Peng'im
Peng'im[1] (simplified Chinese: 潮州话拼音方案; traditional Chinese: 潮州話拼音方案: Diê⁵ziu¹uê⁷ Pêng¹im¹ huang¹uan³ (Teochew) Dio⁵ziu¹uê⁷ Pêng¹im¹ huang¹uan³ (Swatow), Pe̍h-ūe-jī : Tiê-chiu-ūe Pheng-im Huang-uàⁿ or Tiô-chiu-ūe Pheng-im Huang-uàⁿ, Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Tiê-chiu-ōe Pheng-im Hoang-òaⁿ or Tiô-chiu-ōe Pheng-im Hoang-òaⁿ) is a Teochew dialect romanization system as a part of Guangdong Romanization published by Guangdong Provincial Education Department in 1960. The tone of this system is based on the Swatow dialect. The system uses the Latin alphabet to transcript pronunciation and numbers to note tones.
Before that, another system called Pe̍h-ūe-jī, which was introduced by the missionaries in 1875, had been widely used. Since Teochew has high phonetic similarity with Hokkien, another Southern Min variety, Pe̍h-ōe-jī and Tai-lo can also be used to transcribe Teochew. The name Peng'im is a transcription of "拼音" using this system.
Contents edit
Alphabet edit
This system uses the Latin alphabet, but does not include f, j, q, v, w, x, or y. ê is the letter e with circumflex.
Initials edit
There are 18 initials. Syllables not starting with consonants are called zero initials.
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voiced(no frictions) | nasal | m [m] 毛 | n [n] 年 | ng [ŋ] 雅 | |
| plosive or lateral | bh [b] 米 | l [l] 來/內 | gh [g] 鵝/牙 | ||
| Voiceless stops | aspirated | p [pʰ] 皮 | t [tʰ] 臺 | k [kʰ] 可 | |
| plain | b [p] 比 | d [t] 都 | g [k] 歌 | [ʔ] | |
| Voiceless affricates | aspirated | c [tsʰ] 菜 | |||
| plain | z [ts] 書 | ||||
| Fricatives | s [s] 士/速 | h [h] 海/系 | |||
| r [(d)z] 爾 | |||||
b and g can also be used as ending consonants.
Finals edit
There are 59 finals :
| Finals of Teochew dialect | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Classes | Open vowel | Mid vowel | Close vowel |
| Open Syllable | i [i] 衣 | u [u] 汙 | |
| a [a] 亞 | ia [ia] 呀 | ua [ua] 娃 | |
| o [o] 窩 | io [io] 腰 | ||
| ê [e] 啞 | uê [ue] 鍋 | ||
| e [ɯ] 余 | |||
| ai [ai] 哀 | uai [uai] 歪 | ||
| oi [oi] 鞋 | ui [ui] 威 | ||
| ao [au] 歐 | |||
| ou [ou] 烏 | iou [iou] 夭 | ||
| iu [iu] 憂 | |||
| Nasal vowel | in [ĩ] 丸 | ||
| an [ã] 噯 | ian [ĩã] 營 | uan [ũã] 鞍 | |
| ion [ĩõ] 羊 | |||
| ên [ẽ] 楹 | |||
| en [ɯ̃] 秧 | |||
| ain [ãĩ] 愛 | |||
| oin [õĩ] 閑 | |||
| Nasal Coda | im [im] 音 | ||
| am [am][庵][2] | iam [iam] 淹 | uam [uam] 凡 | |
| ing [iŋ] 因 | ung [uŋ] 溫 | ||
| ang [aŋ] 按 | iang [iaŋ] 央 | uang [uaŋ] 汪 | |
| ong [oŋ] 翁 | iong [ioŋ] 雍 | ||
| êng [eŋ] 英 | |||
| Checked tone | ih [iʔ] 裂 | ||
| ah [aʔ] 鴨 | iah [iaʔ] 益 | uah [uaʔ] 活 | |
| oh [oʔ] 學 | ioh [ioʔ] 約 | ||
| êh [eʔ] 厄 | |||
| oih [oiʔ] 狹 | |||
| ib [ip̚] 邑 | |||
| ab [ap̚] 盒 | iab [iap̚] 壓 | uab [uap̚] 法 | |
| ig [ik̚] 乙 | ug [uk̚] 熨 | ||
| ag [ak̚] [惡][2] | iag [iak̚] 躍 | uag [uak̚] 蕕[獲][2] | |
| og [ok̚] 屋 | iog [iok̚] 育 | ||
| êg [ek̚] 液 | |||
Tones edit
| 8 tones of Teochew dialect[3] | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tones | 陰平(dark flat) | 陰上(dark rising) | 陰去(dark departing) | 陰入(dark entering) | 陽平(light flat) | 陽上(light rising) | 陽去(light departing) | 陽入(light entering) |
| Tone value | 33 | 52 | 213 | 2 | 55 | 35 | 11 | 4 |
| Examples | 詩、分 | 死、粉 | 世、訓 | 薛、忽 | 時、雲 | 是、混 | 示、份 | 蝕、佛 |
| Symbols | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
| Notations[4] | a | á | à | ah | â | ă | ā | áh |
Symbols of tones are notated at the top right of consonants or vowels which have top loudness.[5][6] For example:
- 詩 - si1
- 死 - si2
- 世 - si3
- 薛 - sih4
Differences in rime edit
This is a list of differences in rime in Teochew dialect by regions. Tone in Raoping is almost same as in Swatow.[7] Only general differences are listed, some certain distinctions of certain words are not listed.
| Swatow | Raoping | Chaozhou | Chenghai | Puning[8] | Jieyang | Chaoyang | Haifeng | Examples |
| e | e | u | i | 餘，許，豬，祠 | ||||
| oi | ôi | ei | 鞋 | |||||
| uin | ui | ui | uain | 跪，櫃 | ||||
| oin | oin/êng | ain | ain | ain | ain | 閒，殿 | ||
| oih | eih | 狹 | ||||||
| iao/iou | iao | iou | iou | io/iao | 搖，要 | |||
| io | ie | ie | io | 腰 | ||||
| ion | ien | ien | ion | 羊 | ||||
| ioh | ieh | ieh | ioh | 借，惜，藥，石 | ||||
| am[am] | ang[aŋ] | am[am] | 庵 | |||||
| ab[ap] | ag[ak] | ap | 盒 | |||||
| iam[iam] | iem[iem] | iang[iaŋ] | iam[iam] | 嚴 | ||||
| iab[iap] | ieb[iep] | iag [iak] | iap | 壓 | ||||
| im[im] | ing [iŋ] | im | 音 | |||||
| ib[ip] | ig [ik] | ip | 溼 | |||||
| ang[aŋ] | ang | 安 | ||||||
| ag [ak] | âk | 達 | ||||||
| iang[iaŋ] | iêng[ieŋ] | iang | 仙 | |||||
| iag [iak] | iêg[iek] | iâk | 傑，設 | |||||
| uang[uaŋ] | uêng[ueŋ] | uâng | 全，完，緣，彎 | |||||
| uag [uak] | uêg [uek] | uâk | 粵 | |||||
| eng [ɯŋ] | eng/ing | êng/ung | êng[eŋ] | ing[iŋ] | ng/eng | 斤 | ||
| eg [ɯk] | êg [ek] | êg [ek] | ig[ik] | 乞 | ||||
| ing[iŋ] | ing | êng[eŋ] | in[in] | 因 | ||||
| ung[uŋ] | ung | un[un] | 溫 |
References edit
- ^ Tan, Charlene Gia Lim (July 26, 2018). An Introduction To The Culture And History Of The Teochews In Singapore. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-323-937-1.
- ^ a b c 廣州話、客家話、潮汕話與普通話對照詞典（2005年），第545頁。
- ^ Chaoyang region does not distinguish light rising and dark departing, Huilai does not distinguish light and dark departing.
- ^ 声调．潮州字典，[2012-8-18]
- ^ "Teochew · Mogher - 潮州音字典". Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved June 19, 2016.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link). - ^ "潮州話拼音方案ChaoZhou Dialect Romanization Scheme". Archived from the original on January 11, 2010. Retrieved January 11, 2010., Min-Chaozhou.
- ^ 潮州話拼音方案（2003年），根據“潮汕方言韻母內部差異表”章節。
- ^ 根据里湖音、洪阳音和流沙音编写。