fbpx
Wikipedia

Presidential transition of John F. Kennedy

May 14, 2023

The presidential transition of John F. Kennedy began when he won the 1960 United States presidential election, becoming the president-elect of the United States, and ended when Kennedy was inaugurated at noon EST on January 20, 1961.

Presidential transition of John F. Kennedy
President-elect Kennedy (right) meets with outgoing president Dwight D. Eisenhower in the White House's Oval Office on December 6, 1960
Date of electionNovember 8, 1960
Transition startNovember 9, 1960
Inauguration dateJanuary 20, 1961
President-electJohn F. Kennedy (Democrat)
Vice president-electLyndon B. Johnson (Democrat)
Outgoing presidentDwight D. Eisenhower (Republican)
Outgoing vice presidentRichard Nixon (Republican)
Leader of the transitionClark Clifford

Kennedy placed Clark Clifford in charge of the transition effort. Outgoing president Dwight D. Eisenhower and his administration cooperated with President-elect Kennedy and his team on a number of aspects of the transition to facilitate the peaceful transfer of power. At the time, United States presidential transitions were far less elaborate than they have since developed to be in subsequent decades. Kennedy's transition was a volunteer-run operation.

Clark Clifford acted as head of the transition, and Eisenhower named White House Chief of Staff Wilton Persons as his administration's representative to the transition. Particularly during the later part of the transition, Clifford and Persons both spoke on the phone and met in person with each other frequently. The other top officials of Kennedy's transition were individuals that had also been part of his presidential campaign, including Robert F. Kennedy, Larry O'Brien Kenneth O'Donnell, Pierre Salinger, Sargent Shriver, Stephen Edward Smith, and Ted Sorensen. The transition was largely funded by the Democratic National Committee.

While Eisenhower and Kennedy each thought negatively of the other at the time of the transition, the two intended to avoid a rough, tension-filled transition akin to the previous one between President Truman and Eisenhower. Ahead of the election, Kennedy's campaign and the administration of term-limited outgoing president Eisenhower had taken some actions to study past transitions and prepare for the 1960–61 presidential transition. Shortly after the election, Kennedy began receiving extensive daily briefings from the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), as well as briefings from the Department of State.

Pre-election actions

A presidential transition was scheduled to occur after the 1960 United States presidential election, as incumbent president Dwight D. Eisenhower was term-limited. In anticipation of this, shortly after the 1960 presidential nominating conventions, Eisenhower created an advisory committee to study presidential transitions, headed by Robert Daniel Murphy.[1]

Planning for a prospective presidential transition by John F. Kennedy began ahead of the election. Kennedy placed Clark Clifford and Richard Neustadt in charge of these preparations.[2][3] The two largely acted independently of one another in researching presidential transitions and advising Kennedy on his potential transition.[3]

Kennedy first began to talk with Clifford about his prospective presidential transition soon after winning the Democratic nomination at the 1960 Democratic National Convention.[4] The Brookings Institution discreet established an advisory group to review past presidential transitions and to help plan for a smooth transition into the next presidency.[2][5][6] The group included fourteen former government officials that had served as presidential advisers, as well as Brookings scholars and business executives from leading United States corporations. The group's members overall had strong experience in managerial skills and domestic and foreign policy.[6] Involved in this review of transitions was also Laurin L. Henry, who had been writing a book on the subject of presidential transitions (Presidential Transitions), which would be published that November.[1] The Brookings Institution review was funded with a grant from the Carnegie Corporation of New York.[6] David W. Kendall, incumbent president Dwight D. Eisenhower's White House counsel, was key in establishing this project and bringing both major party candidates into the fold.[6] After Kennedy learned that the Brookings Institution was conducting this review presidential transitions, he sent Clifford to participate.[2][5][6] The Eisenhower administration had Secretary to the Cabinet Brad Patterson serve as its liaison attend these discussions, while the team of Kennedy's opponent, Richard Nixon, sent Robert E. Cushman Jr. as their liaison.[1][2][5][6] In addition to participating in these discussions, Clifford created his own report on problems experienced by presidential transitions.[5]

Neustadt had first been asked by Chairman of the Democratic National Committee Henry M. Jackson to write a memo on presidential transitions, which Jackson received on September 15.[7] Days after Jackson received the memo, he held a meeting with Kennedy and Neustadt at Kennedy's house in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C. where Kennedy read the memo and asked Neustadt various questions.[7] Kennedy then tasked Neustadt with creating a report assessing post-election problems for presidents-elect, particularly those regarding organizing a White House staff.[5][7] In the northern hemisphere's Summer of 1960, Kennedy also announced the creation of a special defense and foreign policy committee led by Paul Nitze.[8]

Official transition

 
President-elect Kennedy with Vice President-elect Lyndon B. Johnson during the transition

Kennedy, arguably, did not become president-elect of the United States until November 9, 1960, the day after the election. While The New York Times (among the first outlets to project Kennedy to be the victor) had projected Kennedy's victory shortly before midnight EST on election night,[9] many other prominent media outlets, such as NBC, waited until the morning of November 9 to project Kennedy as the victor.[10]

After Nixon conceded the election on November 9, President Eisenhower sent President-elect Kennedy two telegrams. One of the telegrams was sent to briefly congratulate the president-elect, and the second one saw Eisenhower both promise to cooperate on an orderly transfer of power and give proposals on how to proceed with one.[11] In Eisenhower's second telegram he offered to meet with Kennedy, "to consider problems of continuity of government and orderly transfer of Executive responsibility on January 20th from my administration to yours".[12] He also named his White House chief of staff, Wilton Persons, as his administration's representative for the transition.[12] He stated that Persons would be prepared to make arrangements by which representatives appointed by Kennedy could meet with heads of executive branch departments. He also suggested that Kennedy's representatives the White House budget office hold meetings to discuss government administration and budget matters, as well as Kennedy's representatives meet with the secretary of state for foreign policy updates.[12]

On November 10, Kennedy and his team held a staff meeting in which they went over the three separate memos created by Clifford, Neustadt, and the Brookings Institution.[13]

Organization of the transition effort

United States presidential transitions were far smaller and more informal at the time Kennedy was elected than they later developed to be.[14] Kennedy based his transition operations out largely of his personal residence in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C.[14] He also held transition planning meetings at his home as well as other locations in Washington, including his U.S. Senate office, the Democratic National Committee offices, his former campaign headquarters in the Esso Building, Clark Clifford's law offices, and conference rooms at the Brookings Institution.[15] Serving the function of Kennedy's personal "offices" during the campaign was his Georgetown residence, his family's Palm Beach, Florida residence, and the penthouse of the Carlyle Hotel.[15]

The transition was headed by Clifford, who worked with a handful of close associates of Kennedy.[14] None of the transition workers received financial compensation.[14] The transition relied on volunteer staffers.[16]

The transition's top officials were individuals who had been part of Kennedy's presidential campaign.[17] They also happened to largely be relatively young, but were also experienced in Washington, D.C. politics, many even more so experienced than their counterparts in past transitions.[18] On November 10, during a meeting in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, with his top advisors, Kennedy assigned them their roles for the transition.[15] Clifford and Neustadt were named the formal transition advisors, tasked with planning the transition.[15] Clifford was additionally named the transition's liaison to the Eisenhower administration.[15] Pierre Salinger was assigned to be the head of the transition's press team (the press secretary).[15][17] Kenneth O'Donnell was put in charge of administration and appointments.[15][17] Sargent Shriver (Kennedy's brother-in-law) was put in charge of the selection process for high-level appointees and Larry O'Brien was put in charge of patronage appointments.[15] Ted Sorensen was put in charge of creating the policy agenda and the writing of statements and speeches.[15] Robert F. Kennedy (Kennedy's brother) was a general advisor to the transition.[15] Stephen Edward Smith (Kennedy's brother-in-law) was in charge of the transition's finances.[15] Additionally advising the transition on certain matters were Kennedy's brother Ted Kennedy and father Joseph P. Kennedy.[15]

James E. Webb was also involved in the transition.[19] Paul Samuelson headed an economic task force as part of the transition.[20] Harris Wofford was charged with leading the transition in laying-out policy related to civil rights, as well as selecting civil rights-related personnel.[21] There had been tensions during the campaign between individuals aligned with Sorensen and individuals aligned with O'Donnell. To diffuse any similar tensions if the arose, Fred Dutton was brought into the transition in an initially unclear role to act as a sort of neutral figure.[22]

Kennedy's transition effort had to request funding from the Democratic National Committee (DNC) in order to pay its expenses.[14] The DNC provided most of the funding for the transition.[16]

Actions of transition head Clark Clifford

On November 14, Clifford met with Wilton Persons at the White House for their first face-to-face meeting to discuss the transition. During the meeting, Persons agreed to Clifford's request to have the Kennedy team send an office manager to examine the organizational structure of Eisenhower's White House. It was also at this meeting that the two scheduled the December 6 meeting between the president-elect and the outgoing president.[23] After their meeting, they provided a general summary of the two-hour meeting to deputy White House press secretary Anne Williams Wheaton, who then provided a briefing on it to the press.[23] After this meeting, further actions Clifford and Persons would each undertake in the transition would go on behind closed doors, as they would both recede from the public eye for the rest of the transition.[24]

By December 1, the two had held five in-person meetings.[25] As the transition progressed, Clifford and Person would meet twice or thrice weekly with Persons, with Clifford often being accompanied by Ted Sorenson, and Persons often being accompanied by individuals such as White House counsel Dave Kendall and White House executive clerk William J. Hopkins.[26] They would also have daily telephone conversations.[24] Per instructions issued by Eisenhower several days after the two's November 14 meeting, Persons kept a detailed written record of his activities in the transition.[24]

Intelligence briefings for the president-elect

At the November 14 meeting between Clifford and Persons, it was arranged that Kennedy would receive briefings.,[23] Kennedy afterwards received extensive daily briefings by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), including some delivered directly from Richard M. Bissell Jr. and Allen Dulles (Director of Central Intelligence).[8][23] Kennedy also received briefings from the State Department.[23]

The CIA briefed Kennedy on covert plans against Fidel Castro of Cuba, as the CIA was planning what would ultimately become the Bay of Pigs Invasion.[8][27] At the time of the transition, relations between the United States and Cuba were greatly deteriorating. Soon after Castro entered power in early 1959, the United States was concerned that Castro was anti-American and untrustworthy and that he might make Cuba a communist nation allied with the Eastern Bloc. In early 1960, Castro signed a trade treaty with the Soviet Union. The United States was concerned that Castro's government would bring an expansion of communism into the Western Hemisphere. As Cuba began increasing its nationalization of foreign property, the United States began to decrease its trade with Cuba.[28] In response to Cuba's actions, particularly its Soviet trade deal, in March 1960, the Eisenhower administration approved the training of a group Cuban exiles to lead an overthrow of Castro's government. These exiles would later unsuccessfully undertake the Bay of Pigs Invasion.[28][27] In 1987, historian Carl M. Brauer would fault the fiasco of the Bay of Pigs Invasion on Kennedy and his team having been too trusting of the bureaucratic experts in the government during the transition.[13]

Kennedy was given forewarning on certain Eisenhower administration actions during the transition. For instance, when Eisenhower decided on December 5 to put a pause on the nuclear arm negotiations that were taking place with the Soviet Union in Geneva, Secretary of State Christian Herter decided to inform Kennedy before informing the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union.[29]

Eisenhower's role in transition

 
President-elect Kennedy (right) shakes outgoing president Dwight D. Eisenhower's hand at their White House meeting on December 6, 1960

The presidential transition would mark a generational change in the presidency. Kennedy, the youngest person to win a United States presidential election, would be succeeding Eisenhower, who was, at the time, the oldest man to have served as president of the United States.[30][31] Going into the transition, Kennedy and Eisenhower had both thought ill of one another, in large part due to conceptions of each other that were shaped by this generation gap.[30][31][32] However, Eisenhower, who had failed to run a smooth transition when he was president-elect, understood the costs of a poorly managed transition, and, overall, sought to play a role in making Kennedy's transition run smoothly.[31] Moreover, Kennedy also desired to avoid the sort of open antagonism that had been displayed between Eisenhower and Truman during Eisenhower's presidential transition, as he understood that the outgoing Eisenhower, despite Kennedy's own harsh judgements of him, was still a popular figure in the opinion of the American public.[32] Eisenhower sent Kennedy a congratulatory message after the birth of the president-elect's son John F. Kennedy Jr. (born November 25, 1960), helping to break the ice between the two of them.[33][34]

During the transition, outgoing President Eisenhower held two meetings with Kennedy, one on December 6 and another on January 19.[8] The December 6 meeting was the first time the two men had ever had a one-on-one meeting with one another. Outside of large gatherings Kennedy and Eisenhower had both attended during Eisenhower's presidency, their only previous meeting had been a brief interaction Kennedy had with then-commanding general Eisenhower when accompanying Navy secretary James Forrestal to the warfront in 1945.[35] During their post-election meetings they discussed, among other things, nuclear codes and foreign policy topics such as Berlin (tensions between East Germany and West Germany), Guatemala, the Far East, conflict in Asia, Cuba, Pentagon reform, and the operations of the National Security Council.[8][30][36] Eisenhower also shared insight into foreign leaders such as Charles de Gaulle, Harold Macmillan, and Konrad Adenauer.[36] Their first meeting, on December 6, saw the two men meet alone for two hours in the White House's Oval Office, before joining several members of the outgoing Cabinet (Secretary of the Treasury Robert B. Anderson, Secretary of Defense Thomas S. Gates Jr., Secretary of State Christian Herter) for a second meeting in the Roosevelt Room.[36] Clark Clifford and Wilton Persons also attended the group meeting in the Roosevelt Room, and White House Press Secretary James Hagerty and Kennedy advisor Pierre Salinger both joined to help write a joint statement to be released by the president and president-elect after the meeting.[36] Their second meeting had been requested by Kennedy, as he particularly hoped to further discuss the Laotian Civil War.[37]

Eisenhower thought that the Kennedy administration would blame him for its failures and take credit for Eisenhower's successes. He worried that any holdovers from his administration would be used as foils by the new administration. Eisenhower discouraged senior members of his own administration from accepting jobs in Kennedy's.[38] For example, when he discovered that C. Douglas Dillon, under secretary of state in the Eisenhower administration, was under consideration to be Kennedy's secretary of the treasury, Eisenhower urged Dillon not to accept the position, warning him that he would become a scapegoat to the "radicals" in Kennedy's administration. Eisenhower was angered when Dillon disregarded his advice and accepted the position.[38]

Per later recounting by some officials involved, Eisenhower, in the waning days of his presidency, invited Kennedy to play a role in decision-making on significant issues, but Kennedy declined the offer. Kennedy advisor Ted Sorensen would later write that Kennedy, "thought it was inappropriate, unwise, until he had full responsibility and information to participate in, commit himself to, or even comment or be consulted upon these actions being taken by the outgoing administration between election and inauguration – including a mission to western Europe to improve the payments balance and ending of all diplomatic relations with Cuba."[39] Incidentally, during Eisenhower's own presidential transition from President Truman there were reports that Truman had extended a similar offer which Eisenhower had also declined.[40]

Other developments

Kennedy held his first post-election press conference on November 9, where he discussed the transition and announced, for the first time, the names of several individuals that he had selected for his administration.[41]

Early into the transition, Kennedy had a long vacation at a home owned by his father, Joseph P. Kennedy, in Palm Beach, Florida. His wife, Jacqueline, due to give birth in three weeks (to their son John F. Kennedy Jr.), did not join him, as she had been advised by her doctors against traveling to Florida.[42]

 
Kennedy (right) meets with Richard Nixon in Key Biscayne, Florida on November 14, 1960

On November 11, Kennedy spoke by telephone with former president Herbert Hoover.[43] On November 14, Kennedy traveled from Palm Beach to Key Biscayne, Florida to meet with Richard Nixon, who was both his presidential election opponent and the outgoing vice president. This meeting had been arranged with the assistance of Kennedy's father Joseph P. Kennedy and former president Hoover.[44]

On November 16, Kennedy flew to Texas to meet with Vice President-elect Lyndon B. Johnson at the LBJ Ranch. This was the first time that the two had met with one another since the election.[45]

On December 11, Kennedy avoided an assassination attempt. That day, Richard Paul Pavlick delayed his planned assassination attempt and was apprehended by authorities four days later, before he could carry one out.[46][47][48]

On December 9, Kennedy's wife Jacqueline received a tour of the White House from Eisenhower's wife Mamie.[49] This was marked by an unfriendly moment in the transition. Mamie Eisenhower was apparently unhappy with having her husband be succeeded by a Democrat, and herself being succeeded by a woman she held in low regard.[50] Despite Mrs. Kennedy having given birth to her son via caesarean section only two weeks earlier, Mrs. Eisenhower did not inform Kennedy that there was a wheelchair available for her to use on the tour.[50][51] Sensing Mrs. Eisenhower's displeasure during the tour, Mrs. Kennedy kept her composure while in Mrs. Eisenhower's presence, finally collapsing in private once she returned home. When Mamie Eisenhower was later questioned as to why she did not inform Mrs. Kennedy of the wheelchair available for her use, she simply stated, "Because she never asked."[51][52]

On December 22, Kennedy formally resigned his seat in the United States Senate.[53] On January 3, immediately after taking an oath for the new Senate term to which he had been elected in the November 1960 Senate election (which coincided with the presidential election), Vice President-elect Johnson resigned from his Senate seat.[54] That day, at the urging of president-elect Kennedy, Mike Mansfield successfully ran to be senate majority leader at the meeting of the Senate Democratic caucus held at the Dirksen Senate Office Building.[55] After Mansfield was elected to the position, Johnson asked Mansfield to allow him to have office S-211 (which Johnson been using as his office while senate majority leader) and several other rooms as his vice presidential office at the Capitol. He also wanted the Senate Democrats to keep Bobby Baker as party secretary. These two requests were granted.[54][55] Johnson, as a third request, asked that, as president of the United States Senate (a role which the vice president formally holds), he be made permanent presiding officer of the Senate Democratic caucus, making the (false) claim that Alben Barkley had done the same when he was vice president.[55] The Democratic caucus was shocked when Johnson brought this proposal to them, and, after he made it, Senator Albert Gore Sr. rose and voiced a long litany of concerns about it.[55] Mansfield threatened to resign as majority leader if the caucus did not approve it. While they approved it, the 63 Democratic senators voted only 46 to 17 to approve it, which was seen as a humiliating total for Johnson.[55] After this, Johnson abandoned the idea of serving as the Senate's "super leader", thereby being dethroned from his position of dominance in the Senate.[55]

White House executive clerk William J. Hopkins provided the Kennedy transition team with detailed briefing books on the incumbent White House staff, as well as maps illustrating the layout of the West Wing of the White House and the Old Executive Office Building.[35] During the transition, Eisenhower's administration also prepared their documents for transfer to the future Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library.[35] On January 17, Eisenhower delivered his farewell address.[56] This was considered a significant speech of Eisenhower's presidency, being regarded as a closing "bookend" to his tenure as president.[57]

On January 3, with just more than two weeks left in his presidency, the lame duck Eisenhower made a major international relations decision and ended diplomatic relations with Cuba and closed the United States Embassy in Cuba.[28][58] The initial reason given was that this was in response to a demand from Cuban leader Fidel that the United States reduce its embassy staff after the Cuban government accused the embassy of being an operating base for espionage. The move signaled that the United States was prepared to take significant action in opposition to Castro's government.[28]

On January 19, after his meeting with Eisenhower, Kennedy and his secretary of labor designee Arthur Goldberg met at the home of Kennedy's friend, William Walton. Kennedy and Goldberg then held a meeting with the AFL–CIO Executive Council, as well as other trade union leaders, at the Carlton Hotel.[59] Also, Kennedy held a meeting at the Sheraton-Park Hotel with the governors of 38 states.[59]

Selection of appointees

Kennedy spent the eight weeks following his election choosing his Cabinet and other top officials.[60] Kennedy's top priority after becoming president-elect was to craft his national security team.[61] Kennedy believed that the establishment figures of the United States military were largely too obsessed with nuclear weapons, and too willing to utilize them.[62] Kennedy would, ultimately, craft an administration that saw military decisions placed in the hands of a greater number of civilian figures than had been the case in Eisenhower's administration.[63] On November 9, in announcing his first choices for his administration, Kennedy also announced that he had asked J. Edgar Hoover to remain as director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and Allen Dulles to remain as director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and that both had accepted his requests to remain.[41]

Some individuals declined positions in Kennedy's administration. Kennedy offered Robert A. Lovett a position in his Cabinet, but Lovett declined.[64] Additionally, Kennedy had originally offered the position of postmaster general to Congressman William L. Dawson, who also declined. Had he accepted and been confirmed to the position, Dawson would have made history as the first black Cabinet secretary in United States history.[65]

Ahead of the election, many correspondence were sent to Kennedy and the Democratic National Committee requesting appointments to government positions. Larry O'Brien was tasked with handling the management of such correspondence. In addition, President-Johnson and his staff sent requests of their own for individuals they wanted to see appointed. Requests coming from Johnson and his office were forwarded to Dick Donahue.[66]

On December 17, Kennedy announced the last of his ten Cabinet designees, J. Edward Day for postmaster general.[67] John D. Morris of The New York Times News Service noted of Kennedy's Cabinet,

It is the first to include two Jews and the first to include a brother of the President and the first in which a member lists his occupation as "foundation executive". Its average age is 47, making it the youngest of the twenieth century but six years older than the first Cabinet of the first President, George Washington.[68]

As indicated by Morris, the age of many members of the designated Cabinet was young.[68] The youngest designee was Robert F. Kennedy, at the age of 35. Robert F. Kennedy was to be the second-youngest United States attorney general, after only Richard Rush, who had been 33 when he assumed the office.[68] Two of Kennedy's designees for his Cabinet would be the youngest holders of their designated Cabinet positions: Secretary of Agriculture-designate Orville Freeman (age 42) and Secretary of Defense-designate Robert McNamara (age 44).[68] Morris noted that Eisenhower's initial Cabinet had averaged a decade older in age than Kennedy's designated Cabinet.[68]

Kennedy, a Democrat, designated some Republicans for roles in his administration, including McGeorge Bundy, Douglas Dillon, and Robert McNamara.[65][69] Dillon, a business-oriented Republican that had served as Eisenhower's undersecretary of state, was to be Kennedy's secretary of the treasury. Kennedy balanced this appointment of a conservative figure by choosing liberal Democrats for two other important economic advisory posts, choosing David E. Bell for the director of the Bureau of the Budget and Walter Heller as chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers.[70] Robert McNamara, who was selected for secretary of defense, was well known as one of Ford Motor Company's "Whiz Kids".[70]

Kennedy rejected liberal pressure to select Adlai Stevenson II as Secretary of State, instead choosing Dean Rusk, a restrained former Truman-administration official. Stevenson accepted the non-policy position of United States ambassador to the United Nations.[70] Despite concerns about nepotism, Kennedy's father successfully demanded that Robert F. Kennedy be chosen for attorney general.[71]

In his White House staff, Kennedy did not choose a formal White House chief of staff, instead, preferring the idea of, in effect, acting as his own chief of staff.[72]

Defense and foreign policy

Domestic policy

Economic policy

White House staff

Other

Further reading

References

  1. ^ a b c "Push to Ease Presidential Transition". The Courier-News (Bridgewater, New Jersey). Associated Press. 8 Nov 1960. Retrieved 19 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  2. ^ a b c d Dews, Fred (9 November 2016). "What Brookings did for the 1960 presidential transition". Brookings. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  3. ^ a b Dallek, p. 24
  4. ^ Burke, John P. (2000). Presidential Transitions: From Politics To Practice. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 17. ISBN 1555879160.
  5. ^ a b c d e "Nixon, Richard – Transition Expenditures: General Accounting Office Audit (2)" (PDF). www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov. Comptroller General of the United States. 16 November 1970. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  6. ^ a b c d e f "Eisenhower to Kennedy: Brookings and the 1960-61 Presidential Transition". brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. 5 November 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  7. ^ a b c Shaw p. 171
  8. ^ a b c d e Freidman, Rebeca R. (2011). "Crisis Management at the Dead Center: The 1960–1961 Presidential Transition and the Bay of Pigs Fiasco". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 41 (2): 307–333. doi:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2011.03856.x. ISSN 0360-4918. JSTOR 23884834. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  9. ^ "Nov. 8, 1960 | Kennedy Is Elected President". learning.blogs.nytimes.com. The Learning Network (The New York Times). 2011-11-08. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  10. ^ Bomboy, Scott (7 November 2017). "The drama behind President Kennedy's 1960 election win". constitutioncenter.org. National Constitution Center. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  11. ^ Shaw, p.126
  12. ^ a b c Shaw, p.129
  13. ^ a b Brauer, p. 65
  14. ^ a b c d e Rosenbaum, David E. (9 Dec 1980). "Reagan Transition Costs Will Exceed $2 Million". The Times Argus. Times News Service. Retrieved 4 February 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Shaw, p. 168
  16. ^ a b Skinner, Richard (3 October 2016). "How the presidential transition process has evolved over time". Vox. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  17. ^ a b c Bruaer, p. 67
  18. ^ Brauer, pp. 67–69
  19. ^ May, Ron W. (6 Feb 1961). "Notes from Washington". The Capital Times (Madison, Wisconsin). Retrieved 19 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  20. ^ Feeney, Mark; Nuss, Jeannie (14 Dec 2009). "Nobel laureate Paul Samuelson, eminent economist, dead at 94". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 19 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  21. ^ a b Dallek, p. 119
  22. ^ Brauer, pp. 70–71
  23. ^ a b c d e Shaw, p.131
  24. ^ a b c Shaw, p.132
  25. ^ "CLIFFORD, PERSONS HOLD FIFTH SESSION". The New York Times. 1960-12-02. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  26. ^ Shaw, pp.132–133
  27. ^ a b "The Bay of Pigs". www.jfklibrary.org. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
  28. ^ a b c d "United States severs diplomatic relations with Cuba". History. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
  29. ^ Shaw, p. 145
  30. ^ a b c "Presidential Transfer of Power and Etiquette: JFK Thanks Eisenhower". Shapell. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  31. ^ a b c Gibbs, Nancy (10 November 2008). "When New President Meets Old, It's Not Always Pretty". Time. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  32. ^ a b Dallek, p. 22
  33. ^ Shaw, p.137
  34. ^ "John F. Kennedy Jr". www.biography.com. Biography. 27 April 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
  35. ^ a b c Shaw, p. 133
  36. ^ a b c d Shaw, p. 135
  37. ^ Dallek, p. 23
  38. ^ a b Shaw, pp.127–128
  39. ^ Gwertzman, Bernard (8 November 1968). "Aides of LBJ, Nixon Plan For Transfer". The San Bernardino County Sun. New York Times News Service. Retrieved 6 February 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  40. ^ Henry, Laurin L. (January 1961). Presidential Transitions. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution. p. 481.
  41. ^ a b c d e f g h "Clifford Liaison With Ike". Lincoln Journal Star. Associated Press. 10 Nov 1960 – via Newspapers.com.
  42. ^ "Kennedy Florida Vacation". The Indiana Gazette. Associated Press. 12 Nov 1960. Retrieved 20 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  43. ^ a b c d e f Arrowsmith, Marvin L. (12 Jan 1961). "Kennedy Names More Appointees". The Salina Journal. Associated Press. Retrieved 22 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  44. ^ Shaw, p. 169
  45. ^ "Kennedy Flies To Johnson's Texas Ranch". Progress-Bulletin (Pamona, California). Associated Press. 16 Nov 1960. Retrieved 20 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  46. ^ Ling, Peter J. (2013). John F. Kennedy. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-71325-7.
  47. ^ Russo, Gus; Molton, Stephen (2010). Brothers in Arms: The Kennedys, the Castros, and the Politics of Murder. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 978-1-60819-247-2.
  48. ^ Greene, Bob (24 October 2010). "The man who did not kill JFK". CNN.
  49. ^ "Jackie Kennedy Pays Call on Mamie At White House". The Evening Sun (Baltimore, Maryland). Associated Press. 9 Dec 1960. Retrieved 9 June 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  50. ^ a b Brower, Kate Andersen (2016-04-06). "When first ladies meet: An awkward post-election White House tradition". Washington Post. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
  51. ^ a b West, J. B. (1973). Upstairs at the White House: My Life with the First Ladies. Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. p. 192. ISBN 0-698-10546-X.
  52. ^ Haymann, C. David (1989). A Woman Named Jackie: An Intimate Biography of Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis. Carol Communications. p. 251. ISBN 0-8184-0472-8.
  53. ^ "Resignation from the Senate, 22 December 1960". www.jfklibrary.org. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
  54. ^ a b "U.S. Senate: Two Senators to the White House". www.senate.gov. United States Senate. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
  55. ^ a b c d e f "U.S. Senate: Lyndon Johnson Dethroned". www.senate.gov. United States Senate. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
  56. ^ "Our Documents – President Dwight D. Eisenhower's Farewell Address (1961)". www.ourdocuments.gov. 9 April 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
  57. ^ Susan Eisenhower, "50 Years Later, We're Still Ignoring Ike's Warning", The Washington Post, January 16, 2011, p. B3.
  58. ^ Strout, Richard L. (1980-11-03). "Lame-duck presidents: a US oddity". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
  59. ^ a b "Eisenhower meets with Kennedy to complete transition". UPI. 19 January 1961. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  60. ^ Robert Dallek, Camelot's Court: Inside the Kennedy (2013)
  61. ^ Dallek, p. 67
  62. ^ Dallek, p. 68
  63. ^ Dallek, pp. 70–71
  64. ^ Dallek, pp. 84–85
  65. ^ a b c Chadwick, John (18 Dec 1960). "Kennedy Cabinet Built on Broad Dimensions". Rocky Mount Telegram. Associated Press. Retrieved 20 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  66. ^ "Papers of John F. Kennedy. Pre-Presidential Papers. Transition Files | JFK Library". www.jfklibrary.org. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  67. ^ "KENNEDY SELECTS J. E. DAY". Spokane Chronicle at Newspapers.com. Associated Press. 17 Dec 1960 – via Newspapers.com.
  68. ^ a b c d e Morris, John D. (24 Dec 1960). "The Kennedy Cabinet: History and Contrast". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. New York Times News Service. Retrieved 20 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  69. ^ Dallek, p. 89
  70. ^ a b c Giglio, James N. (2006). The Presidency of John F. Kennedy (2nd ed.). University Press of Kansas. pp. 20–21, 37.
  71. ^ "Bobby Kennedy: Is He the 'Assistant President'?". U.S. News & World Report. 19 February 1962. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  72. ^ Dallek, p. 108
  73. ^ "Score: 5 Down, 5 to Go". www.newspapers.com. St. Cloud Times. Associated Press. 14 Dec 1960. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  74. ^ a b "Rusk, Adlai Will Seek Stronger UN". Abilene Reporter-News. Associated Press. 15 Dec 1960. Retrieved 20 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  75. ^ a b "Kennedy Names Two Key Aides". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press. 29 Dec 1960. Retrieved 20 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  76. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao "Kennedy's Appointments Already Numerous". The News and Observer (Raleigh, North Carolina). Associated Press. 19 Jan 1961. Retrieved 7 June 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  77. ^ "Texas Attorney Is Navy Bureau Head". Muncie Evening Press. Associated Press. 28 Dec 1960. Retrieved 20 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  78. ^ a b c "KENNEDY FILLS HOUSING, HEALTH, SECURITY POSTS". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 1 Jan 1961. Retrieved 20 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  79. ^ a b Marlow, James (12 Jan 1961). "Kennedy Emptying Adlai's Law Firm". The Journal Times (Racine, Wisconsin). Associated Press. Retrieved 20 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  80. ^ "Biography of Lyle S. Garlock" (PDF). Air Force Historical Research Agency. May 11, 1956. pp. 16, 41. Retrieved October 26, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  81. ^ Dallek, p. 91
  82. ^ a b c "Appointments Made On Ability". The Lima Citizen. 28 Jan 1961. Retrieved 20 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  83. ^ a b "Robt. Kennedy, Dillon Appointed to Cabinet". Aiken Standard. Associated Press. 16 December 1960. Retrieved 20 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  84. ^ a b "Robert Kennedy is Attorney General, Douglas Dillon Secretary of Treasury". Clinton Daily News. 16 Dec 1960. Retrieved 20 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  85. ^ "Kennedy Offers Top Level Post to Whizzer White". The Daily Journal (Vineland, New Jersey). Associated Press. 8 Dec 1960. Retrieved 20 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  86. ^ "Dempsey To Become Governor". Record-Journal (Meridan, Connecticut). Associated Press. 2 Dec 1960. Retrieved 20 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  87. ^ "Kennedy Picks Udall To Head Interior Dept". The Charlotte News. Associated Press. 7 Dec 1960. Retrieved 20 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  88. ^ a b c d e f "Kennedy Names Seaborg To Atomic Post". Redlands Daily Facts. UPI. 16 Jan 1961. Retrieved 22 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  89. ^ a b Smith, Merriman (16 Dec 1960). "Jack Gives Bob Top Legal Post". The Daily Herald (Provo, Utah). UPI. Retrieved 22 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  90. ^ a b c d e Runnion, Norman (8 Jan 1961). "Kennedy Names Provo Woman to Top Post In Department of Labor". The Daily Herald (Provo, Utah). Associated Press. Retrieved 20 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  91. ^ "'Libby' Smith Is Treasurer". The Tribune (Scranton, Pennsylvania). UPI. 19 Dec 1960. Retrieved 20 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  92. ^ Dallek, p. 118
  93. ^ Fleeson, Doris (25 Dec 1960). "Fred Dutton, Cabinet Aide, Has Most Challenging Job". Press-Telegram (Long Beach, California) – via Newspapers.com.
  94. ^ Dallek, p. 113
  95. ^ Dallek, p. 110

Works cited

  • Brauer, Carl M. (1986). Presidential Transitions: Eisenhower Through Reagan. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195040511.
  • Dallek, Robert (2013). Camelot's Court : Inside the Kennedy White House (First ed.). New York, New York: Harper Collins. ISBN 9780062065841.
  • Shaw, John (2018). Rising Star, Setting Sun : Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, and the Presidential Transition That Changed America (First Pegasus books cloth ed.). New York. ISBN 978-1681777320.

May 14, 2023
presidential, transition, john, kennedy, presidential, transition, john, kennedy, began, when, 1960, united, states, presidential, election, becoming, president, elect, united, states, ended, when, kennedy, inaugurated, noon, january, 1961, president, elect, k. The presidential transition of John F Kennedy began when he won the 1960 United States presidential election becoming the president elect of the United States and ended when Kennedy was inaugurated at noon EST on January 20 1961 Presidential transition of John F KennedyPresident elect Kennedy right meets with outgoing president Dwight D Eisenhower in the White House s Oval Office on December 6 1960Date of electionNovember 8 1960Transition startNovember 9 1960Inauguration dateJanuary 20 1961President electJohn F Kennedy Democrat Vice president electLyndon B Johnson Democrat Outgoing presidentDwight D Eisenhower Republican Outgoing vice presidentRichard Nixon Republican Leader of the transitionClark CliffordKennedy placed Clark Clifford in charge of the transition effort Outgoing president Dwight D Eisenhower and his administration cooperated with President elect Kennedy and his team on a number of aspects of the transition to facilitate the peaceful transfer of power At the time United States presidential transitions were far less elaborate than they have since developed to be in subsequent decades Kennedy s transition was a volunteer run operation Clark Clifford acted as head of the transition and Eisenhower named White House Chief of Staff Wilton Persons as his administration s representative to the transition Particularly during the later part of the transition Clifford and Persons both spoke on the phone and met in person with each other frequently The other top officials of Kennedy s transition were individuals that had also been part of his presidential campaign including Robert F Kennedy Larry O Brien Kenneth O Donnell Pierre Salinger Sargent Shriver Stephen Edward Smith and Ted Sorensen The transition was largely funded by the Democratic National Committee While Eisenhower and Kennedy each thought negatively of the other at the time of the transition the two intended to avoid a rough tension filled transition akin to the previous one between President Truman and Eisenhower Ahead of the election Kennedy s campaign and the administration of term limited outgoing president Eisenhower had taken some actions to study past transitions and prepare for the 1960 61 presidential transition Shortly after the election Kennedy began receiving extensive daily briefings from the Central Intelligence Agency CIA as well as briefings from the Department of State Contents 1 Pre election actions 2 Official transition 2 1 Organization of the transition effort 2 2 Actions of transition head Clark Clifford 2 3 Intelligence briefings for the president elect 2 4 Eisenhower s role in transition 2 5 Other developments 2 6 Selection of appointees 2 6 1 Defense and foreign policy 2 6 2 Domestic policy 2 6 3 Economic policy 2 6 4 White House staff 2 6 5 Other 3 Further reading 4 References 4 1 Works citedPre election actions EditA presidential transition was scheduled to occur after the 1960 United States presidential election as incumbent president Dwight D Eisenhower was term limited In anticipation of this shortly after the 1960 presidential nominating conventions Eisenhower created an advisory committee to study presidential transitions headed by Robert Daniel Murphy 1 Planning for a prospective presidential transition by John F Kennedy began ahead of the election Kennedy placed Clark Clifford and Richard Neustadt in charge of these preparations 2 3 The two largely acted independently of one another in researching presidential transitions and advising Kennedy on his potential transition 3 Kennedy first began to talk with Clifford about his prospective presidential transition soon after winning the Democratic nomination at the 1960 Democratic National Convention 4 The Brookings Institution discreet established an advisory group to review past presidential transitions and to help plan for a smooth transition into the next presidency 2 5 6 The group included fourteen former government officials that had served as presidential advisers as well as Brookings scholars and business executives from leading United States corporations The group s members overall had strong experience in managerial skills and domestic and foreign policy 6 Involved in this review of transitions was also Laurin L Henry who had been writing a book on the subject of presidential transitions Presidential Transitions which would be published that November 1 The Brookings Institution review was funded with a grant from the Carnegie Corporation of New York 6 David W Kendall incumbent president Dwight D Eisenhower s White House counsel was key in establishing this project and bringing both major party candidates into the fold 6 After Kennedy learned that the Brookings Institution was conducting this review presidential transitions he sent Clifford to participate 2 5 6 The Eisenhower administration had Secretary to the Cabinet Brad Patterson serve as its liaison attend these discussions while the team of Kennedy s opponent Richard Nixon sent Robert E Cushman Jr as their liaison 1 2 5 6 In addition to participating in these discussions Clifford created his own report on problems experienced by presidential transitions 5 Neustadt had first been asked by Chairman of the Democratic National Committee Henry M Jackson to write a memo on presidential transitions which Jackson received on September 15 7 Days after Jackson received the memo he held a meeting with Kennedy and Neustadt at Kennedy s house in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington D C where Kennedy read the memo and asked Neustadt various questions 7 Kennedy then tasked Neustadt with creating a report assessing post election problems for presidents elect particularly those regarding organizing a White House staff 5 7 In the northern hemisphere s Summer of 1960 Kennedy also announced the creation of a special defense and foreign policy committee led by Paul Nitze 8 Official transition Edit President elect Kennedy with Vice President elect Lyndon B Johnson during the transition Kennedy arguably did not become president elect of the United States until November 9 1960 the day after the election While The New York Times among the first outlets to project Kennedy to be the victor had projected Kennedy s victory shortly before midnight EST on election night 9 many other prominent media outlets such as NBC waited until the morning of November 9 to project Kennedy as the victor 10 After Nixon conceded the election on November 9 President Eisenhower sent President elect Kennedy two telegrams One of the telegrams was sent to briefly congratulate the president elect and the second one saw Eisenhower both promise to cooperate on an orderly transfer of power and give proposals on how to proceed with one 11 In Eisenhower s second telegram he offered to meet with Kennedy to consider problems of continuity of government and orderly transfer of Executive responsibility on January 20th from my administration to yours 12 He also named his White House chief of staff Wilton Persons as his administration s representative for the transition 12 He stated that Persons would be prepared to make arrangements by which representatives appointed by Kennedy could meet with heads of executive branch departments He also suggested that Kennedy s representatives the White House budget office hold meetings to discuss government administration and budget matters as well as Kennedy s representatives meet with the secretary of state for foreign policy updates 12 On November 10 Kennedy and his team held a staff meeting in which they went over the three separate memos created by Clifford Neustadt and the Brookings Institution 13 Organization of the transition effort Edit United States presidential transitions were far smaller and more informal at the time Kennedy was elected than they later developed to be 14 Kennedy based his transition operations out largely of his personal residence in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington D C 14 He also held transition planning meetings at his home as well as other locations in Washington including his U S Senate office the Democratic National Committee offices his former campaign headquarters in the Esso Building Clark Clifford s law offices and conference rooms at the Brookings Institution 15 Serving the function of Kennedy s personal offices during the campaign was his Georgetown residence his family s Palm Beach Florida residence and the penthouse of the Carlyle Hotel 15 The transition was headed by Clifford who worked with a handful of close associates of Kennedy 14 None of the transition workers received financial compensation 14 The transition relied on volunteer staffers 16 The transition s top officials were individuals who had been part of Kennedy s presidential campaign 17 They also happened to largely be relatively young but were also experienced in Washington D C politics many even more so experienced than their counterparts in past transitions 18 On November 10 during a meeting in Hyannis Port Massachusetts with his top advisors Kennedy assigned them their roles for the transition 15 Clifford and Neustadt were named the formal transition advisors tasked with planning the transition 15 Clifford was additionally named the transition s liaison to the Eisenhower administration 15 Pierre Salinger was assigned to be the head of the transition s press team the press secretary 15 17 Kenneth O Donnell was put in charge of administration and appointments 15 17 Sargent Shriver Kennedy s brother in law was put in charge of the selection process for high level appointees and Larry O Brien was put in charge of patronage appointments 15 Ted Sorensen was put in charge of creating the policy agenda and the writing of statements and speeches 15 Robert F Kennedy Kennedy s brother was a general advisor to the transition 15 Stephen Edward Smith Kennedy s brother in law was in charge of the transition s finances 15 Additionally advising the transition on certain matters were Kennedy s brother Ted Kennedy and father Joseph P Kennedy 15 James E Webb was also involved in the transition 19 Paul Samuelson headed an economic task force as part of the transition 20 Harris Wofford was charged with leading the transition in laying out policy related to civil rights as well as selecting civil rights related personnel 21 There had been tensions during the campaign between individuals aligned with Sorensen and individuals aligned with O Donnell To diffuse any similar tensions if the arose Fred Dutton was brought into the transition in an initially unclear role to act as a sort of neutral figure 22 Kennedy s transition effort had to request funding from the Democratic National Committee DNC in order to pay its expenses 14 The DNC provided most of the funding for the transition 16 Actions of transition head Clark Clifford Edit On November 14 Clifford met with Wilton Persons at the White House for their first face to face meeting to discuss the transition During the meeting Persons agreed to Clifford s request to have the Kennedy team send an office manager to examine the organizational structure of Eisenhower s White House It was also at this meeting that the two scheduled the December 6 meeting between the president elect and the outgoing president 23 After their meeting they provided a general summary of the two hour meeting to deputy White House press secretary Anne Williams Wheaton who then provided a briefing on it to the press 23 After this meeting further actions Clifford and Persons would each undertake in the transition would go on behind closed doors as they would both recede from the public eye for the rest of the transition 24 By December 1 the two had held five in person meetings 25 As the transition progressed Clifford and Person would meet twice or thrice weekly with Persons with Clifford often being accompanied by Ted Sorenson and Persons often being accompanied by individuals such as White House counsel Dave Kendall and White House executive clerk William J Hopkins 26 They would also have daily telephone conversations 24 Per instructions issued by Eisenhower several days after the two s November 14 meeting Persons kept a detailed written record of his activities in the transition 24 Intelligence briefings for the president elect Edit At the November 14 meeting between Clifford and Persons it was arranged that Kennedy would receive briefings 23 Kennedy afterwards received extensive daily briefings by the Central Intelligence Agency CIA including some delivered directly from Richard M Bissell Jr and Allen Dulles Director of Central Intelligence 8 23 Kennedy also received briefings from the State Department 23 The CIA briefed Kennedy on covert plans against Fidel Castro of Cuba as the CIA was planning what would ultimately become the Bay of Pigs Invasion 8 27 At the time of the transition relations between the United States and Cuba were greatly deteriorating Soon after Castro entered power in early 1959 the United States was concerned that Castro was anti American and untrustworthy and that he might make Cuba a communist nation allied with the Eastern Bloc In early 1960 Castro signed a trade treaty with the Soviet Union The United States was concerned that Castro s government would bring an expansion of communism into the Western Hemisphere As Cuba began increasing its nationalization of foreign property the United States began to decrease its trade with Cuba 28 In response to Cuba s actions particularly its Soviet trade deal in March 1960 the Eisenhower administration approved the training of a group Cuban exiles to lead an overthrow of Castro s government These exiles would later unsuccessfully undertake the Bay of Pigs Invasion 28 27 In 1987 historian Carl M Brauer would fault the fiasco of the Bay of Pigs Invasion on Kennedy and his team having been too trusting of the bureaucratic experts in the government during the transition 13 Kennedy was given forewarning on certain Eisenhower administration actions during the transition For instance when Eisenhower decided on December 5 to put a pause on the nuclear arm negotiations that were taking place with the Soviet Union in Geneva Secretary of State Christian Herter decided to inform Kennedy before informing the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union 29 Eisenhower s role in transition Edit President elect Kennedy right shakes outgoing president Dwight D Eisenhower s hand at their White House meeting on December 6 1960 The presidential transition would mark a generational change in the presidency Kennedy the youngest person to win a United States presidential election would be succeeding Eisenhower who was at the time the oldest man to have served as president of the United States 30 31 Going into the transition Kennedy and Eisenhower had both thought ill of one another in large part due to conceptions of each other that were shaped by this generation gap 30 31 32 However Eisenhower who had failed to run a smooth transition when he was president elect understood the costs of a poorly managed transition and overall sought to play a role in making Kennedy s transition run smoothly 31 Moreover Kennedy also desired to avoid the sort of open antagonism that had been displayed between Eisenhower and Truman during Eisenhower s presidential transition as he understood that the outgoing Eisenhower despite Kennedy s own harsh judgements of him was still a popular figure in the opinion of the American public 32 Eisenhower sent Kennedy a congratulatory message after the birth of the president elect s son John F Kennedy Jr born November 25 1960 helping to break the ice between the two of them 33 34 During the transition outgoing President Eisenhower held two meetings with Kennedy one on December 6 and another on January 19 8 The December 6 meeting was the first time the two men had ever had a one on one meeting with one another Outside of large gatherings Kennedy and Eisenhower had both attended during Eisenhower s presidency their only previous meeting had been a brief interaction Kennedy had with then commanding general Eisenhower when accompanying Navy secretary James Forrestal to the warfront in 1945 35 During their post election meetings they discussed among other things nuclear codes and foreign policy topics such as Berlin tensions between East Germany and West Germany Guatemala the Far East conflict in Asia Cuba Pentagon reform and the operations of the National Security Council 8 30 36 Eisenhower also shared insight into foreign leaders such as Charles de Gaulle Harold Macmillan and Konrad Adenauer 36 Their first meeting on December 6 saw the two men meet alone for two hours in the White House s Oval Office before joining several members of the outgoing Cabinet Secretary of the Treasury Robert B Anderson Secretary of Defense Thomas S Gates Jr Secretary of State Christian Herter for a second meeting in the Roosevelt Room 36 Clark Clifford and Wilton Persons also attended the group meeting in the Roosevelt Room and White House Press Secretary James Hagerty and Kennedy advisor Pierre Salinger both joined to help write a joint statement to be released by the president and president elect after the meeting 36 Their second meeting had been requested by Kennedy as he particularly hoped to further discuss the Laotian Civil War 37 Eisenhower thought that the Kennedy administration would blame him for its failures and take credit for Eisenhower s successes He worried that any holdovers from his administration would be used as foils by the new administration Eisenhower discouraged senior members of his own administration from accepting jobs in Kennedy s 38 For example when he discovered that C Douglas Dillon under secretary of state in the Eisenhower administration was under consideration to be Kennedy s secretary of the treasury Eisenhower urged Dillon not to accept the position warning him that he would become a scapegoat to the radicals in Kennedy s administration Eisenhower was angered when Dillon disregarded his advice and accepted the position 38 Per later recounting by some officials involved Eisenhower in the waning days of his presidency invited Kennedy to play a role in decision making on significant issues but Kennedy declined the offer Kennedy advisor Ted Sorensen would later write that Kennedy thought it was inappropriate unwise until he had full responsibility and information to participate in commit himself to or even comment or be consulted upon these actions being taken by the outgoing administration between election and inauguration including a mission to western Europe to improve the payments balance and ending of all diplomatic relations with Cuba 39 Incidentally during Eisenhower s own presidential transition from President Truman there were reports that Truman had extended a similar offer which Eisenhower had also declined 40 Other developments Edit Kennedy held his first post election press conference on November 9 where he discussed the transition and announced for the first time the names of several individuals that he had selected for his administration 41 Early into the transition Kennedy had a long vacation at a home owned by his father Joseph P Kennedy in Palm Beach Florida His wife Jacqueline due to give birth in three weeks to their son John F Kennedy Jr did not join him as she had been advised by her doctors against traveling to Florida 42 Kennedy right meets with Richard Nixon in Key Biscayne Florida on November 14 1960 On November 11 Kennedy spoke by telephone with former president Herbert Hoover 43 On November 14 Kennedy traveled from Palm Beach to Key Biscayne Florida to meet with Richard Nixon who was both his presidential election opponent and the outgoing vice president This meeting had been arranged with the assistance of Kennedy s father Joseph P Kennedy and former president Hoover 44 On November 16 Kennedy flew to Texas to meet with Vice President elect Lyndon B Johnson at the LBJ Ranch This was the first time that the two had met with one another since the election 45 On December 11 Kennedy avoided an assassination attempt That day Richard Paul Pavlick delayed his planned assassination attempt and was apprehended by authorities four days later before he could carry one out 46 47 48 On December 9 Kennedy s wife Jacqueline received a tour of the White House from Eisenhower s wife Mamie 49 This was marked by an unfriendly moment in the transition Mamie Eisenhower was apparently unhappy with having her husband be succeeded by a Democrat and herself being succeeded by a woman she held in low regard 50 Despite Mrs Kennedy having given birth to her son via caesarean section only two weeks earlier Mrs Eisenhower did not inform Kennedy that there was a wheelchair available for her to use on the tour 50 51 Sensing Mrs Eisenhower s displeasure during the tour Mrs Kennedy kept her composure while in Mrs Eisenhower s presence finally collapsing in private once she returned home When Mamie Eisenhower was later questioned as to why she did not inform Mrs Kennedy of the wheelchair available for her use she simply stated Because she never asked 51 52 On December 22 Kennedy formally resigned his seat in the United States Senate 53 On January 3 immediately after taking an oath for the new Senate term to which he had been elected in the November 1960 Senate election which coincided with the presidential election Vice President elect Johnson resigned from his Senate seat 54 That day at the urging of president elect Kennedy Mike Mansfield successfully ran to be senate majority leader at the meeting of the Senate Democratic caucus held at the Dirksen Senate Office Building 55 After Mansfield was elected to the position Johnson asked Mansfield to allow him to have office S 211 which Johnson been using as his office while senate majority leader and several other rooms as his vice presidential office at the Capitol He also wanted the Senate Democrats to keep Bobby Baker as party secretary These two requests were granted 54 55 Johnson as a third request asked that as president of the United States Senate a role which the vice president formally holds he be made permanent presiding officer of the Senate Democratic caucus making the false claim that Alben Barkley had done the same when he was vice president 55 The Democratic caucus was shocked when Johnson brought this proposal to them and after he made it Senator Albert Gore Sr rose and voiced a long litany of concerns about it 55 Mansfield threatened to resign as majority leader if the caucus did not approve it While they approved it the 63 Democratic senators voted only 46 to 17 to approve it which was seen as a humiliating total for Johnson 55 After this Johnson abandoned the idea of serving as the Senate s super leader thereby being dethroned from his position of dominance in the Senate 55 White House executive clerk William J Hopkins provided the Kennedy transition team with detailed briefing books on the incumbent White House staff as well as maps illustrating the layout of the West Wing of the White House and the Old Executive Office Building 35 During the transition Eisenhower s administration also prepared their documents for transfer to the future Dwight D Eisenhower Presidential Library 35 On January 17 Eisenhower delivered his farewell address 56 This was considered a significant speech of Eisenhower s presidency being regarded as a closing bookend to his tenure as president 57 On January 3 with just more than two weeks left in his presidency the lame duck Eisenhower made a major international relations decision and ended diplomatic relations with Cuba and closed the United States Embassy in Cuba 28 58 The initial reason given was that this was in response to a demand from Cuban leader Fidel that the United States reduce its embassy staff after the Cuban government accused the embassy of being an operating base for espionage The move signaled that the United States was prepared to take significant action in opposition to Castro s government 28 On January 19 after his meeting with Eisenhower Kennedy and his secretary of labor designee Arthur Goldberg met at the home of Kennedy s friend William Walton Kennedy and Goldberg then held a meeting with the AFL CIO Executive Council as well as other trade union leaders at the Carlton Hotel 59 Also Kennedy held a meeting at the Sheraton Park Hotel with the governors of 38 states 59 Selection of appointees Edit Kennedy spent the eight weeks following his election choosing his Cabinet and other top officials 60 Kennedy s top priority after becoming president elect was to craft his national security team 61 Kennedy believed that the establishment figures of the United States military were largely too obsessed with nuclear weapons and too willing to utilize them 62 Kennedy would ultimately craft an administration that saw military decisions placed in the hands of a greater number of civilian figures than had been the case in Eisenhower s administration 63 On November 9 in announcing his first choices for his administration Kennedy also announced that he had asked J Edgar Hoover to remain as director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI and Allen Dulles to remain as director of the Central Intelligence Agency CIA and that both had accepted his requests to remain 41 Some individuals declined positions in Kennedy s administration Kennedy offered Robert A Lovett a position in his Cabinet but Lovett declined 64 Additionally Kennedy had originally offered the position of postmaster general to Congressman William L Dawson who also declined Had he accepted and been confirmed to the position Dawson would have made history as the first black Cabinet secretary in United States history 65 Ahead of the election many correspondence were sent to Kennedy and the Democratic National Committee requesting appointments to government positions Larry O Brien was tasked with handling the management of such correspondence In addition President Johnson and his staff sent requests of their own for individuals they wanted to see appointed Requests coming from Johnson and his office were forwarded to Dick Donahue 66 On December 17 Kennedy announced the last of his ten Cabinet designees J Edward Day for postmaster general 67 John D Morris of The New York Times News Service noted of Kennedy s Cabinet It is the first to include two Jews and the first to include a brother of the President and the first in which a member lists his occupation as foundation executive Its average age is 47 making it the youngest of the twenieth century but six years older than the first Cabinet of the first President George Washington 68 As indicated by Morris the age of many members of the designated Cabinet was young 68 The youngest designee was Robert F Kennedy at the age of 35 Robert F Kennedy was to be the second youngest United States attorney general after only Richard Rush who had been 33 when he assumed the office 68 Two of Kennedy s designees for his Cabinet would be the youngest holders of their designated Cabinet positions Secretary of Agriculture designate Orville Freeman age 42 and Secretary of Defense designate Robert McNamara age 44 68 Morris noted that Eisenhower s initial Cabinet had averaged a decade older in age than Kennedy s designated Cabinet 68 Kennedy a Democrat designated some Republicans for roles in his administration including McGeorge Bundy Douglas Dillon and Robert McNamara 65 69 Dillon a business oriented Republican that had served as Eisenhower s undersecretary of state was to be Kennedy s secretary of the treasury Kennedy balanced this appointment of a conservative figure by choosing liberal Democrats for two other important economic advisory posts choosing David E Bell for the director of the Bureau of the Budget and Walter Heller as chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers 70 Robert McNamara who was selected for secretary of defense was well known as one of Ford Motor Company s Whiz Kids 70 Kennedy rejected liberal pressure to select Adlai Stevenson II as Secretary of State instead choosing Dean Rusk a restrained former Truman administration official Stevenson accepted the non policy position of United States ambassador to the United Nations 70 Despite concerns about nepotism Kennedy s father successfully demanded that Robert F Kennedy be chosen for attorney general 71 In his White House staff Kennedy did not choose a formal White House chief of staff instead preferring the idea of in effect acting as his own chief of staff 72 Defense and foreign policy Edit Robert McNamara secretary of defense announced December 13 1960 73 Dean Rusk secretary of state announced December 12 1960 74 Adlai Stevenson II United States ambassador to the United Nations announced December 12 1960 74 Eugene M Zuckert secretary of the Air Force announced December 28 1960 75 Elvis Jacob Stahr Jr secretary of the Army 76 John Connally secretary of the Navy announced December 28 1960 77 Allen Dulles director of the Central Intelligence Agency announced November 9 1960 incumbent officeholder 41 J Edgar Hoover director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation announced November 9 1960 incumbent officeholder 41 McGeorge Bundy national security advisor announced December 31 1960 78 Roswell Gilpatric deputy secretary of defense 76 Chester B Bowles under secretary of state 76 George Ball under secretary of state for economic affairs 79 Joseph V Charyk under secretary of the Air Force incumbent officeholder 76 G Mennen Williams assistant secretary of state for African affairs 76 Roger W Jones deputy under secretary of state for administration 76 Angier Biddle Duke chief of protocol 76 Lyle S Garlock assistant secretary of the Air Force for financial management incumbent officeholder 76 80 James H Wakelin Jr assistant secretary of the Navy for research and development incumbent officeholder 76 Walt Whitman Rostow deputy national security advisor 81 Charles E Bohlen special advisor on Soviet affairs 82 W Averell Harriman special ambassador at large 76 John Kenneth Galbraith United States ambassador to India 82 David K E Bruce United States ambassador to the United Kingdom 82 Herschel C Loveless member of the Federal Renegotiation Board 76 John J McCloy chief of the U S Disarmament Administration 76 George McGovern director of Food for Peace 76 Domestic policy Edit Robert F Kennedy attorney general announced December 16 1960 83 J Edward Day postmaster general announced December 16 1960 65 Orville Freeman secretary of agriculture announced December 15 1960 84 Luther H Hodges secretary of commerce announced December 8 1960 85 Abraham Ribicoff secretary of health education and welfare announced December 1 1960 86 Stewart Udall secretary of the interior announced December 7 1960 87 Arthur Goldberg secretary of labor announced December 15 1960 84 Luther Terry surgeon general announced January 16 1961 88 Byron White deputy attorney general announced December 16 1960 89 W Willard Wirtz undersecretary of labor announced January 8 1961 90 H H Brawley deputy postmaster general 76 James K Carr under secretary of the interior announced January 12 1961 43 Edward Gudeman under secretary of commerce 76 Archibald Cox solicitor general of the United States announced December 28 1960 75 Robert C Weaver administrator of the Housing and Home Finance Agency announced December 31 1960 78 Newton N Minow chairman of the chairman of the Federal Communications Commission 79 Rex Marion Whitton administrator of the Federal Highway Administration 76 Harry J Anslinger commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics announced December 16 1960 incumbent officeholder 89 Floyd Dominy commissioner of the United States Bureau of Reclamation announced January 12 1961 incumbent officeholder 43 John S Gleason Jr administrator of Veterans Affairs 76 Robert J Burkhardt assistant postmaster general for facilities 76 Ralph W Nicholson assistant postmaster general for finance 76 Frederick C Belen assistant postmaster general for postal operations 76 James M Quigley assistant secretary of health education and welfare for federal and state matters announced January 16 1961 88 Wilbur J Cohen assistant secretary of health education and welfare for legislative matters announced January 16 1961 88 Boisfeuillet Jones assistant secretary of health education and welfare for health and medical affairs announced December 31 1960 76 78 Kenneth Holum assistant secretary of the interior for water and power announced January 12 1961 43 John A Carver Jr assistant secretary of the interior for public lands management announced January 12 1961 43 Jerry R Holleman assistant secretary of labor 76 James J Reynolds assistant secretary of labor announced January 8 1961 90 George C Lodge assistant secretary of labor for international affairs incumbent officeholder 76 George Leon Paul Weaver special assistant to the secretary of labor announced January 8 1961 76 90 Frank Barry Department of the Interior solicitor general announced January 12 1961 43 Charles Donahue Department of Labor solicitor announced January 8 1961 90 Alan Willcox general counsel of the Department of Health Education and Welfare 88 Glenn T Seaborg chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission announced January 16 1961 76 88 Michael Monroney United States Postal Service executive assistant for White House and congressional liaison 76 Economic policy Edit C Douglas Dillon secretary of the treasury announced December 16 1960 83 David E Bell director of the Bureau of the Budget 76 Elizabeth Rudel Smith treasurer of the United States announced December 18 1960 91 Harry J Anslinger commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics incumbent officeholder 76 John M Leddy assistant secretary of the treasury for international affairs announced January 16 1961 88 David E Bell director of the Bureau of the Budget 21 Walter Heller chair of the Council of Economic Advisers 92 John E Horne administrator of the Small Business Administration 76 Henry H Fowler under secretary of the treasury 76 Robert Roosa under secretary of the treasury for monetary affairs 76 Elmer B Staats deputy director of the Bureau of the Budget incumbent officeholder 76 Esther Peterson director of the United States Women s Bureau and assistant to the Secretary of Labor announced January 8 1961 90 Kermit Gordon member of the Council of Economic Advisers 76 James Tobin member of the Council of Economic Advisers 76 George Docking director of the Export Import Bank 76 White House staff Edit Pierre Salinger White House press secretary announced November 9 1960 41 Andrew Hatcher associate White House press secretary announced November 9 1960 41 Ted Sorensen White House counsel announced November 9 1960 41 Kenneth O Donnell secretary to the president announced November 9 1960 41 Fred Dutton White House Cabinet secretary 93 Ralph A Dungan White House staff secretary 76 Larry O Brien assistant to the president for Congressional relations 94 David Powers special assistant to the president 95 James M Landis special assistant to the president 76 Timothy G Reardon administrative assistant to the president Richard Neustadt consultant on government organization 76 Other Edit John Moore administrator of the General Services Administration 76 Bernard L Boutin deputy administrator of the General Services Administration 76 John Macy chairman of the Civil Service Commission 76 Further reading EditMemorandum on the transition by Clark Clifford November 9 1960 John F Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum PAPERS OF JOHN F KENNEDY PRE PRESIDENTIAL PAPERS TRANSITION FILES John F Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum EISENHOWER KENNEDY MATERIALS Dwight D Eisenhower Presidential Library Historical Documents Foreign Relations of the United States 1961 1963 Volume XXIV Laos Crisis January March 1961 Transition from the Eisenhower to the Kennedy Administration United States Department of StateReferences Edit a b c Push to Ease Presidential Transition The Courier News Bridgewater New Jersey Associated Press 8 Nov 1960 Retrieved 19 May 2021 via Newspapers com a b c d Dews Fred 9 November 2016 What Brookings did for the 1960 presidential transition Brookings Retrieved 5 February 2021 a b Dallek p 24 Burke John P 2000 Presidential Transitions From Politics To Practice Boulder Lynne Rienner Publishers p 17 ISBN 1555879160 a b c d e Nixon Richard Transition Expenditures General Accounting Office Audit 2 PDF www fordlibrarymuseum gov Comptroller General of the United States 16 November 1970 Retrieved 6 February 2021 a b c d e f Eisenhower to Kennedy Brookings and the 1960 61 Presidential Transition brookings edu Brookings Institution 5 November 2008 Retrieved 28 September 2022 a b c Shaw p 171 a b c d e Freidman Rebeca R 2011 Crisis Management at the Dead Center The 1960 1961 Presidential Transition and the Bay of Pigs Fiasco Presidential Studies Quarterly 41 2 307 333 doi 10 1111 j 1741 5705 2011 03856 x ISSN 0360 4918 JSTOR 23884834 Retrieved 6 February 2021 Nov 8 1960 Kennedy Is Elected President learning blogs nytimes com The Learning Network The New York Times 2011 11 08 Retrieved 24 May 2021 Bomboy Scott 7 November 2017 The drama behind President Kennedy s 1960 election win constitutioncenter org National Constitution Center Retrieved 24 May 2021 Shaw p 126 a b c Shaw p 129 a b Brauer p 65 a b c d e Rosenbaum David E 9 Dec 1980 Reagan Transition Costs Will Exceed 2 Million The Times Argus Times News Service Retrieved 4 February 2021 via Newspapers com a b c d e f g h i j k l Shaw p 168 a b Skinner Richard 3 October 2016 How the presidential transition process has evolved over time Vox Retrieved 18 May 2021 a b c Bruaer p 67 Brauer pp 67 69 May Ron W 6 Feb 1961 Notes from Washington The Capital Times Madison Wisconsin Retrieved 19 May 2021 via Newspapers com Feeney Mark Nuss Jeannie 14 Dec 2009 Nobel laureate Paul Samuelson eminent economist dead at 94 The Boston Globe Retrieved 19 May 2021 via Newspapers com a b Dallek p 119 Brauer pp 70 71 a b c d e Shaw p 131 a b c Shaw p 132 CLIFFORD PERSONS HOLD FIFTH SESSION The New York Times 1960 12 02 Retrieved 4 June 2021 Shaw pp 132 133 a b The Bay of Pigs www jfklibrary org John F Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum Retrieved 27 September 2022 a b c d United States severs diplomatic relations with Cuba History Retrieved 27 September 2022 Shaw p 145 a b c Presidential Transfer of Power and Etiquette JFK Thanks Eisenhower Shapell Retrieved 18 May 2021 a b c Gibbs Nancy 10 November 2008 When New President Meets Old It s Not Always Pretty Time Retrieved 18 May 2021 a b Dallek p 22 Shaw p 137 John F Kennedy Jr www biography com Biography 27 April 2017 Retrieved 9 June 2021 a b c Shaw p 133 a b c d Shaw p 135 Dallek p 23 a b Shaw pp 127 128 Gwertzman Bernard 8 November 1968 Aides of LBJ Nixon Plan For Transfer The San Bernardino County Sun New York Times News Service Retrieved 6 February 2021 via Newspapers com Henry Laurin L January 1961 Presidential Transitions Washington D C The Brookings Institution p 481 a b c d e f g h Clifford Liaison With Ike Lincoln Journal Star Associated Press 10 Nov 1960 via Newspapers com Kennedy Florida Vacation The Indiana Gazette Associated Press 12 Nov 1960 Retrieved 20 May 2021 via Newspapers com a b c d e f Arrowsmith Marvin L 12 Jan 1961 Kennedy Names More Appointees The Salina Journal Associated Press Retrieved 22 May 2021 via Newspapers com Shaw p 169 Kennedy Flies To Johnson s Texas Ranch Progress Bulletin Pamona California Associated Press 16 Nov 1960 Retrieved 20 May 2021 via Newspapers com Ling Peter J 2013 John F Kennedy Routledge ISBN 978 1 134 71325 7 Russo Gus Molton Stephen 2010 Brothers in Arms The Kennedys the Castros and the Politics of Murder Bloomsbury Publishing USA ISBN 978 1 60819 247 2 Greene Bob 24 October 2010 The man who did not kill JFK CNN Jackie Kennedy Pays Call on Mamie At White House The Evening Sun Baltimore Maryland Associated Press 9 Dec 1960 Retrieved 9 June 2021 via Newspapers com a b Brower Kate Andersen 2016 04 06 When first ladies meet An awkward post election White House tradition Washington Post Retrieved 9 June 2021 a b West J B 1973 Upstairs at the White House My Life with the First Ladies Coward McCann amp Geoghegan p 192 ISBN 0 698 10546 X Haymann C David 1989 A Woman Named Jackie An Intimate Biography of Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis Carol Communications p 251 ISBN 0 8184 0472 8 Resignation from the Senate 22 December 1960 www jfklibrary org John F Kennedy Presidential Library Retrieved 10 June 2021 a b U S Senate Two Senators to the White House www senate gov United States Senate Retrieved 10 June 2021 a b c d e f U S Senate Lyndon Johnson Dethroned www senate gov United States Senate Retrieved 10 June 2021 Our Documents President Dwight D Eisenhower s Farewell Address 1961 www ourdocuments gov 9 April 2021 Retrieved 9 June 2021 Susan Eisenhower 50 Years Later We re Still Ignoring Ike s Warning The Washington Post January 16 2011 p B3 Strout Richard L 1980 11 03 Lame duck presidents a US oddity Christian Science Monitor Retrieved 15 June 2021 a b Eisenhower meets with Kennedy to complete transition UPI 19 January 1961 Retrieved 20 May 2021 Robert Dallek Camelot s Court Inside the Kennedy 2013 Dallek p 67 Dallek p 68 Dallek pp 70 71 Dallek pp 84 85 a b c Chadwick John 18 Dec 1960 Kennedy Cabinet Built on Broad Dimensions Rocky Mount Telegram Associated Press Retrieved 20 May 2021 via Newspapers com Papers of John F Kennedy Pre Presidential Papers Transition Files JFK Library www jfklibrary org John F Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum Retrieved 27 May 2022 KENNEDY SELECTS J E DAY Spokane Chronicle at Newspapers com Associated Press 17 Dec 1960 via Newspapers com a b c d e Morris John D 24 Dec 1960 The Kennedy Cabinet History and Contrast Honolulu Star Bulletin New York Times News Service Retrieved 20 May 2021 via Newspapers com Dallek p 89 a b c Giglio James N 2006 The Presidency of John F Kennedy 2nd ed University Press of Kansas pp 20 21 37 Bobby Kennedy Is He the Assistant President U S News amp World Report 19 February 1962 Retrieved 31 August 2016 Dallek p 108 Score 5 Down 5 to Go www newspapers com St Cloud Times Associated Press 14 Dec 1960 Retrieved 20 May 2021 a b Rusk Adlai Will Seek Stronger UN Abilene Reporter News Associated Press 15 Dec 1960 Retrieved 20 May 2021 via Newspapers com a b Kennedy Names Two Key Aides Pittsburgh Post Gazette Associated Press 29 Dec 1960 Retrieved 20 May 2021 via Newspapers com a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao Kennedy s Appointments Already Numerous The News and Observer Raleigh North Carolina Associated Press 19 Jan 1961 Retrieved 7 June 2021 via Newspapers com Texas Attorney Is Navy Bureau Head Muncie Evening Press Associated Press 28 Dec 1960 Retrieved 20 May 2021 via Newspapers com a b c KENNEDY FILLS HOUSING HEALTH SECURITY POSTS St Louis Post Dispatch 1 Jan 1961 Retrieved 20 May 2021 via Newspapers com a b Marlow James 12 Jan 1961 Kennedy Emptying Adlai s Law Firm The Journal Times Racine Wisconsin Associated Press Retrieved 20 May 2021 via Newspapers com Biography of Lyle S Garlock PDF Air Force Historical Research Agency May 11 1956 pp 16 41 Retrieved October 26 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Dallek p 91 a b c Appointments Made On Ability The Lima Citizen 28 Jan 1961 Retrieved 20 May 2021 via Newspapers com a b Robt Kennedy Dillon Appointed to Cabinet Aiken Standard Associated Press 16 December 1960 Retrieved 20 May 2021 via Newspapers com a b Robert Kennedy is Attorney General Douglas Dillon Secretary of Treasury Clinton Daily News 16 Dec 1960 Retrieved 20 May 2021 via Newspapers com Kennedy Offers Top Level Post to Whizzer White The Daily Journal Vineland New Jersey Associated Press 8 Dec 1960 Retrieved 20 May 2021 via Newspapers com Dempsey To Become Governor Record Journal Meridan Connecticut Associated Press 2 Dec 1960 Retrieved 20 May 2021 via Newspapers com Kennedy Picks Udall To Head Interior Dept The Charlotte News Associated Press 7 Dec 1960 Retrieved 20 May 2021 via Newspapers com a b c d e f Kennedy Names Seaborg To Atomic Post Redlands Daily Facts UPI 16 Jan 1961 Retrieved 22 May 2021 via Newspapers com a b Smith Merriman 16 Dec 1960 Jack Gives Bob Top Legal Post The Daily Herald Provo Utah UPI Retrieved 22 May 2021 via Newspapers com a b c d e Runnion Norman 8 Jan 1961 Kennedy Names Provo Woman to Top Post In Department of Labor The Daily Herald Provo Utah Associated Press Retrieved 20 May 2021 via Newspapers com Libby Smith Is Treasurer The Tribune Scranton Pennsylvania UPI 19 Dec 1960 Retrieved 20 May 2021 via Newspapers com Dallek p 118 Fleeson Doris 25 Dec 1960 Fred Dutton Cabinet Aide Has Most Challenging Job Press Telegram Long Beach California via Newspapers com Dallek p 113 Dallek p 110 Works cited Edit Brauer Carl M 1986 Presidential Transitions Eisenhower Through Reagan New York Oxford University Press ISBN 0195040511 Dallek Robert 2013 Camelot s Court Inside the Kennedy White House First ed New York New York Harper Collins ISBN 9780062065841 Shaw John 2018 Rising Star Setting Sun Dwight D Eisenhower John F Kennedy and the Presidential Transition That Changed America First Pegasus books cloth ed New York ISBN 978 1681777320 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Presidential transition of John F Kennedy amp oldid 1154075368, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.