fbpx
Wikipedia

Cubans

Cubans (Spanish: Cubanos) are people identified with Cuba and people with Cuban citizenship. Cuba is a multi-ethnic nation, home to people of different ethnic, religious and national backgrounds.

Cubans
Cubanos
Map of the Cuban Diaspora in the world
Total population
Cubans: ~13.1 million
Diaspora: ~2 million
Regions with significant populations
 Cuba 11,113,215
(2021)[1][2]
 United States1,278,627 (2021)[3]
 Spain166,527 (2021)[4]
 Brazil35,602 (2022)[5]
 Mexico25,976 (2020) **
 Uruguay24,485 (2020)[6]
 Italy21,499 (2021) **
 Canada19,545 (2021)[7][8]
 Chile16,253 (2019)[9][10]
 Venezuela11,189 (2019)[10]
 Puerto Rico10,519 (2021)[11]
 Germany8,560 (2021)[12]
 Costa Rica5,840 (2019)[10]
 Switzerland3,509 (2019)[10]
 Dominican Republic3,367 (2019)[10]
 Sweden3,018 (2019)[10]
 Ecuador2,947 (2019)[10]
 South Africa2,679 (2019)[10]
 United Kingdom2,508 (2019)[10][13][14][15]
 Russia2,226 (2019)[10]
 Colombia1,945 (2019)[10]
 Panama1,944 (2019)[10]
 Bolivia1,932 (2019)[10]
 Belgium1,901 (2019)[10]
 Jamaica1,814 (2019)[10]
Languages
Cuban Spanish
Religion
Majority:
Roman Catholicism[16]
Minority:
Irreligion, Protestantism, Santería, Ifá, Judaism[17]
Related ethnic groups
Puerto Ricans · Dominicans · Floridanos · Taíno · Mulatto · Spaniards · Africans

Racial and ethnic groups

Census

The population of Cuba was 11,167,325 inhabitants in 2012.[18] The largest urban populations of Cubans in Cuba (2012) are to be found in Havana (2,106,146), Santiago de Cuba (506,037), Holguín (346,195), Camagüey (323,309), Santa Clara (240,543) and Guantánamo (228,436).[19] According to Cuba's Oficina Nacional de Estadisticas ONE 2012 Census, the population was 11,167,325 including: 5,570,825 men and 5,596,500 women.

Year White / % Mulatto/
Mestizo / %
Black / % East Asian / % Total
1774 96,440 56.2 75,180 / 43.8   171,620
1861 793,484 56.8 603,046 / 43.2   1,396,530
1899 1,052,397 67.9 270,805 TBD 234,738 TBD 14,857 TBD   1,572,797
1943 3,553,312 74.3 743,113 15.6 463,227 9.7 18,931 0.4   4,778,583
2002 7,271,926 65.05 2,658,675 24.86 1,126,894 10,08 112,268 1,02   11,177,743
2012 7,160,399 64.1 2,972,882 26.6 1,034,044 9.3 N / A N / A   11,167,325

Source.[20][21][19][18][22]

 
A Cuban shoemaker in Old Havana
 
Cuban children in the Pinar del Río Province (2012)

European

In the 2012 Census of Cuba, 64.1% of the inhabitants self-identified as white. Based on genetic testing (2014) in Cuba, the average European, African and Native American ancestry in those auto-reporting to be white were 86%, 6.7%, and 7.8%.[23] The majority of the European ancestry comes from Spain. During the 18th, 19th and early part of the 20th century especially, large waves of Asturians, Canary Islanders, Galicians and Catalans emigrated from Spain to Cuba. Other European nationalities with significant influx include: English, French, Germans, Irish, Italians, Poles and Scots. Europeans with lesser influx were Greeks, Portuguese, Romanians and Russians. Central and Eastern European influence was mostly during the Cold War years and immigration from the British Isles was mostly to Havana and Pinar del Rio Province. There is also a small European Jewish community.

Sub-Saharan African

The Afro-Cuban population was 9.3% in the 2012 Census of Cuba. Just about 1.3 million Cubans described themselves as black.[18] Thus a significant proportion of those living on the island affirm some sub-Saharan African ancestry. The matter is further complicated by the fact that a fair number of people still locate their origins in specific African ethnic groups or regions, particularly the Akan, Yoruba (or Lucumí), Igbo and Congo, but also Arará, Carabalí, Mandingo, Fula, Makua, and others. Based on genetic testing in 2014, the average African, European and Native American ancestry in those self-reporting to be "negro (Black)" was 65.5% "African", 29% "European" ancestry and 5.5% "Native American" or other ancestry.[23]

Although Afro-Cubans can be found throughout Cuba, Eastern Cuba has a higher concentration of Blacks than other parts of the island, and Havana has the largest population of blacks of any city in Cuba.[citation needed]

In Cuba, there is an Afro-Gypsy population.[24]

Multiracial

In the 2012 Census of Cuba, 26.6% (2.97 million) of the Cubans self-identified as mulatto or mestizo.[citation needed]

Prior to the 20th century, majority of the Cuban population was of mixed race descent to varying degrees, with pure Spaniards or criollos being a significant minority. Between 1902 and 1933, some 750,000 Spaniards migrated to Cuba from Europe, which changed the racial demographics of the region rapidly. Many of the newly arrived Spanish migrants did not intermix with the native Cuban population, unlike the earlier colonial settlers and conquistadors who intermixed with Tainos and Africans at large scale rates. Self identified “white” Cubans with colonial roots on the island usually have Amerindian and or African admixture to varying degrees, as well as self identified “black” Cubans with colonial roots having varying degrees of European and or Amerindian admixture.

East Asian

Officially called amarilla (yellow in English) in the Cuban census,[25] Cubans of East Asian origins made up 1.02% of the population in the 2002 Census of Cuba. They are primarily made up of Chinese descendants who came as indentured laborers in the 19th century to build railroads and work in mines. Historically, Chinese descendants in Cuba were once classified as "white".[26] After the Industrial Revolution, many of these laborers stayed in Cuba because they could not afford return passage to China.[citation needed]

Amerindian

Of the Taínos the number of people claiming descent have not been formally recorded. Most, however, live on the eastern part of the island, notably in Granma, Guantánamo, and Las Tunas. The intermixing between European settlers and the native Taíno was prevalent in the early colonial era and left behind an undercounted amount of descendants. According to a 2018 genome-wide data study, the eastern region of the island had an average Native American ancestry contribution of 10% as compared to an average of 5% in the rest of the island.[27]

Additionally, many North American Indians living in Spanish missions in Georgia and Florida were evacuated to Spanish Cuba along with the fleeing Spanish settlers following the loss of Spanish Florida. As a result, descendants of the Calusa, Tequesta, Timucua and other now-extinct indigenous peoples of Florida are now assimilated into the mainstream Cuban population, comprising part of Cuba's Amerindian genetic makeup.

Intermarriage between diverse groups is so general as to be the rule.[28]

Population changes

Cuba's birth rate (9.88 births per thousand population in 2006)[29] is one of the lowest in the Western Hemisphere. Its overall population has increased continuously from around 7 million in 1961 to over 11 million now, but the rate of increase has stopped in the last few decades, and has recently turned to a decrease, with the Cuban government in 2006 reporting the first drop in the population since the Mariel boatlift. Immigration and emigration have had noticeable effects on the demographic profile of Cuba during the 20th century. Between 1900 and 1930, close to a million Spaniards arrived from Spain.

Since 1959, over a million Cubans have left the island, primarily to Miami, Florida, where a vocal, well-educated and economically successful exile community exists (Cuban-American lobby).[30]

Genetics

An autosomal study from 2014 found the genetic ancestry in Cuba to be 72% European, 20% African and 8% Amerindian.[23] This study was of Cubans in Cuba, not the Cuban exile community in United States or other parts of the world, who may have different genetic profiles. Of note, there is high variability between regions within Cuba, with individuals from Western provinces having higher European ancestry on average, and those in the Eastern region having more African and Native American genetic contribution.[27] Cuban genealogy has become a rising interest for Cubans in the last 15 years.[citation needed]

A 1995 study done on the population of Pinar del Río, found that 50% of the Mt-DNA lineages (female lineages) could be traced back to Europeans, 46% to Africans and 3% to Americans. This figure is consistent with both the historical background of the region, and the current demographics of it. According to another study in 2008, regarding the geographical origin attributed to each mtDNA haplogroup, 55% of the sequences found in Cubans are of West Eurasian origin (namely, Europe and the Middle East) and 45% of African origin[31] Regarding Y-chromosome haplogroups (male lineages), 78.8% of the sequences found in Cubans are of West Eurasian origin, 19.7% of African origin and 1.5% of East Asian origin. Among the West Eurasian fraction, the vast majority of individuals belong to West European haplogroup R1b. The African lineages found in Cubans have a Western (haplogroups E1, E2, E1b1a ) and Northern (E1b1b-M81 ) African origin. The North African haplogroup E1b1b1b (E-M81), is found at a frequency of 6.1%.[31]

According to Fregel et al. (2009), the fact that autochthonous male E-M81 and female U6 lineages from the Canaries have been detected in Cuba and Iberoamerica, demonstrates that Canary Islanders with indigenous Guanche ancestors actively participated in the American colonization.[32]

Cubans abroad

The United States has the largest number of Cubans outside Cuba. As of 2019, the United States Census Bureau's American Community Survey showed a total population of 1,359,990 Cubans.[3] As of 2015, 68% of Cuban-born residents of the United States have naturalized[33] automatically losing their Cuban citizenship.[34] Significant populations of Cubans exist in the cities of Hialeah and Miami in Florida (995,439 Cubans in this state in 2017) and in Texas (60,381), New Jersey (44,974), California (35,364), New York (26,875), and Illinois (22,541) [35]

The second largest Cuban diaspora is in Spain. As of 2019, there were 151,423 Cubans in Spain.[4] Smaller numbers of Cubans live in Uruguay,[6] Italy*, Mexico*, and Canada.[36]

After the founding of the republic in 1902, a considerable migration (over 1 million) arrived from the Iberian peninsula to the island, between them were more than a few former Spanish soldiers who participated in the wars, and yet it never created an obstacle for the respect and affection of Cubans, who have always been proud of their origins.[37] In December 2008, Spain began accepting citizenship applications from the descendants of people who went into exile after its brutal 1936-39 Civil War, part of a 2007 law meant to address the painful legacy of the conflict. This new Historical Memory Law has granted to more than 140,000 Cubans of Spanish ancestry the Spanish citizenship, and there were 143,048 Cubans with Spanish citizenship in Cuba and 93,004 in Spain on January 1, 2019.[4] Under the law, the descendants had until December 2011 to present themselves at the Spanish embassy in their home country and turn in documentation that proves their parents or grandparents fled Spain between 1936 and 1955. They did not need to relinquish their current citizenship.[38][39]

History

 
Royal Palm Hotel Havana, entrance. ca. 1930
 
Public transportation in Cuba during the Special Period (1991–2000)

The first people known to have inhabited Cuba was the Siboney, an Amerindian people. They were followed by another Amerindian people, the Taíno who were the main population both of Cuba and other islands in The Antilles when Christopher Columbus first sighted the island in 1492. He claimed the islands for Spain and Cuba became a Spanish colony. It was to remain so until 1902 apart from a brief occupation by Britain in 1762, before being returned in exchange for Florida. Towards the end of the 19th century, Spain had lost most of its American possessions and a series of rebellions had shaken Cuba. This, combined with calls for annexation of Cuba in the United States, led to the Spanish–American War, and in 1902 Cuba gained formal independence.[citation needed]

During the first decades of the 20th century, USA interests were dominant and in Cuba, leading to large influence over the island. This ended in 1959 when de facto leader Fulgencio Batista was ousted by revolutionaries led by Fidel Castro. Quickly deteriorating relations with the US led to Cuba's alliance with the Soviet Union and Castro's transformation of Cuba into a declared socialist republic. Cuban soldiers were sent overseas to fight in the Angolan Civil War and Ogaden War in the 1970s-1980s. Castro remained in power until 2008, first as Prime Minister then from 1976 as President of Cuba. Fidel was succeeded by his brother Raúl Castro.[citation needed]

Culture and traditions

 
A woman smoking a cigar in Old Havana

The culture of Cuba reflects the island's influences from various cultures, primarily European (Spanish),Taino and African.

One of the most distinctive parts of Cuban culture is Cuban music and dancing, being well-known far outside the country. Well known Hispanic music styles such as mambo, salsa, rumba, cha-cha-chá, bolero, and son originated in Cuba. The origins of much of Cuban music can be found in the mix of Spanish and West African music, while American musical elements such as trombones and big band were also significant elements in the formation of Cuban music. Cuban literature includes some of the most well-known names of the islands, such as writer and independence hero José Martí in the late 19th century. More contemporary Cuban authors include Daína Chaviano, Pedro Juan Gutiérrez, Antonio Orlando Rodríguez, Zoé Valdés and Leonardo Padura Fuentes.[citation needed]

The Spanish language is spoken by virtually all Cubans on the island itself. Cuban Spanish is characterized by the reduction of several consonants, a feature that it shares with other dialects of Caribbean Spanish as well as the Canary Islands. Many Cuban-Americans, while remaining fluent in Spanish, use American English as one of their daily languages.[citation needed]

Religion

Religion in Cuba (2010)[16]

  Catholicism (60%)
  Protestantism and other Christians (5%)
  Others/African Religious (11%)
  Non-religious (24%)

Cuba's prevailing religion is Roman Catholicism, although in some instances it is profoundly modified and influenced through syncretism. A common syncretic religion is Santería, which combined the Yoruba religion of the African slaves with some Catholicism; it shows similarities to Brazilian Umbanda and has been receiving a degree of official support.[citation needed]

The Roman Catholic Church estimates that 60 percent of the population is Catholic,[40] with 10 percent attending mass regularly,[41] while independent sources estimate that as few 1.5 percent of Catholics do so.[42]

Membership in Protestant churches is estimated to be 5 percent and includes Baptists, Pentecostals, Seventh-day Adventists, Presbyterians, Episcopal Church of Cuba|Episcopalians, Methodists, Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), and Lutherans. Other groups include the Greek Orthodox Church, the Russian Orthodox Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Hindus, Muslims, Buddhists, Jews, Baháʼís, and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons).

Cuba is home to a variety of syncretic religions of largely African cultural origin. According to a US State Department report,[40] some sources estimate that as much as 80 percent of the population consults with practitioners of religions with West African roots, such as Santeria or Yoruba. Santería developed out of the traditions of the Yoruba, one of the African peoples who were imported to Cuba during the 16th through 19th centuries to work on the sugar plantations. Santería blends elements of Christianity and West African beliefs and as such made it possible for the slaves to retain their traditional beliefs while appearing to practice Catholicism. La Virgen de la Caridad del Cobre (Our Lady Of Charity) is the Catholic patroness of Cuba, and is greatly revered by the Cuban people and seen as a symbol of Cuba. In Santería, she has been syncretized with the goddess Ochún. The important religious festival "La Virgen de la Caridad del Cobre" is celebrated by Cubans annually on 8 September. Other religions practised are Palo Monte, and Abakuá, which have large parts of their liturgy in African languages.

Influence of the Canary Islands

Many words in traditional Cuban Spanish can be traced to those of the Spanish spoken in the Canary Islands. Many Canary Islanders emigrated to Cuba and had one of the largest parts in the formation of the Cuban dialect and accent. There are also many elements from other areas of Spain such as Andalucian, Galician, Asturian, Catalan, as well as some African influence. Cuban Spanish is very close to Canarian Spanish. Canarian emigration has been going on for centuries to Cuba, and were also very numerous in emigration of the 19th, and 20th centuries.[citation needed]

Through cross emigration of Canarians and Cubans, many of the customs of Canarians have become Cuban traditions and vice versa. The music of Cuba has become part of the Canarian culture as well, such as mambo, salsa, son, and punto Cubano. Because of Cuban emigration to the Canary Islands, the dish "moros y cristianos" (black beans and rice mixed together with traditional spices, different from "frijoles negros", which is a thick black bean soup served over white rice), also known as simply "moros", can be found as one of the foods of the Canary Islands; especially the island of La Palma. Canary Islanders were the driving force in the cigar industry in Cuba, and were called "Vegueros". Many of the big cigar factories in Cuba were owned by Canary Islanders. After the Castro revolution, many Cubans and returning Canarians settled in the Canary islands, among them were many cigar factory owners such as the Garcia family. The cigar business made its way to the Canary Islands from Cuba, and now the Canary Islands are one of the places that are known for cigars alongside Cuba, Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, and Honduras. The island of La Palma has the greatest Cuban influence out of all seven islands. Also, La Palma has the closest Canarian accent to the Cuban accent, due to the most Cuban emigration to that island.[citation needed]

Many of the typical Cuban replacements for standard Spanish vocabulary stem from Canarian lexicon. For example, guagua (bus) differs from standard Spanish autobús the former originated in the Canaries and is an onomatopoeia stemming from the sound of a Klaxon horn (wah-wah!). The term of endearment "socio" is from the Canary Islands. An example of Canarian usage for a Spanish word is the verb fajarse[43] ("to fight"). In standard Spanish the verb would be pelearse, while fajar exists as a non-reflexive verb related to the hemming of a skirt. Cuban Spanish shows strong heritage to the Spanish of the Canary Islands.

Many names for food items come from the Canary Islands as well. The Cuban sauce mojo, is based on the mojos of the Canary Islands where the mojo was invented. Also, Canarian ropa vieja is the father to Cuban ropa vieja through Canarian emigration. Gofio is a Canarian food also known by Cubans, along with many other kinds.[citation needed]

Symbols

 
Coat of arms of Cuba

The flag of Cuba is red, white, and blue; and was first adopted by Narciso López on a suggestion by the poet Miguel Teurbe Tolón. The design incorporates three blue stripes, representing the three provinces of the time (Oriente, Centro, and Occidente), and two white stripes symbolizing the purity of the patriotic cause. The red triangle stands for the blood shed to free the nation. The white star in the triangle stands for independence.[44]

See also

References

  1. ^ http://www.onei.gob.cu/node/13815. (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 July 2022
  2. ^ "Basic Facts". Census.gov. Retrieved 2022-12-10.
  3. ^ a b "Census table". data.census.gov. 1 July 2021. Retrieved 2022-12-10.
  4. ^ a b c "Instituto Nacional de Estadística. (National Statistics Institute)". ine.es.
  5. ^ "Imigrantes internacionais registrados no Brasil". www.nepo.unicamp.br. from the original on 2020-10-19. Retrieved 2022-08-28.
  6. ^ a b Pentón, Mario J. (13 February 2020). "Uruguay quiere atraer a cubanos y venezolanos, y lo está logrando". El Nuevo Herald (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  7. ^ https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810030201. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  8. ^ "Canada Census Profile 2021". Census Profile, 2021 Census. Statistics Canada Statistique Canada. 7 May 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  9. ^ https://www.ine.cl/prensa/2020/03/12/seg%C3%BAn-estimaciones-la-cantidad-de-personas-extranjeras-residentes-habituales-en-chile-bordea-los-1-5-millones-al-31-de-diciembre-de-2019 Estimacion de Poblacion Extranjera en Chile, al 31 de diciembre de 2019. Source: INE de Chile. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Cuba - Emigrantes totales". Datosmacro.expansion.com/. Datosmacro. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  11. ^ "Place of Birth for the Foreign-Born Population in Puerto Rico". data.census.gov. 1 July 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
  12. ^ "Anzahl der Ausländer in Deutschland nach Herkunftsland". De.statista.com. 31 December 2017. Retrieved 2022-08-26.
  13. ^ "Table QS213EW: 2011 Census: Country of birth (expanded), regions in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. 26 March 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
  14. ^ "Country of birth (detailed)" (PDF). National Records of Scotland. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
  15. ^ . Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. Archived from the original (XLS) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
  16. ^ a b "RELIGION IN CUBA". Prolades.com. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
  17. ^ "Central America :: Cuba — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". cia.gov. 18 October 2021.
  18. ^ a b c (PDF). One.cu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-06-03. Retrieved 2017-08-09.
  19. ^ a b (PDF). One.cu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-25. Retrieved 2017-08-09.
  20. ^ (PDF). One.cu. p. 189. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-10-29. Retrieved 2017-08-09.
  21. ^ Fernandez, Nadine T. (18 February 2010). Romance: Interracial Couples in Contemporary Cuba. ISBN 9780813549231. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
  22. ^ (PDF). Cuba Statistics and Information. pp. 17–18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  23. ^ a b c Marcheco-Teruel, Beatriz; Parra, Esteban J.; Fuentes-Smith, Evelyn; Salas, Antonio; Buttenschøn, Henriette N.; Demontis, Ditte; Torres-Español, María; Marín-Padrón, Lilia C.; Gómez-Cabezas, Enrique J.; Álvarez-Iglesias, Vanesa; Mosquera-Miguel, Ana; Martínez-Fuentes, Antonio; Carracedo, Ángel; Børglum, Anders D.; Mors, Ole (24 July 2014). "Cuba: Exploring the History of Admixture and the Genetic Basis of Pigmentation Using Autosomal and Uniparental Markers". PLOS Genetics. 10 (7): e1004488. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004488. PMC 4109857. PMID 25058410.
  24. ^ Rodriguez, Junius P. (August 8, 1997). The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780874368857 – via Google Books.
  25. ^ (PDF). Cuba Statistics and Information. pp. 8, 17–18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  26. ^ "Report on the Census of Cuba, Census of Cuba 1899". Digital.tcl.sc.edu. p. 81. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  27. ^ a b Fortes-Lima, Cesar; Bybjerg-Grauholm, Jonas; Marin-Padrón, Lilia Caridad; Gomez-Cabezas, Enrique Javier; Bækvad-Hansen, Marie; Hansen, Christine Søholm; Phuong, Le; Hougaard, David Michael; Verdu, Paul; Mors, Ole; Parra, Esteban J.; Marcheco-Teruel, Beatriz (30 July 2018). "Exploring Cuba's population structure and demographic history using genome-wide data". Scientific Reports. 8 (8): 11422. Bibcode:2018NatSR...811422F. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-29851-3. PMC 6065444. PMID 30061702.
  28. ^ Pedraza, Silvia (17 September 2007). Political Disaffection in Cuba's Revolution and Exodus. ISBN 9780521867870.
  29. ^ . thepeninsulaqatar.com. Reuters. 17 May 2007. Archived from the original on 26 September 2007.
  30. ^ Quiñones, Rolando García. . Technical Corporation. Archived from the original on 20 August 2006. Retrieved 9 July 2006.
  31. ^ a b Mendizabal, Isabel; Sandoval, Karla; Berniell-Lee, Gemma; Calafell, Francesc; Salas, Antonio; Martinez-Fuentes, Antonio; Comas, David (2008). "Genetic origin, admixture, and asymmetry in maternal and paternal human lineages in Cuba". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 8: 213. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-213. PMC 2492877. PMID 18644108.
  32. ^ Fregel, Rosa; Gomes, VeróNica; Gusmão, Leonor; González, Ana M; Cabrera, Vicente M; Amorim, António; Larruga, Jose M (2009). "Demographic history of Canary Islands male gene-pool: replacement of native lineages by European". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9: 181. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-181. PMC 2728732. PMID 19650893.
  33. ^ Gonzalez-Barrera, Ana; Krogstad, Jens Manuel (January 18, 2018). "Naturalization rate among U.S. immigrants up since 2005, with India among the biggest gainers". Pew Research Center.
  34. ^ "Constitución de la República de Cuba, 1992" (PDF). ACNUR. Artículo 32.- Los cubanos no podrán ser privados de su ciudadanía, salvo por causas legalmente establecidas. Tampoco podrán ser privados del derecho a cambiar de esta. No se admitirá la doble ciudadanía. En consecuencia, cuando se adquiera una ciudadanía extranjera, se perderá la cubana. La ley establece el procedimiento a seguir para la formalización de la perdida de la ciudadanía y las autoridades facultadas para idirlo. / (English translation) Dual citizenship will not be admitted. Consequently, when foreign citizenship is acquired, Cuban citizenship will be lost.
  35. ^ Bureau, U. S. Census. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2019-09-19.
  36. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (February 8, 2017). "Census Profile, 2016 Census - Canada [Country] and Canada [Country]". www12.statcan.gc.ca.
  37. ^ Espinosa Chepe, Oscar (2007-12-01). . Archived from the original on 2009-02-11. Retrieved 2009-06-09.
  38. ^ . Time. 29 December 2008. Archived from the original on July 15, 2010.
  39. ^ "Over 400 Cubans line up for Spanish citizenship". Cleveland.com. 30 December 2008. Retrieved 2017-08-09.
  40. ^ a b . US State Department. October 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-11-30. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
  41. ^ "Comunidades de Fe en Cuba: Primera parte de la serie de fondo de WOLA sobre la religión en Cuba". Wola.org (in Spanish). Retrieved 2017-08-09.
  42. ^ "La Pampa - Cada uno en lo suyo, con coincidencias y discrepancias". Laarena.com.ar. Retrieved 2017-08-09.
  43. ^ fajar at Diccionario de la Real Academia Española.
  44. ^ Carlos Márquez Sterling; Manuel Márquez Sterling (1975). Historia de la isla de Cuba. p. 77.

cubans, other, uses, cuban, spanish, cubanos, people, identified, with, cuba, people, with, cuban, citizenship, cuba, multi, ethnic, nation, home, people, different, ethnic, religious, national, backgrounds, cubanosflag, cubamap, cuban, diaspora, worldtotal, p. For other uses see Cuban Cubans Spanish Cubanos are people identified with Cuba and people with Cuban citizenship Cuba is a multi ethnic nation home to people of different ethnic religious and national backgrounds CubansCubanosFlag of CubaMap of the Cuban Diaspora in the worldTotal populationCubans 13 1 millionDiaspora 2 millionRegions with significant populations Cuba 11 113 215 2021 1 2 United States1 278 627 2021 3 Spain166 527 2021 4 Brazil35 602 2022 5 Mexico25 976 2020 Uruguay24 485 2020 6 Italy21 499 2021 Canada19 545 2021 7 8 Chile16 253 2019 9 10 Venezuela11 189 2019 10 Puerto Rico10 519 2021 11 Germany8 560 2021 12 Costa Rica5 840 2019 10 Switzerland3 509 2019 10 Dominican Republic3 367 2019 10 Sweden3 018 2019 10 Ecuador2 947 2019 10 South Africa2 679 2019 10 United Kingdom2 508 2019 10 13 14 15 Russia2 226 2019 10 Colombia1 945 2019 10 Panama1 944 2019 10 Bolivia1 932 2019 10 Belgium1 901 2019 10 Jamaica1 814 2019 10 LanguagesCuban SpanishReligionMajority Roman Catholicism 16 Minority Irreligion Protestantism Santeria Ifa Judaism 17 Related ethnic groupsPuerto Ricans Dominicans Floridanos Taino Mulatto Spaniards Africans Contents 1 Racial and ethnic groups 1 1 Census 1 2 European 1 3 Sub Saharan African 1 4 Multiracial 1 5 East Asian 1 6 Amerindian 2 Population changes 3 Genetics 4 Cubans abroad 5 History 6 Culture and traditions 7 Religion 8 Influence of the Canary Islands 8 1 Symbols 9 See also 10 ReferencesRacial and ethnic groups EditMain article Demographics of Cuba Census Edit The population of Cuba was 11 167 325 inhabitants in 2012 18 The largest urban populations of Cubans in Cuba 2012 are to be found in Havana 2 106 146 Santiago de Cuba 506 037 Holguin 346 195 Camaguey 323 309 Santa Clara 240 543 and Guantanamo 228 436 19 According to Cuba s Oficina Nacional de Estadisticas ONE 2012 Census the population was 11 167 325 including 5 570 825 men and 5 596 500 women Year White Mulatto Mestizo Black East Asian Total1774 96 440 56 2 75 180 43 8 171 6201861 793 484 56 8 603 046 43 2 1 396 5301899 1 052 397 67 9 270 805 TBD 234 738 TBD 14 857 TBD 1 572 7971943 3 553 312 74 3 743 113 15 6 463 227 9 7 18 931 0 4 4 778 5832002 7 271 926 65 05 2 658 675 24 86 1 126 894 10 08 112 268 1 02 11 177 7432012 7 160 399 64 1 2 972 882 26 6 1 034 044 9 3 N A N A 11 167 325Source 20 21 19 18 22 A Cuban shoemaker in Old Havana Cuban children in the Pinar del Rio Province 2012 European Edit Main article Spanish immigration to Cuba In the 2012 Census of Cuba 64 1 of the inhabitants self identified as white Based on genetic testing 2014 in Cuba the average European African and Native American ancestry in those auto reporting to be white were 86 6 7 and 7 8 23 The majority of the European ancestry comes from Spain During the 18th 19th and early part of the 20th century especially large waves of Asturians Canary Islanders Galicians and Catalans emigrated from Spain to Cuba Other European nationalities with significant influx include English French Germans Irish Italians Poles and Scots Europeans with lesser influx were Greeks Portuguese Romanians and Russians Central and Eastern European influence was mostly during the Cold War years and immigration from the British Isles was mostly to Havana and Pinar del Rio Province There is also a small European Jewish community Sub Saharan African Edit Main article Afro Cubans The Afro Cuban population was 9 3 in the 2012 Census of Cuba Just about 1 3 million Cubans described themselves as black 18 Thus a significant proportion of those living on the island affirm some sub Saharan African ancestry The matter is further complicated by the fact that a fair number of people still locate their origins in specific African ethnic groups or regions particularly the Akan Yoruba or Lucumi Igbo and Congo but also Arara Carabali Mandingo Fula Makua and others Based on genetic testing in 2014 the average African European and Native American ancestry in those self reporting to be negro Black was 65 5 African 29 European ancestry and 5 5 Native American or other ancestry 23 Although Afro Cubans can be found throughout Cuba Eastern Cuba has a higher concentration of Blacks than other parts of the island and Havana has the largest population of blacks of any city in Cuba citation needed In Cuba there is an Afro Gypsy population 24 Multiracial Edit In the 2012 Census of Cuba 26 6 2 97 million of the Cubans self identified as mulatto or mestizo citation needed Prior to the 20th century majority of the Cuban population was of mixed race descent to varying degrees with pure Spaniards or criollos being a significant minority Between 1902 and 1933 some 750 000 Spaniards migrated to Cuba from Europe which changed the racial demographics of the region rapidly Many of the newly arrived Spanish migrants did not intermix with the native Cuban population unlike the earlier colonial settlers and conquistadors who intermixed with Tainos and Africans at large scale rates Self identified white Cubans with colonial roots on the island usually have Amerindian and or African admixture to varying degrees as well as self identified black Cubans with colonial roots having varying degrees of European and or Amerindian admixture East Asian Edit Main article Chinese Cubans Officially called amarilla yellow in English in the Cuban census 25 Cubans of East Asian origins made up 1 02 of the population in the 2002 Census of Cuba They are primarily made up of Chinese descendants who came as indentured laborers in the 19th century to build railroads and work in mines Historically Chinese descendants in Cuba were once classified as white 26 After the Industrial Revolution many of these laborers stayed in Cuba because they could not afford return passage to China citation needed Amerindian Edit Of the Tainos the number of people claiming descent have not been formally recorded Most however live on the eastern part of the island notably in Granma Guantanamo and Las Tunas The intermixing between European settlers and the native Taino was prevalent in the early colonial era and left behind an undercounted amount of descendants According to a 2018 genome wide data study the eastern region of the island had an average Native American ancestry contribution of 10 as compared to an average of 5 in the rest of the island 27 Additionally many North American Indians living in Spanish missions in Georgia and Florida were evacuated to Spanish Cuba along with the fleeing Spanish settlers following the loss of Spanish Florida As a result descendants of the Calusa Tequesta Timucua and other now extinct indigenous peoples of Florida are now assimilated into the mainstream Cuban population comprising part of Cuba s Amerindian genetic makeup Intermarriage between diverse groups is so general as to be the rule 28 Population changes EditCuba s birth rate 9 88 births per thousand population in 2006 29 is one of the lowest in the Western Hemisphere Its overall population has increased continuously from around 7 million in 1961 to over 11 million now but the rate of increase has stopped in the last few decades and has recently turned to a decrease with the Cuban government in 2006 reporting the first drop in the population since the Mariel boatlift Immigration and emigration have had noticeable effects on the demographic profile of Cuba during the 20th century Between 1900 and 1930 close to a million Spaniards arrived from Spain Since 1959 over a million Cubans have left the island primarily to Miami Florida where a vocal well educated and economically successful exile community exists Cuban American lobby 30 Genetics EditAn autosomal study from 2014 found the genetic ancestry in Cuba to be 72 European 20 African and 8 Amerindian 23 This study was of Cubans in Cuba not the Cuban exile community in United States or other parts of the world who may have different genetic profiles Of note there is high variability between regions within Cuba with individuals from Western provinces having higher European ancestry on average and those in the Eastern region having more African and Native American genetic contribution 27 Cuban genealogy has become a rising interest for Cubans in the last 15 years citation needed A 1995 study done on the population of Pinar del Rio found that 50 of the Mt DNA lineages female lineages could be traced back to Europeans 46 to Africans and 3 to Americans This figure is consistent with both the historical background of the region and the current demographics of it According to another study in 2008 regarding the geographical origin attributed to each mtDNA haplogroup 55 of the sequences found in Cubans are of West Eurasian origin namely Europe and the Middle East and 45 of African origin 31 Regarding Y chromosome haplogroups male lineages 78 8 of the sequences found in Cubans are of West Eurasian origin 19 7 of African origin and 1 5 of East Asian origin Among the West Eurasian fraction the vast majority of individuals belong to West European haplogroup R1b The African lineages found in Cubans have a Western haplogroups E1 E2 E1b1a and Northern E1b1b M81 African origin The North African haplogroup E1b1b1b E M81 is found at a frequency of 6 1 31 According to Fregel et al 2009 the fact that autochthonous male E M81 and female U6 lineages from the Canaries have been detected in Cuba and Iberoamerica demonstrates that Canary Islanders with indigenous Guanche ancestors actively participated in the American colonization 32 Cubans abroad EditThe United States has the largest number of Cubans outside Cuba As of 2019 the United States Census Bureau s American Community Survey showed a total population of 1 359 990 Cubans 3 As of 2015 68 of Cuban born residents of the United States have naturalized 33 automatically losing their Cuban citizenship 34 Significant populations of Cubans exist in the cities of Hialeah and Miami in Florida 995 439 Cubans in this state in 2017 and in Texas 60 381 New Jersey 44 974 California 35 364 New York 26 875 and Illinois 22 541 35 The second largest Cuban diaspora is in Spain As of 2019 there were 151 423 Cubans in Spain 4 Smaller numbers of Cubans live in Uruguay 6 Italy Mexico and Canada 36 After the founding of the republic in 1902 a considerable migration over 1 million arrived from the Iberian peninsula to the island between them were more than a few former Spanish soldiers who participated in the wars and yet it never created an obstacle for the respect and affection of Cubans who have always been proud of their origins 37 In December 2008 Spain began accepting citizenship applications from the descendants of people who went into exile after its brutal 1936 39 Civil War part of a 2007 law meant to address the painful legacy of the conflict This new Historical Memory Law has granted to more than 140 000 Cubans of Spanish ancestry the Spanish citizenship and there were 143 048 Cubans with Spanish citizenship in Cuba and 93 004 in Spain on January 1 2019 4 Under the law the descendants had until December 2011 to present themselves at the Spanish embassy in their home country and turn in documentation that proves their parents or grandparents fled Spain between 1936 and 1955 They did not need to relinquish their current citizenship 38 39 History EditMain article History of Cuba Royal Palm Hotel Havana entrance ca 1930 Public transportation in Cuba during the Special Period 1991 2000 The first people known to have inhabited Cuba was the Siboney an Amerindian people They were followed by another Amerindian people the Taino who were the main population both of Cuba and other islands in The Antilles when Christopher Columbus first sighted the island in 1492 He claimed the islands for Spain and Cuba became a Spanish colony It was to remain so until 1902 apart from a brief occupation by Britain in 1762 before being returned in exchange for Florida Towards the end of the 19th century Spain had lost most of its American possessions and a series of rebellions had shaken Cuba This combined with calls for annexation of Cuba in the United States led to the Spanish American War and in 1902 Cuba gained formal independence citation needed During the first decades of the 20th century USA interests were dominant and in Cuba leading to large influence over the island This ended in 1959 when de facto leader Fulgencio Batista was ousted by revolutionaries led by Fidel Castro Quickly deteriorating relations with the US led to Cuba s alliance with the Soviet Union and Castro s transformation of Cuba into a declared socialist republic Cuban soldiers were sent overseas to fight in the Angolan Civil War and Ogaden War in the 1970s 1980s Castro remained in power until 2008 first as Prime Minister then from 1976 as President of Cuba Fidel was succeeded by his brother Raul Castro citation needed Culture and traditions Edit A woman smoking a cigar in Old Havana This section possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed October 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message Main article Culture of Cuba The culture of Cuba reflects the island s influences from various cultures primarily European Spanish Taino and African One of the most distinctive parts of Cuban culture is Cuban music and dancing being well known far outside the country Well known Hispanic music styles such as mambo salsa rumba cha cha cha bolero and son originated in Cuba The origins of much of Cuban music can be found in the mix of Spanish and West African music while American musical elements such as trombones and big band were also significant elements in the formation of Cuban music Cuban literature includes some of the most well known names of the islands such as writer and independence hero Jose Marti in the late 19th century More contemporary Cuban authors include Daina Chaviano Pedro Juan Gutierrez Antonio Orlando Rodriguez Zoe Valdes and Leonardo Padura Fuentes citation needed The Spanish language is spoken by virtually all Cubans on the island itself Cuban Spanish is characterized by the reduction of several consonants a feature that it shares with other dialects of Caribbean Spanish as well as the Canary Islands Many Cuban Americans while remaining fluent in Spanish use American English as one of their daily languages citation needed Religion EditMain article Religion in Cuba Religion in Cuba 2010 16 Catholicism 60 Protestantism and other Christians 5 Others African Religious 11 Non religious 24 Cuba s prevailing religion is Roman Catholicism although in some instances it is profoundly modified and influenced through syncretism A common syncretic religion is Santeria which combined the Yoruba religion of the African slaves with some Catholicism it shows similarities to Brazilian Umbanda and has been receiving a degree of official support citation needed The Roman Catholic Church estimates that 60 percent of the population is Catholic 40 with 10 percent attending mass regularly 41 while independent sources estimate that as few 1 5 percent of Catholics do so 42 Membership in Protestant churches is estimated to be 5 percent and includes Baptists Pentecostals Seventh day Adventists Presbyterians Episcopal Church of Cuba Episcopalians Methodists Religious Society of Friends Quakers and Lutherans Other groups include the Greek Orthodox Church the Russian Orthodox Church Jehovah s Witnesses Hindus Muslims Buddhists Jews Bahaʼis and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints Mormons The Havana Cathedral Cuba is home to a variety of syncretic religions of largely African cultural origin According to a US State Department report 40 some sources estimate that as much as 80 percent of the population consults with practitioners of religions with West African roots such as Santeria or Yoruba Santeria developed out of the traditions of the Yoruba one of the African peoples who were imported to Cuba during the 16th through 19th centuries to work on the sugar plantations Santeria blends elements of Christianity and West African beliefs and as such made it possible for the slaves to retain their traditional beliefs while appearing to practice Catholicism La Virgen de la Caridad del Cobre Our Lady Of Charity is the Catholic patroness of Cuba and is greatly revered by the Cuban people and seen as a symbol of Cuba In Santeria she has been syncretized with the goddess Ochun The important religious festival La Virgen de la Caridad del Cobre is celebrated by Cubans annually on 8 September Other religions practised are Palo Monte and Abakua which have large parts of their liturgy in African languages Influence of the Canary Islands EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed October 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message Main article Cuban Spanish Many words in traditional Cuban Spanish can be traced to those of the Spanish spoken in the Canary Islands Many Canary Islanders emigrated to Cuba and had one of the largest parts in the formation of the Cuban dialect and accent There are also many elements from other areas of Spain such as Andalucian Galician Asturian Catalan as well as some African influence Cuban Spanish is very close to Canarian Spanish Canarian emigration has been going on for centuries to Cuba and were also very numerous in emigration of the 19th and 20th centuries citation needed Through cross emigration of Canarians and Cubans many of the customs of Canarians have become Cuban traditions and vice versa The music of Cuba has become part of the Canarian culture as well such as mambo salsa son and punto Cubano Because of Cuban emigration to the Canary Islands the dish moros y cristianos black beans and rice mixed together with traditional spices different from frijoles negros which is a thick black bean soup served over white rice also known as simply moros can be found as one of the foods of the Canary Islands especially the island of La Palma Canary Islanders were the driving force in the cigar industry in Cuba and were called Vegueros Many of the big cigar factories in Cuba were owned by Canary Islanders After the Castro revolution many Cubans and returning Canarians settled in the Canary islands among them were many cigar factory owners such as the Garcia family The cigar business made its way to the Canary Islands from Cuba and now the Canary Islands are one of the places that are known for cigars alongside Cuba Dominican Republic Nicaragua and Honduras The island of La Palma has the greatest Cuban influence out of all seven islands Also La Palma has the closest Canarian accent to the Cuban accent due to the most Cuban emigration to that island citation needed Many of the typical Cuban replacements for standard Spanish vocabulary stem from Canarian lexicon For example guagua bus differs from standard Spanish autobus the former originated in the Canaries and is an onomatopoeia stemming from the sound of a Klaxon horn wah wah The term of endearment socio is from the Canary Islands An example of Canarian usage for a Spanish word is the verb fajarse 43 to fight In standard Spanish the verb would be pelearse while fajar exists as a non reflexive verb related to the hemming of a skirt Cuban Spanish shows strong heritage to the Spanish of the Canary Islands Many names for food items come from the Canary Islands as well The Cuban sauce mojo is based on the mojos of the Canary Islands where the mojo was invented Also Canarian ropa vieja is the father to Cuban ropa vieja through Canarian emigration Gofio is a Canarian food also known by Cubans along with many other kinds citation needed Symbols Edit Coat of arms of Cuba The flag of Cuba is red white and blue and was first adopted by Narciso Lopez on a suggestion by the poet Miguel Teurbe Tolon The design incorporates three blue stripes representing the three provinces of the time Oriente Centro and Occidente and two white stripes symbolizing the purity of the patriotic cause The red triangle stands for the blood shed to free the nation The white star in the triangle stands for independence 44 See also Edit Cuba portalCuban nationality law Afro Hispanic Cuban Americans Cuban British Cuban exile Cuban Spanish Cubans in Italy Cuba United States relations History of Cuban Nationality Hispanics List of Cubans List of Cuban Americans Spanish American White Hispanic Taino Cuban migration to Miami Cuban immigration to the United States Cuban Mexicans Cuban cuisineReferences Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to People of Cuba http www onei gob cu node 13815 in Spanish Retrieved 2 July 2022 Basic Facts Census gov Retrieved 2022 12 10 a b Census table data census gov 1 July 2021 Retrieved 2022 12 10 a b c Instituto Nacional de Estadistica National Statistics Institute ine es Imigrantes internacionais registrados no Brasil www nepo unicamp br Archived from the original on 2020 10 19 Retrieved 2022 08 28 a b Penton Mario J 13 February 2020 Uruguay quiere atraer a cubanos y venezolanos y lo esta logrando El Nuevo Herald in Spanish Retrieved 1 December 2020 https www150 statcan gc ca t1 tbl1 en tv action pid 9810030201 Retrieved 18 January 2023 Canada Census Profile 2021 Census Profile 2021 Census Statistics Canada Statistique Canada 7 May 2021 Retrieved 3 January 2023 https www ine cl prensa 2020 03 12 seg C3 BAn estimaciones la cantidad de personas extranjeras residentes habituales en chile bordea los 1 5 millones al 31 de diciembre de 2019 Estimacion de Poblacion Extranjera en Chile al 31 de diciembre de 2019 Source INE de Chile Retrieved 26 August 2022 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Cuba Emigrantes totales Datosmacro expansion com Datosmacro Retrieved 13 July 2021 Place of Birth for the Foreign Born Population in Puerto Rico data census gov 1 July 2021 Retrieved 10 December 2022 Anzahl der Auslander in Deutschland nach Herkunftsland De statista com 31 December 2017 Retrieved 2022 08 26 Table QS213EW 2011 Census Country of birth expanded regions in England and Wales Office for National Statistics 26 March 2013 Retrieved 10 July 2016 Country of birth detailed PDF National Records of Scotland Retrieved 10 July 2016 Country of Birth Full Detail QS206NI Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency Archived from the original XLS on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 10 July 2016 a b RELIGION IN CUBA Prolades com Retrieved 9 August 2017 Central America Cuba The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency cia gov 18 October 2021 a b c Official 2012 Census PDF One cu Archived from the original PDF on 2014 06 03 Retrieved 2017 08 09 a b 2012 Official Census Province City and ethnic group PDF One cu Archived from the original PDF on 2016 03 25 Retrieved 2017 08 09 Cifras censales comparadas 1899 1953 PDF One cu p 189 Archived from the original PDF on 2019 10 29 Retrieved 2017 08 09 Fernandez Nadine T 18 February 2010 Romance Interracial Couples in Contemporary Cuba ISBN 9780813549231 Retrieved April 4 2020 El Color de la Piel segun el Censo de Poblacion y Viviendas PDF Cuba Statistics and Information pp 17 18 Archived from the original PDF on 21 January 2022 Retrieved 8 February 2022 a b c Marcheco Teruel Beatriz Parra Esteban J Fuentes Smith Evelyn Salas Antonio Buttenschon Henriette N Demontis Ditte Torres Espanol Maria Marin Padron Lilia C Gomez Cabezas Enrique J Alvarez Iglesias Vanesa Mosquera Miguel Ana Martinez Fuentes Antonio Carracedo Angel Borglum Anders D Mors Ole 24 July 2014 Cuba Exploring the History of Admixture and the Genetic Basis of Pigmentation Using Autosomal and Uniparental Markers PLOS Genetics 10 7 e1004488 doi 10 1371 journal pgen 1004488 PMC 4109857 PMID 25058410 Rodriguez Junius P August 8 1997 The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery ABC CLIO ISBN 9780874368857 via Google Books El Color de la Piel segun el Censo de Poblacion y Viviendas PDF Cuba Statistics and Information pp 8 17 18 Archived from the original PDF on 21 January 2022 Retrieved 8 February 2022 Report on the Census of Cuba Census of Cuba 1899 Digital tcl sc edu p 81 Retrieved 8 February 2022 a b Fortes Lima Cesar Bybjerg Grauholm Jonas Marin Padron Lilia Caridad Gomez Cabezas Enrique Javier Baekvad Hansen Marie Hansen Christine Soholm Phuong Le Hougaard David Michael Verdu Paul Mors Ole Parra Esteban J Marcheco Teruel Beatriz 30 July 2018 Exploring Cuba s population structure and demographic history using genome wide data Scientific Reports 8 8 11422 Bibcode 2018NatSR 811422F doi 10 1038 s41598 018 29851 3 PMC 6065444 PMID 30061702 Pedraza Silvia 17 September 2007 Political Disaffection in Cuba s Revolution and Exodus ISBN 9780521867870 Population birth rate falling in Cuba Official thepeninsulaqatar com Reuters 17 May 2007 Archived from the original on 26 September 2007 Quinones Rolando Garcia International Migrations in Cuba persisting trends and changes Technical Corporation Archived from the original on 20 August 2006 Retrieved 9 July 2006 a b Mendizabal Isabel Sandoval Karla Berniell Lee Gemma Calafell Francesc Salas Antonio Martinez Fuentes Antonio Comas David 2008 Genetic origin admixture and asymmetry in maternal and paternal human lineages in Cuba BMC Evolutionary Biology 8 213 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 8 213 PMC 2492877 PMID 18644108 Fregel Rosa Gomes VeroNica Gusmao Leonor Gonzalez Ana M Cabrera Vicente M Amorim Antonio Larruga Jose M 2009 Demographic history of Canary Islands male gene pool replacement of native lineages by European BMC Evolutionary Biology 9 181 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 9 181 PMC 2728732 PMID 19650893 Gonzalez Barrera Ana Krogstad Jens Manuel January 18 2018 Naturalization rate among U S immigrants up since 2005 with India among the biggest gainers Pew Research Center Constitucion de la Republica de Cuba 1992 PDF ACNUR Articulo 32 Los cubanos no podran ser privados de su ciudadania salvo por causas legalmente establecidas Tampoco podran ser privados del derecho a cambiar de esta No se admitira la doble ciudadania En consecuencia cuando se adquiera una ciudadania extranjera se perdera la cubana La ley establece el procedimiento a seguir para la formalizacion de la perdida de la ciudadania y las autoridades facultadas para idirlo English translation Dual citizenship will not be admitted Consequently when foreign citizenship is acquired Cuban citizenship will be lost Bureau U S Census U S Census website United States Census Bureau Retrieved 2019 09 19 Government of Canada Statistics Canada February 8 2017 Census Profile 2016 Census Canada Country and Canada Country www12 statcan gc ca Espinosa Chepe Oscar 2007 12 01 Cuba and Spain Relations and Contradictions Archived from the original on 2009 02 11 Retrieved 2009 06 09 500 000 New Citizens for Spain Time 29 December 2008 Archived from the original on July 15 2010 Over 400 Cubans line up for Spanish citizenship Cleveland com 30 December 2008 Retrieved 2017 08 09 a b International Religious Freedom Report 2009 Cuba US State Department October 2009 Archived from the original on 2009 11 30 Retrieved 2010 07 16 Comunidades de Fe en Cuba Primera parte de la serie de fondo de WOLA sobre la religion en Cuba Wola org in Spanish Retrieved 2017 08 09 La Pampa Cada uno en lo suyo con coincidencias y discrepancias Laarena com ar Retrieved 2017 08 09 fajar at Diccionario de la Real Academia Espanola Carlos Marquez Sterling Manuel Marquez Sterling 1975 Historia de la isla de Cuba p 77 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cubans amp oldid 1136533113, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.