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Peruvian protests (2022–2023)

April 05, 2024

Peruvian protests (2022–2023)
Part of the 2017–present Peruvian political crisis
Top to bottom, left to right:
Protesters in Lima draped with Peruvian flags and waving Wiphalas on 12 December, demonstrations in Huancayo on 9 December, protests outside where Castillo was detained at la Prefectura on 7 December, protester waving a Wiphala flag in Plaza Dos de Mayo on 4 February 2023
Date7 December 2022 – 24 March 2023 (2022-12-07 – 2023-03-24)
19 July 2023 (2023-07-19T2023) – present
Location
Peru
Caused by
Goals
MethodsProtests, blockades, demonstrations, civil disobedience, civil resistance, strike action, riots, looting, insurgency
Resulted in
Parties

Anti-government protestors

List
    • National Assembly of the Peoples
    • Agrarian and Rural Front of Peru
    • Central Única Nacional de Rondas Campesinas
    • AIDESEP
    • ONAMIAP [es]
    • National Front of Carriers and Drivers of Peru
    • Ayacucho People's Defense Front
    • Departmental Federation of Cusco Workers (FDTC)[1]
    • Túpac Amaru Cusco Agrarian Revolutionary Federation (FARTAC)[1]
    • Cusco University Federation (FUC)[1]
    • SUTEP[1]
    • Cusco Regional Youth Assembly (Arejo)[1]
    • CGTP[2]
    • CUT[3]

Supported by:
Lead figures

Decentralized leadership (various social leaders)

Number
Casualties
Death(s)69 civilians[19]

1 officer[20]

6 soldiers[21]
Injuries1,881[22]
Arrested608[23]

Following the ousting of president of Peru, Pedro Castillo on 7 December 2022,[24][25][26] a series of political protests against the government of president Dina Boluarte and the Congress of Peru occurred. The demonstrations lack centralized leadership and originated primarily among grassroots movements and social organizations on the left to far-left, as well as indigenous communities, who feel politically disenfranchised.[27][28][29][30][31] Castillo was removed from office and arrested after announcing the dissolution of Congress, the intervention of the state apparatus, and the establishment of an "emergency government", which was characterized as a self-coup attempt by some media organizations and institutions in Peru while Castillo's supporters said that Congress attempted to overthrow Castillo.[32] Castillo's successor Dina Boluarte, along with Congress, were widely disapproved, with the two receiving the lowest approval ratings among public offices in the Americas.[33] Among the main demands of the demonstrators are the dissolution of Congress, the resignation of Boluarte, new general elections, the release of Castillo, and the formation of a constituent assembly to draft a new constitution.[29][34] It has also been reported that some of the protesters have declared an insurgency.[35][36][37] Analysts, businesses, and voters said that immediate elections are necessary to prevent future unrest, although many establishment political parties have little public support.[38]

The Boluarte government would respond to protests by calling the protests a "threat to democracy"[39][40] and announcing a national state of emergency on 14 December, suspending some constitutional rights of citizens, including the right preventing troops from staying within private homes and buildings, the right to freedom of movement, the right to freedom of assembly, and the right to "personal freedom and security" for 30 days.[41][42] The Armed Forces and Police have been documented using severe force against the protesters, resulting in at least 60 deaths,[43] over 600 injuries,[44][45] over 380 arrests[46] and two massacres in Ayacucho and Juliaca. The extrajudicial executions,[47] use of torture[48] and violence against detainees has also been reported.[49] The government would deny that authorities acted violently and would instead praise officers and troops for their actions.[47] Right-wing groups and the Boluarte government would instead use the terruqueo fear mongering tactic to label some of the protesters as terrorists; a practice that dates back to the internal conflict in Peru and has been condemned by United Nations experts.[47][50][51] United Nations Special Rapporteur Clément Nyaletsossi Voule said that there was no evidence that terrorist groups were involved in the protests.[52] Terruqueos by government officials provided impunity to authorities and increased the risk of violence.[50][53] Human rights organizations have criticized the response of the Boluarte government and authorities[54][55] as well as the government's inclusion of the Armed Forces in responding to the protests due to the history of troops killing protesters with impunity.[44] Multiple ministers resigned from Boluarte's cabinet throughout the series of protests following acts of violence perpetrated by authorities.[56][57] The Attorney general of Peru, Patricia Benavides, announced investigations on 10 January 2023 for the alleged crimes of genocide, aggravated homicide, and serious injuries against President Dina Boluarte, Prime Minister Alberto Otárola, Minister of the Interior Víctor Rojas, and Minister of Defense Jorge Chávez.[58]

Coverage of the protests by the media in Peru was also criticized by the majority of Peruvians, who believed that media organizations held a bias against demonstrations.[59] The two massacres that authorities perpetrated against the majority-indigenous populations in southern Peru did not receive coverage by national media.[59][60][61][62] The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights would condemn violent acts carried out by some demonstrators against media personnel.[63][64][65] Violent far-right protesters, such as La Resistencia, would also attack investigative media outlets critical of the government.[66][67]

Fujimorism would ultimately consolidate governmental power into Congress with the assistance of the Constitutional Court of Peru.[68][69][70] The majority of Peruvian institutions, including all branches of government and the media, adopted authoritarian practices during the protests.[71] The politicization of the armed forces also raised concerns about a developing civilian-military government in Peru.[72][73] Congress, with one-third of its members belonging to a far-right bloc,[74] would reject all attempts of reform, including the advancing of general elections, constitutional proposals and motions to impeach Boluarte.[51][75] On 9 March 2023, the state of emergency in Lima was lifted as protests waned,[76] while the Supreme Court of Peru would further rule on 18 May 2023 that protesting in Peru was illegal and that it was not protected by the constitution.[77][71] Calls for future protests in July 2023 were made amidst the controversial verdict of the Supreme Court.[78]

Background edit

Centralismo edit

Main article: Centralismo (Peru)
See also: Lima Consensus and Racism in Peru
 
Cajamarca, one of Peru's poorest cities located near the world's fourth largest gold mine[79][28]

Since the independence of Peru from the Spanish Empire, the economic elite in Lima engaged in a practice known as centralismo, which involved focusing their power on the coastal regions while the rural provinces were governed by existing serfdom practices by hacienda landowners.[80][81][82][83] This practice has continued throughout Peru's history and has resulted with large levels of economic inequality, political alienation and other disparities in rural regions, with Lima acquiring the majority of socioeconomic benefits in the nation.[84][80] Centralismo also contributed to systemic racism in Peru since the wealth and education centralized in Lima created a perception amongst Limeños that rural indigenous individuals were inferior.[85][86]

As globalization intensified through the twentieth century, the gap between urban and rural areas increased, with larger cities increasing their ability to connect to the economy and increasing their wealth while smaller cities experienced resource and human capital flight towards the larger cities.[87] Many Peruvians living in rural areas could not vote until 1979 when the constitution allowed illiterate individuals to vote. Despite this, between 1919 and 2021, eleven of eighteen democratically elected presidents of Peru were from Lima.[88] Wealth generated between 1990 and 2020 was not equally distributed throughout the country. As a result, there were significant disparities in living standards between the more-developed capital city of Lima and similar coastal regions, while rural provinces remained impoverished.[88][89][90] By the 2020s, the existing disparities in Peru caused a "globalization fatigue" according to Asensio, resulting in a polarization between rural and urban areas that saw differing priorities with lifestyle, economics and politics.[87] This divide created by centralismo would be a contributing factor to the protests.[86][38]

Obstructive Congress edit

Main article: Peruvian political crisis (2017–present)
 
 
 
Presidents Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, Martín Vizcarra and Pedro Castillo (left to right) were impeached and targeted for removal by the opposing Congress

During the presidencies of Ollanta Humala, Pedro Pablo Kuczynski and Martín Vizcarra, the right-wing Congress led by the daughter of the former Peruvian president Alberto Fujimori, Keiko Fujimori, obstructed many of the presidents' actions.[86][91][92] The political legacy of the Fujimori family was assumed by Keiko after her father Alberto, who instituted Plan Verde and oversaw the Grupo Colina death squad during the internal conflict in Peru, was sentenced to prison for human rights abuses.[93][94][92][95] During their majority in congress, Fujimorists "earned a reputation as hardline obstructionists for blocking initiatives popular with Peruvians aimed at curbing the nation’s rampant corruption" according to the Associated Press.[96] According to Walter Albán, head of Transparency International Peru, Congress has been infiltrated by criminal groups that obstruct reforms to maintain their status and parliamentary immunity,[97] while Human Rights Watch said that Congress was more focused on personal gain and vote trading instead of issues facing the nation.[86]

 
Protester holding a sign that states "Congress, nest of mafioso Fuji-rats sells homeland"

President Humala would go on to serve a weak presidency due to the obstructionist practices of the Congress.[91] After losing the 2016 presidential election to Kuczynski, Keiko Fujimori led her party Popular Force in the unicameral Congress, with the right-wing legislators obstructing efforts by President Kuczynski.[92] After experiencing obstruction by Congress and various scandals, President Kuczynski resigned from the presidency.[98] Martín Vizcarra, Kuczynski's first vice president, then assumed office in March 2018. Amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru, President Vizcarra was impeached in September 2020 and a month later removed from office. Thousands of citizens then protested against Vizcarra's impeachment.[99]

President of Congress, Manuel Merino, faced criticism regarding how he hastily pushed for impeachment proceedings against Vizcarra, especially since he would assume the presidency upon Vizcarra's removal.[100] Renowned reporter Gustavo Gorriti reported on 12 September 2020 that Merino had contacted the Commanding General of the Peruvian Navy, Fernando Cerdán, notifying him that he would attempt to impeach Vizcarra and assume the presidency.[101] Minister of Defense Jorge Chávez confirmed that Merino had tried to establish support with the military.[101] President Merino would resign after five days due to mass disapproval.[102]

Francisco Sagasti was made President of Congress on 16 November and thus succeeded Merino as president on 17 November per the presidential line of succession, since both vice presidential positions were vacated by Vizcarra in 2018 and Mercedes Aráoz in May 2020.[103][104]

Castillo presidency edit

See also: 2021 Peruvian general election § Overturn attempts, and Pedro Castillo § Removal attempts

The election will be flipped, dear friends.

—Keiko Fujimori[105]

Sagasti served as president until Castillo was elected in the 2021 general election, with Fujimori losing her third consecutive presidential bid. The 2021 election saw many right-wing candidates, with business groups, political parties and the majority of media organizations in Peru collaborating with Fujimori's campaign by appealing to fear when discussing political opponents.[106][107][108] Some broadcast television channels openly supported Fujimori's candidacy as well.[108] Reuters wrote that El Comercio, one of the largest media organizations in South America, "has generally backed Fujimori".[109] Fujimori received support from Lima's elite, evangelical Christians, businesses, media organizations, and the armed forces.[90] A large far-right bloc in Congress was also elected, comprising one-third of the legislature's seats.[74]

In contrast, Castillo was supported by working class and indigenous Peruvians who were affected by centralismo, with Castillo receiving support in areas outside of Lima and other large cities.[88] In May 2021, Americas Quarterly wrote: "Life expectancy in Huancavelica, for example, the region where Castillo received his highest share of the vote in the first round, is seven years shorter than in Lima. In Puno, where Castillo received over 47% of the vote, the infant mortality rate is almost three times that of Lima's."[88] Then-professor of Public Policy Gonzalo Banda stated that although Castillo was accused of being linked to communist terrorism, "in places where terrorism caused the most bloodshed, Castillo won by a lot."[110] Asensio writes that Castillo, being recognized as a "true Peruvian" by his supporters, was able to establish support by saying he would reverse the favoritism of Lima and defending regional rights.[87]

 
 
Keiko Fujimori and Rafael López Aliaga, who opposed Castillo and supported the Madrid Charter

Multiple attempts to prevent Castillo from the entering the office of the presidency or to later remove him occurred, beginning shortly after election results were determined. Following reports of Castillo's apparent victory, Fujimori and her supporters made claims of electoral fraud, leading obstructionist efforts to overturn the election with support of citizens in Lima.[111][112][105][113][114][115] Many business groups and politicians refused to recognize Castillo's ascent to the presidency,[87] with those among the more affluent, including former military officers and wealthy families, demanded new elections, promoted calls for a military coup, and used rhetoric to support their allegations of fraud.[112] Far-right groups of former soldiers, including La Resistencia, also allied with political parties like Advance Country, Popular Force, and Popular Renewal in an effort to remove Castillo, with some veteran leaders seen directly with Rafael López Aliaga and Castillo's former presidential challenger Keiko Fujimori, who signed the Madrid Charter promoted by the Spanish radical right political party Vox.[116][67] These groups directed threats towards Castillo government officials and journalists, whilst also calling for a coup d'état and insurgency.[116]

During Castillo's presidency, Congress was dominated by right-wing parties opposed to him,[117] with legislators attempting to impeach multiple times using political avenues. Due to broadly interpreted impeachment wording in the Constitution of Peru (1993), Congress can impeach the president on the vague grounds of "moral incapacity",[118] effectively making the legislature more powerful than the executive branch.[119][120][121][122] In February 2022, it was reported that Fujimorists and politicians close to Fujimori organized a meeting at the Casa Andina hotel in Lima with the assistance of the German liberal organization Friedrich Naumann Foundation, with those present including President of Congress Maricarmen Alva, at which plans to remove Castillo from office were discussed.[123] Alva had already shared her readiness to assume the presidency if Castillo were to be vacated from the position and a leaked Telegram group chat of the board of directors of Congress that she heads revealed plans coordinated to oust Castillo.[124][125]

By December 2022, Congress had begun motions to attempt the impeachment of Castillo for a third time; he was involved with six different criminal investigations and had already named five separate cabinets to serve under him.[126]

Castillo attempts to dissolve Congress edit

Main article: 2022 Peruvian political crisis
 
Document of the CCFFAA and PNP rejecting the actions of Castillo

Before 7 December 2022, a march called "Toma de Lima" or "Taking of Lima" was called, originally a meeting in Plaza Bolognesi with the aim of closing the congress and expressing their support for Pedro Castillo.[127][128] This march was organized by the National Assembly of the Peoples,[129] an organization affiliated with the officials, whose meeting in November of that year was televised.[130][131] The Agrarian and Rural Front of Peru confirmed their collaboration in the scheduled march.[79]

On 7 December 2022, Congress was expected to file a motion of censure against Castillo, accusing him of "permanent moral incapacity".[132] Before the legislative body could gather to file its motion, Castillo announced the dissolution of Congress and enacted an immediate curfew.[132][133] Moments after Castillo's speech, multiple ministers resigned from his government, including Prime Minister Betssy Chávez.[134] The Constitutional Court released a statement: "No one owes obedience to a usurping government and Mr. Pedro Castillo has made an ineffective coup d'état. The Armed Forces are empowered to restore the constitutional order."[135] The Armed Forces also issued a statement rejecting Castillo's actions and calling for the maintenance of stability in Peru.[136] Rejecting Castillo's actions to dissolve the legislative body, Congress gathered and voted to remove Castillo from office due to "moral incapacity" with 101 votes in favor, 6 against and 10 abstentions.[137] It was announced that First Vice President Dina Boluarte, who rejected Castillo's actions, would take her oath of office for the presidency at 3:00 pm PET.[137] Castillo's vice president Dina Boluarte entered the Legislative Palace shortly after 3:00 pm PET and appeared before Congress, where she was later sworn in as president of Peru.[138]

In an IEP poll following Castillo's attempt to dissolve Congress, of respondents, 44% approved of Castillo's actions, 53% disapproved and 3% had no opinion or comment, with the majority of support for Castillo's actions being among rural and lower class Peruvians.[139] For Castillo's supporters,[25][79][32] Congress performed a coup against the president. In addition, they considered Dina Boluarte a "traitor", "dictator" and "usurper" after her subsequent assumption as the new president of the republic,[29][32][140] based on the promise of the then vice president: "If the president is vacated I will go with the president".[141] In this way, supporters of the former president encouraged the prompt release of Castillo and an advance of elections.[34] The demonstrators agreed to the dissolution of the Congress of the Republic, a new constitution through a constituent assembly, the rejection of the then vice president Dina Boluarte and the support for the then president Pedro Castillo, whose objectives were achieved with the populist measures dictated by the then president in his message to the Nation on 7 December.[127]

Mobilizations of leftist organizations related to Castillo were evidenced in Lima, Ayacucho, Cusco, Ica, Arequipa, Trujillo, Chiclayo, Huancavelica,[142][143] Huancayo, Tacna,[144] Jaén,[145] Moquegua,[146] Ilo,[147] Puno,[148][149][150][151] and Chota, where Castillo grew up.[152]

Timeline edit

Main article: Timeline of the 2022–2023 Peruvian political protests

Protests begin edit

Lima is one of the cities that were summoned. After the message to the nation, it was denounced that the Minister of the Interior, Willy Huerta, ordered the doors of the congress to be opened, which were closed, so that the summoned protesters could storm the congress.[153] However, due to the failure of Castillo's actions and the subsequent vacancy by the Congress of the Republic, the demonstrations increased.[32] On 7 December, between one and two hundred people gathered in the "Toma de Lima" in the Plaza San Martín and surroundings.[28][154] The RPP outlet considered the pro-government meeting as the largest since Castillo came to power.[155] Panic buying was registered by the population fearing an escalation of events.[129] Some of the first demonstrations also occurred in Cuzco,[156] Arequipa[140] and in Puno.[157]

The head of the National Directorate of Intelligence (DINI), General Wilson Barrantes Mendoza, met with President Boluarte upon her request on 8 December 2022.[27] The DINI chief would explain to President Boluarte that protests would worsen due to the broad range of requests, including Bolaurte's resignation, the dissolution of Congress, a constituent assembly and immediate general elections.[27] General Barrantes then explained that there was no organized leadership, presenting information from the National Intelligence Council (COIN) and the National Intelligence System (SINA) that there were 16 independent regional groups promoting protests, that political parties and leaders were not organizing the movement and that organizations linked to the Shining Path or the Movement for Amnesty and Fundamental Rights (MOVADEF) were not involved.[27] The general would later state in an interview with La Republica that "To say that there is a 'terrorist inurgency' is stupid", criticizing the Boluarte government for using such rhetoric and for accusing foreign entities of being involved in the protests.[27] The Boluarte government later replaced General Barrantes with Colonel Juan Carlos Liendo O'Connor, a former National Intelligence Service (SIN) agent who worked under Vladimiro Montesinos who described the protests as a "terrorist insurrection" while on Willax Televisión a day prior to his appointment.[27][158]

The protesters lack leadership and comprise independent groups.[26] Of the many groups that supported protests, Movadef encouraged citizens to demonstrate.[159] Rondas campesinas, armed peasant patrols that formerly defended communities from the leftist Shining Path guerilla group, also joined the protests.[18] The Confederación General de Trabajadores del Perú (CGTP), the largest union in Peru, also called for the resignations of the executive and Congress.[160] In Arequipa, they received support from labor unions such as the Arequipa Departmental Federation of Workers, the Civil Construction Union,[161] and the National Front of Transporters and Drivers of Peru.[162][163] They also had support of the president of the Unified Defense Front against the contamination of the Coata basin and Lake Titicaca.[164] The regional SUTEP, which ignored Boluarte's election and declared a permanent mobilization, also supported.[36]

There were violent confrontations between community members and residents of Andahuaylas against police officers on 10 December. With 3,000 people participating, during the afternoon, the protesters took 2 policemen hostage and requested a "prisoner exchange". In light of this, a division of special forces from Abancay of the PNP moved to Andahuaylas and arrived in a small plane.[165][166][167] Hours after the kidnappings, the demonstrators released the police officers and numerous social organizations from the department of Apurimac declared themselves in a "popular insurgency" and will begin a regional strike starting Monday, 12 December.[168][169][170] Clashes erupted in the city between protestors and police in the city; two protestors, aged 15 and 18, were killed by police shooting from a helicopter, while four more were injured, one of whom critically.[171][172][173][174][175]

President Boluarte responded to dissent by removing 26 regional prefects nominated by Castillo from their positions.[176] On 13 December, the United States Ambassador to Peru, Lisa D. Kenna, travels to the Government Palace to meet with President Boluarte.[177]

Ayacucho massacre edit

Main article: Ayacucho Massacre
 
Demonstrations at Plaza Manco Capac following the Ayacucho massacre

The Boluarte government announced a national state of emergency on 14 December, removing some constitutional protections from citizens, including the rights preventing troops from staying within private homes and buildings, the freedom of movement, the freedom of assembly, and "personal freedom and security" for 30 days.[41][42] The Boluarte government also decreed a curfew for fifteen provinces in eight different regions of Peru on 15 December, in regions including Arequipa, La Libertad, Ica, Apurímac, Cusco, Puno, and Huancavelica.[55]

  Peruvian Army firing live ammunition at protesters in Ayacucho

During protests in Ayacucho, demonstrators approached the Coronel FAP Alfredo Mendívil Duarte Airport, with the Peruvian Armed Forces closing the airport in response, with clashes occurring shortly after.[178] Human rights groups reported that members of the Peruvian Army were seen shooting at civilians protesting in Ayacucho.[179] Casualties were sent for treatment at the Huamanga Network and in the Ayacucho Regional Hospital,[178] with 90% of injuries resulting from gunshot wounds according to the Ayacucho regional health system.[180] The response by authorities caused the collapse of hospital systems in the city, with protesters suffering from gunshot wounds being treated in makeshift triage units.[181] The Ayacucho Regional Health Directorate reported that 8 were killed and 52 were injured.[180][182]

Former president Castillo is sentenced to 18 months of pretrial detention.[177] While imprisoned, Castillo states that the United States is responsible for the violence in Peru, stating "The visit of the US ambassador to the Government Palace was not free, nor was it in favor of the country. It was to give the order to take the troops to the streets and massacre my defenseless people; and, by the way, leave the way free for mining operations, ... The Peruvian press will not only keep quiet about this, but will deny it so easily."[177]

A day after the massacre, Congress rejected the proposal of advancing the 2026 elections to an earlier date; 49 were in favor, 33 against and 25 abstained, with 87 required for the proposal to pass.[183] On 16 December, Education Minister Patricia Correa and Culture Minister Jair Perez both resigned over the loss of life caused by the protests.[183]

Defense Minister named Prime Minister edit

President Boluarte shuffles her first cabinet, placing her former Minister of Defense Alberto Otárola as the new prime minister, while also replacing the Minister of Interior and Minister of Defense.[184] Boluarte's new Minister of Education, Óscar Becerra, was reported to have a history of being an Fujimorist.[185] Protesters continued activities in the regions of Amazonía, Apurímac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cusco, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Piura and Puno.[186] In Amazonía, indigenous leaders release a statement stating "We alert the Army, we alert the National Police of Peru not to upset us because we are in our territory, we will see each other there, there we will surely declare war, because they are already provoking us and creating us discomfort".[186]

On 24 December, Prime Minister Otárola stated that the Boluarte government was seeking to make Congress bicameral again[187] while Minister of Justice and Human Rights of Peru, José Tello, announced that reparations would be organized by a commission and distributed to individuals who were killed during the protests.[188]

Great March for Peace edit

Heading into the new year, the Peruvian National Police (PNP) called for citizens to participate in a "Great March for Peace" on 3 January 2023 in the town squares of cities throughout Peru.[189][190] Internal PNP documents revealed that the march was organized for the political purpose to increase support for the Boluarte government, raising concerns about the police breaching the constitutional separation of authorities and political acts in Articles 34 and 169 of the constitution.[191][192][193] In the documents, PNP officials said that officers not participating in the march would face sanctions.[191] When asked about the PNP march by reporters, President Boluarte denied having knowledge of the event, though she had earlier promoted the march during a trip to Cusco days earlier.[192] Concerns regarding the goals of the march and the potential creation of a civilian-military government resulted with Minister of the Interior, Víctor Rojas, cancelling the planned march.[191][72][192]

Juliaca massacre edit

Main article: Juliaca massacre
 
Protesters denouncing massacres, describing President Boluarte as "Dina Asesina" or "Murderer Dina"

In Juliaca, Puno, authorities shot a photojournalist of EFE in the leg,[194] destroyed a motor taxi,[195] and attacked an adolescent and their mother on 7 January.[196]

Protesters from multiple districts of Puno joined demonstrations in Juliaca on 9 January.[197] Protesters approached Inca Manco Cápac International Airport around noon and demonstrated nearby, though when some began to enter the airport at 5:20 pm, authorities responded to the demonstration with deadly force.[198][199] In total, 17 civilians were killed and over 100 others were injured,[200][199] with all deaths attributed to gunshot wounds.[201] Journalists covering the massacre were sought to be identified by police intelligence units.[199] After the killing of protesters by the police, looting in Juliaca began into the night, with some authorities seen participating in thefts.[202][203][204] The head of the Puno Traffic Safety Police was found with stolen televisions and other goods from a looted store.[204] A total of 40 people were arrested for looting on 10 January.[204] Into the next morning, two officers were detained by unknown individuals; one of the officers reported that about 350 people had captured them and that his partner had disappeared.[202] It was later discovered that his partner was burned alive in his patrol car and had died.[202]

Attorney General of Peru Patricia Benavides announced investigations on 10 January for the alleged crimes of genocide, aggravated homicide and serious injuries against President Dina Boluarte, Prime Minister Alberto Otárola, Minister of the Interior Víctor Rojas and Minister of Defense Jorge Chávez.[58]

Toma de Lima marches edit

 
Protests in Lima on 28 January

Protesters from various regions began to congregate in the capital city of Lima on 12 January, with thousands beginning to demonstrate throughout the area in preparation for the Toma de Lima or "Takeover of Lima" protests.[160][205] Caravans of protesters traveled to Lima and local individuals and shops provided supplies for their journey.[160] The Sole National Central of Peasant Rounds of Peru said that 2,000 ronderos would travel to Lima to participate in demonstrations.[206] On 13 January, the ministers of interior, labor and women resigned from their positions in the Boluarte government.[57] A 30-day state of emergency is declared on 15 January due to the protests.[160] On 17 January, President Boluarte responded to calls for the Toma de Lima protests, stating "I call them to take Lima but in peace and calm. I am waiting for you at the House of Government to talk about your social agendas, because you know that the political agenda you propose is unfeasible".[160] CGTP, Peru's largest union, called for a national strike on 19 January.[160]

 
Protesters with a banner demanding a constituent assembly

Tens of thousands of citizens would arrive in Lima for the protest.[17] During the response by authorities, there were reports that police played "The dance of the Chinese" on speakers, a campaign song used to support Alberto Fujimori during the 2000 Peruvian general election.[207] On the night of the 19th, a local historical building next to San Martín Plaza caught fire, collapsing before dawn on the following day.[208][209] Protesters congregated in Lima would continue to demonstrate in the subsequent weeks, with the first death in the capital city occurring on 28 January 2023 when police shot a man in the head with a tear gas canister.[210][211][212][213] The government denied that police killed the protester.[212][213]

On 2 February, the city of Lima declared a state of emergency lasting for four months.[214] Through February and March, the media in Lima would move their coverage away from protests in a disinformation effort to minimize participation.[215] During a second "Takeover of Lima" event beginning on 2 March, protest leaders announced that 13 provinces would participate in mobilizations throughout the nation and that protesters would continue to congregate in Lima.[216] During the protests, police fired tear gas directly at the bodies of Aymara women marching with babies on their backs.[217] Minister of Education Óscar Becerra compared the women to animals, stating "Not even animals expose their children", instead suggesting that the women "rent their children so that they can be taken to this" in an effort of media manipulation.[218] The Ministry of Women also avoided condemning the Armed Forces regarding the event.[219] Days later, the state of emergency in Lima was ended on 9 March 2023 as protests waned.[76]

A third "Takeover of Lima" protest occurred nationwide on 19 July 2023; 24,000 police were deployed throughout Peru and several thousand protesters demonstrated in Lima.[40]

Government response edit

 
Peruvian Army troops clearing roadblocks in Laberinto, Madre de Dios

Criminalization of protest edit

Legality edit

The Supreme Court of Peru would respond by criminalizing all demonstrations, prohibiting peaceful protests in a May 2023 judicial ruling that stated they were not protected by the constitution.[77][71]

A state of emergency[41] and curfews[55] was used by the Boluarte government to prevent further unrest. The Boluarte government submitted to Congress a bill to change the Criminal Procedure Code to increase the length of imprisonment for protesters to up to 15 years during a state of emergency and to remove due process towards accused individuals, immediately sending demonstrators to trial.[220] Analysts described Boluarte's proposal as unconstitutional, saying that penalites for protesting were more severe than those charged with rape, that it removes the possibility of citizens protecting themselves from authorities during a state of emergency and that it increases the already high levels of impunity enjoyed by the armed forces and police in Peru.[220]

Terruqueo edit

Further information: Terruqueo

Boluarte would align with far-right politicians and use the fear mongering tactic of the terruqueo during the protests accusing terrorist groups and Bolivia of organizing demonstrations, though The New York Times wrote that she provided no evidence.[221][222] The government would also create a web portal for individuals to report "acts of terrorism" in an effort to incriminate protesters, a tool that Amnesty International described as "harassment and criminalization in the current context of socio-political crisis in which social protests are strongly repressed and critical positions towards the government are loaded with accusations of 'terruqueo'".[221]

United Nations Special Rapporteur Clément Nyaletsossi Voule would say that there were no terrorist groups involved in the protests, stating "I did not find any evidence or evidence that protesters were terrorists or that they were controlled by someone else or that they have ties to terrorism. ... They are not terrorists, they are Peruvians".[52] Edgar Stuardo Ralón, Vice President of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) stated that the use of the terruqueo by the government and authorities created "an environment of permissy and tolerance towards discrimination, stigmatization and institutional violence".[53]

Increased weaponization edit

The government of Boluarte responded to the protests with force, with the Peruvian police and armed forces criticized for their aggression.[55][176][223][224] Between 20 and 27 December 2022, the Peruvian National Police purchased 31,615 tear gas canisters and grenades from Condor Chemical Industry and the Army Weapons and Ammunition Factory (FAME) for US$661,530.[225] In May 2023, Spain would reject further sales of weapons to Peru due to the unrest.[226]

Refusal of advanced elections edit

President Boluarte initially stated that she and Congress agreed to move the next general election from 2026 to April 2024,[227] though she later agreed with the December 2023 election date proposed by Castillo after she previously described such a move as illegal.[54] Congress has rejected all attempts at advancing general elections in Peru and constitutional reforms have been ignored.[51]

State violence towards protesters edit

Deaths and injuries edit

Deaths during protests
Locations Deaths[225][210]
  Apurímac 6
  Arequipa 4
  Ayacucho 10
  Cuzco 4
  Huancavelica 1
  Junín 3
  La Libertad 5
  Lima 1
  Puno 23
  San Martín 1
Total 58

The Armed Forces of Peru has a history of impunity, being responsible for at least 167 deaths between 2003 and 2020 while those responsible did not face consequences in nearly all events.[44] Experts of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights were greatly concerned about arbitrary killings performed by Peruvian authorities against protesters.[51] According to attorney Mar Pérez of the Coordinadora Nacional de Derechos Humanos (CNDDHH), "Assassinations in protests are not a new event in Peru. ... The most serious situations have occurred when the Army intervenes. The impunity rate in these murders is close to 100%"[44] According to the Peruvian government, at least 60 civilians have been killed and more than 600 injured during protests as of 20 January 2023.[228][44][55][229][230] Most of those killed died by being shot by the police and the military, with some individuals killed being bystanders.[48] Among the dead, two minors were killed during the protests in Apurímac as the result of Peruvian troops firing at protesters from a helicopter.[55] In Pichanaqui, three individuals were killed after being shot in the back by police.[231] Two massacres also occurred; the Ayacucho massacre on 15 December 2022 that resulted with ten civilians killed and the Juliaca massacre on 9 January 2023, with the PNP killing eighteen civilians during the event, resulting with the most deaths in a single day during the protests. A New York Times investigation stated regarding the two events concluded that authorities intentionally used lethal force when they fired shotguns and assault rifles at unarmed protesters who were fleeing from them.[232]

Human rights violations edit

Democracy is very much on the line in Peru. The protesters’ demand for new elections is, ultimately, democratic. But repression and denial are likely to breed more anger and despair, playing into the hands of would-be autocrats across the political spectrum.

— Human Rights Watch[86]

Strong protests occurred in indigenous and Quechua majority regions, the center of Castillo's support, raising comparisons between Boluarte's actions and that of previous anti-Native governments of Peru.[233] The United Nations Human Rights Council said that it was "deeply concerned about the possibility of an escalation of violence".[176] Undercover operations by police in plain clothes arresting demonstrators has been recorded, with Jan Jarab, representative of UN Human Rights in South America, previously condemning such actions in Peru, stating "It has been possible to identify cases of arrests made by police officers dressed as civilians without identifying themselves as such. The Peruvian authorities must put an end to this type of procedure, incompatible with international human rights standards".[234]

Edgar Stuardo Ralón, Vice President of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), stated during a delegation visit to Peru that individuals living in Lima participated in "widespread stigmatization" that is linked to "the historical and structural inequalities that exist in the country, those linked to the historical discrimination faced by indigenous peoples, the peasant population and the provinces", with such stigmatization resulting with increased political polarization and violence.[53] According to La República, President of the Supreme Court of Peru, Javier Arévalo Vela, disagreed that human rights violations occurred in Peru when holding talks with Ralón, stating "in Peru there is no policy of human rights violations, but rather here it exists, at the moment, it is a situation of violence that has two aspects: the just claims of the population and the acts of vandalism that you have seen. ... we have to separate the straw from the wheat. This is the reality of the Judiciary".[235]

Extrajudicial executions and massacres edit

We don’t have any power over them. I can be the Supreme Chief of the Armed Forces, but I have no command and the protocols are decided by them

— Dina Boluarte[47]

The IACHR would describe the events in Ayacucho and Juliaca as massacres.[236][237] Amnesty International, in an investigation regarding human rights violations perpetrated during the protests, focused on 25 individuals killed during protests in their report, noting that 20 of the 25 individuals had been extrajudicially executed.[47] President Dina Boluarte would say that no massacres occurred and that she had no power over the Peruvian Armed Forces.[47]

Excessive force edit

 
Riot police lined up in front of the Palace of Justice

Human Rights Watch (HRW) stated "Excessive use of force by state agents is a persistent problem in Peru. Rules for use of force by security forces do not comply with international standards", reporting that Congress had removed proportionality guidelines regarding use of force, making it easier for authorities to use excessive force with impunity.[49] HRW would later criticize President Boluarte's violent response to protests, lack of providing accountability to authorities and her effort to blame protest violence on Bolivia without providing evidence.[86] According to OjoPúblico, "A series of images, testimonies, police manuals and necropsies analyzed by OjoPúblico expose serious human rights violations during police and military repression actions, mainly in the southern regions of the country."[48]

According to Legislative Decree 1186 of August 2015, the Peruvian National Police are responsible for the use of force against protesters, are prohibited from shooting at short range and are only to fire at the lower extremities.[48] However, the armed forces were included in responding to protests following the announcement of a national emergency, according to OjoPúblico.[48] OjoPúblico also wrote that authorities have fired projectiles out of helicopters above protesters despite human rights groups condemning the practice.[48]

The Coordinadora Nacional de Derechos Humanos (CNDDHH) condemned the violent response of the Boluarte government and Peruvian authorities, stating "Although some protests have been recording violent actions and attacks on journalists and the media, senior officials of the Dina Boluarte Government have been endorsing a response from the police forces that is clearly outside the national and international regulatory framework".[54] The human rights group reported that authorities had beaten detainees while in custody; used less-lethal weapons improperly, which injured civilians; prevented legal representatives from meeting with those arrested; and held some in custody for longer than what legal standards permit.[49] The CNDDHH reported the Peruvian authorities were recorded firing tear gas canisters directly at protesters, resulting in one serious injury in Lima, and the incidence of police and armed forces firing live ammunition towards demonstrators.[54] Reports of arbitrary arrest and detention were also shared by the CNDDHH, with the group sharing that individuals going to and from work were arrested and isolated.[238] On 15 December, the CNDDHH denounced the use of "weapons of war" against protestors, with the NGO sharing a video of authorities using automatic firearms against demonstrators.[55] The CNDDHH would later demand in mid-January that President Boluarte resign.[239]

  Authorities shooting a protester in the head with a tear gas canister

Amnesty International's Americas head Erika Guevara-Rosas called for governmental restraint, saying: "State repression against protesters is only deepening the crisis in Peru. The authorities must put an end to the excessive use of force against demonstrations and guarantee the right to peaceful protest, using the legal and proportional means necessary to restore citizen security."[223][224] Amnesty International also confirmed that Peruvian authorities were firing tear gas canisters at close range directly at the bodies of protesters.[224] Amnesty International, in a report, further accused the authorities of racial prejudice and said that Indigenous people were the majority of those who have been disproportionately targeted.[240][241]

Intrusions edit

OjoPúblico documented that authorities have entered the homes of citizens to gain access to roofs and fire at protesters.[48] The home intrusions by authorities resulted with possessions being destroyed.[48]

Following the Toma de Lima protests, the PNP raided the National University of San Marcos with armored personnel carriers and dozens of officers, detaining over 200 protesters located on the campus.[242][243] The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights condemned the PNP's actions, saying they were "incompatible with the principles of international law".[242]

Torture edit

According to testimony from a detained protesters interviewed by OjoPúblico, a group of protesters detained for three days by authorities were prohibited from having food and were beaten.[48]

Media edit

After ascending to the presidency, President Boluarte quickly received support from Peru's national media companies.[244] The national media in Peru largely overlooked the massacres in Ayacucho[60][245] and Juliaca.[246]

Attacks on journalists edit

The National Association of Journalists indicated that 21 journalists were victims of aggression between 7 and 11 December.[247] Journalists interviewed by Wayka reported that authorities would frequently attack press workers and would attempt to prevent photographers from capturing images of individuals being detained.[234] Similar incidents of authorities preventing journalists from documenting the protests were collected by OjoPúblico.[48] One photojournalist for the EFE, Aldair Mejía reported that he was threatened by police during a protest in Juliaca, saying that an officer told him "I'll blow off your head and you get out of here dead"; Mejía was later shot in the leg by police while covering protests.[194]

Censorship edit

External videos
  A video showing police shooting a protester in the head with a tear gas canister, medical volunteers providing aid and the testimony of one of the responders on YouTube

Following the death of a protester on 28 January 2023, journalist Carlos Cornejo of the state-owned TV Perú reported to audiences, stating "It's good news that the roads have been opened. Some bad news: the murder of a citizen at the hands of the police. ... They will want to tell us that it was a stone, they will want to tell us that it was not them, they will want to say anything, but the images do not lie: we all saw that the police killed Victor Santisteban".[248] The government would attempt to deny that police killed the protester.[213] Despite two videos showing the protester being shot in the head with a tear gas canister, General Victor Zanabria of the Peruvian National Police said it was "not yet determined" what killed the protester.[214] Following Cornejo's report on the death of the protester, the National Institute of Radio and Television of Peru (IRTP), the parent company of TV Perú, refused to renew the reporter's contract on 31 January.[248][249] According to the National Association of Journalists of Peru (ANP), the actions against Cornejo were "an indicted and arbitrary dismissal", stating "In circumstances in which, from all media, and essentially state media, it is imperative to guarantee a plurality of approaches and voices to promote public debate. Extinguishing critical positions can even constitute censorship".[249]

Effects edit

Economic edit

The main economic sectors of the Peruvian economy, mining and tourism, largely ceased during the protests.[38] Three weeks into protests, the National Chamber of Tourism (Canatur) reported that due to protests, Peru had lost an estimated 1.7 billion soles($450 million USD) of tourism income since the start of the demonstrations.[250] A month into protests, some stores in Lima were reporting a 60% decrease in sales compared to the previous year.[251] According to the Boluarte government, Peru experienced $1.3 billion of infrastructure damage from protests by late January.[38] On 31 January 2023, Moody's Investors Service changed Peru's credit rating outlook to "Negative", citing "a deterioration in institutional cohesion, governability, policy effectiveness and economic strength through successive governments".[252]

Reactions edit

Domestic edit

Politicians edit

Public opinion edit

According to IEP polling from early January 2023, 60% of respondents believed that the protests were justified, 58% believed that police used excessive force and 44% believed that the protests were organized by citizens groups or spontaneous action.[256] The January poll also showed that compared to other regions, more respondents in Lima believed that the protests were terrorism and that the use of force by authorities was justified, while those polled in other regions did not.[256][257] President Boluarte had a disapproval rate of 71% while 88% of respondents disapproved of Congress.[257] When asked if they supported the calls for a new constituent assembly, 69% of respondents approved.[258] According to those analyzing the polls, responses showed the disconnect between Lima and outlying regions.[259] An IEP poll conducted between 21 and 25 January 2023 showed that among respondents, 73% demanded general elections in 2023, 74% believed President Boluarte – who now had a 76% disapproval rate – should resign, 89% disapproved of Congress.[260]

Regional governments edit

  • The National Assembly of Regional Governments proposed the convening of the National Agreement to seek a consensus between organizations, political parties and unions.[261][262]
  • The Regional Government of Apurímac announced the indefinite suspension of classes at all educational levels and alerted all institutions to work under the virtual modality throughout the department, with the exception of the health sector.[263]

International edit

Governments edit

  •   Argentina,   Bolivia,   Colombia,   Mexico: Presidents Alberto Fernández, Luis Arce, Gustavo Petro, and Andrés Manuel López Obrador issued a joint comuniqué through the Mexican Presidential Office expressing their "deep concern" about the Peruvian Congress not respecting "the will of its citizens at the ballot box". They added that "it is no news" that Castillo, from the day of his election, "was the victim of anti-democratic harassment, in violation of Article 23 of the American Convention on Human Rights". The four governments said that "our governments call on all the actors involved in the previous process to prioritize the will of the citizens that was pronounced at the ballot box. This is the way to interpret the scope and meaning of the notion of democracy as set forth in the Inter-American Human Rights System".[264]
    •   Colombia: President Gustavo Petro additionally stated that "the crisis in Peru, imprisoning without judge or legal defense a President elected by popular vote put under serious questioning the role of the American Convention in the Latin-American legal order".[265]
  •   Brazil: The government of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva would prohibit the sales of weapons to the Peruvian state until a "period of political and social instability" ended.[226]
  •   Canada: Ambassador Louis Marcotte met with Peruvian foreign minister Ana Cecilia Gervasi Diaz, expressing Canada's support for the Boluarte government.[266]
  •   Chile: President Gabriel Boric regretted the deaths reported as the result of the protests and called on the Peruvian government to "guard and respect human rights". Boric, who referred to the situation in Peru as "serious", supported the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights mission in the country.[267]
  •   Russia: Russian Foreign Ministry spokesperson Maria Zakharova said that Russia "hopes in the normalization of the situation in Peru and that contradictions facing one faction with each other can be resolved in a legal frame, with democratic norms and within human rights, between Peruvians and without foreign interference."[268]
  •   United States: United States Secretary of State Antony Blinken made a phone call to President Boluarte and requested that her government "redouble their efforts to make needed reforms and safeguard democratic stability".[269][270] In the 2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices of the United States Department of State, the United States condemned reports of torture, arbitrary killings, as well as the impunity granted to authorities and government officials, writing "the government did not effectively prevent the abuses or punish those who committed them".[271]
  •   Holy See: Pope Francis stated "We pray for peace. May the violence [in Peru] cease and may the path of dialogue be taken to overcome the political and social crisis affecting the people".[272]
  •   Spain: The Government of Spain would prohibit the sales of weapons to the Peruvian state due to the instability faced during protests.[226]

Supranational bodies edit

  •   United Nations: On 6 March 2023, United Nations experts stated "Serious allegations of excessive use of force by security forces and the Government’s inability to create a conducive environment for dialogue are a matter of great concern. ... In any democratic society, people have the right to protest and raise their concerns about political changes that affect their lives and livelihoods. Peru’s democracy is facing a credibility crisis".[51] The experts also raised concern about arbitrary killings, forced disappearances, excessive use of force, the use of the terruqueo and racism in Peru.[51]

See also edit

References edit

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April 05, 2024
peruvian, protests, 2022, 2023, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, needs, updated, please, help, update, this, article, reflect, recent, eve. This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information May 2023 This article may be unbalanced towards certain viewpoints Please improve the article by adding information on neglected viewpoints or discuss the issue on the talk page May 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message Peruvian protests 2022 2023 Part of the 2017 present Peruvian political crisisTop to bottom left to right Protesters in Lima draped with Peruvian flags and waving Wiphalas on 12 December demonstrations in Huancayo on 9 December protests outside where Castillo was detained at la Prefectura on 7 December protester waving a Wiphala flag in Plaza Dos de Mayo on 4 February 2023Date7 December 2022 24 March 2023 2022 12 07 2023 03 24 19 July 2023 2023 07 19T2023 presentLocationPeruCaused byCongress obstructing presidential actions since 2016 Impeachment and arrest of Pedro Castillo after his attempt to dissolve Congress Centralismo exploiting rural regionsGoalsResignation of President Dina Boluarte and Government of PeruDissolution of CongressEstablishment of constituent assemblyNew general electionRelease of Pedro CastilloMethodsProtests blockades demonstrations civil disobedience civil resistance strike action riots looting insurgencyResulted inEconomic losses due to stoppages of road and industrial infrastructure Resignation of ministers from Boluarte s cabinet after the Ayacucho and Juliaca massacres Defense minister Alberto Otarola made prime minister Congress consolidates power Supreme Court of Peru declares all protests illegalPartiesAnti government protestors List National Assembly of the Peoples Agrarian and Rural Front of Peru Central Unica Nacional de Rondas Campesinas AIDESEP ONAMIAP es National Front of Carriers and Drivers of Peru Ayacucho People s Defense Front Departmental Federation of Cusco Workers FDTC 1 Tupac Amaru Cusco Agrarian Revolutionary Federation FARTAC 1 Cusco University Federation FUC 1 SUTEP 1 Cusco Regional Youth Assembly Arejo 1 CGTP 2 CUT 3 Supported by Free Peru 4 Together for Peru 5 New Peru PCP 6 PHP 7 Peru First Democratic Peru Bicentennial Peru 8 BMCN 9 Broad Front MOVADEF Red Fatherland 10 Ethnocacerists ANTAURO Union for Peru 11 PCP Marxist Leninist 12 Government of Peru Congress of Peru Constitutional Court of Peru Supreme Court of Peru Armed Forces National PoliceSupported by Popular Force 13 Popular Renewal 13 Advance Country 14 Alliance for Progress 13 PPC 15 Peru Secure Homeland La Resistencia National Society of Mining Oil and Energy SNMPE 16 Lead figuresDecentralized leadership various social leaders Dina BoluarteAlberto OtarolaJose WilliamsPedro Angulo until 21 December NumberTens of thousands 17 90 000 ronderos 18 CasualtiesDeath s 69 civilians 19 1 officer 20 6 soldiers 21 Injuries1 881 22 Arrested608 23 Following the ousting of president of Peru Pedro Castillo on 7 December 2022 24 25 26 a series of political protests against the government of president Dina Boluarte and the Congress of Peru occurred The demonstrations lack centralized leadership and originated primarily among grassroots movements and social organizations on the left to far left as well as indigenous communities who feel politically disenfranchised 27 28 29 30 31 Castillo was removed from office and arrested after announcing the dissolution of Congress the intervention of the state apparatus and the establishment of an emergency government which was characterized as a self coup attempt by some media organizations and institutions in Peru while Castillo s supporters said that Congress attempted to overthrow Castillo 32 Castillo s successor Dina Boluarte along with Congress were widely disapproved with the two receiving the lowest approval ratings among public offices in the Americas 33 Among the main demands of the demonstrators are the dissolution of Congress the resignation of Boluarte new general elections the release of Castillo and the formation of a constituent assembly to draft a new constitution 29 34 It has also been reported that some of the protesters have declared an insurgency 35 36 37 Analysts businesses and voters said that immediate elections are necessary to prevent future unrest although many establishment political parties have little public support 38 The Boluarte government would respond to protests by calling the protests a threat to democracy 39 40 and announcing a national state of emergency on 14 December suspending some constitutional rights of citizens including the right preventing troops from staying within private homes and buildings the right to freedom of movement the right to freedom of assembly and the right to personal freedom and security for 30 days 41 42 The Armed Forces and Police have been documented using severe force against the protesters resulting in at least 60 deaths 43 over 600 injuries 44 45 over 380 arrests 46 and two massacres in Ayacucho and Juliaca The extrajudicial executions 47 use of torture 48 and violence against detainees has also been reported 49 The government would deny that authorities acted violently and would instead praise officers and troops for their actions 47 Right wing groups and the Boluarte government would instead use the terruqueo fear mongering tactic to label some of the protesters as terrorists a practice that dates back to the internal conflict in Peru and has been condemned by United Nations experts 47 50 51 United Nations Special Rapporteur Clement Nyaletsossi Voule said that there was no evidence that terrorist groups were involved in the protests 52 Terruqueos by government officials provided impunity to authorities and increased the risk of violence 50 53 Human rights organizations have criticized the response of the Boluarte government and authorities 54 55 as well as the government s inclusion of the Armed Forces in responding to the protests due to the history of troops killing protesters with impunity 44 Multiple ministers resigned from Boluarte s cabinet throughout the series of protests following acts of violence perpetrated by authorities 56 57 The Attorney general of Peru Patricia Benavides announced investigations on 10 January 2023 for the alleged crimes of genocide aggravated homicide and serious injuries against President Dina Boluarte Prime Minister Alberto Otarola Minister of the Interior Victor Rojas and Minister of Defense Jorge Chavez 58 Coverage of the protests by the media in Peru was also criticized by the majority of Peruvians who believed that media organizations held a bias against demonstrations 59 The two massacres that authorities perpetrated against the majority indigenous populations in southern Peru did not receive coverage by national media 59 60 61 62 The Inter American Commission on Human Rights would condemn violent acts carried out by some demonstrators against media personnel 63 64 65 Violent far right protesters such as La Resistencia would also attack investigative media outlets critical of the government 66 67 Fujimorism would ultimately consolidate governmental power into Congress with the assistance of the Constitutional Court of Peru 68 69 70 The majority of Peruvian institutions including all branches of government and the media adopted authoritarian practices during the protests 71 The politicization of the armed forces also raised concerns about a developing civilian military government in Peru 72 73 Congress with one third of its members belonging to a far right bloc 74 would reject all attempts of reform including the advancing of general elections constitutional proposals and motions to impeach Boluarte 51 75 On 9 March 2023 the state of emergency in Lima was lifted as protests waned 76 while the Supreme Court of Peru would further rule on 18 May 2023 that protesting in Peru was illegal and that it was not protected by the constitution 77 71 Calls for future protests in July 2023 were made amidst the controversial verdict of the Supreme Court 78 Contents 1 Background 1 1 Centralismo 1 2 Obstructive Congress 1 3 Castillo presidency 1 4 Castillo attempts to dissolve Congress 2 Timeline 2 1 Protests begin 2 2 Ayacucho massacre 2 3 Defense Minister named Prime Minister 2 4 Great March for Peace 2 5 Juliaca massacre 2 6 Toma de Lima marches 3 Government response 3 1 Criminalization of protest 3 1 1 Legality 3 1 2 Terruqueo 3 2 Increased weaponization 3 3 Refusal of advanced elections 4 State violence towards protesters 4 1 Deaths and injuries 4 2 Human rights violations 4 2 1 Extrajudicial executions and massacres 4 2 2 Excessive force 4 2 3 Intrusions 4 2 4 Torture 5 Media 5 1 Attacks on journalists 5 2 Censorship 6 Effects 6 1 Economic 7 Reactions 7 1 Domestic 7 1 1 Politicians 7 1 2 Public opinion 7 1 3 Regional governments 7 2 International 7 2 1 Governments 7 2 2 Supranational bodies 8 See also 9 References 9 1 Bibliography 10 External linksBackground editCentralismo edit Main article Centralismo Peru See also Lima Consensus and Racism in Peru nbsp Cajamarca one of Peru s poorest cities located near the world s fourth largest gold mine 79 28 Since the independence of Peru from the Spanish Empire the economic elite in Lima engaged in a practice known as centralismo which involved focusing their power on the coastal regions while the rural provinces were governed by existing serfdom practices by hacienda landowners 80 81 82 83 This practice has continued throughout Peru s history and has resulted with large levels of economic inequality political alienation and other disparities in rural regions with Lima acquiring the majority of socioeconomic benefits in the nation 84 80 Centralismo also contributed to systemic racism in Peru since the wealth and education centralized in Lima created a perception amongst Limenos that rural indigenous individuals were inferior 85 86 As globalization intensified through the twentieth century the gap between urban and rural areas increased with larger cities increasing their ability to connect to the economy and increasing their wealth while smaller cities experienced resource and human capital flight towards the larger cities 87 Many Peruvians living in rural areas could not vote until 1979 when the constitution allowed illiterate individuals to vote Despite this between 1919 and 2021 eleven of eighteen democratically elected presidents of Peru were from Lima 88 Wealth generated between 1990 and 2020 was not equally distributed throughout the country As a result there were significant disparities in living standards between the more developed capital city of Lima and similar coastal regions while rural provinces remained impoverished 88 89 90 By the 2020s the existing disparities in Peru caused a globalization fatigue according to Asensio resulting in a polarization between rural and urban areas that saw differing priorities with lifestyle economics and politics 87 This divide created by centralismo would be a contributing factor to the protests 86 38 Obstructive Congress edit Main article Peruvian political crisis 2017 present nbsp nbsp nbsp Presidents Pedro Pablo Kuczynski Martin Vizcarra and Pedro Castillo left to right were impeached and targeted for removal by the opposing Congress During the presidencies of Ollanta Humala Pedro Pablo Kuczynski and Martin Vizcarra the right wing Congress led by the daughter of the former Peruvian president Alberto Fujimori Keiko Fujimori obstructed many of the presidents actions 86 91 92 The political legacy of the Fujimori family was assumed by Keiko after her father Alberto who instituted Plan Verde and oversaw the Grupo Colina death squad during the internal conflict in Peru was sentenced to prison for human rights abuses 93 94 92 95 During their majority in congress Fujimorists earned a reputation as hardline obstructionists for blocking initiatives popular with Peruvians aimed at curbing the nation s rampant corruption according to the Associated Press 96 According to Walter Alban head of Transparency International Peru Congress has been infiltrated by criminal groups that obstruct reforms to maintain their status and parliamentary immunity 97 while Human Rights Watch said that Congress was more focused on personal gain and vote trading instead of issues facing the nation 86 nbsp Protester holding a sign that states Congress nest of mafioso Fuji rats sells homeland President Humala would go on to serve a weak presidency due to the obstructionist practices of the Congress 91 After losing the 2016 presidential election to Kuczynski Keiko Fujimori led her party Popular Force in the unicameral Congress with the right wing legislators obstructing efforts by President Kuczynski 92 After experiencing obstruction by Congress and various scandals President Kuczynski resigned from the presidency 98 Martin Vizcarra Kuczynski s first vice president then assumed office in March 2018 Amid the COVID 19 pandemic in Peru President Vizcarra was impeached in September 2020 and a month later removed from office Thousands of citizens then protested against Vizcarra s impeachment 99 President of Congress Manuel Merino faced criticism regarding how he hastily pushed for impeachment proceedings against Vizcarra especially since he would assume the presidency upon Vizcarra s removal 100 Renowned reporter Gustavo Gorriti reported on 12 September 2020 that Merino had contacted the Commanding General of the Peruvian Navy Fernando Cerdan notifying him that he would attempt to impeach Vizcarra and assume the presidency 101 Minister of Defense Jorge Chavez confirmed that Merino had tried to establish support with the military 101 President Merino would resign after five days due to mass disapproval 102 Francisco Sagasti was made President of Congress on 16 November and thus succeeded Merino as president on 17 November per the presidential line of succession since both vice presidential positions were vacated by Vizcarra in 2018 and Mercedes Araoz in May 2020 103 104 Castillo presidency edit See also 2021 Peruvian general election Overturn attempts and Pedro Castillo Removal attemptsThe election will be flipped dear friends Keiko Fujimori 105 Sagasti served as president until Castillo was elected in the 2021 general election with Fujimori losing her third consecutive presidential bid The 2021 election saw many right wing candidates with business groups political parties and the majority of media organizations in Peru collaborating with Fujimori s campaign by appealing to fear when discussing political opponents 106 107 108 Some broadcast television channels openly supported Fujimori s candidacy as well 108 Reuters wrote that El Comercio one of the largest media organizations in South America has generally backed Fujimori 109 Fujimori received support from Lima s elite evangelical Christians businesses media organizations and the armed forces 90 A large far right bloc in Congress was also elected comprising one third of the legislature s seats 74 In contrast Castillo was supported by working class and indigenous Peruvians who were affected by centralismo with Castillo receiving support in areas outside of Lima and other large cities 88 In May 2021 Americas Quarterly wrote Life expectancy in Huancavelica for example the region where Castillo received his highest share of the vote in the first round is seven years shorter than in Lima In Puno where Castillo received over 47 of the vote the infant mortality rate is almost three times that of Lima s 88 Then professor of Public Policy Gonzalo Banda stated that although Castillo was accused of being linked to communist terrorism in places where terrorism caused the most bloodshed Castillo won by a lot 110 Asensio writes that Castillo being recognized as a true Peruvian by his supporters was able to establish support by saying he would reverse the favoritism of Lima and defending regional rights 87 nbsp nbsp Keiko Fujimori and Rafael Lopez Aliaga who opposed Castillo and supported the Madrid Charter Multiple attempts to prevent Castillo from the entering the office of the presidency or to later remove him occurred beginning shortly after election results were determined Following reports of Castillo s apparent victory Fujimori and her supporters made claims of electoral fraud leading obstructionist efforts to overturn the election with support of citizens in Lima 111 112 105 113 114 115 Many business groups and politicians refused to recognize Castillo s ascent to the presidency 87 with those among the more affluent including former military officers and wealthy families demanded new elections promoted calls for a military coup and used rhetoric to support their allegations of fraud 112 Far right groups of former soldiers including La Resistencia also allied with political parties like Advance Country Popular Force and Popular Renewal in an effort to remove Castillo with some veteran leaders seen directly with Rafael Lopez Aliaga and Castillo s former presidential challenger Keiko Fujimori who signed the Madrid Charter promoted by the Spanish radical right political party Vox 116 67 These groups directed threats towards Castillo government officials and journalists whilst also calling for a coup d etat and insurgency 116 During Castillo s presidency Congress was dominated by right wing parties opposed to him 117 with legislators attempting to impeach multiple times using political avenues Due to broadly interpreted impeachment wording in the Constitution of Peru 1993 Congress can impeach the president on the vague grounds of moral incapacity 118 effectively making the legislature more powerful than the executive branch 119 120 121 122 In February 2022 it was reported that Fujimorists and politicians close to Fujimori organized a meeting at the Casa Andina hotel in Lima with the assistance of the German liberal organization Friedrich Naumann Foundation with those present including President of Congress Maricarmen Alva at which plans to remove Castillo from office were discussed 123 Alva had already shared her readiness to assume the presidency if Castillo were to be vacated from the position and a leaked Telegram group chat of the board of directors of Congress that she heads revealed plans coordinated to oust Castillo 124 125 By December 2022 Congress had begun motions to attempt the impeachment of Castillo for a third time he was involved with six different criminal investigations and had already named five separate cabinets to serve under him 126 Castillo attempts to dissolve Congress edit Main article 2022 Peruvian political crisis nbsp Document of the CCFFAA and PNP rejecting the actions of CastilloBefore 7 December 2022 a march called Toma de Lima or Taking of Lima was called originally a meeting in Plaza Bolognesi with the aim of closing the congress and expressing their support for Pedro Castillo 127 128 This march was organized by the National Assembly of the Peoples 129 an organization affiliated with the officials whose meeting in November of that year was televised 130 131 The Agrarian and Rural Front of Peru confirmed their collaboration in the scheduled march 79 On 7 December 2022 Congress was expected to file a motion of censure against Castillo accusing him of permanent moral incapacity 132 Before the legislative body could gather to file its motion Castillo announced the dissolution of Congress and enacted an immediate curfew 132 133 Moments after Castillo s speech multiple ministers resigned from his government including Prime Minister Betssy Chavez 134 The Constitutional Court released a statement No one owes obedience to a usurping government and Mr Pedro Castillo has made an ineffective coup d etat The Armed Forces are empowered to restore the constitutional order 135 The Armed Forces also issued a statement rejecting Castillo s actions and calling for the maintenance of stability in Peru 136 Rejecting Castillo s actions to dissolve the legislative body Congress gathered and voted to remove Castillo from office due to moral incapacity with 101 votes in favor 6 against and 10 abstentions 137 It was announced that First Vice President Dina Boluarte who rejected Castillo s actions would take her oath of office for the presidency at 3 00 pm PET 137 Castillo s vice president Dina Boluarte entered the Legislative Palace shortly after 3 00 pm PET and appeared before Congress where she was later sworn in as president of Peru 138 In an IEP poll following Castillo s attempt to dissolve Congress of respondents 44 approved of Castillo s actions 53 disapproved and 3 had no opinion or comment with the majority of support for Castillo s actions being among rural and lower class Peruvians 139 For Castillo s supporters 25 79 32 Congress performed a coup against the president In addition they considered Dina Boluarte a traitor dictator and usurper after her subsequent assumption as the new president of the republic 29 32 140 based on the promise of the then vice president If the president is vacated I will go with the president 141 In this way supporters of the former president encouraged the prompt release of Castillo and an advance of elections 34 The demonstrators agreed to the dissolution of the Congress of the Republic a new constitution through a constituent assembly the rejection of the then vice president Dina Boluarte and the support for the then president Pedro Castillo whose objectives were achieved with the populist measures dictated by the then president in his message to the Nation on 7 December 127 Mobilizations of leftist organizations related to Castillo were evidenced in Lima Ayacucho Cusco Ica Arequipa Trujillo Chiclayo Huancavelica 142 143 Huancayo Tacna 144 Jaen 145 Moquegua 146 Ilo 147 Puno 148 149 150 151 and Chota where Castillo grew up 152 Timeline editMain article Timeline of the 2022 2023 Peruvian political protests Protests begin edit Lima is one of the cities that were summoned After the message to the nation it was denounced that the Minister of the Interior Willy Huerta ordered the doors of the congress to be opened which were closed so that the summoned protesters could storm the congress 153 However due to the failure of Castillo s actions and the subsequent vacancy by the Congress of the Republic the demonstrations increased 32 On 7 December between one and two hundred people gathered in the Toma de Lima in the Plaza San Martin and surroundings 28 154 The RPP outlet considered the pro government meeting as the largest since Castillo came to power 155 Panic buying was registered by the population fearing an escalation of events 129 Some of the first demonstrations also occurred in Cuzco 156 Arequipa 140 and in Puno 157 The head of the National Directorate of Intelligence DINI General Wilson Barrantes Mendoza met with President Boluarte upon her request on 8 December 2022 27 The DINI chief would explain to President Boluarte that protests would worsen due to the broad range of requests including Bolaurte s resignation the dissolution of Congress a constituent assembly and immediate general elections 27 General Barrantes then explained that there was no organized leadership presenting information from the National Intelligence Council COIN and the National Intelligence System SINA that there were 16 independent regional groups promoting protests that political parties and leaders were not organizing the movement and that organizations linked to the Shining Path or the Movement for Amnesty and Fundamental Rights MOVADEF were not involved 27 The general would later state in an interview with La Republica that To say that there is a terrorist inurgency is stupid criticizing the Boluarte government for using such rhetoric and for accusing foreign entities of being involved in the protests 27 The Boluarte government later replaced General Barrantes with Colonel Juan Carlos Liendo O Connor a former National Intelligence Service SIN agent who worked under Vladimiro Montesinos who described the protests as a terrorist insurrection while on Willax Television a day prior to his appointment 27 158 The protesters lack leadership and comprise independent groups 26 Of the many groups that supported protests Movadef encouraged citizens to demonstrate 159 Rondas campesinas armed peasant patrols that formerly defended communities from the leftist Shining Path guerilla group also joined the protests 18 The Confederacion General de Trabajadores del Peru CGTP the largest union in Peru also called for the resignations of the executive and Congress 160 In Arequipa they received support from labor unions such as the Arequipa Departmental Federation of Workers the Civil Construction Union 161 and the National Front of Transporters and Drivers of Peru 162 163 They also had support of the president of the Unified Defense Front against the contamination of the Coata basin and Lake Titicaca 164 The regional SUTEP which ignored Boluarte s election and declared a permanent mobilization also supported 36 There were violent confrontations between community members and residents of Andahuaylas against police officers on 10 December With 3 000 people participating during the afternoon the protesters took 2 policemen hostage and requested a prisoner exchange In light of this a division of special forces from Abancay of the PNP moved to Andahuaylas and arrived in a small plane 165 166 167 Hours after the kidnappings the demonstrators released the police officers and numerous social organizations from the department of Apurimac declared themselves in a popular insurgency and will begin a regional strike starting Monday 12 December 168 169 170 Clashes erupted in the city between protestors and police in the city two protestors aged 15 and 18 were killed by police shooting from a helicopter while four more were injured one of whom critically 171 172 173 174 175 President Boluarte responded to dissent by removing 26 regional prefects nominated by Castillo from their positions 176 On 13 December the United States Ambassador to Peru Lisa D Kenna travels to the Government Palace to meet with President Boluarte 177 Ayacucho massacre edit Main article Ayacucho Massacre nbsp Demonstrations at Plaza Manco Capac following the Ayacucho massacreThe Boluarte government announced a national state of emergency on 14 December removing some constitutional protections from citizens including the rights preventing troops from staying within private homes and buildings the freedom of movement the freedom of assembly and personal freedom and security for 30 days 41 42 The Boluarte government also decreed a curfew for fifteen provinces in eight different regions of Peru on 15 December in regions including Arequipa La Libertad Ica Apurimac Cusco Puno and Huancavelica 55 nbsp Peruvian Army firing live ammunition at protesters in AyacuchoDuring protests in Ayacucho demonstrators approached the Coronel FAP Alfredo Mendivil Duarte Airport with the Peruvian Armed Forces closing the airport in response with clashes occurring shortly after 178 Human rights groups reported that members of the Peruvian Army were seen shooting at civilians protesting in Ayacucho 179 Casualties were sent for treatment at the Huamanga Network and in the Ayacucho Regional Hospital 178 with 90 of injuries resulting from gunshot wounds according to the Ayacucho regional health system 180 The response by authorities caused the collapse of hospital systems in the city with protesters suffering from gunshot wounds being treated in makeshift triage units 181 The Ayacucho Regional Health Directorate reported that 8 were killed and 52 were injured 180 182 Former president Castillo is sentenced to 18 months of pretrial detention 177 While imprisoned Castillo states that the United States is responsible for the violence in Peru stating The visit of the US ambassador to the Government Palace was not free nor was it in favor of the country It was to give the order to take the troops to the streets and massacre my defenseless people and by the way leave the way free for mining operations The Peruvian press will not only keep quiet about this but will deny it so easily 177 A day after the massacre Congress rejected the proposal of advancing the 2026 elections to an earlier date 49 were in favor 33 against and 25 abstained with 87 required for the proposal to pass 183 On 16 December Education Minister Patricia Correa and Culture Minister Jair Perez both resigned over the loss of life caused by the protests 183 Defense Minister named Prime Minister edit President Boluarte shuffles her first cabinet placing her former Minister of Defense Alberto Otarola as the new prime minister while also replacing the Minister of Interior and Minister of Defense 184 Boluarte s new Minister of Education oscar Becerra was reported to have a history of being an Fujimorist 185 Protesters continued activities in the regions of Amazonia Apurimac Arequipa Ayacucho Cusco La Libertad Lambayeque Piura and Puno 186 In Amazonia indigenous leaders release a statement stating We alert the Army we alert the National Police of Peru not to upset us because we are in our territory we will see each other there there we will surely declare war because they are already provoking us and creating us discomfort 186 On 24 December Prime Minister Otarola stated that the Boluarte government was seeking to make Congress bicameral again 187 while Minister of Justice and Human Rights of Peru Jose Tello announced that reparations would be organized by a commission and distributed to individuals who were killed during the protests 188 Great March for Peace edit Heading into the new year the Peruvian National Police PNP called for citizens to participate in a Great March for Peace on 3 January 2023 in the town squares of cities throughout Peru 189 190 Internal PNP documents revealed that the march was organized for the political purpose to increase support for the Boluarte government raising concerns about the police breaching the constitutional separation of authorities and political acts in Articles 34 and 169 of the constitution 191 192 193 In the documents PNP officials said that officers not participating in the march would face sanctions 191 When asked about the PNP march by reporters President Boluarte denied having knowledge of the event though she had earlier promoted the march during a trip to Cusco days earlier 192 Concerns regarding the goals of the march and the potential creation of a civilian military government resulted with Minister of the Interior Victor Rojas cancelling the planned march 191 72 192 Juliaca massacre edit Main article Juliaca massacre nbsp Protesters denouncing massacres describing President Boluarte as Dina Asesina or Murderer Dina In Juliaca Puno authorities shot a photojournalist of EFE in the leg 194 destroyed a motor taxi 195 and attacked an adolescent and their mother on 7 January 196 Protesters from multiple districts of Puno joined demonstrations in Juliaca on 9 January 197 Protesters approached Inca Manco Capac International Airport around noon and demonstrated nearby though when some began to enter the airport at 5 20 pm authorities responded to the demonstration with deadly force 198 199 In total 17 civilians were killed and over 100 others were injured 200 199 with all deaths attributed to gunshot wounds 201 Journalists covering the massacre were sought to be identified by police intelligence units 199 After the killing of protesters by the police looting in Juliaca began into the night with some authorities seen participating in thefts 202 203 204 The head of the Puno Traffic Safety Police was found with stolen televisions and other goods from a looted store 204 A total of 40 people were arrested for looting on 10 January 204 Into the next morning two officers were detained by unknown individuals one of the officers reported that about 350 people had captured them and that his partner had disappeared 202 It was later discovered that his partner was burned alive in his patrol car and had died 202 Attorney General of Peru Patricia Benavides announced investigations on 10 January for the alleged crimes of genocide aggravated homicide and serious injuries against President Dina Boluarte Prime Minister Alberto Otarola Minister of the Interior Victor Rojas and Minister of Defense Jorge Chavez 58 Toma de Lima marches edit nbsp Protests in Lima on 28 JanuaryProtesters from various regions began to congregate in the capital city of Lima on 12 January with thousands beginning to demonstrate throughout the area in preparation for the Toma de Lima or Takeover of Lima protests 160 205 Caravans of protesters traveled to Lima and local individuals and shops provided supplies for their journey 160 The Sole National Central of Peasant Rounds of Peru said that 2 000 ronderos would travel to Lima to participate in demonstrations 206 On 13 January the ministers of interior labor and women resigned from their positions in the Boluarte government 57 A 30 day state of emergency is declared on 15 January due to the protests 160 On 17 January President Boluarte responded to calls for the Toma de Lima protests stating I call them to take Lima but in peace and calm I am waiting for you at the House of Government to talk about your social agendas because you know that the political agenda you propose is unfeasible 160 CGTP Peru s largest union called for a national strike on 19 January 160 nbsp Protesters with a banner demanding a constituent assemblyTens of thousands of citizens would arrive in Lima for the protest 17 During the response by authorities there were reports that police played The dance of the Chinese on speakers a campaign song used to support Alberto Fujimori during the 2000 Peruvian general election 207 On the night of the 19th a local historical building next to San Martin Plaza caught fire collapsing before dawn on the following day 208 209 Protesters congregated in Lima would continue to demonstrate in the subsequent weeks with the first death in the capital city occurring on 28 January 2023 when police shot a man in the head with a tear gas canister 210 211 212 213 The government denied that police killed the protester 212 213 On 2 February the city of Lima declared a state of emergency lasting for four months 214 Through February and March the media in Lima would move their coverage away from protests in a disinformation effort to minimize participation 215 During a second Takeover of Lima event beginning on 2 March protest leaders announced that 13 provinces would participate in mobilizations throughout the nation and that protesters would continue to congregate in Lima 216 During the protests police fired tear gas directly at the bodies of Aymara women marching with babies on their backs 217 Minister of Education oscar Becerra compared the women to animals stating Not even animals expose their children instead suggesting that the women rent their children so that they can be taken to this in an effort of media manipulation 218 The Ministry of Women also avoided condemning the Armed Forces regarding the event 219 Days later the state of emergency in Lima was ended on 9 March 2023 as protests waned 76 A third Takeover of Lima protest occurred nationwide on 19 July 2023 24 000 police were deployed throughout Peru and several thousand protesters demonstrated in Lima 40 Government response edit nbsp Peruvian Army troops clearing roadblocks in Laberinto Madre de DiosCriminalization of protest edit Legality edit The Supreme Court of Peru would respond by criminalizing all demonstrations prohibiting peaceful protests in a May 2023 judicial ruling that stated they were not protected by the constitution 77 71 A state of emergency 41 and curfews 55 was used by the Boluarte government to prevent further unrest The Boluarte government submitted to Congress a bill to change the Criminal Procedure Code to increase the length of imprisonment for protesters to up to 15 years during a state of emergency and to remove due process towards accused individuals immediately sending demonstrators to trial 220 Analysts described Boluarte s proposal as unconstitutional saying that penalites for protesting were more severe than those charged with rape that it removes the possibility of citizens protecting themselves from authorities during a state of emergency and that it increases the already high levels of impunity enjoyed by the armed forces and police in Peru 220 Terruqueo edit Further information Terruqueo Boluarte would align with far right politicians and use the fear mongering tactic of the terruqueo during the protests accusing terrorist groups and Bolivia of organizing demonstrations though The New York Times wrote that she provided no evidence 221 222 The government would also create a web portal for individuals to report acts of terrorism in an effort to incriminate protesters a tool that Amnesty International described as harassment and criminalization in the current context of socio political crisis in which social protests are strongly repressed and critical positions towards the government are loaded with accusations of terruqueo 221 United Nations Special Rapporteur Clement Nyaletsossi Voule would say that there were no terrorist groups involved in the protests stating I did not find any evidence or evidence that protesters were terrorists or that they were controlled by someone else or that they have ties to terrorism They are not terrorists they are Peruvians 52 Edgar Stuardo Ralon Vice President of the Inter American Commission on Human Rights IACHR stated that the use of the terruqueo by the government and authorities created an environment of permissy and tolerance towards discrimination stigmatization and institutional violence 53 Increased weaponization edit The government of Boluarte responded to the protests with force with the Peruvian police and armed forces criticized for their aggression 55 176 223 224 Between 20 and 27 December 2022 the Peruvian National Police purchased 31 615 tear gas canisters and grenades from Condor Chemical Industry and the Army Weapons and Ammunition Factory FAME for US 661 530 225 In May 2023 Spain would reject further sales of weapons to Peru due to the unrest 226 Refusal of advanced elections edit President Boluarte initially stated that she and Congress agreed to move the next general election from 2026 to April 2024 227 though she later agreed with the December 2023 election date proposed by Castillo after she previously described such a move as illegal 54 Congress has rejected all attempts at advancing general elections in Peru and constitutional reforms have been ignored 51 State violence towards protesters editDeaths and injuries edit Deaths during protests Locations Deaths 225 210 nbsp Apurimac 6 nbsp Arequipa 4 nbsp Ayacucho 10 nbsp Cuzco 4 nbsp Huancavelica 1 nbsp Junin 3 nbsp La Libertad 5 nbsp Lima 1 nbsp Puno 23 nbsp San Martin 1Total 58The Armed Forces of Peru has a history of impunity being responsible for at least 167 deaths between 2003 and 2020 while those responsible did not face consequences in nearly all events 44 Experts of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights were greatly concerned about arbitrary killings performed by Peruvian authorities against protesters 51 According to attorney Mar Perez of the Coordinadora Nacional de Derechos Humanos CNDDHH Assassinations in protests are not a new event in Peru The most serious situations have occurred when the Army intervenes The impunity rate in these murders is close to 100 44 According to the Peruvian government at least 60 civilians have been killed and more than 600 injured during protests as of 20 January 2023 update 228 44 55 229 230 Most of those killed died by being shot by the police and the military with some individuals killed being bystanders 48 Among the dead two minors were killed during the protests in Apurimac as the result of Peruvian troops firing at protesters from a helicopter 55 In Pichanaqui three individuals were killed after being shot in the back by police 231 Two massacres also occurred the Ayacucho massacre on 15 December 2022 that resulted with ten civilians killed and the Juliaca massacre on 9 January 2023 with the PNP killing eighteen civilians during the event resulting with the most deaths in a single day during the protests A New York Times investigation stated regarding the two events concluded that authorities intentionally used lethal force when they fired shotguns and assault rifles at unarmed protesters who were fleeing from them 232 Human rights violations edit Democracy is very much on the line in Peru The protesters demand for new elections is ultimately democratic But repression and denial are likely to breed more anger and despair playing into the hands of would be autocrats across the political spectrum Human Rights Watch 86 Strong protests occurred in indigenous and Quechua majority regions the center of Castillo s support raising comparisons between Boluarte s actions and that of previous anti Native governments of Peru 233 The United Nations Human Rights Council said that it was deeply concerned about the possibility of an escalation of violence 176 Undercover operations by police in plain clothes arresting demonstrators has been recorded with Jan Jarab representative of UN Human Rights in South America previously condemning such actions in Peru stating It has been possible to identify cases of arrests made by police officers dressed as civilians without identifying themselves as such The Peruvian authorities must put an end to this type of procedure incompatible with international human rights standards 234 Edgar Stuardo Ralon Vice President of the Inter American Commission on Human Rights IACHR stated during a delegation visit to Peru that individuals living in Lima participated in widespread stigmatization that is linked to the historical and structural inequalities that exist in the country those linked to the historical discrimination faced by indigenous peoples the peasant population and the provinces with such stigmatization resulting with increased political polarization and violence 53 According to La Republica President of the Supreme Court of Peru Javier Arevalo Vela disagreed that human rights violations occurred in Peru when holding talks with Ralon stating in Peru there is no policy of human rights violations but rather here it exists at the moment it is a situation of violence that has two aspects the just claims of the population and the acts of vandalism that you have seen we have to separate the straw from the wheat This is the reality of the Judiciary 235 Extrajudicial executions and massacres edit We don t have any power over them I can be the Supreme Chief of the Armed Forces but I have no command and the protocols are decided by them Dina Boluarte 47 The IACHR would describe the events in Ayacucho and Juliaca as massacres 236 237 Amnesty International in an investigation regarding human rights violations perpetrated during the protests focused on 25 individuals killed during protests in their report noting that 20 of the 25 individuals had been extrajudicially executed 47 President Dina Boluarte would say that no massacres occurred and that she had no power over the Peruvian Armed Forces 47 Excessive force edit nbsp Riot police lined up in front of the Palace of JusticeHuman Rights Watch HRW stated Excessive use of force by state agents is a persistent problem in Peru Rules for use of force by security forces do not comply with international standards reporting that Congress had removed proportionality guidelines regarding use of force making it easier for authorities to use excessive force with impunity 49 HRW would later criticize President Boluarte s violent response to protests lack of providing accountability to authorities and her effort to blame protest violence on Bolivia without providing evidence 86 According to OjoPublico A series of images testimonies police manuals and necropsies analyzed by OjoPublico expose serious human rights violations during police and military repression actions mainly in the southern regions of the country 48 According to Legislative Decree 1186 of August 2015 the Peruvian National Police are responsible for the use of force against protesters are prohibited from shooting at short range and are only to fire at the lower extremities 48 However the armed forces were included in responding to protests following the announcement of a national emergency according to OjoPublico 48 OjoPublico also wrote that authorities have fired projectiles out of helicopters above protesters despite human rights groups condemning the practice 48 The Coordinadora Nacional de Derechos Humanos CNDDHH condemned the violent response of the Boluarte government and Peruvian authorities stating Although some protests have been recording violent actions and attacks on journalists and the media senior officials of the Dina Boluarte Government have been endorsing a response from the police forces that is clearly outside the national and international regulatory framework 54 The human rights group reported that authorities had beaten detainees while in custody used less lethal weapons improperly which injured civilians prevented legal representatives from meeting with those arrested and held some in custody for longer than what legal standards permit 49 The CNDDHH reported the Peruvian authorities were recorded firing tear gas canisters directly at protesters resulting in one serious injury in Lima and the incidence of police and armed forces firing live ammunition towards demonstrators 54 Reports of arbitrary arrest and detention were also shared by the CNDDHH with the group sharing that individuals going to and from work were arrested and isolated 238 On 15 December the CNDDHH denounced the use of weapons of war against protestors with the NGO sharing a video of authorities using automatic firearms against demonstrators 55 The CNDDHH would later demand in mid January that President Boluarte resign 239 nbsp Authorities shooting a protester in the head with a tear gas canisterAmnesty International s Americas head Erika Guevara Rosas called for governmental restraint saying State repression against protesters is only deepening the crisis in Peru The authorities must put an end to the excessive use of force against demonstrations and guarantee the right to peaceful protest using the legal and proportional means necessary to restore citizen security 223 224 Amnesty International also confirmed that Peruvian authorities were firing tear gas canisters at close range directly at the bodies of protesters 224 Amnesty International in a report further accused the authorities of racial prejudice and said that Indigenous people were the majority of those who have been disproportionately targeted 240 241 Intrusions edit OjoPublico documented that authorities have entered the homes of citizens to gain access to roofs and fire at protesters 48 The home intrusions by authorities resulted with possessions being destroyed 48 Following the Toma de Lima protests the PNP raided the National University of San Marcos with armored personnel carriers and dozens of officers detaining over 200 protesters located on the campus 242 243 The Inter American Commission on Human Rights condemned the PNP s actions saying they were incompatible with the principles of international law 242 Torture edit According to testimony from a detained protesters interviewed by OjoPublico a group of protesters detained for three days by authorities were prohibited from having food and were beaten 48 Media editAfter ascending to the presidency President Boluarte quickly received support from Peru s national media companies 244 The national media in Peru largely overlooked the massacres in Ayacucho 60 245 and Juliaca 246 Attacks on journalists edit The National Association of Journalists indicated that 21 journalists were victims of aggression between 7 and 11 December 247 Journalists interviewed by Wayka reported that authorities would frequently attack press workers and would attempt to prevent photographers from capturing images of individuals being detained 234 Similar incidents of authorities preventing journalists from documenting the protests were collected by OjoPublico 48 One photojournalist for the EFE Aldair Mejia reported that he was threatened by police during a protest in Juliaca saying that an officer told him I ll blow off your head and you get out of here dead Mejia was later shot in the leg by police while covering protests 194 Censorship edit External videos nbsp A video showing police shooting a protester in the head with a tear gas canister medical volunteers providing aid and the testimony of one of the responders on YouTubeFollowing the death of a protester on 28 January 2023 journalist Carlos Cornejo of the state owned TV Peru reported to audiences stating It s good news that the roads have been opened Some bad news the murder of a citizen at the hands of the police They will want to tell us that it was a stone they will want to tell us that it was not them they will want to say anything but the images do not lie we all saw that the police killed Victor Santisteban 248 The government would attempt to deny that police killed the protester 213 Despite two videos showing the protester being shot in the head with a tear gas canister General Victor Zanabria of the Peruvian National Police said it was not yet determined what killed the protester 214 Following Cornejo s report on the death of the protester the National Institute of Radio and Television of Peru IRTP the parent company of TV Peru refused to renew the reporter s contract on 31 January 248 249 According to the National Association of Journalists of Peru ANP the actions against Cornejo were an indicted and arbitrary dismissal stating In circumstances in which from all media and essentially state media it is imperative to guarantee a plurality of approaches and voices to promote public debate Extinguishing critical positions can even constitute censorship 249 Effects editEconomic edit The main economic sectors of the Peruvian economy mining and tourism largely ceased during the protests 38 Three weeks into protests the National Chamber of Tourism Canatur reported that due to protests Peru had lost an estimated 1 7 billion soles 450 million USD of tourism income since the start of the demonstrations 250 A month into protests some stores in Lima were reporting a 60 decrease in sales compared to the previous year 251 According to the Boluarte government Peru experienced 1 3 billion of infrastructure damage from protests by late January 38 On 31 January 2023 Moody s Investors Service changed Peru s credit rating outlook to Negative citing a deterioration in institutional cohesion governability policy effectiveness and economic strength through successive governments 252 Reactions editDomestic edit Politicians edit Ethnocacerists and their leader Antauro Humala at first called Boluarte president during pro Castillo protests Later Humala called her de facto president and called for protests 253 The Ethnocacerist movement compared Boluarte with Jeanine Anez thus comparing Castillo s impeachment to the 2019 Bolivian political crisis 254 Former president Ollanta Humala called President Boluarte to resign and called the congress indolent and irresponsible 255 Public opinion edit According to IEP polling from early January 2023 60 of respondents believed that the protests were justified 58 believed that police used excessive force and 44 believed that the protests were organized by citizens groups or spontaneous action 256 The January poll also showed that compared to other regions more respondents in Lima believed that the protests were terrorism and that the use of force by authorities was justified while those polled in other regions did not 256 257 President Boluarte had a disapproval rate of 71 while 88 of respondents disapproved of Congress 257 When asked if they supported the calls for a new constituent assembly 69 of respondents approved 258 According to those analyzing the polls responses showed the disconnect between Lima and outlying regions 259 An IEP poll conducted between 21 and 25 January 2023 showed that among respondents 73 demanded general elections in 2023 74 believed President Boluarte who now had a 76 disapproval rate should resign 89 disapproved of Congress 260 Regional governments edit The National Assembly of Regional Governments proposed the convening of the National Agreement to seek a consensus between organizations political parties and unions 261 262 The Regional Government of Apurimac announced the indefinite suspension of classes at all educational levels and alerted all institutions to work under the virtual modality throughout the department with the exception of the health sector 263 International edit Governments edit nbsp Argentina nbsp Bolivia nbsp Colombia nbsp Mexico Presidents Alberto Fernandez Luis Arce Gustavo Petro and Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador issued a joint comunique through the Mexican Presidential Office expressing their deep concern about the Peruvian Congress not respecting the will of its citizens at the ballot box They added that it is no news that Castillo from the day of his election was the victim of anti democratic harassment in violation of Article 23 of the American Convention on Human Rights The four governments said that our governments call on all the actors involved in the previous process to prioritize the will of the citizens that was pronounced at the ballot box This is the way to interpret the scope and meaning of the notion of democracy as set forth in the Inter American Human Rights System 264 nbsp Colombia President Gustavo Petro additionally stated that the crisis in Peru imprisoning without judge or legal defense a President elected by popular vote put under serious questioning the role of the American Convention in the Latin American legal order 265 nbsp Brazil The government of Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva would prohibit the sales of weapons to the Peruvian state until a period of political and social instability ended 226 nbsp Canada Ambassador Louis Marcotte met with Peruvian foreign minister Ana Cecilia Gervasi Diaz expressing Canada s support for the Boluarte government 266 nbsp Chile President Gabriel Boric regretted the deaths reported as the result of the protests and called on the Peruvian government to guard and respect human rights Boric who referred to the situation in Peru as serious supported the Inter American Commission on Human Rights mission in the country 267 nbsp Russia Russian Foreign Ministry spokesperson Maria Zakharova said that Russia hopes in the normalization of the situation in Peru and that contradictions facing one faction with each other can be resolved in a legal frame with democratic norms and within human rights between Peruvians and without foreign interference 268 nbsp United States United States Secretary of State Antony Blinken made a phone call to President Boluarte and requested that her government redouble their efforts to make needed reforms and safeguard democratic stability 269 270 In the 2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices of the United States Department of State the United States condemned reports of torture arbitrary killings as well as the impunity granted to authorities and government officials writing the government did not effectively prevent the abuses or punish those who committed them 271 nbsp Holy See Pope Francis stated We pray for peace May the violence in Peru cease and may the path of dialogue be taken to overcome the political and social crisis affecting the people 272 nbsp Spain The Government of Spain would prohibit the sales of weapons to the Peruvian state due to the instability faced during protests 226 Supranational bodies edit nbsp United Nations On 6 March 2023 United Nations experts stated Serious allegations of excessive use of force by security forces and the Government s inability to create a conducive environment for dialogue are a matter of great concern In any democratic society people have the right to protest and raise their concerns about political changes that affect their lives and livelihoods Peru s democracy is facing a credibility crisis 51 The experts also raised concern about arbitrary killings forced disappearances excessive use of force the use of the terruqueo and racism in Peru 51 See also edit nbsp Peru portal nbsp Politics portal2019 Bolivian protests 2021 2022 Peruvian mining protests March April 2022 Peruvian protests 2022 Peruvian self coup attempt 2022 2023 Brazilian election protestsReferences edit a b c d e Cusco Arequipa y Puno anuncian movilizaciones Exigimos nuevas elecciones ref gt infobae in European Spanish 11 December 2022 Archived from the original on 11 December 2022 Retrieved 11 December 2022 CGTP reitera movilizacion para este jueves 15 de diciembre en demanda de adelanto de elecciones La Republica in Spanish 13 December 2022 Archived from the original on 13 December 2022 Retrieved 13 December 2022 El 29 aniversario de la CUT PERU nos encuentra en momentos sumamente criticos para el pais facebook in Spanish 13 December 2022 Retrieved 15 December 2022 Partido Peru Libre on Twitter Nuevas elecciones con referendum para Asamblea Constituyente sino caemos en un circulo vicioso Sec Gral Vladimir Cerron in Spanish 6 February 2023 LA SANGRE DERRANADA EL PUEBLO NUNCA OLVIDA facebook in Spanish 16 December 2022 Retrieved 17 December 2022 EL PCP LLAMA A MOVILIZARSE EL JUEVES 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Spanish 22 May 2023 Retrieved 26 May 2023 Cardenas Abel 5 March 2023 Congreso doblega el equilibrio de poderes en medio de la convulsion social en Peru Ojo Publico in Spanish Retrieved 28 March 2023 a b c Noriega Carlos 17 May 2023 Peru la Corte Suprema prohibe el derecho a la protesta Un paso mas en la ofensiva autoritaria Pagina 12 in Spanish Retrieved 29 May 2023 a b Peru Libre presentara mocion de interpelacion contra ministro del Interior La Republica in Spanish 4 January 2023 Archived from the original on 12 January 2023 Retrieved 12 January 2023 Daniel Encinas Dina Boluarte ha hecho una coalicion con fuerzas que no ganaron la eleccion La Republica in Spanish 2 January 2023 Archived from the original on 16 January 2023 Retrieved 12 January 2023 a b Peru s Castillo will struggle to stay in office Oxford Analytica Emerald Expert Briefings oxan db oxan db 11 August 2022 doi 10 1108 OXAN DB272027 The far right parties in Congress Renovacion Popular Popular Renewal and Avanza Pais Forward Country Vasquez Jorge Rendon 10 April 2022 Desmanes en las calles la ultraderecha esta jugando con la gasolina y con el fuego El Buho in Spanish Retrieved 30 April 2023 The far right personified in Congress by 43 representatives of the groups Fuerza Popular Renovacion Popular and Avanza Pais and some of their center allies Asi se movieron los votos en el Congreso para darle la ajustada confianza al gabinete de Anibal Torres LaMula in Spanish 2022 Retrieved 30 April 2023 Far right Fuerza Popular since then marked its line of voting against all the cabinets that Pedro Castillo names from now on To these votes against were added those of Popular Renewal and Avanza Pais Peru nuevo intento destituyente en contra de Pedro Castillo El Congreso aprobo una mocion para derrocarlo la tercera en 16 meses Pagina 12 in Spanish 2 December 2022 Retrieved 17 January 2023 tres partidos de derecha radical Fuerza Popular Renovacion Popular y Avanza Pais Aquino Marco 4 April 2023 Peru s Congress votes against impeachment trial for president Reuters a b GrupoRPP 9 March 2023 Consejo de Ministros acordo levantar el estado de emergencia en Lima RPP Noticias RPP in Spanish Retrieved 28 May 2023 a b Romero Cesar 18 May 2023 Corte Suprema dice que la protesta es un delito y que no esta reconocida en la Constitucion La Republica in Spanish Retrieved 29 May 2023 Poder Judicial admitio a tramite habeas corpus contra polemico fallo de la Corte Suprema sobre derecho a la protesta RPP Noticias RPP in Spanish 28 May 2023 Retrieved 29 May 2023 a b c Frente Agrario y Rural del Peru anuncia movilizacion contra el Congreso este 7 de diciembre Red de Comunicacion Regional in Spanish 6 December 2022 Archived from the original on 11 December 2022 Retrieved 11 December 2022 a b Miranda Valdivia Franklin Ramiro 15 June 2015 La descentralizacion centralista en el Peru entre la crisis y el crecimiento 1970 2014 Investigaciones Sociales 19 34 153 167 doi 10 15381 is v19i34 11758 Orihuela Jose Carlos January June 2020 El consenso de Lima y sus descontentos del restringido desarrollismo oligarca a revolucionarias reformas estructurales Revista de historia 27 1 Concepcion Chile 77 100 doi 10 29393 rh27 5cjo10005 S2CID 225779170 Levitsky Steven Fall 2014 First Take Paradoxes of Peruvian Democracy Political Bust Amid Economic Boom ReVista Archived from the original on 22 November 2014 Gutierrez Sanin Francisco Schonwalder Gerd 2010 Economic Liberalization and Political Violence Utopia Or Dystopia International Development Research Centre pp 256 284 ISBN 978 0745330631 de la Cadena Marisol May 1998 Silent Racism and Intellectual Superiority in Peru Bulletin of Latin American Research 17 2 143 164 doi 10 1111 j 1470 9856 1998 tb00169 x Giraudo Laura 2018 Casta s sociedad de castas e indigenismo la interpretacion del pasado colonial en el siglo XX Nuevo Mundo Mundos Nuevos doi 10 4000 nuevomundo 72080 hdl 10261 167130 S2CID 165569000 Retrieved 23 September 2019 a b c d e f Democracy Is on the Line in Peru Human Rights Watch 24 January 2023 Retrieved 27 January 2023 a b c d Asensio et al 2021 pp 27 71 a b c d O Boyle Brendan 3 May 2021 Pedro Castillo and the 500 Year Old Lima vs Rural Divide Americas Quarterly Archived from the original on 3 June 2021 Retrieved 3 June 2021 Buenos Aires Times Inequality fuels rural teacher s unlikely bid to upend Peru Buenos Aires Times Bloomberg 3 June 2021 Archived from the original on 4 June 2021 Retrieved 4 June 2021 a b Allen Nicolas 1 June 2021 Pedro Castillo Can Help End Neoliberalism in Peru Jacobin Archived from the original on 18 June 2021 Retrieved 3 June 2021 a b Flannery Nathaniel Parish 30 March 2017 Political Risk Analysis How Will Peru s Economy Perform In 2017 Forbes Archived from the original on 9 December 2022 Retrieved 9 December 2022 a b c The Political Limits of Presidential Impeachment Lessons from Latin America German Institute for Global and Area Studies 2021 Archived from the original on 9 December 2022 Retrieved 9 December 2022 Passado familiar pauta a campanha da conservadora Keiko Fujimori no Peru Internacional R7 in Brazilian Portuguese 5 June 2011 Archived from the original on 9 September 2017 Retrieved 21 February 2021 Back Michele Zavala Virginia 2018 Racialization and Language Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Peru Routledge pp 286 291 Archived from the original on 4 August 2021 Retrieved 4 August 2021 At the end of the 1980s a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called El cuaderno verde This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself El cuaderno verde was passed onto the national press in 1993 after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori It was a program that resulted in the forced sterilization of Quechua speaking women belonging to rural Andean communities This is an example of ethnic cleansing justified by the state which claimed that a properly controlled birth rate would improve the distribution of national resources and thus reduce poverty levels The Peruvian state decided to control the bodies of culturally backward women since they were considered a source of poverty and the seeds of subversive groups Peru s Fujimori sentenced to 25 years prison Reuters 7 April 2009 Archived from the original on 13 November 2017 Dark days for Peru s political dynasty after congress closes Associated Press 4 October 2019 Retrieved 7 October 2019 Dennis Claire 23 August 2017 Another Top Peru Politician Embroiled in Odebrecht Scandal InSight Crime Archived from the original on 15 December 2022 Retrieved 15 December 2022 Rochabrun Marcelo Casey Nicholas 21 March 2018 Peru s President Offers Resignation Over Vote Buying Scandal The New York Times Lima Peru Archived from the original on 22 March 2018 Retrieved 24 March 2018 In Midst Of Pandemic Crisis Peru s Legislature Impeaches The Nation s President NPR 10 November 2020 Archived from the original on 11 November 2020 Retrieved 11 November 2020 Burt Jo Marie 17 September 2020 Vizcarra May Survive But Peru s Politics Look Fragile Americas Quarterly Archived from the original on 24 January 2021 Retrieved 17 September 2020 a b El Gobierno peruano califica de golpismo la mocion de censura contra Vizcarra ABC in Spanish 12 September 2020 Archived from the original on 12 November 2020 Retrieved 17 September 2020 Stefano Pozzebon Claudia Rebaza and Jaide Timm Garcia 15 November 2020 Peru s interim president resigns after just five days CNN Archived from the original on 19 November 2020 Retrieved 16 November 2020 Hidalgo Bustamante Martin 8 May 2020 Mercedes Araoz Congreso aprueba la renuncia a la vicepresidencia de la Republica Martin Vizcarra POLITICA El Comercio Archived from the original on 9 December 2022 Retrieved 15 December 2022 Dube Ryan 16 November 2020 Peru s Congress Chooses Lawmaker Francisco Sagasti as Next President The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on 16 November 2020 Retrieved 16 November 2020 a b Peru Fujimori cries electoral fraud and unleashes torrent of racism The Guardian 20 June 2021 Archived from the original on 22 June 2021 Retrieved 22 June 2021 Burt Jo Marie 5 June 2021 Peru s military say Shining Path insurgents killed 16 civilians Others are not so sure The Washington Post Archived from the original on 10 June 2021 Retrieved 5 June 2021 The Fujimori campaign seized upon the Vizcatan massacre to reiterate the Castillo as extremist narrative pointing to alleged ties between Castillo and a Shining Path front group MOVADEF to suggest that Castillo bore some responsibility for the gruesome killings Former Peru dictator s spymaster reappears in alleged plot to swing recount The Guardian 29 June 2021 Archived from the original on 2 July 2021 Retrieved 1 July 2021 a b Asensio et al 2021 pp 64 65 Peru s Fujimori loses allies as bid to flip election result falters Reuters 28 June 2021 Archived from the original on 1 July 2021 Retrieved 1 July 2021 O Boyle Brendan 3 May 2021 Pedro Castillo and the 500 Year Old Lima vs Rural Divide Americas Quarterly Archived from the original on 3 June 2021 Retrieved 3 June 2021 Asensio et al 2021 pp 69 71 a b Claves del supuesto fraude sistematico denunciado por Keiko Fujimori Swissinfo in Spanish 8 June 2021 Archived from the original on 9 June 2021 Retrieved 24 June 2021 Collyns Dan 8 June 2021 Peru elections Fujimori s fraud claims criticised as rival s narrow lead widens The Guardian Archived from the original on 8 June 2021 Retrieved 8 June 2021 With election fraud claims Peru s Keiko Fujimori takes a page from the Trump playbook She s not alone The Washington Post ISSN 0190 8286 Archived from the original on 21 June 2021 Retrieved 22 June 2021 Applebaum Anne 17 June 2021 Democracy Is Surprisingly Easy to Undermine The Atlantic Archived from the original on 20 June 2021 Retrieved 22 June 2021 a b Cabral Ernesto 12 January 2021 Militares en retiro con discursos extremistas se vinculan a politicos para apoyar la vacancia OjoPublico in Spanish Archived from the original on 7 December 2021 Retrieved 8 December 2021 Benigno Scott 7 December 2022 Peruvian Congress to Debate President s Impeachment Foreign Brief Archived from the original on 8 December 2022 Retrieved 8 December 2022 What Just Happened in Peru Understanding Vizcarra s Sudden Impeachment Americas Quarterly 10 November 2020 Archived from the original on 8 December 2022 Retrieved 8 December 2022 Asensio et al 2021 p 92 Taj Mitra 7 December 2021 Too many mistakes Peru s president threatened with impeachment after shaky start Financial Times Archived from the original on 13 December 2021 Retrieved 13 December 2021 Peru s Keiko Fujimori backs long shot effort to impeach President Castillo Reuters 19 November 2021 Archived from the original on 29 November 2021 Retrieved 13 December 2021 Tegel Simeon 15 October 2021 Can Pedro Castillo Save His Presidency Foreign Policy Archived from the original on 15 October 2021 Retrieved 13 December 2021 LR Redaccion 14 February 2022 Fujimoristas detras de encuentro sobre la vacancia La Republica in Spanish Archived from the original on 23 March 2022 Retrieved 7 April 2022 Redaccion LR 6 February 2022 Alva sobre eventual asuncion a la presidencia Uno tiene que estar preparado para todo La Republica in Spanish Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 Retrieved 7 April 2022 Redaccion LR 11 February 2022 Congreso miembros de la oposicion sostuvieron reunion para vacar al presidente Pedro Castillo La Republica in Spanish Archived from the original on 2 April 2022 Retrieved 7 April 2022 Taj Mitra Glatsky Genevieve 5 December 2022 He Vowed to Transform Peru Instead He s Facing His Third Impeachment The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on 7 December 2022 Retrieved 7 December 2022 a b La Toma de Lima Convocan marcha en contra del Congreso el mismo dia que se debatira la vacancia presidencial infobae in European Spanish 6 December 2022 Archived from the original on 11 December 2022 Retrieved 9 December 2022 Aliados del oficialismo buscan tomar Lima este miercoles para detener supuesto golpe de Estado Peru21 5 December 2022 Archived from the original on 13 December 2022 Retrieved 9 December 2022 a b Peru se registran manifestaciones y saqueos en Lima tras destitucion de Pedro Castillo El Mostrador in Spanish 7 December 2022 Archived from the original on 10 December 2022 Retrieved 10 December 2022 Castillo se reune con dirigente de la Asamblea Nacional de los Pueblos y prefecta de Lima dias antes de movilizacion a favor de su Gobierno Caretas in Spanish 7 November 2022 Archived from the original on 11 December 2022 Retrieved 11 December 2022 Presidente se reunio con representantes de Asamblea Nacional de los Pueblos del Peru Andina in Spanish 22 November 2022 Archived from the original on 11 December 2022 Retrieved 11 December 2022 a b Presidente Pedro Castillo disuelve temporalmente el Congreso de Peru CNN Espanol in Spanish 7 December 2022 Archived from the original on 14 December 2022 Retrieved 7 December 2022 Quesada Juan Diego 9 December 2022 Inside the coup in Peru President what have you done El Pais English Edition Archived from the original on 14 December 2022 Retrieved 10 December 2022 Betssy Chavez presento su renuncia irrevocable a la PCM tras golpe de Estado de Pedro Castillo La Republica 7 December 2022 Archived from the original on 8 December 2022 Retrieved 8 December 2022 Chillitupa Tantas Rodrigo 7 December 2022 Presidente de Peru disuelve Congreso declara gobierno de excepcion y llama a elecciones Voz de America Voice of America in Spanish Archived from the original on 7 December 2022 Retrieved 8 December 2022 Pedro Castillo cierra el Congreso en vivo disolucion mensaje del presidente y ultimas noticias Diario AS in Spanish 8 December 2022 Archived from the original on 13 December 2022 Retrieved 15 December 2022 a b EN VIVO Congreso destituye a Pedro Castillo y tomara juramento a Dina Boluarte a las 3 pm En Directo Votos Dina Boluarte DINI Peru Libre APP Partidos politicos congresistas POLITICA El Comercio Peru in Spanish 7 December 2022 Archived from the original on 11 December 2022 Retrieved 7 December 2022 Kestler D Amours Ali Harb Jillian Peru s Congress swears in new president after Castillo removed Al Jazeera Archived from the original on 16 December 2022 Retrieved 7 December 2022 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Cuanta desaprobacion tiene Dina Boluarte el Congreso Jose Williams y Alberto Otarola La Republica in Spanish December 2022 Retrieved 30 January 2023 a b Arequipa manifestantes marchan en contra del Congreso y de la presidenta Dina Boluarte Infobae in European Spanish 7 December 2022 Archived from the original on 11 December 2022 Retrieved 8 December 2022 Dina Boluarte y el dia que aseguro que renunciaria si Pedro Castillo era vacado por el Congreso infobae in European Spanish 7 December 2022 Archived from the original on 11 December 2022 Retrieved 11 December 2022 Realizan protestas en contra de Dina Boluarte en Huancavelica Correo in Spanish 9 December 2022 Archived from the original on 12 December 2022 Retrieved 9 December 2022 Urgente nuevas elecciones ciudadanos de Huancavelica protestan tras vacancia de Pedro Castillo La Republica in Spanish 8 December 2022 Archived from the original on 11 December 2022 Retrieved 10 December 2022 Tacna ciudadanos protestan contra el Congreso y piden adelanto de elecciones La Republica in Spanish 9 December 2022 Retrieved 10 December 2022 Cajamarca ciudadanos de Jaen exigen el cierre del Congreso y nuevas elecciones La Republica in Spanish 9 December 2022 Archived from the original on 12 December 2022 Retrieved 10 December 2022 Tildan de traidores a congresistas Samuel Coayla y Victor Cuitpa Moquegua Prensa Regional 10 December 2022 p 3 Archived from the original on 11 December 2022 Retrieved 11 December 2022 Dirigentes y grupos de ciudadanos de Ilo piden que se cierre el congreso y se llame a elecciones Moquegua Prensa Regional 10 December 2022 p 4 Archived from the original on 11 December 2022 Retrieved 11 December 2022 Protestas y trifulcas tras jurar nueva presidente de Peru in Spanish Prensa Latina 8 December 2022 Archived from the original on 9 December 2022 Retrieved 8 December 2022 Aumentan las movilizaciones en Lima y regiones para exigir cierre de congreso La Republica 9 December 2022 p 12 Archived from the original on 9 December 2022 Retrieved 9 December 2022 Red de Medios Regionales 8 December 2022 En regiones piden a presidenta Boluarte adelantar elecciones para evitar la insurgencia El Buho in Spanish Archived from the original on 11 December 2022 Retrieved 9 December 2022 Estas son las regiones que marchan en respaldo de Pedro Castillo y piden la renuncia de Dina Boluarte infobae in European Spanish 9 December 2022 Archived from the original on 12 December 2022 Retrieved 9 December 2022 Pedro Castillo protestantes marchan a favor del expresidente en Chota infobae in European Spanish 8 December 2022 Archived from the original on 11 December 2022 Retrieved 9 December 2022 Diego Bazan Willy Huerta habria pedido abrir puertas del Congreso a manifestantes Panamericana Television Archived from the original on 12 December 2022 Retrieved 11 December 2022 Miles de manifestantes en Peru critican la detencion de Castillo Si no hay liberacion habra revolucion El Debate 9 December 2022 Archived from the original on 11 December 2022 Retrieved 9 December 2022 Centro de Lima grupo de ciudadanos realizo una manifestacion tras detencion de Pedro Castillo RPP 8 December 2022 Archived from the original on 9 December 2022 Retrieved 9 December 2022 Cusquenos defienden a Pedro Castillo y se enfrentan verbalmente a otros por tema vacancia Correo in Spanish 8 December 2022 Archived from the original on 11 December 2022 Retrieved 9 December 2022 Punenos se movilizan para exigir una asamblea constituyente La Republica in Spanish 7 December 2022 Archived from the original on 11 December 2022 Retrieved 8 December 2022 Gobierno nombro como jefe de la DINI a exoficial del SIN de Vladimiro Montesinos La Republica in Spanish 20 December 2022 Archived from the original on 16 January 2023 Retrieved 16 January 2023 Radicales buscan agudizar crisis y generar mas caos Peru21 in Spanish 10 December 2022 Archived from the original on 11 December 2022 Retrieved 11 December 2022 a b c d e f Toma de Lima EN VIVO manifestantes de Puno llegan a Plaza San Martin La Republica 17 January 2023 Archived from the original on 18 January 2023 Retrieved 18 January 2023 Arequipa Marchan en contra de intento de vacancia del presidente Pedro Castillo Yaravi Archived from the original on 19 December 2022 Retrieved 8 December 2022 FDTA y gremio de transportistas se sumaran a las protestas Radio Yaravi 9 December 2022 Archived from the original on 9 December 2022 Retrieved 9 December 2022 Gremio de transportistas exige cierre inmediato del Congreso y se unen a manifestaciones VIDEO elbuho pe in Spanish 9 December 2022 Archived from the original on 11 December 2022 Retrieved 9 December 2022 Anuncian movilizacion regional el 13 y 14 y el 15 la huelga nacional para exigir cierre del Congreso y adelanto de elecciones Pachamama Radio in Spanish 10 December 2022 Archived from the original on 10 December 2022 Retrieved 10 December 2022 Asi se vivio el tercer dia de protestas a nivel nacional Panamericana Television Archived from the original on 11 December 2022 Retrieved 11 December 2022 El caos y la violencia se apoderaron de las principales calles de la provincia de Andahuaylas Mas de 3 000 personas que protestaban para pedir el adelanto de elecciones y la disolucion del Parlamento Protestas en el Peru Manifestantes secuestraron a dos policias en Andahuaylas Infobae 11 December 2022 Archived from the original on 11 December 2022 Retrieved 11 December 2022 Manifestantes toman como rehen a policia y protestas dejan al menos 20 heridos en Andahuaylas Gestion 10 December 2022 Archived from the original on 10 December 2022 Retrieved 11 December 2022 GrupoRPP 10 December 2022 Apurimac liberan a dos policias secuestrados en protestas en Andahuaylas RPP in Spanish Archived from the original on 11 December 2022 Retrieved 11 December 2022 Apurimac region natal de Dina Boluarte se declara en insurgencia popular y en paro indefinido desde el lunes infobae in European Spanish 11 December 2022 Archived from the original on 12 December 2022 Retrieved 11 December 2022 Apurimac se declara en insurgencia popular y convocan a paro indefinido para el 12 de diciembre larepublica pe in Spanish 11 December 2022 Archived from the original on 12 December 2022 Retrieved 11 December 2022 Peru president paves way for early elections after two killed in latest protests The Guardian 12 December 2022 Archived from the original on 12 December 2022 Retrieved 12 December 2022 Andahuaylas protestantes toman como rehen a policia y manifestaciones dejan al menos 20 heridos El Comercio 11 December 2022 Archived from the original on 11 December 2022 Retrieved 11 December 2022 Protestas en Andahuaylas un policia secuestrado y al menos 20 heridos en enfrentamiento entre manifestantes y efectivos VIDEO Willax 11 December 2022 Archived from the original on 11 December 2022 Retrieved 11 December 2022 Calle Gabriela 11 December 2022 Dos policias retenidos y mas de 20 heridos en protestas en Andahuaylas El Buho in Spanish Archived from the original on 11 December 2022 Retrieved 11 December 2022 Merkezi Haber At least two dead in Peru protests against new government Yeni Safak archived from the original on 14 December 2022 retrieved 14 December 2022 a b c Peru ya son seis los muertos en las protestas por la destitucion de Castillo Los manifestantes tomaron el aeropuerto y una fabrica de lacteos en Arequipa Pagina 12 in Spanish 12 December 2022 Archived from the original on 15 December 2022 Retrieved 15 December 2022 a b c Pedro Castillo publico una carta mientras se llevaba a cabo la audiencia en su contra Semana in Spanish 16 December 2022 Archived from the original on 16 December 2022 Retrieved 16 December 2022 a b Ayacucho sube a dos el numero de fallecidos y 13 heridos durante protestas ECONOMIA Gestion in Spanish 16 December 2022 Archived from the original on 16 December 2022 Retrieved 16 December 2022 Masacre en Ayacucho ascienden a 18 muertos tras estado de emergencia en Peru ANRed in European Spanish Archived from the original on 16 December 2022 Retrieved 16 December 2022 a b 90 de heridos en enfrentamientos en Ayacucho son por perdigones e impactos de bala infobae in European Spanish Archived from the original on 16 December 2022 Retrieved 16 December 2022 Wayka WaykaPeru 16 December 2022 AYACUCHO Hospital Regional colapso ante la llegada de varios heridos tras la violenta represion policial y militar Personal de salud tuvo que colocar carpas de emergencia para atender a quienes llegaban con heridas de bala VocesComunitarias Contraste Ayacucho Minsa Peru https t co 4TpsmKwXtY AYACUCHO Regional Hospital collapsed before the arrival of several injured after the violent police and military repression Health personnel had to set up emergency tents to attend to those who arrived with gunshot wounds CommunityVoices Contrast Ayacucho Minsa Peru Tweet in Spanish Retrieved 26 December 2022 via Twitter Wayka WaykaPeru 16 December 2022 MasacreEnAyacucho La Direccion Regional de Salud de Ayacucho confirmo 7 muertos y 52 heridos en el primer dia de estado de emergencia Ademas establecimientos de salud se encuentran en alerta maxima c c congresoperu OEA oficial ONUPeru CIDH presidenciaperu https t co 1WVgum4d3u MasacreEnAyacucho The Ayacucho Regional Health Directorate confirmed 7 deaths and 52 injuries on the first day of the state of emergency In addition health establishments are on maximum alert DC congresoperu OEA oficial ONUPeru CIDH presidenciaperu Tweet in Spanish Retrieved 26 December 2022 via Twitter a b Peru Ministers resign amid deadly protests DW 12 16 2022 Deutsche Welle Archived from the original on 16 December 2022 Retrieved 16 December 2022 Peru s new president reshuffles cabinet as Mexico ties tested Al Jazeera Archived from the original on 25 December 2022 Retrieved 25 December 2022 Wayka WaykaPeru 22 December 2022 ATENCIoN El nuevo ministro de educacion MineduPeru muestra abiertamente en sus redes sociales su posicion fujimorista y homofobica https t co iklIcwafyc ATTENTION The new Minister of Education MineduPeru openly shows his Fujimorist and homophobic position on his social networks Tweet in Spanish Archived from the original on 23 December 2022 Retrieved 26 December 2022 via Twitter a b Protestas en Peru en que provincias o regiones aun se mantienen las manifestaciones pese a la tregua La Republica in Spanish 22 December 2022 Archived from the original on 25 December 2022 Retrieved 25 December 2022 El Ejecutivo apoya que se instale un Congreso bicameral que pueda asegurar leyes de calidad aseguro Alberto Otarola RPP in Spanish 24 December 2022 Archived from the original on 25 December 2022 Retrieved 26 December 2022 El Gobierno de Peru anuncia reparaciones para los familiares de los muertos en las protestas EFE in European Spanish 24 December 2022 Archived from the original on 25 December 2022 Retrieved 25 December 2022 La Policia convoca a la ciudadania a una marcha por la paz el proximo 3 de enero a nivel nacional RPP in Spanish 1 January 2023 Archived from the original on 1 January 2023 Retrieved 1 January 2023 Great March for Peace Reuters 4 January 2023 Retrieved 2023 02 13 a b c Documento de la PNP revela que Marcha por la paz si tenia finalidad politica La Republica in Spanish 4 January 2023 Archived from the original on 16 January 2023 Retrieved 12 January 2023 a b c Dina Boluarte dice que no estaba enterada de Marcha por la paz pese a que la respaldo el viernes 30 La Republica in Spanish 2 January 2023 Archived from the original on 16 January 2023 Retrieved 12 January 2023 Policia elimina de sus redes sociales propaganda a denominada Marcha por la paz La Republica in Spanish 2 January 2023 Archived from the original on 16 January 2023 Retrieved 12 January 2023 a b Fotoperiodista fue herido tras denunciar que sufrio agresion y amenazas de la policia en las protestas en Juliaca RPP in Spanish 7 January 2023 Archived from the original on 8 January 2023 Retrieved 9 January 2023 Wayka WaykaPeru 7 January 2023 Capturan PoliciaPeru vandalizando mototaxi durante protestas en Juliaca Puno EstallidoSocial DinaErcilia Tweet in Spanish Archived from the original on 9 January 2023 Retrieved 9 January 2023 via Twitter Wayka WaykaPeru 8 January 2023 URGENTE Vecinos de Juliaca en Puno registran imagenes de policia agrediendo a madre y su menor hijo En el video difundido por Fama TV se aprecia al nino de 14 anos defender a su madre VocesComunitarias Video Fama TV de Juliaca URGENT Neighbors of Juliaca in Puno capture footage of police officer beating a mother and her son The video broadcast by Fama TV shows the 14 year old boy defending his mother CommunityVoices Video Fama TV of Juliaca Tweet in Spanish Archived from the original on 9 January 2023 Retrieved 9 January 2023 via Twitter Juliaca Que sucedio en las inmediaciones del aeropuerto donde se produjeron 18 muertes El Buho in Spanish 10 January 2023 Archived from the original on 10 January 2023 Retrieved 10 January 2023 Protestas en Puno EN VIVO 17 muertos cacerolazos y enfrentamientos que no cesan en Juliaca infobae in European Spanish 9 January 2023 Archived from the original on 9 January 2023 Retrieved 10 January 2023 a b c Juliaca Que sucedio en las inmediaciones del aeropuerto donde se produjeron 18 muertes El Buho in Spanish 10 January 2023 Archived from the original on 10 January 2023 Retrieved 10 January 2023 Mueren al menos 17 personas en el sur de Peru durante protestas para exigir nuevas elecciones y la liberacion de Pedro Castillo At least 17 people dead in South Peru during protests demanding new elections and the release of Pedro Castillo BBC Mundo in Spanish 10 January 2023 Archived from the original on 10 January 2023 Retrieved 10 January 2023 Paro Nacional EN VIVO confirman primer fallecido en Cusco tras enfrentamientos entre pobladores y la PNP La Republica in Spanish 12 January 2023 Archived from the original on 16 January 2023 Retrieved 12 January 2023 a b c Puno vandalos quemaron vivo a policia dentro de patrullero La Republica in Spanish 10 January 2023 Archived from the original on 16 January 2023 Retrieved 11 January 2023 Puno Manifestantes denuncian saqueos por parte de presuntos infiltrados en las protestas infobae in European Spanish 10 January 2023 Archived from the original on 12 January 2023 Retrieved 12 January 2023 a b c Hallan bienes saqueados de Plaza Vea en oficina de jefa de la Policia de Transito La Republica in Spanish 11 January 2023 Archived from the original on 16 January 2023 Retrieved 11 January 2023 Aquino Marco 13 January 2023 Thousands march in Peru capital demanding president step down Reuters a, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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