Oryza sativa
Oryza sativa, also known as rice, is the plant species most commonly referred to in English as rice. It is the type of farmed rice whose cultivars are most common globally, and was first domesticated in the Yangtze River basin in China 13,500 to 8,200 years ago.[2][3][4][5]
| Oryza sativa | |
|---|---|
| Mature seed heads | |
| Inflorescence | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Clade: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Genus: | Oryza |
| Species: | O. sativa |
| Binomial name | |
| Oryza sativa | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| List
| |
Oryza sativa belongs to the genus Oryza and the BOP clade in the grass family Poaceae. With a genome consisting of 430 Mbp across 12 chromosomes, it is renowned for being easy to genetically modify and is a model organism for the study of the biology cereals and monocots.[6]
Botany edit
The species has an erect and stout or slender stalk stem that grows 80–120 cm (30–45 in) tall, with a smooth surface. The leaf is lanceolate, 15–30 cm (5+7⁄8–11+3⁄4 in) long, and grows from a ligule 10–20 mm (3⁄8–3⁄4 in) long.[7]
Classification edit
Oryza sativa contains two major subspecies: the sticky, short-grained japonica or sinica variety, and the nonsticky, long-grained indica [zh] [ja] rice variety. Japonica was domesticated in the Yangtze Valley 9–6,000 years ago,[8] and its varieties can be cultivated in dry fields (it is cultivated mainly submerged in Japan), in temperate East Asia, upland areas of Southeast Asia, and high elevations in South Asia, while indica was domesticated around the Ganges 8,500-4,500 years ago,[8] and its varieties are mainly lowland rices, grown mostly submerged, throughout tropical Asia. Rice grain occurs in a variety of colors, including white, brown, black, purple, and red rices.[9][10]
A third subspecies, which is broad-grained and thrives under tropical conditions, was identified based on morphology and initially called javanica, but is now known as tropical japonica. Examples of this variety include the medium-grain 'Tinawon' and 'Unoy' cultivars, which are grown in the high-elevation rice terraces of the Cordillera Mountains of northern Luzon, Philippines.[11]
Glaszmann (1987) used isozymes to sort O. sativa into six groups: japonica, aromatic, indica, aus, rayada, and ashina.[12]
Garris et al. (2004) used simple sequence repeats to sort O. sativa into five groups: temperate japonica, tropical japonica and aromatic comprise the japonica varieties, while indica and aus comprise the indica varieties.[13]
Nomenclature and taxonomy edit
Rice has been cultivated since ancient times and oryza[14] is a classical Latin word for rice while sativa[15] means "cultivated".
Genetics edit
SPL14/LOC4345998 is a gene that regulates the overall architecture/growth habit of the plant. Some of its epialleles increase rice yield.[16] An accurate and usable Simple Sequence Repeat marker set was developed and used to generate a high-density map.[17] A multiplex high-throughput marker assisted selection system has been developed but as with other crop HTMAS systems has proven difficult to customize, costly (both directly and for the equipment), and inflexible.[17] Other molecular breeding tools have produced rice blast resistant cultivars.[18][19][17] DNA microarray has been used to advance understanding of hybrid vigor in rice, QTL sequencing has been used to elucidate seedling vigor, and genome wide association study (GWAS) by whole genome sequencing (WGS) has been used to investigate various agronomic traits.[17]
Rice is one of the earliest uses and validation models for the semi-thermal asymmetric reverse PCR (STARP) method developed in 2016.[17]
Resistance to the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea is provided by various resistance genes including Pi1, Pi54, and Pita.[20]
O. sativa has a large number of insect resistance genes specifically for the Brown planthopper.[21] As of 2022[update], 15 R genes have been cloned and characterized.[21]
In total, 641 copy number variations are known.[17] Exome capture often reveals new single nucleotide polymorphisms in rice, due to its large genome and high degree of DNA repetition.[17]
The plant hormones abscisic acid and salicylic acid are employed by O. sativa for regulation of immune responses.[22] Salicylic acid broadly stimulate and abscisic acid suppresses immunity to the rice blast fungus M. grisea, and success depends on the balance between their levels.[22]
Breeding edit
The International Rice Research Institute maintains the International Rice Genebank, which holds over 100,000 rice varieties. Much of southeast Asia grows sticky or glutinous rice varieties. High-yield cultivars of rice suitable for cultivation in Africa, called the New Rice for Africa (NERICA), have been developed to improve food security and alleviate poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa.
The complete genome of rice was sequenced in 2005, making it the first crop plant to reach this status.
Since then, the genomes of hundreds of types of rice, both wild and cultivated, and including both Asian and African rice species, have been sequenced.A triple introgression of resistance genes against Magnaporthe grisea—and actual field resistance—have been developed.[20] This is a marker-assisted backcross of the genes Pi1, Pi54, and Pita into an aromatic cultivar using SSR- and STS-markers.[20] Pi21 is a gene that confers broad-spectrum non-race-specific rice blast resistance against several strains.[23]
Gallery edit
- Water buffalo ploughing, Java
- Jumli Marshi, brown rice from Nepal
- Traditional rice of Niyamgiri Hills, India
- From Chhattisgarh
-
- Stem cross section magnified 400 times
See also edit
References edit
- ^ "Oryza sativa L." Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved December 21, 2020.
- ^ Normile, Dennis (1997). "Yangtze seen as earliest rice site". Science. 275 (5298): 309–310. doi:10.1126/science.275.5298.309. S2CID 140691699.
- ^ Vaughan, DA; Lu, B; Tomooka, N (2008). "The evolving story of rice evolution". Plant Science. 174 (4): 394–408. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2008.01.016.
- ^ Harris, David R. (1996). The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia. Psychology Press. p. 565. ISBN 978-1-85728-538-3.
- ^ Zhang, Jianping; Lu, Houyuan; Gu, Wanfa; Wu, Naiqin; Zhou, Kunshu; Hu, Yayi; Xin, Yingjun; Wang, Can; Kashkush, Khalil (December 17, 2012). "Early Mixed Farming of Millet and Rice 7800 Years Ago in the Middle Yellow River Region, China". PLOS ONE. 7 (12): e52146. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...752146Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052146. PMC 3524165. PMID 23284907.
- ^ Haberer, Georg; Mayer, Klaus FX; Spannagl, Manuel (April 1, 2016). "The big five of the monocot genomes". Current Opinion in Plant Biology. SI: 30: Genome studies and molecular genetics. 30: 33–40. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2016.01.004. ISSN 1369-5266.
- ^ Catindig, J.L.A.; Lubigan, R.T.; Johnson, D. (n.d.). "Oryza sativa". Rice Knowledge Bank. International Rice Research Institute. Retrieved June 29, 2023.
- ^ a b Purugganan, Michael D.; Fuller, Dorian Q. (2009). "The nature of selection during plant domestication". Nature. Nature Research. 457 (7231): 843–848. Bibcode:2009Natur.457..843P. doi:10.1038/nature07895. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 19212403. S2CID 205216444.
- ^ Oka (1988)
- ^ Mohammadi Shad, Z.; Atungulu, G. (March 2019). "Post-harvest kernel discoloration and fungi activity in long-grain hybrid, pureline and medium-grain rice cultivars as influenced by storage environment and antifungal treatment". Journal of Stored Products Research. 81: 91–99. doi:10.1016/j.jspr.2019.02.002. S2CID 92050510.
- ^ CECAP, PhilRice and IIRR. 2000. "Highland Rice Production in the Philippine Cordillera."
- ^ Glaszmann, J. C. (May 1987). "Isozymes and classification of Asian rice varieties". Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 74 (1): 21–30. doi:10.1007/BF00290078. PMID 24241451. S2CID 22829122.
- ^ Garris, Amanda J.; Tai, T. H.; Coburn, J.; Kresovich, S.; McCouch, S. (2004). "Genetic structure and diversity in Oryza sativa L." Genetics. 169 (3): 1631–1638. doi:10.1534/genetics.104.035642. PMC 1449546. PMID 15654106.
- ^ "oryza". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary.
- ^
- "sativa". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. n.d.
- "sativa". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary.
- ^ Stange, Madlen; Barrett, Rowan D. H.; Hendry, Andrew P. (February 2021). "The importance of genomic variation for biodiversity, ecosystems and people". Nature Reviews Genetics. Nature Portfolio. 22 (2): 89–105. doi:10.1038/s41576-020-00288-7. ISSN 1471-0056. PMID 33067582. S2CID 223559538. MS ORCID 0000-0002-4559-2535). (RDHB ORCID 0000-0003-3044-2531).
- ^ a b c d e f g Rasheed, Awais; Hao, Yuanfeng; Xia, Xianchun; Khan, Awais; Xu, Yunbi; Varshney, Rajeev K.; He, Zhonghu (2017). "Crop Breeding Chips and Genotyping Platforms: Progress, Challenges, and Perspectives". Molecular Plant. Elsevier. 10 (8): 1047–1064. doi:10.1016/j.molp.2017.06.008. ISSN 1674-2052. PMID 28669791. S2CID 33780984. Chinese Academy of Sciences+Chinese Society for Plant Biology+Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences.
- ^ Miah, G.; Rafii, M. Y.; Ismail, M. R.; Puteh, A. B.; Rahim, H. A.; Asfaliza, R.; Latif, M. A. (November 27, 2012). "Blast resistance in rice: a review of conventional breeding to molecular approaches" (PDF). Molecular Biology Reports. Springer Science+Business Media. 40 (3): 2369–2388. doi:10.1007/s11033-012-2318-0. ISSN 0301-4851. PMID 23184051. S2CID 8922855.
- ^ Rao, Yuchun; Li, Yuanyuan; Qian, Qian (January 19, 2014). "Recent progress on molecular breeding of rice in China". Plant Cell Reports. Springer Science+Business Media. 33 (4): 551–564. doi:10.1007/s00299-013-1551-x. ISSN 0721-7714. PMC 3976512. PMID 24442397.
- ^ a b c Mehta, Sahil; Singh, Baljinder; Dhakate, Priyanka; Rahman, Mehzabin; Islam, Muhammad Aminul (2019). "5 Rice, Marker-Assisted Breeding, and Disease Resistance". In Wani, Shabir Hussain (ed.). Disease Resistance in Crop Plants : Molecular, Genetic and Genomic Perspectives. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. pp. 83–112/xii+307. ISBN 978-3-030-20727-4. OCLC 1110184027.
- ^ a b Wang, Changsheng; Han, Bin (2022). "Twenty years of rice genomics research: From sequencing and functional genomics to quantitative genomics". Molecular Plant. Cell Press. 15 (4): 593–619. doi:10.1016/j.molp.2022.03.009. ISSN 1674-2052. PMID 35331914. S2CID 247603925.
- ^ a b
- Pieterse, Corné M.J.; Van der Does, Dieuwertje; Zamioudis, Christos; Leon-Reyes, Antonio; Van Wees, Saskia C.M. (November 10, 2012). "Hormonal Modulation of Plant Immunity". Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. Annual Reviews. 28 (1): 489–521. doi:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154055. hdl:1874/274421. ISSN 1081-0706. PMID 22559264. S2CID 18180536.
- Atkinson, Nicky J.; Urwin, Peter E. (March 30, 2012). "The interaction of plant biotic and abiotic stresses: from genes to the field". Journal of Experimental Botany. Oxford University Press. 63 (10): 3523–3543. doi:10.1093/jxb/ers100. ISSN 0022-0957. PMID 22467407. S2CID 205195661.
- Liu, Wende; Liu, Jinling; Triplett, Lindsay; Leach, Jan E.; Wang, Guo-Liang (August 4, 2014). "Novel Insights into Rice Innate Immunity Against Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens". Annual Review of Phytopathology. Annual Reviews. 52 (1): 213–241. doi:10.1146/annurev-phyto-102313-045926. ISSN 0066-4286. PMID 21380629. S2CID 9244874.
- ^ Li, Wei; Deng, Yiwen; Ning, Yuese; He, Zuhua; Wang, Guo-Liang (2020). "Exploiting Broad-Spectrum Disease Resistance in Crops: From Molecular Dissection to Breeding". Annual Review of Plant Biology. Annual Reviews. 71 (1): 575–603. doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-010720-022215. ISSN 1543-5008. PMID 32197052. S2CID 214600762.