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P

March 03, 2023

This article is about the letter of the Latin alphabet. For other uses, see P (disambiguation).

For technical reasons, ":P" redirects here. For the keyboard symbol, see List of emoticons.

P, or p, is the sixteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is pee (pronounced /ˈpiː/), plural pees.[1]

P
P p
(See below)
Usage
Writing systemLatin script
TypeAlphabetic and Logographic
Language of originLatin language
Phonetic usage[p]
[pʰ]
[(p)f]
[pʼ]
[b]
/piː/
Unicode codepointU+0050, U+0070
Alphabetical position16
History
Development
Time period~-700 to present
Descendants • Ᵽ
 • ₱
 • ℘
 • ℗
 • ♇
 • ꟼ
 • 𐍀
SistersΠ π
Ⲡ
П
פּ
פ
ף
ف
ܦ
پ
ࠐ
𐎔
በ
ጰ
ፐ
Պ պ
Variations(See below)
Other
Other letters commonly used withp(x), ph
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

History

The Semitic Pê (mouth), as well as the Greek Π or π (Pi), and the Etruscan and Latin letters that developed from the former alphabet, all symbolized /p/, a voiceless bilabial plosive.

Egyptian Proto-Sinaitic Proto-Canaanite
pʿit 		Phoenician
pe 		Archaic Greek
Pi 		Greek
Pi 		Etruscan
P 		Latin
P
             

Use in writing systems

 
Late Renaissance or early Baroque design of a P, from 1627

In English orthography and most other European languages, ⟨p⟩ represents the sound /p/.

A common digraph in English is ⟨ph⟩, which represents the sound /f/, and can be used to transliterate ⟨φ⟩ phi in loanwords from Greek. In German, the digraph ⟨pf⟩ is common, representing a labial affricate /pf/.

Most English words beginning with ⟨p⟩ are of foreign origin, primarily French, Latin and Greek; these languages preserve Proto-Indo-European initial *p. Native English cognates of such words often start with ⟨f⟩, since English is a Germanic language and thus has undergone Grimm's law; a native English word with initial /p/ would reflect Proto-Indo-European initial *b, which is so rare that its existence as a phoneme is disputed. However, native English words with non-initial ⟨p⟩ are quite common; such words can come from either Kluge's law or the consonant cluster /sp/ (PIE *p has been preserved after s).

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, /p/ is used to represent the voiceless bilabial plosive.

Music

A bold italic letter p is used in musical notation as a dynamic indicator for "quiet". It stands for the Italian word piano.[2][3]

Related characters

Ancestors, descendants and siblings

The Latin letter P represents the same sound as the Greek letter Pi, but it looks like the Greek letter Rho.

  • 𐤐 : Semitic letter Pe, from which the following symbols originally derive
    • Π π : Greek letter Pi
      • 𐌐 : Old Italic and Old Latin P, which derives from Greek Pi, and is the ancestor of modern Latin P. The Roman P had this form (𐌐) on coins and inscriptions until the reign of Claudius, c. 50 AD (see also Claudian letters).
      • 𐍀 : Gothic letter pertra/pairþa, which derives from Greek Pi
      • П п : Cyrillic letter Pe, which also derives from Pi
    • Ⲡ ⲡ : Coptic letter Pi
    • Պ պ: Armenian letter Pe
  • P with diacritics: Ṕ ṕ Ṗ ṗ Ᵽ ᵽ Ƥ ƥ ᵱ[4] ᶈ[5]
  • Uralic Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to P:[6]
    • U+1D18 ᴘ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL P
    • U+1D3E ᴾ MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL P
    • U+1D56 ᵖ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL P
  • p : Subscript small p was used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet prior to its formal standardization in 1902[7]

Derived ligatures, abbreviations, signs and symbols

Computing codes

Character information
Preview P p
Unicode name LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P LATIN SMALL LETTER P
Encodings decimal hex dec hex
Unicode 80 U+0050 112 U+0070
UTF-8 80 50 112 70
Numeric character reference P P p p
EBCDIC family 215 D7 151 97
ASCII[a] 80 50 112 70
  1. ^ Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

Other representations

See also

References

  1. ^ "P", Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "pee," op. cit.
  2. ^ Randel, Don Michael (2003). The Harvard Dictionary of Music (4th ed.). Cambridge, MA, US: Harvard University Press Reference Library.
  3. ^ . Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
  4. ^ Constable, Peter (2003-09-30). "L2/03-174R2: Proposal to Encode Phonetic Symbols with Middle Tilde in the UCS" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
  5. ^ Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
  6. ^ Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2018-02-19. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
  7. ^ Ruppel, Klaas; Aalto, Tero; Everson, Michael (2009-01-27). "L2/09-028: Proposal to encode additional characters for the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
  8. ^ Perry, David J. (2006-08-01). "L2/06-269: Proposal to Add Additional Ancient Roman Characters to UCS" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2019-06-14. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
  9. ^ Everson, Michael; Baker, Peter; Emiliano, António; Grammel, Florian; Haugen, Odd Einar; Luft, Diana; Pedro, Susana; Schumacher, Gerd; Stötzner, Andreas (2006-01-30). "L2/06-027: Proposal to add Medievalist characters to the UCS" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2018-09-19. Retrieved 2018-03-24.

External links

  •   Media related to P at Wikimedia Commons
  •   The dictionary definition of P at Wiktionary
  •   The dictionary definition of p at Wiktionary

March 03, 2023
this, article, about, letter, latin, alphabet, other, uses, disambiguation, technical, reasons, redirects, here, keyboard, symbol, list, emoticons, sixteenth, letter, latin, alphabet, used, modern, english, alphabet, alphabets, other, western, european, langua. This article is about the letter of the Latin alphabet For other uses see P disambiguation For technical reasons P redirects here For the keyboard symbol see List of emoticons P or p is the sixteenth letter of the Latin alphabet used in the modern English alphabet the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide Its name in English is pee pronounced ˈ p iː plural pees 1 PP p See below UsageWriting systemLatin scriptTypeAlphabetic and LogographicLanguage of originLatin languagePhonetic usage p pʰ p f pʼ b p iː Unicode codepointU 0050 U 0070Alphabetical position16HistoryDevelopment𐌐P pTime period 700 to presentDescendants Ᵽ ꟼ 𐍀SistersP pⲠPפ פףفܦپࠐ𐎔በጰፐՊ պVariations See below OtherOther letters commonly used withp x phThis article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet IPA For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA For the distinction between and see IPA Brackets and transcription delimiters Contents 1 History 2 Use in writing systems 2 1 Music 3 Related characters 3 1 Ancestors descendants and siblings 3 2 Derived ligatures abbreviations signs and symbols 4 Computing codes 5 Other representations 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksHistoryThe Semitic Pe mouth as well as the Greek P or p Pi and the Etruscan and Latin letters that developed from the former alphabet all symbolized p a voiceless bilabial plosive Egyptian Proto Sinaitic Proto Canaanitepʿit Phoenician pe Archaic Greek Pi Greek Pi Etruscan P Latin P Use in writing systems Late Renaissance or early Baroque design of a P from 1627 In English orthography and most other European languages p represents the sound p A common digraph in English is ph which represents the sound f and can be used to transliterate f phi in loanwords from Greek In German the digraph pf is common representing a labial affricate pf Most English words beginning with p are of foreign origin primarily French Latin and Greek these languages preserve Proto Indo European initial p Native English cognates of such words often start with f since English is a Germanic language and thus has undergone Grimm s law a native English word with initial p would reflect Proto Indo European initial b which is so rare that its existence as a phoneme is disputed However native English words with non initial p are quite common such words can come from either Kluge s law or the consonant cluster sp PIE p has been preserved after s In the International Phonetic Alphabet p is used to represent the voiceless bilabial plosive Music A bold italic letter p is used in musical notation as a dynamic indicator for quiet It stands for the Italian word piano 2 3 Related charactersAncestors descendants and siblings The Latin letter P represents the same sound as the Greek letter Pi but it looks like the Greek letter Rho 𐤐 Semitic letter Pe from which the following symbols originally derive P p Greek letter Pi 𐌐 Old Italic and Old Latin P which derives from Greek Pi and is the ancestor of modern Latin P The Roman P had this form 𐌐 on coins and inscriptions until the reign of Claudius c 50 AD see also Claudian letters 𐍀 Gothic letter pertra pairtha which derives from Greek Pi P p Cyrillic letter Pe which also derives from Pi Ⲡ ⲡ Coptic letter Pi Պ պ Armenian letter Pe P with diacritics Ṕ ṕ Ṗ ṗ Ᵽ ᵽ Ƥ ƥ ᵱ 4 ᶈ 5 Uralic Phonetic Alphabet specific symbols related to P 6 U 1D18 ᴘ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL P U 1D3E ᴾ MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL P U 1D56 ᵖ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL P p Subscript small p was used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet prior to its formal standardization in 1902 7 Derived ligatures abbreviations signs and symbols Philippine peso sign script letter P see Weierstrass p sound recording copyright symbol Pluto symbol ꟼ Reversed P was used in ancient Roman texts to stand for puella girl 8 Ꝑ ꝑ Ꝓ ꝓ Ꝕ ꝕ Various forms of P were used for medieval scribal abbreviations 9 Computing codesCharacter information Preview P pUnicode name LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P LATIN SMALL LETTER PEncodings decimal hex dec hexUnicode 80 U 0050 112 U 0070UTF 8 80 50 112 70Numeric character reference amp 80 wbr amp x50 wbr amp 112 wbr amp x70 wbr EBCDIC family 215 D7 151 97ASCII a 80 50 112 70 Also for encodings based on ASCII including the DOS Windows ISO 8859 and Macintosh families of encodings Other representationsNATO phonetic Morse codePapa Signal flag Flag semaphore American manual alphabet ASL fingerspelling British manual alphabet BSL fingerspelling Unified English BrailleSee alsoMind your Ps and Qs Pence or penny the English slang for which is p e g 20p 20 pence References P Oxford English Dictionary 2nd edition 1989 Merriam Webster s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged 1993 pee op cit Randel Don Michael 2003 The Harvard Dictionary of Music 4th ed Cambridge MA US Harvard University Press Reference Library Piano Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary Archived from the original on 22 October 2014 Retrieved 19 March 2012 Constable Peter 2003 09 30 L2 03 174R2 Proposal to Encode Phonetic Symbols with Middle Tilde in the UCS PDF Archived PDF from the original on 2017 10 11 Retrieved 2018 03 24 Constable Peter 2004 04 19 L2 04 132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS PDF Archived PDF from the original on 2017 10 11 Retrieved 2018 03 24 Everson Michael et al 2002 03 20 L2 02 141 Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS PDF Archived PDF from the original on 2018 02 19 Retrieved 2018 03 24 Ruppel Klaas Aalto Tero Everson Michael 2009 01 27 L2 09 028 Proposal to encode additional characters for the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet PDF Archived PDF from the original on 2017 10 11 Retrieved 2018 03 24 Perry David J 2006 08 01 L2 06 269 Proposal to Add Additional Ancient Roman Characters to UCS PDF Archived PDF from the original on 2019 06 14 Retrieved 2018 03 24 Everson Michael Baker Peter Emiliano Antonio Grammel Florian Haugen Odd Einar Luft Diana Pedro Susana Schumacher Gerd Stotzner Andreas 2006 01 30 L2 06 027 Proposal to add Medievalist characters to the UCS PDF Archived PDF from the original on 2018 09 19 Retrieved 2018 03 24 External links Media related to P at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of P at Wiktionary The dictionary definition of p at Wiktionary Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title P amp oldid 1139444495, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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