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Brown planthopper

January 01, 1970

The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) is a planthopper species that feeds on rice plants (Oryza sativa L.). These insects are among the most important pests of rice, which is the major staple crop for about half the world's population.[1] They damage rice directly through feeding and also by transmitting two viruses, rice ragged stunt virus and rice grassy stunt virus. Up to 60% yield loss is common in susceptible rice cultivars attacked by the insect. The BPH is distributed throughout Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, China, Fiji, India,[2] Indonesia, Japan, North and South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. Their alternative host plant other than rice is Leersia hexandra.

Nilaparvata lugens
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Auchenorrhyncha
Infraorder: Fulgoromorpha
Family: Delphacidae
Subfamily: Delphacinae
Tribe: Delphacini
Genus: Nilaparvata
Species:
N. lugens
Binomial name
Nilaparvata lugens
(Stål, 1854)

Biology edit

The brown planthopper is dimorphic, with fully winged 'macropterous' and truncate-winged 'brachypterous' forms. The macropterous forms are potentially migrants and are responsible for colonizing new fields. They migrate on the wind, with East Asian populations undergoing closed circuit journeys between Indochina and the Far East. Malay Archipelago and South Asia populations, on the other hand, make one-way migrations to Indochina.[3] After settling on rice plants, they produce the next generation, where most of the female insects develop as brachypters and males as macropters. Adults usually mate on the day of emergence, and the females start laying eggs from the day following mating. Brachypterous females lay 300 to 350 eggs, whereas macropterous females lay fewer eggs. The eggs are thrust in a straight line generally along the mid-region of the leaf sheath. Eggs hatch in about six to nine days. The newly hatched nymphs are cottony white, and turn purple brown within an hour. They feed on plant sap. They pass through five instars before becoming adults.

Damage edit

BPH[4] infest the rice crop at all stages of plant growth. Due to feeding by both the nymphs and adults at the base of the tillers, plants turn yellow and dry up rapidly. During the early infestation stage, round yellow patches appear, which soon become brownish due to the drying up of the plants. This condition is called 'hopper burn'. Temperature is a critical factor that affects the life activities of this insect. The hatchability and survival rate are the highest around 25 °C. The eggs are highly sensitive to desiccation and soon shrivel when the host plant starts wilting. BPH population growth is maximal in a temperature range from 28 to 30 °C[citation needed].

Predators edit

Video monitoring of various predators in the presence of dead or live (immobilized or not) brown planthoppers

Predators of this insect include the spiders Pardosa pseudoannulata and Araneus inustus.[5] In some cases, BPHs lay eggs in the rice seed beds (also known as rice nurseries) shortly before transplanting, so enter the field in this manner.[6]

Differential mortality of predators and hoppers does not appear to be the only factor for insecticide-induced resurgence.[7] Some insecticides evidently increase the protein content of BPH male accessory glands, and thereby increase planthopper fecundity.[8][9] Some insecticides increase the amount of amino acids and sucrose available in the phloem of rice plants, and thereby increase BPH survival.[10]

Management and control edit

Excessive use of urea as nitrogenous fertilizer and insecticides can lead to outbreaks by increasing the fecundity of the brown planthopper, and by reducing populations of natural enemies.[11][12][13] It follows that the primary integrated pest management (IPM) approach includes restricting the inappropriate and excessive use of these inputs. For example in 2011, the Thai government announced an initiative to respond to a major brown planthoppers outbreak by restricting outbreak-causing insecticides including abamectin and cypermethrin; the decision was supported by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI).[14] IRRI also outlined recommendations foe an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) action plan to limit planthopper outbreaks.[15] In December 2011, the IRRI held a conference in Vietnam to address the threats of insecticide misuse and explore options for mitigation.[16]

Rice varieties with resistance to BPH, e.g. IR64, are important for preventing outbreaks.[17][18][19] However, in areas with low insecticide use, high levels of BPH resistance are not usually necessary.[20] Chemical mutagenesis can significantly increase or decrease BPH resistance levels of rice.[21] Some chemical insecticides, e.g. imidacloprid, can affect the gene expression of rice and thereby increase susceptibility to BPH.[22]

In an attempt to make BPH control more species-specific, researchers are trying to develop methods of turning off specific BPH genes for digestion-, defense- and xenobiotic metabolism. Many novel genes for these functions have been detected in tissue from BPH intestines.[23]

Some plant lectins are antifeedants to BPH and if properly formulated may have the potential to protect rice from BPH.[24][25][26][27]

Impact of climate change edit

Research indicates that BPH nymphs are already living at the upper limits of tolerable temperatures. This suggests that climate warming in tropical regions with occasional extremely high temperatures would limit the survival and distribution of BPH.[28]

References edit

  1. ^ Khush, GS (1999). "Green revolution: preparing for the 21st century". Genome. 42 (4): 646–55. doi:10.1139/g99-044. PMID 10464789.
  2. ^ Oudhia, P. (2000). "Traditional medicinal knowledge about green leafhopper, Nephotettix spp., in Chhattisgarh (India)". International Rice Research Notes. 25 (3): 40.
  3. ^ Hu, Qing-Ling; Zhuo, Ji-Chong; Fang, Gang-Qi; Lu, Jia-Bao; Ye, Yu-Xuan; Li, Dan-Ting; Lou, Yi-Han; Zhang, Xiao-Ya; Chen, Xuan; Wang, Si-Liang; Wang, Zhe-Chao; Zhang, Yi-Xiang; Mazlan, Norida; Oo, San San; Thet, Thet (2024-04-26). "The genomic history and global migration of a windborne pest". Science Advances. 10 (17): eadk3852. doi:10.1126/sciadv.adk3852. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 11042747. PMID 38657063.
  4. ^ . Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2012-07-12.
  5. ^ Preap, V.; Zalucki, M. P.; Jahn, G. C.; Nesbitt, H. (2001). "Effectiveness of brown planthopper predators: population suppression by two species of spider, Pardosa pseudoannulata (Araneae, Lycosidae) and Araneus inustus (Araneae, Araneidae)". Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology. 4 (2): 187–193. doi:10.1016/S1226-8615(08)60122-3.
  6. ^ Preap, V.; Zalucki, M. P.; Jahn, G. C.; Nesbitt, H. J. (2002). "Establishment of Nilaparvata lugens Stål in rice crop nurseries: A possible source of outbreaks". Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology. 5 (1): 75–83. doi:10.1016/S1226-8615(08)60134-X.
  7. ^ Chelliah, S.; Heinrichs, E. A. (1980). "Factors Affecting Insecticide-Induced Resurgence of the Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens on Rice". Environmental Entomology. 9 (6): 773–777. doi:10.1093/ee/9.6.773.
  8. ^ Wang, LiPing; Shen, Jun; Ge, LinQuan; Wu, JinCai; Yang, GuoQin; Jahn, Gary C. (2010). "Insecticide-induced increase in the protein content of male accessory glands and its effect on the fecundity of females in the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)". Crop Protection. 29 (11): 1280–1285. Bibcode:2010CrPro..29.1280W. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2010.07.009.
  9. ^ Ge, Lin-Quan; Yao Chen; Jin-Cai Wu; Gary C Jahn (2011). "Proteomic analysis of insecticide triazophos-induced mating–responsive proteins of Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera:Delphacidae)". J. Proteome Res. 10 (10): 4597–4612. doi:10.1021/pr200414g. PMID 21800909.
  10. ^ Jin-cai Wu, Jian-xiang Xu; Shu-zong Yuan, Jing-lan Liu; Yong-hou Jiang, Jun-feng Xu; Liu, Jing-lan; Jiang, Yong-hou; Xu, Jun-Feng (2001). "Pesticide-induced susceptibility of rice to brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 100 (1): 119–126. Bibcode:2001EEApp.100..119W. doi:10.1046/j.1570-7458.2001.00854.x. S2CID 55055863.
  11. ^ Preap, V.; Zalucki, M. P.; Jahn, G. C. (2006). "Brown planthopper outbreaks and management". Cambodian Journal of Agriculture. 7 (1): 17–25.
  12. ^ Preap, V.; Zalucki, M. P.; Jahn, G. C. (2002). "Effect of nitrogen fertilizer and host plant variety on fecundity and early instar survival of Nilaparvata lugens (Stål): immediate response". Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Inter-Country Forecasting System and Management for Planthopper in East Asia. November 13–15, 2002. Guilin China. Rural Development Administration / Food and Agriculture Organization. pp. 163–180.
  13. ^ Preap, V.; Zalucki, M. P.; Nesbitt, H. J.; Jahn, G. C. (2001). "Effect of fertilizer, pesticide treatment, and plant variety on realized fecundity and survival rates of Nilaparvata lugens (Stål); Generating Outbreaks in Cambodia". Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology. 4 (1): 75–84. doi:10.1016/S1226-8615(08)60107-7.
  14. ^ . Archived from the original on 2011-06-06. Retrieved 2011-06-03. IRRI media release: IRRI supports Thai move to stop insecticide use in rice.
  15. ^ action plan May 1, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  16. ^ international conference May 1, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  17. ^ Athwal, D. S.; Pathak, M. D.; Bacalangco, E. H.; Pura, C. D. (1971). "Genetics of Resistance to Brown Planthoppers and Green Leafhoppers in Oryza sativa L". Crop Sci. 11 (5): 747–750. doi:10.2135/cropsci1971.0011183X001100050043x.
  18. ^ Alam, S. N.; Cohen, M. B. (8 December 1998). "Detection and analysis of QTLs for resistance to the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, in a doubled-haploid rice population". Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 97 (8): 1370–1379. doi:10.1007/s001220051031. S2CID 13088029.
  19. ^ Sangha, Jatinder; Chen, Yolanda; Kaur, Jatinder; Khan, Wajahatullah; Abduljaleel, Zainularifeen; Alanazi, Mohammed; Mills, Aaron; Adalla, Candida; Bennett, John; Prithiviraj, Balakrishnan; Jahn, Gary; Leung, Hei (15 February 2013). "Proteome Analysis of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Mutants Reveals Differentially Induced Proteins during Brown Planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) Infestation". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 14 (2): 3921–3945. doi:10.3390/ijms14023921. PMC 3588078. PMID 23434671.
  20. ^ Cohen, Michael B.; Alam, Syed N.; Medina, Edith B.; Bernal, Carmencita C. (1997). "Brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, resistance in rice cultivar IR64: mechanism and role in successful N. lugens management in Central Luzon, Philippines". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 85 (3): 221–229. doi:10.1023/A:1003177914842.
  21. ^ Sangha, Jatinder Singh; Yolanda H. Chen; Kadirvel Palchamy; Gary C. Jahn; M. Maheswaran; Candida B. Adalla; Hei Leung (2008). "Categories and Inheritance of Resistance to Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) in Mutants of Indica Rice 'IR64'". Journal of Economic Entomology. 101 (2): 575–583. doi:10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[575:CAIORT]2.0.CO;2. PMID 18459427. S2CID 39941837.
  22. ^ Cheng, Yao; Shi, Zhao-Peng; Jiang, Li-Ben; Ge, Lin-Quan; Wu, Jin-Cai; Jahn, Gary C. (March 2012). "Possible connection between imidacloprid-induced changes in rice gene transcription profiles and susceptibility to the brown plant hopper Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)". Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 102 (3): 213–219. doi:10.1016/j.pestbp.2012.01.003. PMC 3334832. PMID 22544984.
  23. ^ Bao, Yan-Yuan; Wang, Ying; Wu, Wen-Juan; Zhao, Dong; Xue, Jian; Zhang, Bao-Qin; Shen, Zhi-Cheng; Zhang, Chuan-Xi (April 2012). "De novo intestine-specific transcriptome of the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens revealed potential functions in digestion, detoxification and immune response". Genomics. 99 (4): 256–264. doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2012.02.002. PMID 22361737.
  24. ^ Powell, K.S.; Gatehouse, A.M.R.; Hilder, V.A.; Gatehouse, J.A. (1993). "Antimetabolic effects of plant lectins and plant and fungal enzymes on the nymphal stages of two important rice pests, Nilaparvata lugens and Nephotettix cinciteps". Entomol. Exp. Appl. 66: 119–126. doi:10.1007/BF02382280.
  25. ^ Powell, K.S.; Gatehouse, A.M.R.; Hilder, V.A.; Gatehouse, J.A. (1995). "Antifeedant effects of plant lectins and an enzyme on the adult stage of the rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens". Entomol. Exp. Appl. 75: 51–59. doi:10.1007/BF02382779.
  26. ^ Powell, K.S.; Gatehouse, A.M.R.; Hilder, V.A.; Peumans, W.; Damme, E. Van; Boonjawat, J.; Horsham, K.; Gatehouse, J.A. (1995). "Antimetabolic effects of related plant lectins towards nymphal stages of Nilaparvata lugens". Entomol.exp.appl. 75: 61–65. doi:10.1007/BF02382780.
  27. ^ Rao, KV; Rathore, K. S.; Hodges, T. K.; Fu, X.; Stoger, E.; Sudhakar, D.; Williams, S.; Christou, P.; Bharathi, M.; Bown, D. P.; Powell, K.; Spence, J.; Gatehouse, A. R.; Gatehouse, J. (1998). "Expression of snowdrop lectin (GNA) in transgenic rice plants confers resistance to rice brown planthopper". The Plant Journal. 15 (4): 469–477. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313X.1998.00226.x. PMID 9753773.
  28. ^ Piyaphongkul, Jiranan; Pritchard, Jeremy; Bale, Jeffrey; Zars, Troy (12 January 2012). "Can Tropical Insects Stand the Heat? A Case Study with the Brown Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)". PLOS ONE. 7 (1): e29409. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...729409P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029409. PMC 3257224. PMID 22253720.

लाल mohamad

External links edit

  • Ricehoppers – a blog on the latest information and issues relevant to managing rice planthopper problems

January 01, 1970
brown, planthopper, brown, planthopper, nilaparvata, lugens, stål, hemiptera, delphacidae, planthopper, species, that, feeds, rice, plants, oryza, sativa, these, insects, among, most, important, pests, rice, which, major, staple, crop, about, half, world, popu. The brown planthopper BPH Nilaparvata lugens Stal Hemiptera Delphacidae is a planthopper species that feeds on rice plants Oryza sativa L These insects are among the most important pests of rice which is the major staple crop for about half the world s population 1 They damage rice directly through feeding and also by transmitting two viruses rice ragged stunt virus and rice grassy stunt virus Up to 60 yield loss is common in susceptible rice cultivars attacked by the insect The BPH is distributed throughout Australia Bangladesh Bhutan Burma Myanmar Cambodia China Fiji India 2 Indonesia Japan North and South Korea Laos Malaysia India Nepal Pakistan Papua New Guinea Philippines Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand and Vietnam Their alternative host plant other than rice is Leersia hexandra Nilaparvata lugens Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Class Insecta Order Hemiptera Suborder Auchenorrhyncha Infraorder Fulgoromorpha Family Delphacidae Subfamily Delphacinae Tribe Delphacini Genus Nilaparvata Species N lugens Binomial name Nilaparvata lugens Stal 1854 Contents 1 Biology 2 Damage 3 Predators 4 Management and control 5 Impact of climate change 6 References 7 External linksBiology editThe brown planthopper is dimorphic with fully winged macropterous and truncate winged brachypterous forms The macropterous forms are potentially migrants and are responsible for colonizing new fields They migrate on the wind with East Asian populations undergoing closed circuit journeys between Indochina and the Far East Malay Archipelago and South Asia populations on the other hand make one way migrations to Indochina 3 After settling on rice plants they produce the next generation where most of the female insects develop as brachypters and males as macropters Adults usually mate on the day of emergence and the females start laying eggs from the day following mating Brachypterous females lay 300 to 350 eggs whereas macropterous females lay fewer eggs The eggs are thrust in a straight line generally along the mid region of the leaf sheath Eggs hatch in about six to nine days The newly hatched nymphs are cottony white and turn purple brown within an hour They feed on plant sap They pass through five instars before becoming adults Damage editBPH 4 infest the rice crop at all stages of plant growth Due to feeding by both the nymphs and adults at the base of the tillers plants turn yellow and dry up rapidly During the early infestation stage round yellow patches appear which soon become brownish due to the drying up of the plants This condition is called hopper burn Temperature is a critical factor that affects the life activities of this insect The hatchability and survival rate are the highest around 25 C The eggs are highly sensitive to desiccation and soon shrivel when the host plant starts wilting BPH population growth is maximal in a temperature range from 28 to 30 C citation needed Predators edit source source source source source source source Video monitoring of various predators in the presence of dead or live immobilized or not brown planthoppers Predators of this insect include the spiders Pardosa pseudoannulata and Araneus inustus 5 In some cases BPHs lay eggs in the rice seed beds also known as rice nurseries shortly before transplanting so enter the field in this manner 6 Differential mortality of predators and hoppers does not appear to be the only factor for insecticide induced resurgence 7 Some insecticides evidently increase the protein content of BPH male accessory glands and thereby increase planthopper fecundity 8 9 Some insecticides increase the amount of amino acids and sucrose available in the phloem of rice plants and thereby increase BPH survival 10 Management and control editExcessive use of urea as nitrogenous fertilizer and insecticides can lead to outbreaks by increasing the fecundity of the brown planthopper and by reducing populations of natural enemies 11 12 13 It follows that the primary integrated pest management IPM approach includes restricting the inappropriate and excessive use of these inputs For example in 2011 the Thai government announced an initiative to respond to a major brown planthoppers outbreak by restricting outbreak causing insecticides including abamectin and cypermethrin the decision was supported by the International Rice Research Institute IRRI 14 IRRI also outlined recommendations foe an Integrated Pest Management IPM action plan to limit planthopper outbreaks 15 In December 2011 the IRRI held a conference in Vietnam to address the threats of insecticide misuse and explore options for mitigation 16 Rice varieties with resistance to BPH e g IR64 are important for preventing outbreaks 17 18 19 However in areas with low insecticide use high levels of BPH resistance are not usually necessary 20 Chemical mutagenesis can significantly increase or decrease BPH resistance levels of rice 21 Some chemical insecticides e g imidacloprid can affect the gene expression of rice and thereby increase susceptibility to BPH 22 In an attempt to make BPH control more species specific researchers are trying to develop methods of turning off specific BPH genes for digestion defense and xenobiotic metabolism Many novel genes for these functions have been detected in tissue from BPH intestines 23 Some plant lectins are antifeedants to BPH and if properly formulated may have the potential to protect rice from BPH 24 25 26 27 Impact of climate change editResearch indicates that BPH nymphs are already living at the upper limits of tolerable temperatures This suggests that climate warming in tropical regions with occasional extremely high temperatures would limit the survival and distribution of BPH 28 References edit Khush GS 1999 Green revolution preparing for the 21st century Genome 42 4 646 55 doi 10 1139 g99 044 PMID 10464789 Oudhia P 2000 Traditional medicinal knowledge about green leafhopper Nephotettix spp in Chhattisgarh India International Rice Research Notes 25 3 40 Hu Qing Ling Zhuo Ji Chong Fang Gang Qi Lu Jia Bao Ye Yu Xuan Li Dan Ting Lou Yi Han Zhang Xiao Ya Chen Xuan Wang Si Liang Wang Zhe Chao Zhang Yi Xiang Mazlan Norida Oo San San Thet Thet 2024 04 26 The genomic history and global migration of a windborne pest Science Advances 10 17 eadk3852 doi 10 1126 sciadv adk3852 ISSN 2375 2548 PMC 11042747 PMID 38657063 Brown plant hopper BPH Rice Knowledge Management Portal Rice Paddy Dhan Chawal Rice Research Domain Rice Extension Domain Rice Farmers Domain Rice General Domain Rice Service Domain RKMP Rice in India Rice Government Schemes Rice ITKs Rice FLDs Rice Package of Practices Archived from the original on 2016 03 04 Retrieved 2012 07 12 Preap V Zalucki M P Jahn G C Nesbitt H 2001 Effectiveness of brown planthopper predators population suppression by two species of spider Pardosa pseudoannulata Araneae Lycosidae and Araneus inustus Araneae Araneidae Journal of Asia Pacific Entomology 4 2 187 193 doi 10 1016 S1226 8615 08 60122 3 Preap V Zalucki M P Jahn G C Nesbitt H J 2002 Establishment of Nilaparvata lugens Stal in rice crop nurseries A possible source of outbreaks Journal of Asia Pacific Entomology 5 1 75 83 doi 10 1016 S1226 8615 08 60134 X Chelliah S Heinrichs E A 1980 Factors Affecting Insecticide Induced Resurgence of the Brown Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens on Rice Environmental Entomology 9 6 773 777 doi 10 1093 ee 9 6 773 Wang LiPing Shen Jun Ge LinQuan Wu JinCai Yang GuoQin Jahn Gary C 2010 Insecticide induced increase in the protein content of male accessory glands and its effect on the fecundity of females in the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens Stal Hemiptera Delphacidae Crop Protection 29 11 1280 1285 Bibcode 2010CrPro 29 1280W doi 10 1016 j cropro 2010 07 009 Ge Lin Quan Yao Chen Jin Cai Wu Gary C Jahn 2011 Proteomic analysis of insecticide triazophos induced mating responsive proteins of Nilaparvata lugens Stal Hemiptera Delphacidae J Proteome Res 10 10 4597 4612 doi 10 1021 pr200414g PMID 21800909 Jin cai Wu Jian xiang Xu Shu zong Yuan Jing lan Liu Yong hou Jiang Jun feng Xu Liu Jing lan Jiang Yong hou Xu Jun Feng 2001 Pesticide induced susceptibility of rice to brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 100 1 119 126 Bibcode 2001EEApp 100 119W doi 10 1046 j 1570 7458 2001 00854 x S2CID 55055863 Preap V Zalucki M P Jahn G C 2006 Brown planthopper outbreaks and management Cambodian Journal of Agriculture 7 1 17 25 Preap V Zalucki M P Jahn G C 2002 Effect of nitrogen fertilizer and host plant variety on fecundity and early instar survival of Nilaparvata lugens Stal immediate response Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Inter Country Forecasting System and Management for Planthopper in East Asia November 13 15 2002 Guilin China Rural Development Administration Food and Agriculture Organization pp 163 180 Preap V Zalucki M P Nesbitt H J Jahn G C 2001 Effect of fertilizer pesticide treatment and plant variety on realized fecundity and survival rates of Nilaparvata lugens Stal Generating Outbreaks in Cambodia Journal of Asia Pacific Entomology 4 1 75 84 doi 10 1016 S1226 8615 08 60107 7 IRRI supports Thai move to stop insecticide use in rice Archived from the original on 2011 06 06 Retrieved 2011 06 03 IRRI media release IRRI supports Thai move to stop insecticide use in rice action plan Archived May 1 2012 at the Wayback Machine international conference Archived May 1 2012 at the Wayback Machine Athwal D S Pathak M D Bacalangco E H Pura C D 1971 Genetics of Resistance to Brown Planthoppers and Green Leafhoppers in Oryza sativa L Crop Sci 11 5 747 750 doi 10 2135 cropsci1971 0011183X001100050043x Alam S N Cohen M B 8 December 1998 Detection and analysis of QTLs for resistance to the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens in a doubled haploid rice population Theoretical and Applied Genetics 97 8 1370 1379 doi 10 1007 s001220051031 S2CID 13088029 Sangha Jatinder Chen Yolanda Kaur Jatinder Khan Wajahatullah Abduljaleel Zainularifeen Alanazi Mohammed Mills Aaron Adalla Candida Bennett John Prithiviraj Balakrishnan Jahn Gary Leung Hei 15 February 2013 Proteome Analysis of Rice Oryza sativa L Mutants Reveals Differentially Induced Proteins during Brown Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens Infestation International Journal of Molecular Sciences 14 2 3921 3945 doi 10 3390 ijms14023921 PMC 3588078 PMID 23434671 Cohen Michael B Alam Syed N Medina Edith B Bernal Carmencita C 1997 Brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens resistance in rice cultivar IR64 mechanism and role in successful N lugens management in Central Luzon Philippines Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 85 3 221 229 doi 10 1023 A 1003177914842 Sangha Jatinder Singh Yolanda H Chen Kadirvel Palchamy Gary C Jahn M Maheswaran Candida B Adalla Hei Leung 2008 Categories and Inheritance of Resistance to Nilaparvata lugens Hemiptera Delphacidae in Mutants of Indica Rice IR64 Journal of Economic Entomology 101 2 575 583 doi 10 1603 0022 0493 2008 101 575 CAIORT 2 0 CO 2 PMID 18459427 S2CID 39941837 Cheng Yao Shi Zhao Peng Jiang Li Ben Ge Lin Quan Wu Jin Cai Jahn Gary C March 2012 Possible connection between imidacloprid induced changes in rice gene transcription profiles and susceptibility to the brown plant hopper Nilaparvata lugens Stal Hemiptera Delphacidae Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 102 3 213 219 doi 10 1016 j pestbp 2012 01 003 PMC 3334832 PMID 22544984 Bao Yan Yuan Wang Ying Wu Wen Juan Zhao Dong Xue Jian Zhang Bao Qin Shen Zhi Cheng Zhang Chuan Xi April 2012 De novo intestine specific transcriptome of the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens revealed potential functions in digestion detoxification and immune response Genomics 99 4 256 264 doi 10 1016 j ygeno 2012 02 002 PMID 22361737 Powell K S Gatehouse A M R Hilder V A Gatehouse J A 1993 Antimetabolic effects of plant lectins and plant and fungal enzymes on the nymphal stages of two important rice pests Nilaparvata lugens and Nephotettix cinciteps Entomol Exp Appl 66 119 126 doi 10 1007 BF02382280 Powell K S Gatehouse A M R Hilder V A Gatehouse J A 1995 Antifeedant effects of plant lectins and an enzyme on the adult stage of the rice brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens Entomol Exp Appl 75 51 59 doi 10 1007 BF02382779 Powell K S Gatehouse A M R Hilder V A Peumans W Damme E Van Boonjawat J Horsham K Gatehouse J A 1995 Antimetabolic effects of related plant lectins towards nymphal stages of Nilaparvata lugens Entomol exp appl 75 61 65 doi 10 1007 BF02382780 Rao KV Rathore K S Hodges T K Fu X Stoger E Sudhakar D Williams S Christou P Bharathi M Bown D P Powell K Spence J Gatehouse A R Gatehouse J 1998 Expression of snowdrop lectin GNA in transgenic rice plants confers resistance to rice brown planthopper The Plant Journal 15 4 469 477 doi 10 1046 j 1365 313X 1998 00226 x PMID 9753773 Piyaphongkul Jiranan Pritchard Jeremy Bale Jeffrey Zars Troy 12 January 2012 Can Tropical Insects Stand the Heat A Case Study with the Brown Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens Stal PLOS ONE 7 1 e29409 Bibcode 2012PLoSO 729409P doi 10 1371 journal pone 0029409 PMC 3257224 PMID 22253720 ल ल mohamadExternal links editRicehoppers a blog on the latest information and issues relevant to managing rice planthopper problems Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Brown planthopper amp oldid 1220748694, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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