen in animation. It also had something profound to say: that there has to be a give and take between man and nature. One of the things that really impressed me is that Miyazaki shows life in all its multi-faceted complexity, without the traditional perfect heroes and wicked villains. Even Lady Eboshi, who Ashitaka respects, is not so much evil as short-sighted." Minnie Driver, the English voice actress for Lady Eboshi, commented similarly: "It's one of the most remarkable things about the film: Miyazaki gives a complete argument for both sides of the battle between technological achievement and our spiritual roots in the forest. He shows that good and evil, violence and peace exist in us all. It's all about how you harmonize it all."[37] Anime historian Susan Napier said there is no clear good vs. evil conflict in Princess Mononoke, unlike other films popular with children. Based on the multiple points of view the film adopts, San and Lady Eboshi can simultaneously be viewed as heroic or villainous. San defends the forest and viewers empathize with her. But she also attacks innocent people, complicating how we evaluate her. Opposed to San, Eboshi tries to destroy the forest and could be considered a villain. But everything she does is out of a desire to protect her village and see it prosper. San and Lady Eboshi survive until film's end, defying the usual convention of good triumphing over evil with the antagonist defeated. Napier concluded that the resolution of the conflict is left ambiguous, implying that Lady Eboshi and San will be able to come to some sort of compromise. The ambiguity suggests that there are no true villains or heroes.[38]

Loss of innocence

Dan Jolin of Empire said that a potential theme could be that of lost innocence. Miyazaki attributes this to his experience of making his previous film, Porco Rosso, and the wars in the former Yugoslavia, which he cites as an example of mankind never learning, making it difficult for him to go back to making a film such as Kiki's Delivery Service, where he has been quoted as saying "It felt like children were being born to this world without being blessed. How could we pretend to them that we're happy?"[39]

Duality

Duality is central to Eboshi's characterization. Benjamin Thevenin, Assistant Professor of Theater and Media Arts at Brigham Young University, said Eboshi does not fully understand the harm she does to the spirits. Her focus is on creating a safe home for her people. She holds no malicious intent toward nature and its spirits until they begin attacking her people. Once nature attacks, she gathers her soldiers to protect the inhabitants of her town, a place where all are welcome. Irontown is a haven for former sex workers and lepers. She brings them to Irontown and gives them jobs, hospitality, and a kindness that they have never experienced before. The same treatment goes for all Irontown's inhabitants, not just the sickly and the scorned. Lady Eboshi treats everyone equally, no matter the race, sex, or history of the individual, creating a caring community. While Eboshi hates San and the forest spirits, she keeps a garden in her town. Her care for the garden implies that her intention is not to ravage nature to no end, but rather to help her own people. Thevenin concluded that although Eboshi can be seen as the film's villain, she is also a hero to the citizens of Irontown and to humankind in general.[40]

Individualism and conformity

Another theme in this film is between individualism and societal conformity. According to University of Bristol professors Christos Ellinas, Neil Allan and Anders Johansson, this struggle can be seen between San, a strong individualistic force, and Eboshi, the leader of a great society. San has fully committed to living with the wolves in the forest and to renouncing her association with the human race. Eboshi has vowed to sustain her society of Irontown by any means including destroying the environment. The people of Irontown have a cohesive ideology and agree with Eboshi to protect Irontown at the cost of the environment's destruction. This conformity can be found within their society, because “even though there is an envisioned culture at which an organization abides to [sic], achieving coherence at lower aggregation levels (e.g. individuals) is increasingly challenging due to its emergent nature”.[41]

Release

Princess Mononoke was released theatrically in Japan on July 12, 1997.[42] The film was extremely successful in Japan and with both anime fans and arthouse moviegoers in English-speaking countries. Since Walt Disney Studios had made a distribution deal with Tokuma Shoten for Studio Ghibli's films in 1996, it was the first film from Studio Ghibli along with Kiki's Delivery Service and Castle in the Sky to have been dubbed into English by Disney; in this case, subsidiary Miramax Films was assigned to release the movie in the US on October 29, 1999. In response to demands from Miramax chairman Harvey Weinstein to edit the film, one of Miyazaki's producers sent Weinstein a samurai sword with the message: "No cuts."[43] Promotion manager, Steve Alpert, revealed that Weinstein had wanted to trim the film down from 135 minutes to 90 minutes "despite having promised not to do so." When Alpert informed him that Miyazaki would not agree to these demands, Weinstein flew into one of his infamous rages and threatened Alpert that he would "never work in this...industry again".[44] Weinstein hired Neil Gaiman to write the English script, and he chose to simplify some of the Japanese terminology for this dub, with words like Jibarashi becoming "Mercenary" and Shishigami becoming "Forest Spirit". According to him at one of the American screenings of the dub, the release was somewhat delayed because the original recordings deviated from the English script as written.[45] Despite Gaiman's independent fame as an author, his role as scriptwriter for the dub was not heavily promoted: Studio Ghibli requested that Miramax remove some executives' names from the poster for the film, but the executives (Harvey Weinstein, Bob Weinstein, and Scott Martin) decided that Gaiman's name was contractually expendable.[46]

On April 29, 2000, the English-dub version of Princess Mononoke was released theatrically in Japan along with the documentary Mononoke hime in U.S.A.[42] The documentary was directed by Toshikazu Sato and featured Miyazaki visiting the Walt Disney Studios and various film festivals.[42][47] The film had a limited theatrical re-release in the United States during July 2018,[48] and again during April 2022 for the 25th anniversary of its original Japanese release.[49]

Box office

Princess Mononoke was the highest-grossing Japanese film of 1997, earning ¥11.3 billion in distribution rental earnings.[50] It became the highest-grossing film in Japan, beating the record set by E.T. in 1982, but was surpassed several months later by Titanic.[51] The film earned total domestic gross receipts of ¥20.18 billion.[52]

It was the top-grossing anime film in the United States in January 2001, but the film did not fare as well financially in the country when released in October 1999. It grossed $2,298,191 for the first eight weeks.[53][48] It showed more strength internationally, where it earned a total of $11 million outside Japan, bringing its worldwide total to $159,375,308 at the time.[48] On December 6, 2016, GKIDS announced that it would screen the film in US cinemas on January 5 and January 9, 2017, to celebrate its 20th anniversary,[54] bundled with the On Your Mark short.[55] The film's limited US re-release in 2018 grossed $1,423,877 over five days, bringing its US total to $3,799,185 and worldwide total to $160,799,185.[48] As of 2020, the film has grossed $194.3 million.[1]

For its 25th anniversary, Princess Mononoke was screened in 35mm at New York City's Japan Society on July 22, 2022.[56]

Home media

In Japan, the film was released on VHS by Buena Vista Home Entertainment on June 26, 1998.[57][failed verification] A LaserDisc edition was also released by Tokuma Japan Communications on the same day. The film was released on DVD by Buena Vista Home Entertainment on November 21, 2001, with bonus extras added, including the international versions of the film as well as the storyboards.[57][failed verification] By 2007, Princess Mononoke sold 4.4 million DVD units in Japan.[58] At an average retail price of ¥4,700, this is equivalent to approximately ¥20,680 million ($259.18 million) in Japanese sales revenue as of 2007.[59]

In July 2000, Buena Vista Home Entertainment via Miramax Home Entertainment announced plans to release the film on VHS and DVD in North America on August 29.[60] Initially, the DVD version of Princess Mononoke wasn't going to include the Japanese-language track at the request of Buena Vista's Japan division. Because the film hadn't been released on DVD in Japan yet, there were concerns that "a foreign-released DVD containing the Japanese language track will allow for the importation of such a DVD to Japan, which could seriously hurt the local sales of a future release of the [film]".[61] The fansite Nausicaa.net organized an email campaign for fans to include the Japanese language track,[61] while DVD Talk began an online petition to retain the Japanese language track.[62] The DVD release of Princess Mononoke was delayed as a result.[63] Miramax Home Entertainment released the DVD on December 19, 2000 with the original Japanese audio, the English dubbed audio and extras including a trailer and a documentary with interviews from the English dub voice actors.[64] The film was released on Blu-ray disc in Japan on December 4, 2013.[65]

Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Princess Mononoke on Blu-ray Disc on November 18, 2014.[66] In its first week, it sold 21,860 units; by November 23, 2014, it had grossed $502,332.[67] It was later included in Disney's "The Collected Works of Hayao Miyazaki" Blu-ray set, released on November 17, 2015.[68] GKIDS re-issued the film on Blu-ray and DVD on October 17, 2017.[69] As of October 2020, the film has grossed $9,232,906 from Blu-ray sales in the United States.[67] In total, Mononoke's video releases in Japan and the United States grossed an estimated $268 million in physical sales.

In the United Kingdom, the film's Studio Ghibli anniversary release appeared several times on the annual lists of best-selling foreign language film on home video, ranking number six in 2015 (below five other Studio Ghibli anime films),[70] number ten in 2016,[71] number five in 2018 (below four other Japanese films),[72] and number three in 2019 (below Spirited Away and My Neighbor Totoro).[73]

Television

The film was aired on Nippon TV (NTV) in Japan, on 22 January 1999. It became NTV's most-watched film up until then with a 35.1% audience rating, surpassing the 28.4% record previously set by Tsuribaka Nisshi 4 in 1994. In turn, Princess Mononoke was later surpassed by Spirited Away, when it aired in 2003.[74]

Reception

Critical response

As of August 2022, on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 93% of 114 critic reviews are positive for Princess Mononoke, with an average rating of 8/10. The website's consensus reads, "With its epic story and breathtaking visuals, Princess Mononoke is a landmark in the world of animation."[75] According to Metacritic, which assigned an average score of 76 out of 100 based on 29 reviews, the film received "generally favorable reviews".[76]

The Daily Yomiuri's Aaron Gerow called the film a "powerful compilation of Miyazaki's world, a cumulative statement of his moral and filmic concerns."[77] Leonard Klady of Variety said that Princess Mononoke "is not only more sharply drawn, it has an extremely complex and adult script" and the film "has the soul of a romantic epic, and its lush tones, elegant score by Joe Hisaishi and full-blooded characterizations give it the sweep of cinema's most grand canvases".[78] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times called Princess Mononoke "a great achievement and a wonderful experience, and one of the best films of the year. […] You won't find many Hollywood love stories (animated or otherwise) so philosophical."[79] Ty Burr of Entertainment Weekly called the film "a windswept pinnacle of its art" and that it "has the effect of making the average Disney film look like just another toy story".[80] Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times said that the film "brings a very different sensibility to animation, a medium [Miyazaki] views as completely suitable for straight dramatic narrative and serious themes."[81] In his review, Dave Smith from Gamers' Republic called it "one of the greatest animated films ever created, and easily one of the best films of 1999."[82]

Roger Ebert placed Princess Mononoke sixth on his top ten movies of 1999.[83] In 2001, the Japanese magazine Animage ranked Princess Mononoke 47th in their list of 100 Best Anime Productions of All Time.[84] It ranked 488th on Empire's list of the 500 greatest films.[85] Time Out ranked the film 26th on 50 greatest animated films.[86] It also ranked 26 on Total Film's list of 50 greatest animated films.[87]

James Cameron cited Princess Mononoke as an influence on his 2009 film Avatar. He acknowledged that it shares themes with Princess Mononoke, including its clash between cultures and civilizations, and cited Princess Mononoke as an influence on the ecosystem of Pandora.[88]

Accolades

Princess Mononoke is the first animated feature film to win the Japan Academy Prize for Best Picture.[89] For the 70th Academy Awards ceremony, Princess Mononoke was the Japanese submission to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, but was not successfully nominated.[90] Hayao Miyazaki was also nominated for an Annie Award for his work on the film.[91]

Year Award Category Recipient Result
1997 52nd Mainichi Film Awards Best Film Princess Mononoke[92] Won
Best Animation Film Princess Mononoke[92]
Japanese Movie Fans' Choice Princess Mononoke[92]
10th Nikkan Sports Film Awards Best Director Hayao Miyazaki
Yūjirō Ishihara Award Princess Mononoke[92]
1st Japan Media Arts Festival Grand Prize Princess Mononoke
1998 21st Japan Academy Awards Picture of the Year Princess Mononoke[89]
40th Blue Ribbon Awards Special Award Princess Mononoke
22nd Hochi Film Awards Special Award Princess Mononoke
2000 28th Annie Awards Outstanding Individual Achievement for Directing
in an Animated Feature Production 		Hayao Miyazaki
(English language version)[93]		 Nominated
4th Golden Satellite Awards Best Animated or Mixed Media Film Princess Mononoke
2001 27th Saturn Awards Best Home Video Release Princess Mononoke Won

Soundtrack

Princess Mononoke: Music from the Motion Picture
Soundtrack album by
Joe Hisaishi
ReleasedJuly 2, 1997 (Japan)
October 12, 1999 (North America)
Recorded1997
Length65:05
LabelTokuma Japan Communications (Japan)
Milan (North America)

The film score of Princess Mononoke was composed and performed by Joe Hisaishi, the soundtrack composer for nearly all of Miyazaki's productions, and Miyazaki wrote the lyrics of the two vocal tracks, "The Tatara Women Work Song" and its title song. The music was performed by Tokyo City Philharmonic Orchestra and conducted by Hiroshi Kumagai. The soundtrack was released in Japan by Tokuma Japan Communications on July 2, 1997, and the North American version was released by Milan Records on October 12, 1999.[citation needed]

The titular theme song was performed by counter-tenor Yoshikazu Mera. For the English adaptation, Sasha Lazard sang the song. During the movie Hisaishi makes use of a few known classical pieces and quotes them, such as Dmitri Shostakovich's 5th symphony. As with other Studio Ghibli films, additional albums featuring soundtrack themes in alternative versions have been released. The image album features early versions of the themes, recorded at the beginning of the film production process, and used as source of inspiration for the various artists involved. The symphonic suite features longer compositions, each encompassing several of the movie themes, performed by the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Mario Klemens.[citation needed]

Stage adaptation

In 2012, it was announced that Studio Ghibli and British theatre company Whole Hog Theatre would be bringing Princess Mononoke to the stage. It is the first stage adaptation of a Studio Ghibli work.[94] The contact between Whole Hog Theatre and Studio Ghibli was facilitated by Nick Park of Aardman Animations after he sent footage of Whole Hog performances to Studio Ghibli's Toshio Suzuki.[95] The play features large puppets made out of recycled and reclaimed materials.[96]

The first performances were scheduled for London's New Diorama Theatre and sold out in 72 hours, a year in advance.[97][98] In March 2013, it was announced that the show would transfer to Japan after its first run of shows in London. A second series of performances followed in London after the return from Tokyo. The second run of London performances sold out in four and half hours.[99][100] The play received positive reviews and was one of Lyn Gardner's theatre picks in The Guardian.[101][102][103][104][105] On April 27, 2013, the play was presented at Nico Nico Douga's Cho Party and was streamed online in Japan.[106][107]

See also

References

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External links

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Princess Mononoke.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Princess Mononoke.

March 07, 2023
princess, mononoke, japanese, もののけ姫, hepburn, mononoke, hime, 1997, japanese, animated, epic, historical, fantasy, film, written, directed, hayao, miyazaki, animated, studio, ghibli, tokuma, shoten, nippon, television, network, dentsu, film, stars, voices, yōj. Princess Mononoke Japanese もののけ姫 Hepburn Mononoke hime is a 1997 Japanese animated epic historical fantasy film written and directed by Hayao Miyazaki and animated by Studio Ghibli for Tokuma Shoten Nippon Television Network and Dentsu The film stars the voices of Yōji Matsuda Yuriko Ishida Yuko Tanaka Kaoru Kobayashi Masahiko Nishimura Tsunehiko Kamijo Akihiro Miwa Mitsuko Mori and Hisaya Morishige Princess MononokeJapanese theatrical release posterJapanese nameKanjiもののけ姫TranscriptionsRevised HepburnMononoke himeDirected byHayao MiyazakiWritten byHayao MiyazakiProduced byToshio SuzukiStarringYōji Matsuda Yuriko Ishida Yuko Tanaka Kaoru Kobayashi Masahiko Nishimura Tsunehiko Kamijo Akihiro Miwa Mitsuko Mori Hisaya MorishigeCinematographyAtsushi OkuiEdited byTakeshi SeyamaMusic byJoe HisaishiProductioncompanyStudio GhibliDistributed byTohoRelease dateJuly 12 1997 1997 07 12 Running time133 minutesCountryJapanLanguageJapaneseBudget 2 1 billion 23 5 million Box office 169 7 million 1 Princess Mononoke is set in the late Muromachi period of Japan approximately 1336 to 1573 CE but it includes fantasy elements The story follows a young Emishi prince named Ashitaka and his involvement in a struggle between the gods kami of a forest and the humans who consume its resources The film deals with themes of Shintoism and environmentalism The term mononoke 物の怪 or もののけ is not a name but a Japanese word for supernatural shape shifting beings that possess people and cause suffering disease or death citation needed The film was released in Japan on July 12 1997 by Toho and in the United States on October 29 1999 This was the first Studio Ghibli film in the United States to be rated PG 13 by the MPA It was a critical and commercial blockbuster becoming the highest grossing film in Japan of 1997 and also held Japan s box office record for domestic films until 2001 s Spirited Away another Miyazaki film It was dubbed into English with a script by Neil Gaiman and initially distributed in North America by Miramax where it sold well on DVD and video despite a poor box office performance The film greatly increased Ghibli s popularity and influence outside Japan citation needed Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 3 Production 4 Themes 4 1 Environment 4 2 Sexuality and disability 4 3 Development versus preservation 4 4 Loss of innocence 4 5 Duality 4 6 Individualism and conformity 5 Release 5 1 Box office 5 2 Home media 5 3 Television 6 Reception 6 1 Critical response 6 2 Accolades 7 Soundtrack 8 Stage adaptation 9 See also 10 References 11 External linksPlot EditIn the Muromachi period in Japan an Emishi village is attacked by a hideous demon The last Emishi prince Ashitaka kills it before it reaches the village but it manages to grasp his arm and curse him before its death The curse grants him superhuman strength but it also causes him pain and will eventually kill him The villagers discover that the demon was a boar god boar kami corrupted by an iron ball lodged in his body The village s wise woman tells Ashitaka that he may find a cure in the western lands that the demon came from and that he cannot return to his homeland Heading west Ashitaka meets Jigo an opportunistic monk who tells Ashitaka he may find help from the Great Forest Spirit a deer like animal god by day and a giant Night Walker by night Nearby men on a cliffside herd oxen to their home of Iron Town led by Lady Eboshi and repel an attack by a wolf pack led by the wolf goddess Moro whom Eboshi wounds with a gun shot Riding one of the wolves is San a human girl Down below Ashitaka encounters San and the wolves who rebuff his greeting He then manages to rescue two of the men fallen from the cliff and transports them back through the forest where he briefly glimpses the Great Forest Spirit Ashitaka and the survivors arrive at Iron Town where he is greeted with fascination Iron Town is a refuge for outcasts and lepers employed to process iron and create firearms such as hand cannons and matchlock muskets Ashitaka learns that the town was built by clearcutting forests to mine the iron leading to conflicts with Asano a local daimyō and a giant boar god named Nago Eboshi admits that she shot Nago incidentally turning him into the demon that attacked Ashitaka s village She also reveals that San dubbed Princess Mononoke was raised by the wolves and hates humankind San infiltrates Iron Town to kill Eboshi Ashitaka intervenes and quickly subdues Eboshi and San while they are locked in combat Amidst the hysteria he is shot by a villager but the curse gives him strength to carry San out of the village San awakens and prepares to kill the weakened Ashitaka but hesitates when he tells her that she is beautiful She decides to trust him after the Forest Spirit heals his bullet wound that night The next day a boar clan led by the blind god Okkoto plans to attack Iron Town to save the forest Eboshi sets out to kill the Forest Spirit with Jigo Eboshi intends to give the god s head to the Emperor who believes it will grant him immortality in return for protection from Lord Asano while Jigo desires the large reward being offered Ashitaka recovers and finds Iron Town besieged by Asano s samurai The boar clan has been annihilated in battle and Okkoto is badly wounded Jigo s men trick Okkoto into leading them to the Forest Spirit San tries to stop Okkoto but is swept up as his pain corrupts him into a demon As everyone clashes at the pool of the Forest Spirit Ashitaka saves San while the Forest Spirit euthanizes Moro and Okkoto As it begins to transform into the Night Walker Eboshi decapitates it Jigo steals the head while the Forest Spirit s body bleeds ooze that spreads over the land and kills anything it touches The forest and kodama begin to die Moro s head briefly comes alive and bites off Eboshi s right arm but she survives Enraged San attempts to kill Eboshi again but is stopped by Ashitaka who consoles her and encourages her not to give up After Iron Town is evacuated Ashitaka and San pursue Jigo and retrieve the head returning it to the Forest Spirit The Spirit dies but its form washes over the land healing it and lifting Ashitaka s curse Ashitaka stays to help rebuild Iron Town but promises San he will visit her in the forest Grateful to Ashitaka and San Eboshi vows to build a better town The forest begins to regrow as a single Kodama emerges from the brush Cast and characters EditYōji Matsuda voices Prince Ashitaka アシタカ the last Ainu prince of the Emishi tribe whose traveling companion is Yakul ヤックル Yakkuru a red elk アカシシ Akashishi a fictional species of elk that Miyazaki created for the film Novelist Ali Shaw has described Yakul as being more similar to a red Lechwe than an elk 2 Miyazaki called Ashitaka a melancholic boy who has a fate and stated that Ashitaka s curse is similar to the lives of people at the time 3 Ashitaka s English voice actor Billy Crudup stated that he liked Ashitaka as an unexpected hero He s not your usual wild brave guy He s really just a young earnest man who s trying to lead a valuable life and protect his village 4 Yuriko Ishida voices San サン a young woman who was raised by the wolves and feels hatred for humans but eventually comes to care for Ashitaka In the English version San is voiced by Claire Danes citation needed Ishida also voices Kaya カヤ Ashitaka s bride elect who breaks the rules of the village to gift him her dagger to remember her by 5 Tara Strong provides her voice in the English version where she is referred to as his younger sister due to the translation Yuko Tanaka provides the voice of Lady Eboshi エボシ御前 Eboshi Gozen the ruler of Irontown who continually clears the forest Miyazaki stated that Eboshi was supposed to have a traumatic past although it is not specifically mentioned in the film 3 Miyazaki said that Eboshi has a strong and secure personality evident in the fact that she let Ashitaka move freely through the settlement unescorted despite his unclear motives citation needed He also said that Eboshi does not acknowledge the Emperor s authority in Irontown a revolutionary view for the time and displays an atypical attitude for a woman of that era in that she wouldn t hesitate to sacrifice herself or those around her for her dreams 3 failed verification Miyazaki also said that Eboshi resembles a shirabyōshi 6 Eboshi s English voice actress Minnie Driver stated that she was interested in the challenge of playing a woman who supports industry and represents the interests of man in terms of achievement and greed 7 Driver viewed Eboshi as a warrior an innovator and a protector 8 Kaoru Kobayashi provides the voice of Jiko bō ジコ坊 called Jigo in the English version a monk and mercenary who befriends Ashitaka on his journey to the west Miyazaki was unsure whether to make Jiko bō a government spy a ninja a member of a religious group or a very good guy He eventually decided to give him elements of all of the above groups 3 In the English version Jigo is voiced by Billy Bob Thornton citation needed Masahiko Nishimura voices Kohroku 甲六 Kōroku an ox driver John DeMita voices Kohroku in the English version Miyazaki wrote Kohroku to be an ordinary guy who didn t do anything heroic right to the end something he stated was contrary to films he d made up to that point 3 Tsunehiko Kamijō provides the voice of Gonza ゴンザ Eboshi s short tempered but loyal bodyguard he is voiced by John DiMaggio in the English version citation needed Akihiro Miwa voices Moro モロの君 Moro no Kimi a giant wolf god and San s adopted mother Gillian Anderson provides her voice in the English version citation needed Mitsuko Mori provides the voice of Hii sama ヒイ様 the wise woman of Ashitaka s village In the English version Hii sama is voiced by Debi Derryberry citation needed Hisaya Morishige provides the voice of Okkoto nushi 乙事主 called Okkoto in the English version a blind boar god In the English version Okkoto is voiced by Keith David who also voices the narrator in the film s opening sequence citation needed The cast also includes citation needed Akira Nagoya as the cattleman leader 牛飼いの長 Ushikai no Osa Kimihiro Reizei as a Jibashiri ジバシリ Tetsu Watanabe as a mountain wolf 山犬 Yamainu Makoto Sato as Nago ナゴの守 Nago no Mori a wild boar turned into a demon who curses Ashitaka when he attacks the Emishi village voiced by John DiMaggio in the English version and Sumi Shimamoto as Toki トキ Kohroku s wife a former prostitute and the leader of Eboshi s women voiced by Jada Pinkett Smith in the English version Production Edit Shiratani Unsui forest Yakushima In the late 1970s Miyazaki drew sketches of a film about a princess living in the woods with a beast 9 Miyazaki began writing the film s plotline and drew the initial storyboards for the film in August 1994 10 11 He had difficulties adapting his early ideas and visualisations because elements had already been used in My Neighbor Totoro and because of societal changes since the creation of the original sketches and image boards This writer s block prompted him to accept a request for the creation of the On Your Mark promotional music video for the Chage and Aska song of the same title According to Toshio Suzuki the diversion allowed Miyazaki to return for a fresh start on the creation of Princess Mononoke In April 1995 supervising animator Masashi Ando devised the character designs from Miyazaki s storyboard In May 1995 Miyazaki drew the initial storyboards That same month Miyazaki and Ando went to the ancient forests of Yakushima of Kyushu an inspiration for the landscape of Nausicaa of the Valley of the Wind and the mountains of Shirakami Sanchi in northern Honshu for location scouting along with a group of art directors background artists and digital animators for three days 10 Animation production commenced in July 1995 11 Miyazaki personally oversaw each of the 144 000 cels in the film 12 13 and is estimated to have retouched parts of 80 000 of them 14 The final storyboards of the film s ending were finished only months before the Japanese premiere date 15 Inspired by John Ford an Irish American director best known for his Westerns Miyazaki created Irontown as a tight knit frontier town and populated it with characters from outcast groups and oppressed minorities who rarely if ever appear in Japanese films He made the characters yearning ambitious and tough 16 Miyazaki did not want to create an accurate history of Medieval Japan and wanted to portray the very beginnings of the seemingly insoluble conflict between the natural world and modern industrial civilization 17 The landscapes appearing in the film were inspired by Yakushima 18 Despite being set during the Muromachi period the actual time period of Princess Mononoke depicts a symbolic neverwhen clash of three proto Japanese races the Jomon Yamato and Emishi 19 3D rendering was used to create writhing demon flesh and composite it onto a hand drawn Ashitaka Princess Mononoke was produced with an estimated budget of 2 35 billion approximately US 23 5 million 20 21 22 better source needed It was mostly hand drawn but incorporates some use of computer animation in approximately ten percent of the film 23 The computer animated parts are designed to blend in and support the traditional cel animation and are mainly used in images consisting of a mixture of computer generated graphics and traditional drawing A further 10 minutes uses inked and painted a technique used in all subsequent Studio Ghibli films Most of the film is colored with traditional paint based on the color schemes designed by Miyazaki and Michiyo Yasuda However producers agreed on the installation of computers to successfully complete the film prior to the Japanese premiere date 15 Telecom Animation Film Company and Oh Production helped animate the film Toei Animation and DR Movie helped with the painting process citation needed Two titles were originally considered for the film One ultimately chosen has been translated into English as Princess Mononoke The other title can be translated into English as The Legend of Ashitaka アシタカ𦻙記 Ashitaka Sekki and it contains an uncommon kanji 𦻙 that represents a legend passed down from ear to ear without being recorded in official history according to Miyazaki In a Tokyo Broadcasting System program televised on November 26 2013 Toshio Suzuki mentioned that Miyazaki had preferred The Legend of Ashitaka as the title while Suzuki himself favoured Princess Mononoke though the former title was eventually reused for the first song on the soundtrack 24 25 The English dub contains minor additional voice overs to explain nuances of Japanese culture to western audiences 26 Themes EditEnvironment Edit A central theme of Princess Mononoke is the environment 27 The film centers on the adventure of Ashitaka as he journeys to the west to undo a fatal curse inflicted upon him by Nago a boar turned into a demon by Eboshi 28 Michelle J Smith and Elizabeth Parsons said that the film makes heroes of outsiders in all identity politics categories and blurs the stereotypes that usually define such characters In the case of the deer god s destruction of the forest and Tataraba Smith and Parsons said that the supernatural forces of destruction are unleashed by humans greedily consuming natural resources 29 They also characterized Eboshi as a businesswoman who has a desire to make money at the expense of the forest and also cite Eboshi s intention to destroy the forest to mine the mountain embodies environmentalist evil 28 Deirdre M Pike writes that Princess Mononoke is simultaneously part of nature and part of the problem 30 Mononoke represents the connection between the environment and humans but also demonstrates that there is an imbalance in power between the two 30 Sexuality and disability Edit Two other themes found in the plot of Princess Mononoke are sexuality and disability Speaking at the International Symposium on Leprosy Hansen s Disease History in Tokyo Miyazaki explained that he was inspired to portray people living with leprosy said to be an incurable disease caused by bad karma after visiting the Tama Zenshoen Sanatorium near his home in Tokyo 31 Lady Eboshi is driven by her compassion for the disabled and believes that blood from the Great Forest Spirit could allow her to cure her poor lepers 32 Michelle Jarman Assistant Professor of Disability Studies at the University of Wyoming and Eunjung Kim Assistant Professor of Gender and Women s Studies at the University of Wisconsin Madison said the disabled and gendered sexual bodies were partially used as a transition from the feudal era to a hegemony that embraces modern social systems such as industrialization gendered division of labor institutionalization of people with diseases and militarization of men and women They likened Lady Eboshi to a monarch 33 Kim and Jarman suggested that Eboshi s disregard of ancient laws and curses towards sex workers and lepers was enlightenment reasoning and her exploitation of disabled people furthered her modernist viewpoints 34 Kim and Jarman conclude that Lady Eboshi s supposed benevolence in incorporating lepers and sex workers into her society leverages the social stigma attached to marginalized groups pointing out that the hierarchical structures within Irontown still support the stigmatization of lepers and sex workers 35 Development versus preservation Edit An additional theme is the morally ambiguous conflict between humankind s growth and development and Nature s need for preservation According to the Chicago Sun Times s Roger Ebert It is not a simplistic tale of good and evil but the story of how humans forest animals and nature gods all fight for their share of the new emerging order 36 Billy Crudup who provided the English voice for Ashitaka said The movie was such an entirely different experience it had a whole new sensibility I had never seen in animation It also had something profound to say that there has to be a give and take between man and nature One of the things that really impressed me is that Miyazaki shows life in all its multi faceted complexity without the traditional perfect heroes and wicked villains Even Lady Eboshi who Ashitaka respects is not so much evil as short sighted Minnie Driver the English voice actress for Lady Eboshi commented similarly It s one of the most remarkable things about the film Miyazaki gives a complete argument for both sides of the battle between technological achievement and our spiritual roots in the forest He shows that good and evil violence and peace exist in us all It s all about how you harmonize it all 37 Anime historian Susan Napier said there is no clear good vs evil conflict in Princess Mononoke unlike other films popular with children Based on the multiple points of view the film adopts San and Lady Eboshi can simultaneously be viewed as heroic or villainous San defends the forest and viewers empathize with her But she also attacks innocent people complicating how we evaluate her Opposed to San Eboshi tries to destroy the forest and could be considered a villain But everything she does is out of a desire to protect her village and see it prosper San and Lady Eboshi survive until film s end defying the usual convention of good triumphing over evil with the antagonist defeated Napier concluded that the resolution of the conflict is left ambiguous implying that Lady Eboshi and San will be able to come to some sort of compromise The ambiguity suggests that there are no true villains or heroes 38 Loss of innocence Edit Dan Jolin of Empire said that a potential theme could be that of lost innocence Miyazaki attributes this to his experience of making his previous film Porco Rosso and the wars in the former Yugoslavia which he cites as an example of mankind never learning making it difficult for him to go back to making a film such as Kiki s Delivery Service where he has been quoted as saying It felt like children were being born to this world without being blessed How could we pretend to them that we re happy 39 Duality Edit Duality is central to Eboshi s characterization Benjamin Thevenin Assistant Professor of Theater and Media Arts at Brigham Young University said Eboshi does not fully understand the harm she does to the spirits Her focus is on creating a safe home for her people She holds no malicious intent toward nature and its spirits until they begin attacking her people Once nature attacks she gathers her soldiers to protect the inhabitants of her town a place where all are welcome Irontown is a haven for former sex workers and lepers She brings them to Irontown and gives them jobs hospitality and a kindness that they have never experienced before The same treatment goes for all Irontown s inhabitants not just the sickly and the scorned Lady Eboshi treats everyone equally no matter the race sex or history of the individual creating a caring community While Eboshi hates San and the forest spirits she keeps a garden in her town Her care for the garden implies that her intention is not to ravage nature to no end but rather to help her own people Thevenin concluded that although Eboshi can be seen as the film s villain she is also a hero to the citizens of Irontown and to humankind in general 40 Individualism and conformity Edit Another theme in this film is between individualism and societal conformity According to University of Bristol professors Christos Ellinas Neil Allan and Anders Johansson this struggle can be seen between San a strong individualistic force and Eboshi the leader of a great society San has fully committed to living with the wolves in the forest and to renouncing her association with the human race Eboshi has vowed to sustain her society of Irontown by any means including destroying the environment The people of Irontown have a cohesive ideology and agree with Eboshi to protect Irontown at the cost of the environment s destruction This conformity can be found within their society because even though there is an envisioned culture at which an organization abides to sic achieving coherence at lower aggregation levels e g individuals is increasingly challenging due to its emergent nature 41 Release EditPrincess Mononoke was released theatrically in Japan on July 12 1997 42 The film was extremely successful in Japan and with both anime fans and arthouse moviegoers in English speaking countries Since Walt Disney Studios had made a distribution deal with Tokuma Shoten for Studio Ghibli s films in 1996 it was the first film from Studio Ghibli along with Kiki s Delivery Service and Castle in the Sky to have been dubbed into English by Disney in this case subsidiary Miramax Films was assigned to release the movie in the US on October 29 1999 In response to demands from Miramax chairman Harvey Weinstein to edit the film one of Miyazaki s producers sent Weinstein a samurai sword with the message No cuts 43 Promotion manager Steve Alpert revealed that Weinstein had wanted to trim the film down from 135 minutes to 90 minutes despite having promised not to do so When Alpert informed him that Miyazaki would not agree to these demands Weinstein flew into one of his infamous rages and threatened Alpert that he would never work in this industry again 44 Weinstein hired Neil Gaiman to write the English script and he chose to simplify some of the Japanese terminology for this dub with words like Jibarashi becoming Mercenary and Shishigami becoming Forest Spirit According to him at one of the American screenings of the dub the release was somewhat delayed because the original recordings deviated from the English script as written 45 Despite Gaiman s independent fame as an author his role as scriptwriter for the dub was not heavily promoted Studio Ghibli requested that Miramax remove some executives names from the poster for the film but the executives Harvey Weinstein Bob Weinstein and Scott Martin decided that Gaiman s name was contractually expendable 46 On April 29 2000 the English dub version of Princess Mononoke was released theatrically in Japan along with the documentary Mononoke hime in U S A 42 The documentary was directed by Toshikazu Sato and featured Miyazaki visiting the Walt Disney Studios and various film festivals 42 47 The film had a limited theatrical re release in the United States during July 2018 48 and again during April 2022 for the 25th anniversary of its original Japanese release 49 Box office Edit Princess Mononoke was the highest grossing Japanese film of 1997 earning 11 3 billion in distribution rental earnings 50 It became the highest grossing film in Japan beating the record set by E T in 1982 but was surpassed several months later by Titanic 51 The film earned total domestic gross receipts of 20 18 billion 52 It was the top grossing anime film in the United States in January 2001 but the film did not fare as well financially in the country when released in October 1999 It grossed 2 298 191 for the first eight weeks 53 48 It showed more strength internationally where it earned a total of 11 million outside Japan bringing its worldwide total to 159 375 308 at the time 48 On December 6 2016 GKIDS announced that it would screen the film in US cinemas on January 5 and January 9 2017 to celebrate its 20th anniversary 54 bundled with the On Your Mark short 55 The film s limited US re release in 2018 grossed 1 423 877 over five days bringing its US total to 3 799 185 and worldwide total to 160 799 185 48 As of 2020 update the film has grossed 194 3 million 1 For its 25th anniversary Princess Mononoke was screened in 35mm at New York City s Japan Society on July 22 2022 56 Home media Edit In Japan the film was released on VHS by Buena Vista Home Entertainment on June 26 1998 57 failed verification A LaserDisc edition was also released by Tokuma Japan Communications on the same day The film was released on DVD by Buena Vista Home Entertainment on November 21 2001 with bonus extras added including the international versions of the film as well as the storyboards 57 failed verification By 2007 Princess Mononoke sold 4 4 million DVD units in Japan 58 At an average retail price of 4 700 this is equivalent to approximately 20 680 million 259 18 million in Japanese sales revenue as of 2007 59 In July 2000 Buena Vista Home Entertainment via Miramax Home Entertainment announced plans to release the film on VHS and DVD in North America on August 29 60 Initially the DVD version of Princess Mononoke wasn t going to include the Japanese language track at the request of Buena Vista s Japan division Because the film hadn t been released on DVD in Japan yet there were concerns that a foreign released DVD containing the Japanese language track will allow for the importation of such a DVD to Japan which could seriously hurt the local sales of a future release of the film 61 The fansite Nausicaa net organized an email campaign for fans to include the Japanese language track 61 while DVD Talk began an online petition to retain the Japanese language track 62 The DVD release of Princess Mononoke was delayed as a result 63 Miramax Home Entertainment released the DVD on December 19 2000 with the original Japanese audio the English dubbed audio and extras including a trailer and a documentary with interviews from the English dub voice actors 64 The film was released on Blu ray disc in Japan on December 4 2013 65 Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Princess Mononoke on Blu ray Disc on November 18 2014 66 In its first week it sold 21 860 units by November 23 2014 it had grossed 502 332 67 It was later included in Disney s The Collected Works of Hayao Miyazaki Blu ray set released on November 17 2015 68 GKIDS re issued the film on Blu ray and DVD on October 17 2017 69 As of October 2020 update the film has grossed 9 232 906 from Blu ray sales in the United States 67 In total Mononoke s video releases in Japan and the United States grossed an estimated 268 million in physical sales In the United Kingdom the film s Studio Ghibli anniversary release appeared several times on the annual lists of best selling foreign language film on home video ranking number six in 2015 below five other Studio Ghibli anime films 70 number ten in 2016 71 number five in 2018 below four other Japanese films 72 and number three in 2019 below Spirited Away and My Neighbor Totoro 73 Television Edit The film was aired on Nippon TV NTV in Japan on 22 January 1999 It became NTV s most watched film up until then with a 35 1 audience rating surpassing the 28 4 record previously set by Tsuribaka Nisshi 4 in 1994 In turn Princess Mononoke was later surpassed by Spirited Away when it aired in 2003 74 Reception EditCritical response Edit As of August 2022 on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes 93 of 114 critic reviews are positive for Princess Mononoke with an average rating of 8 10 The website s consensus reads With its epic story and breathtaking visuals Princess Mononoke is a landmark in the world of animation 75 According to Metacritic which assigned an average score of 76 out of 100 based on 29 reviews the film received generally favorable reviews 76 The Daily Yomiuri s Aaron Gerow called the film a powerful compilation of Miyazaki s world a cumulative statement of his moral and filmic concerns 77 Leonard Klady of Variety said that Princess Mononoke is not only more sharply drawn it has an extremely complex and adult script and the film has the soul of a romantic epic and its lush tones elegant score by Joe Hisaishi and full blooded characterizations give it the sweep of cinema s most grand canvases 78 Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun Times called Princess Mononoke a great achievement and a wonderful experience and one of the best films of the year You won t find many Hollywood love stories animated or otherwise so philosophical 79 Ty Burr of Entertainment Weekly called the film a windswept pinnacle of its art and that it has the effect of making the average Disney film look like just another toy story 80 Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times said that the film brings a very different sensibility to animation a medium Miyazaki views as completely suitable for straight dramatic narrative and serious themes 81 In his review Dave Smith from Gamers Republic called it one of the greatest animated films ever created and easily one of the best films of 1999 82 Roger Ebert placed Princess Mononoke sixth on his top ten movies of 1999 83 In 2001 the Japanese magazine Animage ranked Princess Mononoke 47th in their list of 100 Best Anime Productions of All Time 84 It ranked 488th on Empire s list of the 500 greatest films 85 Time Out ranked the film 26th on 50 greatest animated films 86 It also ranked 26 on Total Film s list of 50 greatest animated films 87 James Cameron cited Princess Mononoke as an influence on his 2009 film Avatar He acknowledged that it shares themes with Princess Mononoke including its clash between cultures and civilizations and cited Princess Mononoke as an influence on the ecosystem of Pandora 88 Accolades Edit Princess Mononoke is the first animated feature film to win the Japan Academy Prize for Best Picture 89 For the 70th Academy Awards ceremony Princess Mononoke was the Japanese submission to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film but was not successfully nominated 90 Hayao Miyazaki was also nominated for an Annie Award for his work on the film 91 Year Award Category Recipient Result1997 52nd Mainichi Film Awards Best Film Princess Mononoke 92 WonBest Animation Film Princess Mononoke 92 Japanese Movie Fans Choice Princess Mononoke 92 10th Nikkan Sports Film Awards Best Director Hayao MiyazakiYujirō Ishihara Award Princess Mononoke 92 1st Japan Media Arts Festival Grand Prize Princess Mononoke1998 21st Japan Academy Awards Picture of the Year Princess Mononoke 89 40th Blue Ribbon Awards Special Award Princess Mononoke22nd Hochi Film Awards Special Award Princess Mononoke2000 28th Annie Awards Outstanding Individual Achievement for Directing in an Animated Feature Production Hayao Miyazaki English language version 93 Nominated4th Golden Satellite Awards Best Animated or Mixed Media Film Princess Mononoke2001 27th Saturn Awards Best Home Video Release Princess Mononoke WonSoundtrack EditPrincess Mononoke Music from the Motion PictureSoundtrack album by Joe HisaishiReleasedJuly 2 1997 Japan October 12 1999 North America Recorded1997Length65 05LabelTokuma Japan Communications Japan Milan North America The film score of Princess Mononoke was composed and performed by Joe Hisaishi the soundtrack composer for nearly all of Miyazaki s productions and Miyazaki wrote the lyrics of the two vocal tracks The Tatara Women Work Song and its title song The music was performed by Tokyo City Philharmonic Orchestra and conducted by Hiroshi Kumagai The soundtrack was released in Japan by Tokuma Japan Communications on July 2 1997 and the North American version was released by Milan Records on October 12 1999 citation needed The titular theme song was performed by counter tenor Yoshikazu Mera For the English adaptation Sasha Lazard sang the song During the movie Hisaishi makes use of a few known classical pieces and quotes them such as Dmitri Shostakovich s 5th symphony As with other Studio Ghibli films additional albums featuring soundtrack themes in alternative versions have been released The image album features early versions of the themes recorded at the beginning of the film production process and used as source of inspiration for the various artists involved The symphonic suite features longer compositions each encompassing several of the movie themes performed by the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Mario Klemens citation needed Stage adaptation EditIn 2012 it was announced that Studio Ghibli and British theatre company Whole Hog Theatre would be bringing Princess Mononoke to the stage It is the first stage adaptation of a Studio Ghibli work 94 The contact between Whole Hog Theatre and Studio Ghibli was facilitated by Nick Park of Aardman Animations after he sent footage of Whole Hog performances to Studio Ghibli s Toshio Suzuki 95 The play features large puppets made out of recycled and reclaimed materials 96 The first performances were scheduled for London s New Diorama Theatre and sold out in 72 hours a year in advance 97 98 In March 2013 it was announced that the show would transfer to Japan after its first run of shows in London A second series of performances followed in London after the return from Tokyo The second run of London performances sold out in four and half hours 99 100 The play received positive reviews and was one of Lyn Gardner s theatre picks in The Guardian 101 102 103 104 105 On April 27 2013 the play was presented at Nico Nico Douga s Cho Party and was streamed online in Japan 106 107 See also EditList of submissions to the 70th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film List of Japanese submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language FilmReferences Edit a b Loo Egan December 15 2020 Spirited Away 3 Other Ghibli Films Box Office Totals Rose Due to This Year s Revival Screenings Anime News Network Retrieved December 22 2020 Jahn Pam January 7 2016 Ali Shaw is Yakul from Princess Mononoke Electric Sheep Retrieved December 11 2019 a b c d e Interview Miyazaki on Mononoke hime Nausicaa net Translated by Ryoko Toyama Tokuma Shoten July 1997 Retrieved June 14 2010 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint others link CS1 maint url status link Princess Mononoke The Characters Miramax Films p 3 Archived from the original on June 16 2008 Retrieved September 23 2012 Interview Miyazaki on Mononoke hime Nausicaa net Translated by Ryoko Toyama Tokuma Shoten July 1997 Retrieved February 26 2021 Q Kaya who saw Ashitaka off loved Ashitaka didn t she M Yes of course She calls him Anisama older brother but it just means that he is an older boy in her clan Q So they are not real brother and sister M If they were that wouldn t be interesting at all There used to be a lot of marriage among blood relations in Japan I thought of Kaya as a girl who is determined to do so marry Ashitaka But Ashitaka chose San It s not strange at all to live with San who lives with such a brutal fate That s life a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint others link CS1 maint url status link Leavey John 2010 Possessed by and of Up against Seeing Princess Mononoke ImageTexT University of Florida 5 2 Retrieved September 11 2012 Princess Mononoke The Characters Miramax Films p 5 Archived from the original on June 16 2008 Retrieved September 23 2012 Princess Mononoke The Characters Miramax Films p 7 Archived from the original on June 16 2008 Retrieved September 23 2012 McCarthy 2005 p 182 sfn error no target CITEREFMcCarthy2005 help a b 制作日誌 1994年8月 95年5月 Studio Ghibli Retrieved September 14 2012 a b McCarthy 1999 p 185 Toyama Ryoko Princess Mononoke Frequently Asked Questions Nausicaa net Retrieved July 30 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Fuster Jeremy January 6 2017 Princess Mononoke Turns 20 10 Things You Probably Didn t Know About The Animated Classic TheWrap Retrieved July 30 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Hayao Miyazaki Chat Transcript Movie Princess Mononoke princess mononoke com Miramax Films November 4 1999 Archived from the original on June 29 2007 Retrieved September 14 2012 Q The report is that you retouched by hand over 80 000 cels of animation in Mononoke Hime Is this true M I certainly never counted how many cels one by one But I look at and sign off on every cel It s not like every cel needs correcting or touching up Many are perfect the way they are That that makes me very gratified My job is to maintain overall in every cel a standard that I have set for the film So as long as each cel reaches that standard the less work for me a b Toshio Uratani 2004 Princess Mononoke Making of a Masterpiece Documentary Japan Buena Vista Home Entertainment The Myth of Princess Mononoke and Miyazaki s vision Miramax Films p 2 Archived from the original on May 25 2008 Retrieved September 15 2012 The Myth of Princess Mononoke and Miyazaki s vision Miramax Films p 5 Archived from the original on October 25 2007 Retrieved September 15 2012 もののけ姫 ロケ地情報 in Japanese Retrieved September 1 2012 Clements amp McCarthy 2005 p 505 sfn error no target CITEREFClementsMcCarthy2005 help Wettbewerb In Competition Moving Pictures Berlinale Extra Berlin 32 February 11 22 1998 Movie Vault com Movie Vault com March 28 2005 Archived from the original on November 4 2013 Retrieved November 1 2013 Articles about Mononoke Hime Webcitation org Archived from the original on October 21 2009 Retrieved November 1 2013 The Animation Process Miramax Films November 4 1999 Archived from the original on November 20 2006 Retrieved September 14 2012 Miyazaki Hayao July 31 1996 もののけ姫 企画書 Princess Mononoke Planning Memo 出発点 Starting Point San Francisco Viz Media pp 272 274 ISBN 978 1 4215 0594 7 Archived from the original on August 28 2014 Retrieved December 16 2013 Matsumoto Hitoshi Hamada Masatoshi November 26 2013 鈴木 敏夫 100秒博士アカデミー Toshio Suzuki 100 Byo Hakase Academy 100秒博士アカデミー in Japanese TBS RCC Archived from the original on January 29 2014 Retrieved January 28 2014 staff A more complete look at the dubbed version of MONONOKE HIME aka Princess Mononoke Aint It Cool News Retrieved January 24 2020 Gwendolyn Morgan 2015 Creatures in Crisis Apocalyptic Environmental Visions in Miyazaki s Nausicaa of the Valley of the Wind and Princess Mononoke Resilience A Journal of the Environmental Humanities 2 3 172 183 doi 10 5250 resilience 2 3 0172 JSTOR 10 5250 resilience 2 3 0172 S2CID 156400474 a b Smith amp Parsons 2012 p 28 Smith amp Parsons 2012 pp 26 27 a b Pike Deidre M 2014 Enviro Toons Green Themes in Animated Cinema and Television Jefferson NC McFarland amp Company Inc Publishers p 159 ISBN 978 0 7864 9002 8 Kitano Ryuichi January 29 2016 Hayao Miyazaki Leprosy scene in Mononoke Hime inspired by real life experience Asahi Shimbun Archived from the original on January 30 2016 Retrieved January 29 2016 Wendi Sierra Alysah Berwald Melissa Guck Erica Maeder January 1 2015 Nature Technology and Ruined Women Ecofeminism and Princess Mononoke The Seneca Falls Dialogues Journal 1 1 Kim amp Jarman 2008 p 54 Kim amp Jarman 2008 pp 56 57 Kim amp Jarman 2008 p 58 Ebert Roger October 29 1999 Princess Mononoke Rogerebert com Retrieved January 29 2016 McCarter Charles October 20 1999 The Remaking of a Myth Princess Mononoke in America Ex org EX The Online World of Anime amp Manga Archived from the original on August 6 2010 Retrieved January 29 2016 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link Napier Susan J 2001 Anime from Akira to Princess Mononoke Palgrave Macmillan US pp 175 192 ISBN 9780312238636 Dan Jolin September 2009 Miyazaki on Miyazaki The animation genius on his movies Empire Retrieved May 6 2015 Thevenin Benjamin October 1 2013 Princess Mononoke and beyond New nature narratives for children Interactions Studies in Communication amp Culture 4 2 147 170 doi 10 1386 iscc 4 2 147 1 Ellinas Christos Allan Neil Johansson Anders June 30 2017 Dynamics of organizational culture Individual beliefs vs social conformity PLOS ONE 12 6 e0180193 arXiv 1708 06736 Bibcode 2017PLoSO 1280193E doi 10 1371 journal pone 0180193 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 5493361 PMID 28665960 a b c Galbraith IV 2008 p 414 Brooks Xan September 14 2005 A god among animators The Guardian London Retrieved May 22 2010 Medina Joseph Jammer June 2 2020 Apparently Harvey Weinstein Lost His S t Over Hayao Miyazaki s Princess Mononoke LRM Online McCarter Charles The Princess Speaks finally www ex org Archived from the original on October 5 2000 Retrieved January 12 2022 Anderson Kyle Why People Forget Neil Gaiman Wrote MONONOKE s Dub Nerdist Retrieved October 30 2020 Galbraith IV 2008 p 415 a b c d Princess Mononoke Box Office Mojo Internet Movie Database Retrieved June 14 2019 Chapman Paul March 23 2022 Princess Mononoke 25th Anniversary Screenings Hit Theaters in April Crunchyroll Retrieved April 4 2022 Kako haikyu shunyu jōi sakuhin 1997 nen in Japanese Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan Retrieved February 16 2011 Ebert Roger October 24 1999 Director Miyazaki draws American attention Chicago Sun Times Archived from the original on January 31 2018 Retrieved August 27 2009 歴代興収ベスト100 All time box office top 100 in Japanese Kogyo Tsushinsha Archived from the original on August 8 2017 Retrieved December 22 2020 Anime Radar News Animerica San Francisco California Viz Media 9 2 32 March 2001 ISSN 1067 0831 OCLC 27130932 Princess Mononoke 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Announces Further Performances of Princess Mononoke at the New Diorama Theatre London Anime News Network Retrieved March 11 2013 UK stage adaptation of Princess Mononoke met with praise Flixster Archived from the original on June 25 2014 Retrieved April 27 2013 Princess Mononoke New Diorama Theatre London The Public Reviews Retrieved April 27 2013 Review of Princess Mononoke Play at the New Diorama Theatre by Wholehog Theatre Anime UK News April 7 2013 Retrieved April 27 2013 PRINCESS MONONOKE West End Wilma April 9 2013 Retrieved April 27 2013 What to see Lyn Gardner s theatre tips The Guardian London March 29 2013 Retrieved April 27 2013 Cho Pary First Night Nico Nico Douga Archived from the original on April 23 2013 Retrieved April 27 2013 Cho Pary online Nico Nico Douga Retrieved April 27 2013 SourcesBigelow Susan J March 2009 Technologies of perception Miyazaki in theory and practice Animation Sage Publications 4 1 55 75 doi 10 1177 1746847708099740 ISSN 1746 8477 S2CID 146647853 Clarke James May 2010 Ecology and Animation Animation Gone Wild Bambi vs Princess Mononoke Imagine Bristol Wildfire Communications 31 36 39 ISSN 1748 1244 Clements Jonathan McCarthy Helen 2006 Princess Mononoke The Anime Encyclopedia A Guide to Japanese Animation since 1917 California Stone Bridge Press pp 505 506 ISBN 1 933330 10 4 Delorme Gerard January 2000 Princesse Mononoke Premiere in French Hachette Filipacchi Associes 275 61 62 ISSN 0399 3698 Doyle Wyatt December 1998 Disney Turning Japanese Asian Cult Cinema 21 25 28 Fitzpatrick Michael June 1997 Front desk clips manga mouse Empire 96 30 Galbraith IV Stuart 2008 The Toho Studios Story A History and Complete Filmography Scarecrow Press ISBN 978 1461673743 Genin Bernard January 12 2000 Princess Mononoke Telerama in French 2609 30 Harrison Genevieve August 2000 Mononoke hokey cokey Empire Bauer 134 20 Hazelton John November 12 1999 Animated English accent Screen International EMAP 1234 8 ISSN 0307 4617 Khoury George November 1999 An interview with Neil Gaiman Creative Screenwriting 6 6 63 65 ISSN 1084 8665 Kim Eunjung Jarman Michelle April 2008 Modernity s Rescue Mission Postcolonial Transactions of Disability and Sexuality PDF Canadian Journal of Film Studies 17 1 52 68 doi 10 3138 cjfs 17 1 52 ISSN 0847 5911 Leyland Matthew June 2006 Princess Mononoke Sight and Sound British Film Institute 16 6 90 91 ISSN 0037 4806 McCarthy Helen 1999 Princess Mononoke The Nature of Love Hayao Miyazaki Master of Japanese Animation Berkeley California Stone Bridge Press pp 181 204 ISBN 978 1880656419 Napier Susan J 2005 2001 Princess Mononoke Fantasy the Feminine and the Myth of Progress Anime from Akira to Howl s Moving Castle Experiencing Contemporary Japanese Animation 2nd ed New York Palgrave Macmillan pp 231 248 ISBN 978 1403970510 Pedroletti Brice June 9 2000 L animation d auteur veut s imposer au pays de Pikachu Le Film Francais in French Mondadori France 2382 15 17 ISSN 0397 8702 Schilling Mark July 18 1997 Marketing Focus By royal appointment Screen International EMAP 1117 11 ISSN 0307 4617 Schilling Mark 1999 Princess Mononoke The Art and Making of Japan s Most Popular Film of All Time New York City Miramax Hyperion Media ISBN 978 0786883851 Smith Michelle J Parsons Elizabeth February 2012 Animating child activism Environmentalism and class politics in Ghibli s Princess Mononoke 1997 and Fox s Fern Gully 1992 Continuum Journal of Media amp Cultural Studies Routledge 26 1 25 37 doi 10 1080 10304312 2012 630138 S2CID 144411247 Vitaris Paula 1999 Princess Mononoke Cinefantastique 31 4 7 ISSN 0145 6032 External links Edit Wikiquote has quotations related to Princess Mononoke Wikimedia Commons has media related to Princess Mononoke Official website at Disney Princess Mononoke Production Diary at Studio Ghibli in Japanese Mononoke hime at IMDb Mononoke Hime at The Big Cartoon DataBase Princess Mononoke at AllMovie Princess Mononoke at Box Office Mojo Princess Mononoke at Rotten Tomatoes Princess Mononoke film at Anime News Network s encyclopedia Animerica review at the Wayback Machine archived April 7 2004 Portals 1990s Anime and manga Film Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Princess Mononoke amp oldid 1142699609, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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