fbpx
Wikipedia

Cuban–American lobby

November 23, 2023

The Cuban–American lobby describes those various groups of Cuban exiles in the United States and their descendants who have historically influenced the United States' policy toward Cuba. In general usage, this refers to anti-Castro groups.

History and formation edit

The Cuban–American lobby was formed by Cuban expatriates during migratory waves throughout the latter half of the twentieth century. In the 1960s, many Cubans left the island due to fear of revolutionary communist reforms. They were often white, wealthy, and/or supporters of the Fulgencio Batista dictatorship.[1] Many Cuban expatriates followed family and friends to the U.S. and built a "second Havana" in Miami, although the concentration of Cubans in Miami has been heavily diluted in recent decades by subsequent immigrant influx from other Latin American countries. Hardships in Cuba during the 1980s and 1990s also encouraged expatriation motivated by economic prospects in the United States. The ideological makeup of the lobby shifted drastically after Raúl Castro lifted travel restrictions in 2013. The group constituting the resulting exodus has been young and much more moderate than earlier groups.

Makeup of the lobby edit

The Cuban–American lobby is usually seen to be anti-Castro and recognizing the Cuban government as repressive, although it has become much more moderate since the late 1990s. However, the most influential organizations and politicians within the political sector of the lobby are still conservative. They advocate for punitive maintenance of the embargo unless Cuba privatizes its economy.[2][3] The most notable organization with this viewpoint is the Cuban American National Foundation. Other organizations advocate for an easing or lifting of the embargo before or regardless of whether Cuba changes its government structure and policies.

The academic circles within the lobby, though not monolithic in opinion, generally believe that the U.S. and Cuba should more readily exchange scientific information and advances. Some organizations within the intellectual wing of the Cuba lobby advocate for travel as a human right, and have affected change on U.S. travel policies towards Cuba.[4]

Business interest lobbies often advocate for lifting the embargo to increase trade between the two nations. They believe trade with Cuba would be beneficial for the U.S. economy, and usually point to financial reasons for their stance.[4] Lobbies outside the Cuban-American community have also advocated for liberalization of trade between the two nations, most notably the agribusiness lobby.[1]

Political influence edit

In the 1980s, most Cuban expatriate interest groups were only active in southern Florida. These groups were splintered and their voice was poorly organized. The lobby became more powerful after many organizations pledged to change the inner workings of Cuban government, as powers within the U.S. government shared the same objective. The Reagan administration strongly supported the Cuban American National Foundation (CANF), which formed the month the president took office.[2] The lobby built institutional ties with the administration through their ideological sameness, giving conservative Cuban-American groups growing influence and increasingly early access to information through the 1980s.
Organizations within the lobby have affected public policy by collaborating with both Republican and Democratic lawmakers. One of the most notable collaborations occurred in 1992 between the Cuban American National Foundation and Democrat Robert Torricelli. Torricelli, whose liberal views on the embargo characterized his early career, sought election campaign funds from the CANF. He adopted a stronger anti-Castro, pro-embargo stance, secured CANF funds, and was reelected to Congress.[1] Torricelli subsequently sponsored the Cuban Democracy Act, often referred to as the Torricelli Act, which was signed into law by President George H. W. Bush in 1992.

The conservative lobby's influence waned when Jorge Mas Canosa, founder of the Cuban American National Foundation, died in 1997. The international custody case of Elián González, which lasted from November 1999 to June 2000, also had negative effects on conservative influence within the Cuban-American community. The rise of moderate and liberal influence within the community are often partially attributed to Canosa's death and González's repatriation into Cuba.[1]
While still influential, the Cuba lobby appears to be weakening due to dissenting opinions within groups.[5] Younger Cuban-Americans are more likely to be open-minded regarding relations between the two countries and the lifting of the embargo.

Rising influence of moderate voices allowed room for the agribusiness lobby to push for reforms that softened the embargo. The lobby campaigned for the Trade Sanction Reform and Export Enhancement Act of 2000, with success partially due to conflict within the Cuban-American community after the death of Canosa and the case of Elián González. The law allowed for the trade of some agricultural and medical goods between the two nations.[1] A more persuasive reason for the agribusiness lobby's success and the rise of moderate and liberal voices is the recent economic reforms instituted by Raúl Castro. For instance, the proportion of state-owned agricultural land has fallen from 75% in 1992 to 20.7% in 2012.[1]

Effect of the lobby's campaign contributions edit

A logistic regression model analyzed Congress members' attitudes towards two nearly identical pieces of pro-embargo legislation before and after receiving campaign funds from the Cuban–American lobby groups. Trevor Rubenzer found that pro-embargo PAC contributions had a statistically significant effect on Representatives' likelihood to adopt a pro-embargo stance.[6]

Effect of the lobby on presidential elections edit

During election years between 1992 and 2004, policy regarding Cuba and the embargo followed the hard-line exiles' agenda during presidential election years. During non-election years, any legislation implemented during election years was either nullified or not enforced. Embargo-related legislature became more conservative in presidential years, and less conservative in non-election years.[7]
The lobby typically becomes more successful during presidential election years, as Cuban Americans live in the largest swing state in the U.S. Florida accounts for one-tenth of electoral college votes, and the winner-take-all electoral college system makes Cuban votes in the swing state all the more critical to presidential elections.[7]

Organizations edit

Cuban Americans in the United States Congress edit

Ten Cuban Americans currently serve in the United States Congress.

  •  
  •  
  •  
    • Ted Cruz, U.S. Senator from Texas (2013–present)

Three United States Senators:

Seven are United States Representatives:

Former Congresspeople:

Cuban Americans in state government edit

Many Cuban-Americans have been elected to office at a state level, especially in Florida. New Jersey also elects many Cubans to state-level positions, though there is only a small concentration of Cubans in Union City, Elizabeth, and Newark.

  •  

    Lt.Governor of Florida Carlos Lopez-Cantera

  •  

    Anitere Flores, Florida Senate, Majority Whip

Florida edit

New Jersey edit

Current edit

  • Angelica Jimenez, Democrat, Member of the New Jersey General Assembly from the 32nd Legislative District (2012–present)

Former edit

  • Marlene Caride, Democrat, Member of the New Jersey General Assembly from the 36th Legislative District (2012-2018)
  • Rafael Fraguela, Democrat and Republican (from April to December 2003), Member of the New Jersey General Assembly from the 32nd Legislative District (2002-2004)
  • Vincent Prieto, Democrat, Speaker of the New Jersey General Assembly (2014–2018), Member of the New Jersey General Assembly from the 32nd Legislative District (2004–2018)
  • Caridad Rodriguez, Democrat, Member of the New Jersey General Assembly from the 33rd Legislative District (2008-2011)

Connecticut edit

  • Art Linares, Republican, Westbrook, Member of the Connecticut State Senate from the 33rd district (2013-2019)

Nevada edit

  • Moises “Mo” Denis, Democrat, Member of the Nevada Senate from the 2nd district

Cuban Americans in executive and judicial roles edit

Eduardo Aguirre (R) served as Vice Chairman of the Export-Import Bank of the United States in the George W. Bush administration and later named Director of Immigration and Naturalization Services under the Department of Homeland Security. In 2006, Eduardo Aguirre was named US ambassador to Spain. Cuban Americans have also served other high-profile government jobs including White House Chief of Staff John H. Sununu.

Florida-based businessman and Cuban exile Elviro Sanchez made his multimillion-dollar fortune by investing the proceeds of his family's fruit plantations. He is one of the most low-profile philanthropists in the Southern States.

Cuban-Americans also serve in high-ranking judicial positions as well.

Cubans in public service with United States federal government edit

Other politically active Cuban Americans edit

Politically active Cuban authors and academics edit

  • Frank Calzón, Executive Director of Center for a Free Cuba.[8]
  • Antonio de la Cova, academic
  • Carlos Eire, T. Lawrason Riggs Professor of History and Religious Studies at Yale University and author of Waiting for Snow in Havana
  • Andy García author, actor, producer, director
  • Rafael Román Martel poet, journalist
  • Ricardo Pau-Llosa, poet and pioneering critic and curator of modern Latin American art
  • Enrique Ros, prolific author on historical topics
  • Dr. Eduardo J. Padron, President, Miami Dade College, American Council on Education – Innovator of the Year, Children's Hero Award, Hispanic Achievement Award in Education
  • Mirta Ojito, Pulitzer Prize Winner, Professor, Columbia University School of Journalism, Author, “Finding Mañana”, American Society of Newspaper Editors Award-winning journalist
  • Gustavo Perez Firmat, Feinson Professor of Humanities, Columbia University, Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Award-winning author and poet
  • Orlando Gutierrez-Boronat, Former Professor of Political Science, Director of The Cuban Assembly of Resistance

Spanish Language Media edit

  • Ninoska Pérez Castellón, prominent Cuban-American radio and television talk show host on Radio Mambi 710 AM
  • Lourdes D’Kendall, prominent Cuban-American radio talk show host on Radio Mambi 710 AM
  • Armando Perez-Roura, prominent Cuban-American radio talk show host, former director of Radio Mambi 710 AM, now on La Poderosa 670 AM
  • Martha Flores, prominent Cuban-American radio talk show host on Radio Mambi 710 AM
  • Tomas Garcia Fuste, prominent Cuban radio and television talk show host
  • Rey Anthony, third-generation Cuban-American radio talk show host on Actualidad Radio 1020/1040 AM
  • Lourdes Ubieta, prominent Venezuelan-born Cuban-American radio talk show host on Actualidad Radio 1020/1040 AM
  • Agustín Acosta, prominent Cuban-American radio talk show host on Actualidad Radio 1020/1040 AM

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f Koçak, Canberk (2017). "Interest Groups and U.S. Foreign Policy towards Cuba: the Restoration of Capitalism in Cuba and the Changing Interest Group Politics". Class, Race and Corporate Power. 4 (2). doi:10.25148/CRCP.4.2.001664. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
  2. ^ a b Haney, Patrick J. (June 1999). "The Role of Ethnic Interest Groups in U.S. Foreign Policy: The Case of the Cuban American National Foundation". International Studies Quarterly. 43 (2): 341–361. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00123. JSTOR 2600759.
  3. ^ "Cuban Democracy Act of 1992". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on August 5, 2012.[verification needed]
  4. ^ a b https://Horowitz, Irving Louis (Autumn 1998). "The Cuba Lobby Then and Now". Orbis. 42 (4): 553–563. doi:10.1016/S0030-4387(98)80005-7.
  5. ^ Lindsay, James M. (December 2002). "Getting Uncle Sam's Ear: Will Ethnic Lobbies Cramp America's Foreign Policy Style". Brookings.edu. Brookings. Retrieved February 10, 2018./
  6. ^ Rubenzer, Trevor (October 2010). "Campaign Contributions and U.S. Foreign Policy Outcomes: An Analysis of Cuban American Interests". American Journal of Political Science. 55 (1): 105–116. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00483.x.
  7. ^ a b Susan Eckstein (May 2015). Díaz Balsera, Viviana; May, Rachel A (eds.). How Cubans Transformed Florida Politic and Leveraged Local for National Influence. University Press Scholarship Online. doi:10.5744/florida/9780813060118.001.0001. ISBN 9780813060118.
  8. ^ . Center for a Free Cuba. January 31, 2009. Archived from the original on January 31, 2009. Retrieved March 15, 2018.

External links edit

  • Anti-Castro Politicians Frozen Out as U.S. Eases Island's Isolation by Daniel Dombey, Financial Times, June 3, 2009

November 23, 2023
cuban, american, lobby, describes, those, various, groups, cuban, exiles, united, states, their, descendants, have, historically, influenced, united, states, policy, toward, cuba, general, usage, this, refers, anti, castro, groups, contents, history, formation. The Cuban American lobby describes those various groups of Cuban exiles in the United States and their descendants who have historically influenced the United States policy toward Cuba In general usage this refers to anti Castro groups Contents 1 History and formation 2 Makeup of the lobby 3 Political influence 3 1 Effect of the lobby s campaign contributions 3 2 Effect of the lobby on presidential elections 4 Organizations 5 Cuban Americans in the United States Congress 6 Cuban Americans in state government 6 1 Florida 6 2 New Jersey 6 2 1 Current 6 2 2 Former 6 3 Connecticut 6 4 Nevada 7 Cuban Americans in executive and judicial roles 8 Cubans in public service with United States federal government 9 Other politically active Cuban Americans 10 Politically active Cuban authors and academics 11 Spanish Language Media 12 See also 13 References 14 External linksHistory and formation editThe Cuban American lobby was formed by Cuban expatriates during migratory waves throughout the latter half of the twentieth century In the 1960s many Cubans left the island due to fear of revolutionary communist reforms They were often white wealthy and or supporters of the Fulgencio Batista dictatorship 1 Many Cuban expatriates followed family and friends to the U S and built a second Havana in Miami although the concentration of Cubans in Miami has been heavily diluted in recent decades by subsequent immigrant influx from other Latin American countries Hardships in Cuba during the 1980s and 1990s also encouraged expatriation motivated by economic prospects in the United States The ideological makeup of the lobby shifted drastically after Raul Castro lifted travel restrictions in 2013 The group constituting the resulting exodus has been young and much more moderate than earlier groups Makeup of the lobby editThe Cuban American lobby is usually seen to be anti Castro and recognizing the Cuban government as repressive although it has become much more moderate since the late 1990s However the most influential organizations and politicians within the political sector of the lobby are still conservative They advocate for punitive maintenance of the embargo unless Cuba privatizes its economy 2 3 The most notable organization with this viewpoint is the Cuban American National Foundation Other organizations advocate for an easing or lifting of the embargo before or regardless of whether Cuba changes its government structure and policies The academic circles within the lobby though not monolithic in opinion generally believe that the U S and Cuba should more readily exchange scientific information and advances Some organizations within the intellectual wing of the Cuba lobby advocate for travel as a human right and have affected change on U S travel policies towards Cuba 4 Business interest lobbies often advocate for lifting the embargo to increase trade between the two nations They believe trade with Cuba would be beneficial for the U S economy and usually point to financial reasons for their stance 4 Lobbies outside the Cuban American community have also advocated for liberalization of trade between the two nations most notably the agribusiness lobby 1 Political influence editIn the 1980s most Cuban expatriate interest groups were only active in southern Florida These groups were splintered and their voice was poorly organized The lobby became more powerful after many organizations pledged to change the inner workings of Cuban government as powers within the U S government shared the same objective The Reagan administration strongly supported the Cuban American National Foundation CANF which formed the month the president took office 2 The lobby built institutional ties with the administration through their ideological sameness giving conservative Cuban American groups growing influence and increasingly early access to information through the 1980s Organizations within the lobby have affected public policy by collaborating with both Republican and Democratic lawmakers One of the most notable collaborations occurred in 1992 between the Cuban American National Foundation and Democrat Robert Torricelli Torricelli whose liberal views on the embargo characterized his early career sought election campaign funds from the CANF He adopted a stronger anti Castro pro embargo stance secured CANF funds and was reelected to Congress 1 Torricelli subsequently sponsored the Cuban Democracy Act often referred to as the Torricelli Act which was signed into law by President George H W Bush in 1992 The conservative lobby s influence waned when Jorge Mas Canosa founder of the Cuban American National Foundation died in 1997 The international custody case of Elian Gonzalez which lasted from November 1999 to June 2000 also had negative effects on conservative influence within the Cuban American community The rise of moderate and liberal influence within the community are often partially attributed to Canosa s death and Gonzalez s repatriation into Cuba 1 While still influential the Cuba lobby appears to be weakening due to dissenting opinions within groups 5 Younger Cuban Americans are more likely to be open minded regarding relations between the two countries and the lifting of the embargo Rising influence of moderate voices allowed room for the agribusiness lobby to push for reforms that softened the embargo The lobby campaigned for the Trade Sanction Reform and Export Enhancement Act of 2000 with success partially due to conflict within the Cuban American community after the death of Canosa and the case of Elian Gonzalez The law allowed for the trade of some agricultural and medical goods between the two nations 1 A more persuasive reason for the agribusiness lobby s success and the rise of moderate and liberal voices is the recent economic reforms instituted by Raul Castro For instance the proportion of state owned agricultural land has fallen from 75 in 1992 to 20 7 in 2012 1 Effect of the lobby s campaign contributions edit A logistic regression model analyzed Congress members attitudes towards two nearly identical pieces of pro embargo legislation before and after receiving campaign funds from the Cuban American lobby groups Trevor Rubenzer found that pro embargo PAC contributions had a statistically significant effect on Representatives likelihood to adopt a pro embargo stance 6 Effect of the lobby on presidential elections edit During election years between 1992 and 2004 policy regarding Cuba and the embargo followed the hard line exiles agenda during presidential election years During non election years any legislation implemented during election years was either nullified or not enforced Embargo related legislature became more conservative in presidential years and less conservative in non election years 7 The lobby typically becomes more successful during presidential election years as Cuban Americans live in the largest swing state in the U S Florida accounts for one tenth of electoral college votes and the winner take all electoral college system makes Cuban votes in the swing state all the more critical to presidential elections 7 Organizations editCenter for a Free Cuba Congressional Cuba Democracy Caucus Cuban American National Foundation Cuban Liberty Council US Cuba Democracy PAC MAR Por CubaCuban Americans in the United States Congress editTen Cuban Americans currently serve in the United States Congress nbsp Marco Rubio U S Senator from Florida 2011 present nbsp Robert Menendez U S Senator from New Jersey 2006 present nbsp Ted Cruz U S Senator from Texas 2013 present Three United States Senators Marco Rubio Republican Florida 2011 present Bob Menendez Democrat New Jersey 2006 present Member of the U S House of Representatives from New Jersey s 13th district 1993 2006 Ted Cruz Republican Texas 2013 present Seven are United States Representatives Rob Menendez Democrat New Jersey s 8th congressional district 2023 present Mario Diaz Balart Republican Florida s 25th congressional district 2003 present Alex Mooney Republican West Virginia s 2nd congressional district 2015 present Carlos A Gimenez Republican Florida s 26th congressional district 2021 present Maria Elvira Salazar Republican Florida s 27th congressional district 2021 present Nicole Malliotakis Republican New York s 11th congressional district 2021 present Former Congresspeople Anthony Gonzalez Republican Ohio s 16th congressional district 2019 2023 Carlos Curbelo Republican Florida s 26th congressional district 2015 2019 Ileana Ros Lehtinen Republican Florida s 27th congressional district 1989 2019 First Cuban American amp First Latina elected to Congress Mel Martinez Republican U S Senator from Florida 2005 2009 Lincoln Diaz Balart Republican Miami U S House of Representatives 1993 2011 David Rivera Republican Miami U S House of Representatives 2011 2013 Joe Garcia Democrat Florida s 26th congressional district 2013 2015 Albio Sires Democrat New Jersey s 8th congressional district 2006 present Cuban Americans in state government editMany Cuban Americans have been elected to office at a state level especially in Florida New Jersey also elects many Cubans to state level positions though there is only a small concentration of Cubans in Union City Elizabeth and Newark nbsp Lt Governor of Florida Carlos Lopez Cantera nbsp Anitere Flores Florida Senate Majority WhipFlorida edit Carlos Lopez Cantera Republican Lieutenant Governor of Florida 2014 2019 Anitere Flores Republican Member of the Florida Senate from the 37th district Rene Garcia Republican Member of the Florida Senate from the 38th district Jose Javier Rodriguez Democrat Member of the Florida Senate from the 37th district Manny Diaz Jr Republican Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 103rd district Bryan Avila Republican Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 111th district Jeanette Nunez Republican Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 119th district Jose R Oliva Republican Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 110th district Mike La Rosa Republican Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 42nd districtNew Jersey edit Current edit Angelica Jimenez Democrat Member of the New Jersey General Assembly from the 32nd Legislative District 2012 present Former edit Marlene Caride Democrat Member of the New Jersey General Assembly from the 36th Legislative District 2012 2018 Rafael Fraguela Democrat and Republican from April to December 2003 Member of the New Jersey General Assembly from the 32nd Legislative District 2002 2004 Vincent Prieto Democrat Speaker of the New Jersey General Assembly 2014 2018 Member of the New Jersey General Assembly from the 32nd Legislative District 2004 2018 Caridad Rodriguez Democrat Member of the New Jersey General Assembly from the 33rd Legislative District 2008 2011 Connecticut edit Art Linares Republican Westbrook Member of the Connecticut State Senate from the 33rd district 2013 2019 Nevada edit Moises Mo Denis Democrat Member of the Nevada Senate from the 2nd districtCuban Americans in executive and judicial roles editEduardo Aguirre R served as Vice Chairman of the Export Import Bank of the United States in the George W Bush administration and later named Director of Immigration and Naturalization Services under the Department of Homeland Security In 2006 Eduardo Aguirre was named US ambassador to Spain Cuban Americans have also served other high profile government jobs including White House Chief of Staff John H Sununu Florida based businessman and Cuban exile Elviro Sanchez made his multimillion dollar fortune by investing the proceeds of his family s fruit plantations He is one of the most low profile philanthropists in the Southern States Cuban Americans also serve in high ranking judicial positions as well Jorge Labarga Chief Justice of the Florida Supreme Court Danny Boggs is currently a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit Raoul G Cantero III served as a Florida Supreme Court justice until stepping down in 2008 Faustino J Fernandez Vina is currently an Associate Justice of the New Jersey Supreme CourtCubans in public service with United States federal government editEduardo Aguirre former United States Ambassador to Spain and Andorra Ana Carbonell Chief of Staff for Representative Lincoln Diaz Balart Mario J Beovides former staff United States Senator Mel Martinez Adolfo A Franco former Assistant Administrator for United States Agency for International Development Latin America and the Caribbean Emilio Gonzalez former United States Army colonel and former director of United States Citizenship and Immigration Service Carlos Gutierrez former Kellogg CEO and former United States Secretary of Commerce Nilda Pedrosa former Chief of Staff for Representative Mario Diaz Balart former Senior Policy Director for Senator Mel Martinez and former Acting Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs 2020 2021 Pedro Pablo Permuy former Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defence for Inter American Affairs under President Bill Clinton former senior aid to Senator Bob Menendez Alberto Piedra former United States Ambassador to Guatemala Hugo Llorens former United States Ambassador to Afghanistan and HondurasOther politically active Cuban Americans editMauricio Claver Carone Washington Director of the US Cuba Democracy PAC Capitol Hill Cubans Blog Sylvia Iriondo President of MAR por Cuba Eugenio Llamera President of La Federacion Mundial de ExPresos Politicos Gus Machado Treasurer of the US Cuba Democracy PAC Remedios Diaz Oliver Prolific Republican GOP fundraiser Jesus Permuy human rights activist and community leader founder of Human Rights Center of Miami and former president of several influential Cuban organizations including Unidad Cubana the Cuban Municipalities in Exile and the Christian Democratic Movement of Cuba Otto Reich former senior official in the administrations of Presidents Ronald Reagan and George W Bush Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs and US Special Envoy to the Western Hemisphere for the Secretary of State in the Bush administration John Suarez Founder of Free Cuba Foundation Armando F Valladares former Cuban prisoner for twenty two years American ambassador to the Human Rights Commission of the UN in Geneva during the administrations of Ronald Reagan and George H W Bush and author of the book testimonial Contra toda esperanza Against All Hope about his life in Cuban jailsPolitically active Cuban authors and academics editThis list is incomplete you can help by adding missing items August 2008 Frank Calzon Executive Director of Center for a Free Cuba 8 Antonio de la Cova academic Carlos Eire T Lawrason Riggs Professor of History and Religious Studies at Yale University and author of Waiting for Snow in Havana Andy Garcia author actor producer director Rafael Roman Martel poet journalist Ricardo Pau Llosa poet and pioneering critic and curator of modern Latin American art Enrique Ros prolific author on historical topics Dr Eduardo J Padron President Miami Dade College American Council on Education Innovator of the Year Children s Hero Award Hispanic Achievement Award in Education Mirta Ojito Pulitzer Prize Winner Professor Columbia University School of Journalism Author Finding Manana American Society of Newspaper Editors Award winning journalist Gustavo Perez Firmat Feinson Professor of Humanities Columbia University Member American Academy of Arts and Sciences Award winning author and poet Orlando Gutierrez Boronat Former Professor of Political Science Director of The Cuban Assembly of ResistanceSpanish Language Media editNinoska Perez Castellon prominent Cuban American radio and television talk show host on Radio Mambi 710 AM Lourdes D Kendall prominent Cuban American radio talk show host on Radio Mambi 710 AM Armando Perez Roura prominent Cuban American radio talk show host former director of Radio Mambi 710 AM now on La Poderosa 670 AM Martha Flores prominent Cuban American radio talk show host on Radio Mambi 710 AM Tomas Garcia Fuste prominent Cuban radio and television talk show host Rey Anthony third generation Cuban American radio talk show host on Actualidad Radio 1020 1040 AM Lourdes Ubieta prominent Venezuelan born Cuban American radio talk show host on Actualidad Radio 1020 1040 AM Agustin Acosta prominent Cuban American radio talk show host on Actualidad Radio 1020 1040 AMSee also edit nbsp Cuba portalCuban American Cuba United States relations Diaspora politics in the United States Ethnic interest groups in the United States Lobbying in the United States Cuban dissident movement Foreign policy interest groupReferences edit a b c d e f Kocak Canberk 2017 Interest Groups and U S Foreign Policy towards Cuba the Restoration of Capitalism in Cuba and the Changing Interest Group Politics Class Race and Corporate Power 4 2 doi 10 25148 CRCP 4 2 001664 Retrieved March 8 2018 a b Haney Patrick J June 1999 The Role of Ethnic Interest Groups in U S Foreign Policy The Case of the Cuban American National Foundation International Studies Quarterly 43 2 341 361 doi 10 1111 0020 8833 00123 JSTOR 2600759 Cuban Democracy Act of 1992 U S Department of State Archived from the original on August 5 2012 verification needed a b https Horowitz Irving Louis Autumn 1998 The Cuba Lobby Then and Now Orbis 42 4 553 563 doi 10 1016 S0030 4387 98 80005 7 Lindsay James M December 2002 Getting Uncle Sam s Ear Will Ethnic Lobbies Cramp America s Foreign Policy Style Brookings edu Brookings Retrieved February 10 2018 Rubenzer Trevor October 2010 Campaign Contributions and U S Foreign Policy Outcomes An Analysis of Cuban American Interests American Journal of Political Science 55 1 105 116 doi 10 1111 j 1540 5907 2010 00483 x a b Susan Eckstein May 2015 Diaz Balsera Viviana May Rachel A eds How Cubans Transformed Florida Politic and Leveraged Local for National Influence University Press Scholarship Online doi 10 5744 florida 9780813060118 001 0001 ISBN 9780813060118 About Us Center for a Free Cuba January 31 2009 Archived from the original on January 31 2009 Retrieved March 15 2018 External links editAnti Castro Politicians Frozen Out as U S Eases Island s Isolation by Daniel Dombey Financial Times June 3 2009 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cuban American lobby amp oldid 1180307265, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.