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Wikipedia

Oxford

October 28, 2023

This article is about the city in England. For the university, see University of Oxford. For other uses, see Oxford (disambiguation).

Oxford (/ˈɒksfərd/)[4][5] is a city in England. It is the county town and only city of Oxfordshire. It had a population of 162,100 at the 2021 census.[1] It is 56 miles (90 km) north-west of London, 64 miles (103 km) south-east of Birmingham and 61 miles (98 km) north-east of Bristol. The city is home to the University of Oxford, the oldest university in the English-speaking world;[6] it has buildings in every style of English architecture since late Anglo-Saxon. Oxford's industries include motor manufacturing, education, publishing, information technology and science.

Oxford
City and non-metropolitan district
From top left to bottom right: Oxford skyline panorama from St Mary's Church; Radcliffe Camera; High Street from above looking east; University College, main quadrangle; High Street by night; Natural History Museum and Pitt Rivers Museum
Coat of arms of Oxford
Nickname: 
"the City of Dreaming Spires"
Motto: 
"Fortis est veritas" "The truth is strong"
Shown within Oxfordshire
Oxford
Location within England
Oxford
Location within the United Kingdom
Oxford
Location within Europe
Coordinates: 51°45′7″N 1°15′28″W / 51.75194°N 1.25778°W / 51.75194; -1.25778
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
CountryEngland
RegionSouth East England
Ceremonial countyOxfordshire
Admin HQOxford City Centre
Founded8th century
City status1542
Government
 • TypeCity
 • Governing bodyOxford City Council
 • Sheriff of OxfordDick Wolff[2]
 • ExecutiveLabour
 • MPsAnneliese Dodds (Labour Co-op, Oxford East)
Layla Moran (Liberal Democrat, Oxford West and Abingdon)
Area
 • City and non-metropolitan district17.60 sq mi (45.59 km2)
Population
 (2021)
 • City and non-metropolitan district162,100[1]
 • Density8,500/sq mi (3,270/km2)
 • Metro
244,000
 • Ethnicity (2021)[3]
54.0% White British
16.7% Other White
15.4% British Asian
5.6% Mixed Race
4.7% Black
3.7% Other
DemonymOxonian
Time zoneUTC0 (GMT)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+1 (BST)
Postcode
OX1, OX2, OX3, OX4
Area code01865
ISO 3166-2GB-OXF
ONS code38UC (ONS)
E07000178 (GSS)
OS grid referenceSP513061
PoliceThames Valley
AmbulanceSouth Central
Fire & RescueOxfordshire
Websitewww.oxford.gov.uk

History edit

Main article: History of Oxford
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Oxford.
 
19th-century view of the High Street in Oxford

The history of Oxford in England dates back to its original settlement in the Saxon period. Originally of strategic significance due to its controlling location on the upper reaches of the River Thames at its junction with the River Cherwell, the town grew in national importance during the early Norman period, and in the late 12th century became home to the fledgling University of Oxford.[7] The city was besieged during The Anarchy in 1142.[8]

The university rose to dominate the town. A heavily ecclesiastical town, Oxford was greatly affected by the changes of the English Reformation, emerging as the seat of a bishopric and a full-fledged city. During the English Civil War, Oxford housed the court of Charles I and stood at the heart of national affairs.[9]

The city began to grow industrially during the 19th century, and had an industrial boom in the early 20th century, with major printing and car-manufacturing industries. These declined, along with other British heavy industry, in the 1970s and 1980s, leaving behind a city which had developed far beyond the university town of the past.[10]

Geography edit

Physical edit

Location edit

Oxford's latitude and longitude are 51°45′N 1°15′W / 51.750°N 1.250°W / 51.750; -1.250 and its Ordnance Survey grid reference is grid reference SP513061 (at Carfax Tower, which is usually considered the centre). Oxford is 24 miles (39 km) north-west of Reading, 26 miles (42 km) north-east of Swindon, 36 miles (58 km) east of Cheltenham, 43 miles (69 km) east of Gloucester, 29 miles (47 km) south-west of Milton Keynes, 38 miles (61 km) south-east of Evesham, 43 miles (69 km) south of Rugby and 51 miles (82 km) west-north-west of London. The rivers Cherwell and Thames (also sometimes known as the Isis locally, supposedly from the Latinised name Thamesis) run through Oxford and meet south of the city centre. These rivers and their flood plains constrain the size of the city centre.

Climate edit

Oxford has a maritime temperate climate (Köppen: Cfb). Precipitation is uniformly distributed throughout the year and is provided mostly by weather systems that arrive from the Atlantic. The lowest temperature ever recorded in Oxford was −17.8 °C (0.0 °F) on 24 December 1860. The highest temperature ever recorded in Oxford is 38.1 °C (101 °F) on 19 July 2022.[11] The average conditions below are from the Radcliffe Meteorological Station. It boasts the longest series of temperature and rainfall records for one site in Britain. These records are continuous from January 1815. Irregular observations of rainfall, cloud and temperature exist from 1767.[12]

The driest year on record was 1788, with 336.7 mm (13.26 in) of rainfall. The wettest year was 2012, with 979.5 mm (38.56 in). The wettest month on record was September 1774, with a total fall of 223.9 mm (8.81 in). The warmest month on record is July 1983, with an average of 21.1 °C (70 °F) and the coldest is January 1963, with an average of −3.0 °C (27 °F). The warmest year on record is 2014, with an average of 11.8 °C (53 °F) and the coldest is 1879, with a mean temperature of 7.7 °C (46 °F). The sunniest month on record is May 2020, with 331.7 hours and December 1890 is the least sunny, with 5.0 hours. The greatest one-day rainfall occurred on 10 July 1968, with a total of 87.9 mm (3.46 in). The greatest known snow depth was 61.0 cm (24.0 in) in February 1888.[13]

Climate data for Oxford (RMS),[a] elevation: 200 ft (61 m), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1815–2020
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.9
(60.6) 		18.8
(65.8) 		22.1
(71.8) 		27.6
(81.7) 		30.6
(87.1) 		34.3
(93.7) 		38.1
(100.6) 		35.1
(95.2) 		33.4
(92.1) 		29.1
(84.4) 		18.9
(66.0) 		15.9
(60.6) 		38.1
(100.6)
Average high °C (°F) 8.0
(46.4) 		8.6
(47.5) 		11.3
(52.3) 		14.4
(57.9) 		17.7
(63.9) 		20.7
(69.3) 		23.1
(73.6) 		22.5
(72.5) 		19.4
(66.9) 		15.1
(59.2) 		10.9
(51.6) 		8.2
(46.8) 		15.0
(59.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 5.2
(41.4) 		5.5
(41.9) 		7.5
(45.5) 		9.9
(49.8) 		12.9
(55.2) 		15.9
(60.6) 		18.1
(64.6) 		17.8
(64.0) 		15.0
(59.0) 		11.5
(52.7) 		7.9
(46.2) 		5.4
(41.7) 		11.1
(52.0)
Average low °C (°F) 2.4
(36.3) 		2.3
(36.1) 		3.6
(38.5) 		5.3
(41.5) 		8.2
(46.8) 		11.1
(52.0) 		13.1
(55.6) 		13.0
(55.4) 		10.7
(51.3) 		8.0
(46.4) 		4.9
(40.8) 		2.6
(36.7) 		7.1
(44.8)
Record low °C (°F) −16.6
(2.1) 		−16.2
(2.8) 		−12.0
(10.4) 		−5.6
(21.9) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		0.4
(32.7) 		2.4
(36.3) 		0.2
(32.4) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		−5.7
(21.7) 		−10.1
(13.8) 		−17.8
(0.0) 		−17.8
(0.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 59.6
(2.35) 		46.8
(1.84) 		43.2
(1.70) 		48.7
(1.92) 		56.9
(2.24) 		49.7
(1.96) 		52.5
(2.07) 		61.7
(2.43) 		51.9
(2.04) 		73.2
(2.88) 		71.5
(2.81) 		66.1
(2.60) 		681.6
(26.83)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 12.1 9.4 9.1 8.9 9.6 8.0 8.3 9.0 8.6 10.9 11.3 12.2 117.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours 63.4 81.9 118.2 165.6 200.3 197.1 212.0 193.3 145.3 110.2 70.8 57.6 1,615.5
Source 1: Met Office[14]
Source 2: University of Oxford[15]
  1. ^ Weather station is located 0.7 miles (1.1 km) from the Oxford city centre.
 
Map of Oxford

Districts edit

The city centre edit

The city centre is relatively small, and is centred on Carfax, a crossroads which forms the junction of Cornmarket Street (pedestrianised), Queen Street (mainly pedestrianised), St Aldate's and the High Street ("the High"; blocked for through traffic). Cornmarket Street and Queen Street are home to Oxford's chain stores, as well as a small number of independent retailers, one of the longest established of which was Boswell's, founded in 1738.[16] The store closed in 2020.[17] St Aldate's has few shops but several local government buildings, including the town hall, the city police station and local council offices. The High (the word street is traditionally omitted) is the longest of the four streets and has a number of independent and high-end chain stores, but mostly university and college buildings. The historic buildings mean the area is regularly used by film and TV crews.

Suburbs edit

Aside from the city centre, there are several suburbs and neighbourhoods within the borders of the city of Oxford, including:

Green belt edit

Main article: Oxford Green Belt
 
Oxford Malmaison Hotel

Oxford is at the centre of the Oxford Green Belt, which is an environmental and planning policy that regulates the rural space in Oxfordshire surrounding the city, aiming to prevent urban sprawl and minimize convergence with nearby settlements.[18] The policy has been blamed for the large rise in house prices in Oxford, making it the least affordable city in the United Kingdom outside of London, with estate agents calling for brownfield land inside the green belt to be released for new housing.[19][20][21] The vast majority of the area covered is outside of the city, but there are some green spaces within that which are covered by the designation, such as much of the Thames and river Cherwell flood-meadows, and the village of Binsey, along with several smaller portions on the fringes. Other landscape features and places of interest covered include Cutteslowe Park and the mini railway attraction, the University Parks, Hogacre Common Eco Park, numerous sports grounds, Aston's Eyot, St Margaret's Church and well, and Wolvercote Common and community orchard.[22]

Governance edit

Main article: Oxford City Council
 
Town Hall, St Aldate's

There are two tiers of local government covering Oxford, at district and county level: Oxford City Council and Oxfordshire County Council. From 1889 to 1974 the city of Oxford was a county borough, independent from the county council.[23] Oxford City Council meets at the Town Hall on the street called St Aldate's in the city centre. The current building was completed in 1897, on a site which had been occupied by Oxford's guildhall since the 13th century.[24]

Most of Oxford is an unparished area, but there are four civil parishes within the city's boundaries: Blackbird Leys, Littlemore, Old Marston, and Risinghurst and Sandhills.[25]

Economy edit

Oxford's economy includes manufacturing, publishing and science-based industries as well as education, sports, entertainment, breweries, research and tourism.

Car production edit

Oxford has been an important centre of motor manufacturing since Morris Motors was established in the city in 1910. The principal production site for Mini cars, owned by BMW since 2000, is in the Oxford suburb of Cowley. The plant, which survived the turbulent years of British Leyland in the 1970s and was threatened with closure in the early 1990s, also produced cars under the Austin and Rover brands following the demise of the Morris brand in 1984, although the last Morris-badged car was produced there in 1982.

Publishing edit

Oxford University Press, a department of the University of Oxford, is based in the city, although it no longer operates its own paper mill and printing house. The city is also home to the UK operations of Wiley-Blackwell, Elsevier[26] and several smaller publishing houses.

Science and technology edit

The presence of the university has given rise to many science and technology based businesses, including Oxford Instruments, Research Machines and Sophos. The university established Isis Innovation in 1987 to promote technology transfer. The Oxford Science Park was established in 1990, and the Begbroke Science Park, owned by the university, lies north of the city. Oxford increasingly has a reputation for being a centre of digital innovation, as epitomized by Digital Oxford.[27] Several startups including Passle,[28] Brainomix,[29] Labstep,[30] and more, are based in Oxford.

Education edit

 
The Divinity School at the Bodleian Library
 
Wellington Square, the name of which has become synonymous with the university's central administration

The presence of the university has also led to Oxford becoming a centre for the education industry. Companies often draw their teaching staff from the pool of Oxford University students and graduates, and, especially for EFL education, use their Oxford location as a selling point.[31]

Tourism edit

 
The University Church of St Mary the Virgin
 
Carfax Tower at Carfax, the junction of the High Street, Queen Street, Cornmarket and St Aldate's streets at what is considered by many to be the centre of the city

Oxford has numerous major tourist attractions, many belonging to the university and colleges. As well as several famous institutions, the town centre is home to Carfax Tower and the University Church of St Mary the Virgin, both of which offer views over the spires of the city. Many tourists shop at the historic Covered Market. In the summer, punting on the Thames/Isis and the Cherwell is a common practice. As well as being a major draw for tourists (9.1 million in 2008, similar in 2009),[32] Oxford city centre has many shops, several theatres and an ice rink.

Retail edit

 
Night view of High Street with Christmas lights – one of Oxford's main streets

There are two small shopping malls in the city centre: the Clarendon Centre[33] and the Westgate Centre.[34] The Westgate Centre is named for the original West Gate in the city wall, and is at the west end of Queen Street. A major redevelopment and expansion to 750,000 sq ft (70,000 m2), with a new 230,000 sq ft (21,000 m2) John Lewis department store and a number of new homes, was completed in October 2017. Blackwell's Bookshop is a bookshop which claims the largest single room devoted to book sales in the whole of Europe, the Norrington Room (10,000 sq ft).[35]

Brewing edit

There is a long history of brewing in Oxford. Several of the colleges had private breweries, one of which, at Brasenose, survived until 1889. In the 16th century brewing and malting appear to have been the most popular trades in the city. There were breweries in Brewer Street and Paradise Street, near the Castle Mill Stream. The rapid expansion of Oxford and the development of its railway links after the 1840s facilitated expansion of the brewing trade.[36] As well as expanding the market for Oxford's brewers, railways enabled brewers further from the city to compete for a share of its market.[36] By 1874 there were nine breweries in Oxford and 13 brewers' agents in Oxford shipping beer in from elsewhere.[36] The nine breweries were: Flowers & Co in Cowley Road, Hall's St Giles Brewery, Hall's Swan Brewery (see below), Hanley's City Brewery in Queen Street, Le Mills's Brewery in St. Ebbes, Morrell's Lion Brewery in St Thomas Street (see below), Simonds's Brewery in Queen Street, Weaving's Eagle Brewery (by 1869 the Eagle Steam Brewery) in Park End Street and Wootten and Cole's St. Clement's Brewery.[36]

The Swan's Nest Brewery, later the Swan Brewery, was established by the early 18th century in Paradise Street, and in 1795 was acquired by William Hall.[37] The brewery became known as Hall's Oxford Brewery, which acquired other local breweries. Hall's Brewery was acquired by Samuel Allsopp & Sons in 1926, after which it ceased brewing in Oxford.[38] Morrell's was founded in 1743 by Richard Tawney. He formed a partnership in 1782 with Mark and James Morrell, who eventually became the owners.[39] After an acrimonious family dispute this much-loved brewery was closed in 1998,[40] the beer brand names being taken over by the Thomas Hardy Burtonwood brewery,[41] while the 132 tied pubs were bought by Michael Cannon, owner of the American hamburger chain Fuddruckers, through a new company, Morrells of Oxford.[42] The new owners sold most of the pubs on to Greene King in 2002.[43] The Lion Brewery was converted into luxury apartments in 2002.[44] Oxford's first legal distillery, the Oxford Artisan Distillery, was established in 2017 in historic farm buildings at the top of South Park.[45]

Bellfounding edit

The Taylor family of Loughborough had a bell-foundry in Oxford between 1786 and 1854.[46]

 
The spires of Oxford facing Christ Church to the south (Christ Church Cathedral on the left and Tom Tower on the right)

Buildings edit

 
Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford
 
Oxford Botanic Garden

This is a small selection of the many notable buildings in Oxford.

Parks and nature walks edit

Oxford is a very green city, with several parks and nature walks within the ring road, as well as several sites just outside the ring road. In total, 28 nature reserves exist within or just outside the ring road, including:

Demography edit

 
Population pyramid of Oxford in 2021
 
UK and foreign born population pyramid of Oxford in 2021

Ethnicity edit

Ethnic Group 1981 estimations[47] 1991[48] 2001[49] 2011[50] 2021[51]
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
White: Total 83,762 93% 99,935 90.8% 116,948 87.1% 117,957 77.7% 120,509 70.7%
White: British – – – – 103,041 76.8% 96,633 63.6% 86,672 53.5%
White: Irish – – – – 2,898 2,431 2,351
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller – – – – – – 92 62
White: Roma – – – – – – – – 501
White: Other – – – – 11,009 8.2% 18,801 12.4% 24,975 15.4%
Asian or Asian British: Total – – 5,808 5.3% 8,931 6.7% 18,827 12.4% 24,991 15.4%
Asian or Asian British: Indian – – 1,560 1.4% 2,323 1.7% 4,449 2.9% 6,005 3.7%
Asian or Asian British: Pakistani – – 2042 1.9% 2,625 2.0% 4,825 3.2% 6,619 4.1%
Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi – – 510 0.5% 878 0.7% 1,791 1.2% 2,025 1.3%
Asian or Asian British: Chinese – – 859 0.8% 2,460 1.8% 3,559 2.3% 4,479 2.8%
Asian or Asian British: Other Asian – – 837 0.8% 645 0.5% 4,203 2.8% 5,863 3.6%
Black or Black British: Total – – 3,055 2.8% 3,368 2.5% 7,028 4.6% 7,535 4.7%
Black or Black British: Caribbean – – 1745 1,664 1,874 1,629
Black or Black British: African – – 593 1,408 4,456 5,060
Black or Black British: Other Black – – 717 296 698 846
Mixed or British Mixed: Total – – – – 3,239 2.4% 6,035 4% 9,005 5.6%
Mixed: White and Black Caribbean – – – – 1,030 1,721 1,916
Mixed: White and Black African – – – – 380 703 1,072
Mixed: White and Asian – – – – 974 2,008 3,197
Mixed: Other Mixed – – – – 855 1,603 2,820
Other: Total – – 1,305 1.2% 1,762 1.3% 2,059 1.4% 5,948 3.7%
Other: Arab – – – – – – 922 0.6% 1,449 0.9%
Other: Any other ethnic group – – 1,305 1.2% 1,762 1.3% 1,137 0.7% 4,499 2.8%
Ethnic minority: Total 6,265 7% 10,168 9.2% 17,300 12.9% 33,949 22.3% 47,479 29.3%
Total 90,027 100% 110,103 100% 134,248 100% 151,906 100% 162,040 100%

Religion edit

Religion 2001[52] 2011[53] 2021[54]
Number % Number % Number %
No religion 32,075 23.9 50,274 33.1 63,201 39.0
Christian 81,100 60.4 72,924 48.0 61,750 38.1
Religion not stated 11,725 8.7 12,611 8.3 16,110 9.9
Muslim 5,165 3.8 10,320 6.8 14,093 8.7
Hindu 1,041 0.8 2,044 1.3 2,523 1.6
Other religion 656 0.5 796 0.5 1,447 0.9
Buddhism 1,080 0.8 1,431 0.9 1,195 0.7
Jewish 1,091 0.8 1,072 0.7 1,120 0.7
Sikh 315 0.2 434 0.3 599 0.4
Total 134,248 100.00% 151,906 100.00% 162,040 100.0%

Transport edit

Air edit

In addition to the larger airports in the region, Oxford is served by nearby Oxford Airport, in Kidlington. The airport is also home to CAE Oxford Aviation Academy and Airways Aviation[55] airline pilot flight training centres, and several private jet companies. The airport is also home to Airbus Helicopters UK headquarters.[56]

Rail–airport links edit

Direct trains run from Oxford station to London Paddington where there is an interchange with the Heathrow Express train links serving Heathrow Airport. Passengers can change at Reading for connecting trains to Gatwick Airport. Some CrossCountry trains run direct services to Birmingham International, as well as to Southampton Airport Parkway further afield.

Buses edit

 
Oxford Bus Company hybrid bus on a park & ride service
 
Oxford Bus Company flywheel energy storage bus on a BrookesBus service

Bus services in Oxford and its suburbs are run by the Oxford Bus Company and Stagecoach West as well as other operators including Arriva Shires & Essex and Thames Travel. Oxford has one of the largest urban park and ride networks in the United Kingdom. Its five sites, at Pear Tree, Redbridge, Seacourt, Thornhill, Water Eaton and Oxford Parkway have a combined capacity of 4,930 car parking spaces,[57] served by 20 Oxford Bus Company double decker buses with a combined capacity of 1,695 seats.[58] Hybrid buses began to be used in Oxford in 2010, and their usage has been expanded.[59] In 2014 Oxford Bus introduced a fleet of 20 new buses with flywheel energy storage on the services it operates under contract for Oxford Brookes University.[60] Most buses in the city now use a smartcard to pay for journeys[61] and have free WiFi installed.[62][63][64]

Coach edit

The Oxford to London coach route offers a frequent coach service to London. The Oxford Tube is operated by Stagecoach West and the Oxford Bus Company runs the Airline services to Heathrow and Gatwick airports. There is a bus station at Gloucester Green, used mainly by the London and airport buses, National Express coaches and other long-distance buses including route X5 to Milton Keynes and Cambridge and Stagecoach Gold route S6.

Cycling edit

Among British cities, Oxford has the second highest percentage of people cycling to work.[65]

Rail edit

 
Oxford railway station, in the city centre
 
Oxford Parkway Station, on the outskirts near Kidlington

Oxford railway station is half a mile (about 1 km) west of the city centre. The station is served by CrossCountry services to Bournemouth and Manchester Piccadilly; Great Western Railway (who manage the station) services to London Paddington, Banbury and Hereford; and Chiltern Railways services to London Marylebone. Oxford has had three main railway stations. The first was opened at Grandpont in 1844,[66] but this was a terminus, inconvenient for routes to the north;[67] it was replaced by the present station on Park End Street in 1852 with the opening of the Birmingham route.[68] Another terminus, at Rewley Road, was opened in 1851 to serve the Bletchley route;[69] this station closed in 1951.[70] There have also been a number of local railway stations, all of which are now closed. A fourth station, Oxford Parkway, is just outside the city, at the park and ride site near Kidlington. The present railway station opened in 1852.

Oxford is the junction for a short branch line to Bicester, a remnant of the former Varsity line to Cambridge. This Oxford–Bicester line was upgraded to 100 mph (161 km/h) running during an 18-month closure in 2014/2015 – and is scheduled to be extended to form the planned East West Rail line to Milton Keynes.[71] East West Rail is proposed to continue through Bletchley (for Milton Keynes Central) to Bedford,[72] Cambridge,[73] and ultimately Ipswich and Norwich,[74] thus providing alternative route to East Anglia without needing to travel via, and connect between, the London mainline terminals.

Chiltern Railways operates from Oxford to London Marylebone via Bicester Village, having sponsored the building of about 400 metres of new track between Bicester Village and the Chiltern Main Line southwards in 2014. The route serves High Wycombe and London Marylebone, avoiding London Paddington and Didcot Parkway.

In 1844, the Great Western Railway linked Oxford with London Paddington via Didcot and Reading;[75][76] in 1851, the London & North Western Railway opened its own route from Oxford to London Euston, via Bicester, Bletchley and Watford;[77] and in 1864 a third route, also to Paddington, running via Thame, High Wycombe and Maidenhead, was provided;[78] this was shortened in 1906 by the opening of a direct route between High Wycombe and London Paddington by way of Denham.[79] The distance from Oxford to London was 78 miles (125.5 km) via Bletchley; 63.5 miles (102.2 km) via Didcot and Reading; 63.25 miles (101.8 km) via Thame and Maidenhead;[80] and 55.75 miles (89.7 km) via Denham.[79]

Only the original (Didcot) route is still in use for its full length, portions of the others remain. There were also routes to the north and west. The line to Banbury was opened in 1850,[67] and was extended to Birmingham Snow Hill in 1852;[68] a route to Worcester opened in 1853.[81] A branch to Witney was opened in 1862,[82] which was extended to Fairford in 1873.[83] The line to Witney and Fairford closed in 1962, but the others remain open.

River and canal edit

Oxford was historically an important port on the River Thames, with this section of the river being called the Isis; the Oxford-Burcot Commission in the 17th century attempted to improve navigation to Oxford.[84] Iffley Lock and Osney Lock lie within the bounds of the city. In the 18th century the Oxford Canal was built to connect Oxford with the Midlands.[85] Commercial traffic has given way to recreational use of the river and canal. Oxford was the original base of Salters Steamers (founded in 1858), which was a leading racing-boatbuilder that played an important role in popularising pleasure boating on the Upper Thames. The firm runs a regular service from Folly Bridge downstream to Abingdon and beyond.

Roads edit

 
The M40 extension

Oxford's central location on several transport routes means that it has long been a crossroads city with many coaching inns, although road traffic is now strongly discouraged, and largely prevented, from using the city centre. The Oxford Ring Road or A4142 (southern part) surrounds the city centre and close suburbs Marston, Iffley, Cowley and Headington; it consists of the A34 to the west, a 330-yard section of the A44, the A40 north and north-east, A4142/A423 to the east. It is a dual carriageway, except for a 330-yard section of the A40 where two residential service roads adjoin, and was completed in 1966.

A roads edit

The main roads to/from Oxford are:

Zero Emission Zone edit

On 28 February 2022 a zero-emission pilot area became operational in Oxford City Centre. Zero emission vehicles can be used without incurring a charge but all petrol and diesel vehicles (including hybrids) incur a daily charge if they are driven in the zone between 7am and 7pm.[86]

A consultation on the introduction of a wider Zero Emission Zone is expected in the future, at a date to be confirmed.

Bus gates edit

Oxford has eight bus gates, short sections of road where only buses and other authorised vehicles can pass.[87]

Six further bus gates are currently proposed. A council-led consultation on the traffic filters ended on 13 October 2022. In a decision made on 29 November 2022, Oxfordshire County Council cabinet approved the introduction on a trial basis, for a minimum period of six months.[88] The trial will begin after improvement works to Oxford railway station are complete, which is expected to be by Christmas 2023.[89] The additional bus gates have been controversial; Oxford University and Oxford Bus Company support the proposals but more than 3,700 people have signed an online petition opposing the new traffic filters for Marston Ferry Road and Hollow Way, and hotelier Jeremy Mogford has argued they would be a mistake.[90][91] In November 2022, Mogford announced that his hospitality group The Oxford Collection had joined up with Oxford Business Action Group (OBAG), Oxford High Street Association (OHSA), ROX (Backing Oxford Business), Reconnecting Oxford, Jericho Traders, and Summertown traders to launch a legal challenge to the new bus gates.[92]

Motorway edit

The city is served by the M40 motorway, which connects London to Birmingham. The M40 approached Oxford in 1974, leading from London to Waterstock, where the A40 continued to Oxford. When the M40 extension to Birmingham was completed in January 1991, it curved sharply north, and a mile of the old motorway became a spur. The M40 comes no closer than 6 miles (10 km) away from the city centre, curving to pass to the east of Otmoor. The M40 meets the A34 to the north of Oxford.

Education edit

Schools edit

Main article: List of schools in Oxfordshire

Universities and colleges edit

 
Scrollable image. Aerial panorama of the university.
 
Sheldonian Theatre in 2009

There are two universities in Oxford, the University of Oxford and Oxford Brookes University, as well as the specialist further and higher education institution Ruskin College that is an Affiliate of the University of Oxford. The Islamic Azad University also has a campus near Oxford. The University of Oxford is the oldest university in the English-speaking world,[93] and one of the most prestigious higher education institutions of the world, averaging nine applications to every available place, and attracting 40% of its academic staff and 17% of undergraduates from overseas.[94] In September 2016, it was ranked as the world's number one university, according to the Times Higher Education World University Rankings.[95] Oxford is renowned for its tutorial-based method of teaching.

The Bodleian Library edit

See also: Category: Libraries of the University of Oxford

The University of Oxford maintains the largest university library system in the United Kingdom,[96] and, with over 11 million volumes housed on 120 miles (190 km) of shelving, the Bodleian group is the second-largest library in the United Kingdom, after the British Library. The Bodleian Library is a legal deposit library, which means that it is entitled to request a free copy of every book published in the United Kingdom. As such, its collection is growing at a rate of over three miles (five kilometres) of shelving every year.[97]

Media edit

As well as the BBC national radio stations, Oxford and the surrounding area has several local stations, including BBC Radio Oxford, Heart South, Destiny 105, Jack FM, Jack 2 Hits and Jack 3 & Chill, along with Oxide: Oxford Student Radio[98] (which went on terrestrial radio at 87.7 MHz FM in late May 2005). A local TV station, Six TV: The Oxford Channel, was also available[99] but closed in April 2009; a service operated by That's TV, originally called That's Oxford (now That's Oxfordshire), took to the airwaves in 2015.[100][101] The city is home to a BBC Television newsroom which produces an opt-out from the main South Today programme broadcast from Southampton.

Local papers include The Oxford Times (compact; weekly), its sister papers the Oxford Mail (tabloid; daily) and the Oxford Star (tabloid; free and delivered), and Oxford Journal (tabloid; weekly free pick-up). Oxford is also home to several advertising agencies. Daily Information (known locally as Daily Info) is an events and advertising news sheet which has been published since 1964 and now provides a connected website. Nightshift is a monthly local free magazine that has covered the Oxford music scene since 1991.[102]

Culture edit

Museums and galleries edit

See also: Category:Museums of the University of Oxford

Oxford is home to many museums, galleries, and collections, most of which are free of admission charges and are major tourist attractions. The majority are departments of the University of Oxford. The first of these to be established was the Ashmolean Museum, the world's first university museum,[103] and the oldest museum in the UK.[104] Its first building was erected in 1678–1683 to house a cabinet of curiosities given to the University of Oxford in 1677. The museum reopened in 2009 after a major redevelopment. It holds significant collections of art and archaeology, including works by Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Turner, and Picasso, as well as treasures such as the Scorpion Macehead, the Parian Marble and the Alfred Jewel. It also contains "The Messiah", a pristine Stradivarius violin, regarded by some as one of the finest examples in existence.[105]

The University Museum of Natural History holds the university's zoological, entomological and geological specimens. It is housed in a large neo-Gothic building on Parks Road, in the university's Science Area.[106] Among its collection are the skeletons of a Tyrannosaurus rex and Triceratops, and the most complete remains of a dodo found anywhere in the world. It also hosts the Simonyi Professorship of the Public Understanding of Science, currently held by Marcus du Sautoy. Adjoining the Museum of Natural History is the Pitt Rivers Museum, founded in 1884, which displays the university's archaeological and anthropological collections, currently holding over 500,000 items. It recently built a new research annexe; its staff have been involved with the teaching of anthropology at Oxford since its foundation, when as part of his donation General Augustus Pitt Rivers stipulated that the university establish a lectureship in anthropology.[107]

The Museum of the History of Science is housed on Broad Street in the world's oldest-surviving purpose-built museum building.[108] It contains 15,000 artefacts, from antiquity to the 20th century, representing almost all aspects of the history of science. In the university's Faculty of Music on St Aldate's is the Bate Collection of Musical Instruments, a collection mostly of instruments from Western classical music, from the medieval period onwards. Christ Church Picture Gallery holds a collection of over 200 old master paintings. The university also has an archive at the Oxford University Press Museum.[109] Other museums and galleries in Oxford include Modern Art Oxford, the Museum of Oxford, the Oxford Castle, Science Oxford and The Story Museum.[110]

Art edit

Art galleries in Oxford include the Ashmolean Museum, the Christ Church Picture Gallery, and Modern Art Oxford. William Turner (aka "Turner of Oxford", 1789–1862), was a watercolourist who painted landscapes in the Oxford area. The Oxford Art Society was established in 1891. The later watercolourist and draughtsman Ken Messer (1931–2018) has been dubbed "The Oxford Artist" by some, with his architectural paintings around the city.[111] In 2018, The Oxford Art Book featured many contemporary local artists and their depictions of Oxford scenes.[112] The annual Oxfordshire Artweeks is well-represented by artists in Oxford itself.[113]

Music edit

Holywell Music Room is said to be the oldest purpose-built music room in Europe, and hence Britain's first concert hall.[114] Tradition has it that George Frideric Handel performed there, though there is little evidence.[115] Joseph Haydn was awarded an honorary doctorate by Oxford University in 1791, an event commemorated by three concerts of his music at the Sheldonian Theatre, directed by the composer and from which his Symphony No. 92 earned the nickname of the "Oxford" Symphony.[116] Victorian composer Sir John Stainer was organist at Magdalen College and later Professor of Music at the university, and is buried in Holywell Cemetery.[117]

Oxford, and its surrounding towns and villages, have produced many successful bands and musicians in the field of popular music. The most notable Oxford act is Radiohead, who all met at nearby Abingdon School, though other well known local bands include Supergrass, Ride, Mr Big, Swervedriver, Lab 4, Talulah Gosh, the Candyskins, Medal, the Egg, Unbelievable Truth, Hurricane No. 1, Crackout, Goldrush and more recently, Young Knives, Foals, Glass Animals, Dive Dive and Stornoway. These and many other bands from over 30 years of the Oxford music scene's history feature in the documentary film Anyone Can Play Guitar?. In 1997, Oxford played host to Radio 1's Sound City, with acts such as Travis, Bentley Rhythm Ace, Embrace, Spiritualized and DJ Shadow playing in various venues around the city including Oxford Brookes University.[118] It is also home to several brass bands, notably the City of Oxford Silver Band, founded in 1887.

Theatres and cinemas edit

Literature and film edit

 

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"Dreaming spires" of Oxford University viewed from South Park in the snow
Main articles: Literature in Oxford, List of films shot in Oxford, and List of fictional Oxford colleges

Well-known Oxford-based authors include:

Oxford appears in the following works:[citation needed]

Sport edit

Football edit

 
Kassam Stadium
 
The Manor Ground off London Road in Headington.

The city's leading football club, Oxford United, are currently in League One, the third tier of league football, though they enjoyed some success in the past in the upper reaches of the league. They were elected to the Football League in 1962, reached the Third Division after three years and the Second Division after six, and most notably reached the First Division in 1985 – 23 years after joining the Football League. They spent three seasons in the top flight, winning the Football League Cup a year after promotion. The 18 years that followed relegation in 1988 saw their fortunes decline gradually, though a brief respite in 1996 saw them win promotion to the new (post Premier League) Division One in 1996 and stay there for three years. They were relegated to the Football Conference in 2006, staying there for four seasons before returning to the Football League in 2010.

They play at the Kassam Stadium (named after former chairman Firoz Kassam), which is near the Blackbird Leys housing estate and has been their home since relocation from the Manor Ground in 2001. The club's notable former managers include Ian Greaves, Jim Smith, Maurice Evans, Brian Horton, Ramon Diaz and Denis Smith. Notable former players include John Aldridge, Ray Houghton, Tommy Caton, Matt Elliott, Dean Saunders and Dean Whitehead. Oxford City F.C. is a semi-professional football club, separate from Oxford United, they play in the National League, the fifth tier, one level below the Football League in the pyramid. Oxford City Nomads F.C. was a semi-professional football club who ground-shared with Oxford City and played in the Hellenic league.

Rowing edit

Oxford University Boat Club compete in the world-famous Boat Race. Since 2007 the club has been based at a training facility and boathouse in Wallingford,[126] south of Oxford, after the original boathouse burnt down in 1999. Oxford Brookes University also has an elite rowing club,[127] and there are public clubs near Donnington Bridge, namely the City of Oxford Rowing Club,[128] Falcon Boat Club[129] and Oxford Academicals Rowing Club.[130]

Cricket edit

Oxford University Cricket Club is Oxford's most famous club with more than 300 Oxford players gaining international honours, including Colin Cowdrey, Douglas Jardine and Imran Khan.[131] Oxfordshire County Cricket Club play in the Minor Counties League.

Athletics edit

Headington Road Runners are based at the OXSRAD sports facility in Marsh Lane (next to Oxford City F.C.) is Oxford's only road running club with an average annual membership exceeding 300. It was the club at which double Olympian Mara Yamauchi started her running career.

Rugby league edit

In 2013, Oxford Rugby League entered rugby league's semi-professional Championship 1, the third tier of British rugby league. Oxford Cavaliers, who were formed in 1996, compete at the next level, the Conference League South. Oxford University (The Blues)[132] and Oxford Brookes University (The Bulls)[133] both compete in the rugby league BUCS university League.

Rugby union edit

Oxford Harlequins RFC is the city's main Rugby Union team and currently plays in the South West Division. Oxford R.F.C is the oldest city team and currently plays in the Berks, Bucks and Oxon Championship. Their most famous player was arguably Michael James Parsons known as Jim Parsons who was capped by England.[134] Oxford University RFC are the most famous club with more than 300 Oxford players gaining International honours; including Phil de Glanville, Joe Roff, Tyrone Howe, Anton Oliver, Simon Halliday, David Kirk and Rob Egerton.[135] London Welsh RFC moved to the Kassam Stadium in 2012 to fulfil their Premiership entry criteria regarding stadium capacity. At the end of the 2015 season, following relegation, the club left Oxford.[136]

Hockey edit

There are several field hockey clubs based in Oxford. The Oxford Hockey Club (formed after a merger of City of Oxford HC and Rover Oxford HC in 2011) plays most of its home games on the pitch at Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus and also uses the pitches at Headington Girls' School and Iffley Road. Oxford Hawks has two astroturf pitches at Banbury Road North, by Cutteslowe Park to the north of the city.

Ice hockey edit

Oxford City Stars is the local Ice Hockey Team which plays at Oxford Ice Rink. There is a senior/adults' team[137] and a junior/children's team.[138] The Oxford University Ice Hockey Club was formed as an official University sports club in 1921, and traces its history back to a match played against Cambridge in St Moritz, Switzerland in 1885.[139] The club currently competes in Checking Division 1 of the British Universities Ice Hockey Association.[140]

Speedway and greyhound racing edit

 
Speedway racing at Cowley in 1980

Oxford Cheetahs motorcycle speedway team has raced at Oxford Stadium in Cowley on and off since 1939. The Cheetahs competed in the Elite League and then the Conference League until 2007. They were Britain's most successful club in the late 1980s, becoming British League champions in 1985, 1986 and 1989. Four-times world champion Hans Nielsen was the club's most successful rider. Greyhound racing took place at the Oxford Stadium from 1939 until 2012 and hosted some of the sport's leading events such as the Pall Mall Stakes, The Cesarewitch and Trafalgar Cup. The stadium remains intact but unused after closing in 2012.

American football edit

Oxford Saints is Oxford's senior American Football team. One of the longest-running American football clubs in the UK, the Saints were founded in 1983 and have competed for over 30 years against other British teams across the country.

Gaelic football edit

Eire Óg Oxford is Oxford's local Gaelic Football team. Originally founded as a hurling club by Irish immigrants in 1959,[141] the club plays within the Hertfordshire league and championship,[142] being the only Gaelic Football club within Oxfordshire. Hurling is no longer played by the club; however, Eire Óg do contribute players to the Hertfordshire-wide amalgamated club, St Declans. Several well-known Irishmen have played for Eire Óg, including Darragh Ennis of ITV's The Chase, and Stephen Molumphy, former member of the Waterford county hurling team.[citation needed]

Religion edit

 
Christ Church Cathedral
 
Choir and organ of Christ Church Cathedral

International relations edit

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in England

Oxford is twinned with:[143]

Freedom of the City edit

The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the City of Oxford.

Individuals edit

[152]

Military units edit

See also edit

References edit

Citations edit

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Sources edit

  • Cooke, B.W.C., ed. (January 1960). "The Why and the Wherefore: Distances from London to Oxford". The Railway Magazine. Vol. 106, no. 705. Westminster: Tothill Press.
  • MacDermot, E.T. (1927). History of the Great Western Railway, vol. I: 1833–1863. Paddington: Great Western Railway.
  • MacDermot, E.T. (1931). History of the Great Western Railway, vol. II: 1863–1921. Paddington: Great Western Railway.
  • Mitchell, Vic; Smith, Keith (July 2005). Oxford to Bletchley. Country Railway Routes. Middleton Press. ISBN 1-904474-57-8.
  • Sager, Peter (2005). Oxford & Cambridge: An Uncommon History. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-51249-3.
  • Saint, Andrew (1970). . Oxoniensia. Oxfordshire Architectural and Historical Society. XXXV. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
  • Simpson, Bill (1997). A History of the Railways of Oxfordshire. Vol. Part 1: The North. Banbury and Witney: Lamplight. ISBN 1-899246-02-9.
  • Simpson, Bill (2001). A History of the Railways of Oxfordshire. Vol. Part 2: The South. Banbury and Witney: Lamplight. ISBN 1-899246-06-1.

Further reading edit

External links edit

 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Oxford.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oxford.
  • Howarth, Osbert John Radcliffe (1911). "Oxford" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). pp. 405–414.
  • Oxford City Council official website
  • Thames Valley Guide – Oxford

October 28, 2023
oxford, this, article, about, city, england, university, university, other, uses, disambiguation, city, england, county, town, only, city, shire, population, 2021, census, miles, north, west, london, miles, south, east, birmingham, miles, north, east, bristol,. This article is about the city in England For the university see University of Oxford For other uses see Oxford disambiguation Oxford ˈ ɒ k s f er d 4 5 is a city in England It is the county town and only city of Oxfordshire It had a population of 162 100 at the 2021 census 1 It is 56 miles 90 km north west of London 64 miles 103 km south east of Birmingham and 61 miles 98 km north east of Bristol The city is home to the University of Oxford the oldest university in the English speaking world 6 it has buildings in every style of English architecture since late Anglo Saxon Oxford s industries include motor manufacturing education publishing information technology and science OxfordCity and non metropolitan districtFrom top left to bottom right Oxford skyline panorama from St Mary s Church Radcliffe Camera High Street from above looking east University College main quadrangle High Street by night Natural History Museum and Pitt Rivers MuseumCoat of arms of OxfordNickname the City of Dreaming Spires Motto Fortis est veritas The truth is strong Shown within OxfordshireOxfordLocation within EnglandShow map of EnglandOxfordLocation within the United KingdomShow map of the United KingdomOxfordLocation within EuropeShow map of EuropeCoordinates 51 45 7 N 1 15 28 W 51 75194 N 1 25778 W 51 75194 1 25778Sovereign stateUnited KingdomCountryEnglandRegionSouth East EnglandCeremonial countyOxfordshireAdmin HQOxford City CentreFounded8th centuryCity status1542Government TypeCity Governing bodyOxford City Council Sheriff of OxfordDick Wolff 2 ExecutiveLabour MPsAnneliese Dodds Labour Co op Oxford East Layla Moran Liberal Democrat Oxford West and Abingdon Area City and non metropolitan district17 60 sq mi 45 59 km2 Population 2021 City and non metropolitan district162 100 1 Density8 500 sq mi 3 270 km2 Metro244 000 Ethnicity 2021 3 54 0 White British16 7 Other White15 4 British Asian5 6 Mixed Race4 7 Black3 7 OtherDemonymOxonianTime zoneUTC0 GMT Summer DST UTC 1 BST PostcodeOX1 OX2 OX3 OX4Area code01865ISO 3166 2GB OXFONS code38UC ONS E07000178 GSS OS grid referenceSP513061PoliceThames ValleyAmbulanceSouth CentralFire amp RescueOxfordshireWebsitewww oxford gov uk Contents 1 History 2 Geography 2 1 Physical 2 1 1 Location 2 1 2 Climate 2 2 Districts 2 2 1 The city centre 2 2 2 Suburbs 2 2 3 Green belt 3 Governance 4 Economy 4 1 Car production 4 2 Publishing 4 3 Science and technology 4 4 Education 4 5 Tourism 4 6 Retail 4 7 Brewing 4 8 Bellfounding 5 Buildings 5 1 Parks and nature walks 6 Demography 6 1 Ethnicity 6 2 Religion 7 Transport 7 1 Air 7 1 1 Rail airport links 7 2 Buses 7 3 Coach 7 4 Cycling 7 5 Rail 7 6 River and canal 7 7 Roads 7 7 1 A roads 7 7 2 Zero Emission Zone 7 7 3 Bus gates 7 7 4 Motorway 8 Education 8 1 Schools 8 2 Universities and colleges 8 2 1 The Bodleian Library 9 Media 10 Culture 10 1 Museums and galleries 10 2 Art 10 3 Music 10 4 Theatres and cinemas 10 5 Literature and film 11 Sport 11 1 Football 11 2 Rowing 11 3 Cricket 11 4 Athletics 11 5 Rugby league 11 6 Rugby union 11 7 Hockey 11 8 Ice hockey 11 9 Speedway and greyhound racing 11 10 American football 11 11 Gaelic football 12 Religion 13 International relations 14 Freedom of the City 14 1 Individuals 14 2 Military units 15 See also 16 References 16 1 Citations 16 2 Sources 17 Further reading 18 External linksHistory editMain article History of Oxford For a chronological guide see Timeline of Oxford nbsp 19th century view of the High Street in OxfordThe history of Oxford in England dates back to its original settlement in the Saxon period Originally of strategic significance due to its controlling location on the upper reaches of the River Thames at its junction with the River Cherwell the town grew in national importance during the early Norman period and in the late 12th century became home to the fledgling University of Oxford 7 The city was besieged during The Anarchy in 1142 8 The university rose to dominate the town A heavily ecclesiastical town Oxford was greatly affected by the changes of the English Reformation emerging as the seat of a bishopric and a full fledged city During the English Civil War Oxford housed the court of Charles I and stood at the heart of national affairs 9 The city began to grow industrially during the 19th century and had an industrial boom in the early 20th century with major printing and car manufacturing industries These declined along with other British heavy industry in the 1970s and 1980s leaving behind a city which had developed far beyond the university town of the past 10 Geography editPhysical edit Location edit Oxford s latitude and longitude are 51 45 N 1 15 W 51 750 N 1 250 W 51 750 1 250 and its Ordnance Survey grid reference is grid reference SP513061 at Carfax Tower which is usually considered the centre Oxford is 24 miles 39 km north west of Reading 26 miles 42 km north east of Swindon 36 miles 58 km east of Cheltenham 43 miles 69 km east of Gloucester 29 miles 47 km south west of Milton Keynes 38 miles 61 km south east of Evesham 43 miles 69 km south of Rugby and 51 miles 82 km west north west of London The rivers Cherwell and Thames also sometimes known as the Isis locally supposedly from the Latinised name Thamesis run through Oxford and meet south of the city centre These rivers and their flood plains constrain the size of the city centre Climate edit Oxford has a maritime temperate climate Koppen Cfb Precipitation is uniformly distributed throughout the year and is provided mostly by weather systems that arrive from the Atlantic The lowest temperature ever recorded in Oxford was 17 8 C 0 0 F on 24 December 1860 The highest temperature ever recorded in Oxford is 38 1 C 101 F on 19 July 2022 11 The average conditions below are from the Radcliffe Meteorological Station It boasts the longest series of temperature and rainfall records for one site in Britain These records are continuous from January 1815 Irregular observations of rainfall cloud and temperature exist from 1767 12 The driest year on record was 1788 with 336 7 mm 13 26 in of rainfall The wettest year was 2012 with 979 5 mm 38 56 in The wettest month on record was September 1774 with a total fall of 223 9 mm 8 81 in The warmest month on record is July 1983 with an average of 21 1 C 70 F and the coldest is January 1963 with an average of 3 0 C 27 F The warmest year on record is 2014 with an average of 11 8 C 53 F and the coldest is 1879 with a mean temperature of 7 7 C 46 F The sunniest month on record is May 2020 with 331 7 hours and December 1890 is the least sunny with 5 0 hours The greatest one day rainfall occurred on 10 July 1968 with a total of 87 9 mm 3 46 in The greatest known snow depth was 61 0 cm 24 0 in in February 1888 13 Climate data for Oxford RMS a elevation 200 ft 61 m 1991 2020 normals extremes 1815 2020Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 15 9 60 6 18 8 65 8 22 1 71 8 27 6 81 7 30 6 87 1 34 3 93 7 38 1 100 6 35 1 95 2 33 4 92 1 29 1 84 4 18 9 66 0 15 9 60 6 38 1 100 6 Average high C F 8 0 46 4 8 6 47 5 11 3 52 3 14 4 57 9 17 7 63 9 20 7 69 3 23 1 73 6 22 5 72 5 19 4 66 9 15 1 59 2 10 9 51 6 8 2 46 8 15 0 59 0 Daily mean C F 5 2 41 4 5 5 41 9 7 5 45 5 9 9 49 8 12 9 55 2 15 9 60 6 18 1 64 6 17 8 64 0 15 0 59 0 11 5 52 7 7 9 46 2 5 4 41 7 11 1 52 0 Average low C F 2 4 36 3 2 3 36 1 3 6 38 5 5 3 41 5 8 2 46 8 11 1 52 0 13 1 55 6 13 0 55 4 10 7 51 3 8 0 46 4 4 9 40 8 2 6 36 7 7 1 44 8 Record low C F 16 6 2 1 16 2 2 8 12 0 10 4 5 6 21 9 3 4 25 9 0 4 32 7 2 4 36 3 0 2 32 4 3 3 26 1 5 7 21 7 10 1 13 8 17 8 0 0 17 8 0 0 Average precipitation mm inches 59 6 2 35 46 8 1 84 43 2 1 70 48 7 1 92 56 9 2 24 49 7 1 96 52 5 2 07 61 7 2 43 51 9 2 04 73 2 2 88 71 5 2 81 66 1 2 60 681 6 26 83 Average precipitation days 1 0 mm 12 1 9 4 9 1 8 9 9 6 8 0 8 3 9 0 8 6 10 9 11 3 12 2 117 7Mean monthly sunshine hours 63 4 81 9 118 2 165 6 200 3 197 1 212 0 193 3 145 3 110 2 70 8 57 6 1 615 5Source 1 Met Office 14 Source 2 University of Oxford 15 Weather station is located 0 7 miles 1 1 km from the Oxford city centre nbsp Map of OxfordDistricts edit The city centre edit The city centre is relatively small and is centred on Carfax a crossroads which forms the junction of Cornmarket Street pedestrianised Queen Street mainly pedestrianised St Aldate s and the High Street the High blocked for through traffic Cornmarket Street and Queen Street are home to Oxford s chain stores as well as a small number of independent retailers one of the longest established of which was Boswell s founded in 1738 16 The store closed in 2020 17 St Aldate s has few shops but several local government buildings including the town hall the city police station and local council offices The High the word street is traditionally omitted is the longest of the four streets and has a number of independent and high end chain stores but mostly university and college buildings The historic buildings mean the area is regularly used by film and TV crews Suburbs edit Aside from the city centre there are several suburbs and neighbourhoods within the borders of the city of Oxford including Barton Blackbird Leys Cowley Temple Cowley Iffley Littlemore Rose Hill Cutteslowe Headington New Marston Jericho North Oxford Park Town Norham Manor Walton Manor Osney Risinghurst Summertown Sunnymead Waterways Wolvercote Green belt edit Main article Oxford Green Belt nbsp Oxford Malmaison HotelOxford is at the centre of the Oxford Green Belt which is an environmental and planning policy that regulates the rural space in Oxfordshire surrounding the city aiming to prevent urban sprawl and minimize convergence with nearby settlements 18 The policy has been blamed for the large rise in house prices in Oxford making it the least affordable city in the United Kingdom outside of London with estate agents calling for brownfield land inside the green belt to be released for new housing 19 20 21 The vast majority of the area covered is outside of the city but there are some green spaces within that which are covered by the designation such as much of the Thames and river Cherwell flood meadows and the village of Binsey along with several smaller portions on the fringes Other landscape features and places of interest covered include Cutteslowe Park and the mini railway attraction the University Parks Hogacre Common Eco Park numerous sports grounds Aston s Eyot St Margaret s Church and well and Wolvercote Common and community orchard 22 Governance editMain article Oxford City Council nbsp Town Hall St Aldate sThere are two tiers of local government covering Oxford at district and county level Oxford City Council and Oxfordshire County Council From 1889 to 1974 the city of Oxford was a county borough independent from the county council 23 Oxford City Council meets at the Town Hall on the street called St Aldate s in the city centre The current building was completed in 1897 on a site which had been occupied by Oxford s guildhall since the 13th century 24 Most of Oxford is an unparished area but there are four civil parishes within the city s boundaries Blackbird Leys Littlemore Old Marston and Risinghurst and Sandhills 25 Economy editOxford s economy includes manufacturing publishing and science based industries as well as education sports entertainment breweries research and tourism Car production edit Oxford has been an important centre of motor manufacturing since Morris Motors was established in the city in 1910 The principal production site for Mini cars owned by BMW since 2000 is in the Oxford suburb of Cowley The plant which survived the turbulent years of British Leyland in the 1970s and was threatened with closure in the early 1990s also produced cars under the Austin and Rover brands following the demise of the Morris brand in 1984 although the last Morris badged car was produced there in 1982 Publishing edit Oxford University Press a department of the University of Oxford is based in the city although it no longer operates its own paper mill and printing house The city is also home to the UK operations of Wiley Blackwell Elsevier 26 and several smaller publishing houses Science and technology edit The presence of the university has given rise to many science and technology based businesses including Oxford Instruments Research Machines and Sophos The university established Isis Innovation in 1987 to promote technology transfer The Oxford Science Park was established in 1990 and the Begbroke Science Park owned by the university lies north of the city Oxford increasingly has a reputation for being a centre of digital innovation as epitomized by Digital Oxford 27 Several startups including Passle 28 Brainomix 29 Labstep 30 and more are based in Oxford Education edit nbsp The Divinity School at the Bodleian Library nbsp Wellington Square the name of which has become synonymous with the university s central administrationThe presence of the university has also led to Oxford becoming a centre for the education industry Companies often draw their teaching staff from the pool of Oxford University students and graduates and especially for EFL education use their Oxford location as a selling point 31 Tourism edit nbsp The University Church of St Mary the Virgin nbsp Carfax Tower at Carfax the junction of the High Street Queen Street Cornmarket and St Aldate s streets at what is considered by many to be the centre of the cityOxford has numerous major tourist attractions many belonging to the university and colleges As well as several famous institutions the town centre is home to Carfax Tower and the University Church of St Mary the Virgin both of which offer views over the spires of the city Many tourists shop at the historic Covered Market In the summer punting on the Thames Isis and the Cherwell is a common practice As well as being a major draw for tourists 9 1 million in 2008 similar in 2009 32 Oxford city centre has many shops several theatres and an ice rink Retail edit nbsp Night view of High Street with Christmas lights one of Oxford s main streetsThere are two small shopping malls in the city centre the Clarendon Centre 33 and the Westgate Centre 34 The Westgate Centre is named for the original West Gate in the city wall and is at the west end of Queen Street A major redevelopment and expansion to 750 000 sq ft 70 000 m2 with a new 230 000 sq ft 21 000 m2 John Lewis department store and a number of new homes was completed in October 2017 Blackwell s Bookshop is a bookshop which claims the largest single room devoted to book sales in the whole of Europe the Norrington Room 10 000 sq ft 35 Brewing edit There is a long history of brewing in Oxford Several of the colleges had private breweries one of which at Brasenose survived until 1889 In the 16th century brewing and malting appear to have been the most popular trades in the city There were breweries in Brewer Street and Paradise Street near the Castle Mill Stream The rapid expansion of Oxford and the development of its railway links after the 1840s facilitated expansion of the brewing trade 36 As well as expanding the market for Oxford s brewers railways enabled brewers further from the city to compete for a share of its market 36 By 1874 there were nine breweries in Oxford and 13 brewers agents in Oxford shipping beer in from elsewhere 36 The nine breweries were Flowers amp Co in Cowley Road Hall s St Giles Brewery Hall s Swan Brewery see below Hanley s City Brewery in Queen Street Le Mills s Brewery in St Ebbes Morrell s Lion Brewery in St Thomas Street see below Simonds s Brewery in Queen Street Weaving s Eagle Brewery by 1869 the Eagle Steam Brewery in Park End Street and Wootten and Cole s St Clement s Brewery 36 The Swan s Nest Brewery later the Swan Brewery was established by the early 18th century in Paradise Street and in 1795 was acquired by William Hall 37 The brewery became known as Hall s Oxford Brewery which acquired other local breweries Hall s Brewery was acquired by Samuel Allsopp amp Sons in 1926 after which it ceased brewing in Oxford 38 Morrell s was founded in 1743 by Richard Tawney He formed a partnership in 1782 with Mark and James Morrell who eventually became the owners 39 After an acrimonious family dispute this much loved brewery was closed in 1998 40 the beer brand names being taken over by the Thomas Hardy Burtonwood brewery 41 while the 132 tied pubs were bought by Michael Cannon owner of the American hamburger chain Fuddruckers through a new company Morrells of Oxford 42 The new owners sold most of the pubs on to Greene King in 2002 43 The Lion Brewery was converted into luxury apartments in 2002 44 Oxford s first legal distillery the Oxford Artisan Distillery was established in 2017 in historic farm buildings at the top of South Park 45 Bellfounding editThe Taylor family of Loughborough had a bell foundry in Oxford between 1786 and 1854 46 nbsp The spires of Oxford facing Christ Church to the south Christ Church Cathedral on the left and Tom Tower on the right Buildings edit nbsp Christ Church Cathedral Oxford nbsp Oxford Botanic GardenThis is a small selection of the many notable buildings in Oxford Christ Church Cathedral Oxford The Headington Shark Oxford University Press Oxford Botanic Garden Sheldonian Theatre St Mary the Virgin Church Radcliffe Camera Radcliffe Observatory Oxford Oratory Malmaison Hotel in a converted prison in part of the medieval Oxford Castle Parks and nature walks edit Oxford is a very green city with several parks and nature walks within the ring road as well as several sites just outside the ring road In total 28 nature reserves exist within or just outside the ring road including University Parks Mesopotamia Rock Edge Nature Reserve Lye Valley South Park C S Lewis Nature Reserve Shotover Nature Reserve Port Meadow Cutteslowe ParkDemography edit nbsp Population pyramid of Oxford in 2021 nbsp UK and foreign born population pyramid of Oxford in 2021Ethnicity edit Ethnic Group 1981 estimations 47 1991 48 2001 49 2011 50 2021 51 Number Number Number Number Number White Total 83 762 93 99 935 90 8 116 948 87 1 117 957 77 7 120 509 70 7 White British 103 041 76 8 96 633 63 6 86 672 53 5 White Irish 2 898 2 431 2 351White Gypsy or Irish Traveller 92 62White Roma 501White Other 11 009 8 2 18 801 12 4 24 975 15 4 Asian or Asian British Total 5 808 5 3 8 931 6 7 18 827 12 4 24 991 15 4 Asian or Asian British Indian 1 560 1 4 2 323 1 7 4 449 2 9 6 005 3 7 Asian or Asian British Pakistani 2042 1 9 2 625 2 0 4 825 3 2 6 619 4 1 Asian or Asian British Bangladeshi 510 0 5 878 0 7 1 791 1 2 2 025 1 3 Asian or Asian British Chinese 859 0 8 2 460 1 8 3 559 2 3 4 479 2 8 Asian or Asian British Other Asian 837 0 8 645 0 5 4 203 2 8 5 863 3 6 Black or Black British Total 3 055 2 8 3 368 2 5 7 028 4 6 7 535 4 7 Black or Black British Caribbean 1745 1 664 1 874 1 629Black or Black British African 593 1 408 4 456 5 060Black or Black British Other Black 717 296 698 846Mixed or British Mixed Total 3 239 2 4 6 035 4 9 005 5 6 Mixed White and Black Caribbean 1 030 1 721 1 916Mixed White and Black African 380 703 1 072Mixed White and Asian 974 2 008 3 197Mixed Other Mixed 855 1 603 2 820Other Total 1 305 1 2 1 762 1 3 2 059 1 4 5 948 3 7 Other Arab 922 0 6 1 449 0 9 Other Any other ethnic group 1 305 1 2 1 762 1 3 1 137 0 7 4 499 2 8 Ethnic minority Total 6 265 7 10 168 9 2 17 300 12 9 33 949 22 3 47 479 29 3 Total 90 027 100 110 103 100 134 248 100 151 906 100 162 040 100 Religion edit Religion 2001 52 2011 53 2021 54 Number Number Number No religion 32 075 23 9 50 274 33 1 63 201 39 0Christian 81 100 60 4 72 924 48 0 61 750 38 1Religion not stated 11 725 8 7 12 611 8 3 16 110 9 9Muslim 5 165 3 8 10 320 6 8 14 093 8 7Hindu 1 041 0 8 2 044 1 3 2 523 1 6Other religion 656 0 5 796 0 5 1 447 0 9Buddhism 1 080 0 8 1 431 0 9 1 195 0 7Jewish 1 091 0 8 1 072 0 7 1 120 0 7Sikh 315 0 2 434 0 3 599 0 4Total 134 248 100 00 151 906 100 00 162 040 100 0 Transport editAir edit In addition to the larger airports in the region Oxford is served by nearby Oxford Airport in Kidlington The airport is also home to CAE Oxford Aviation Academy and Airways Aviation 55 airline pilot flight training centres and several private jet companies The airport is also home to Airbus Helicopters UK headquarters 56 Rail airport links edit Direct trains run from Oxford station to London Paddington where there is an interchange with the Heathrow Express train links serving Heathrow Airport Passengers can change at Reading for connecting trains to Gatwick Airport Some CrossCountry trains run direct services to Birmingham International as well as to Southampton Airport Parkway further afield Buses edit nbsp Oxford Bus Company hybrid bus on a park amp ride service nbsp Oxford Bus Company flywheel energy storage bus on a BrookesBus serviceBus services in Oxford and its suburbs are run by the Oxford Bus Company and Stagecoach West as well as other operators including Arriva Shires amp Essex and Thames Travel Oxford has one of the largest urban park and ride networks in the United Kingdom Its five sites at Pear Tree Redbridge Seacourt Thornhill Water Eaton and Oxford Parkway have a combined capacity of 4 930 car parking spaces 57 served by 20 Oxford Bus Company double decker buses with a combined capacity of 1 695 seats 58 Hybrid buses began to be used in Oxford in 2010 and their usage has been expanded 59 In 2014 Oxford Bus introduced a fleet of 20 new buses with flywheel energy storage on the services it operates under contract for Oxford Brookes University 60 Most buses in the city now use a smartcard to pay for journeys 61 and have free WiFi installed 62 63 64 Coach edit The Oxford to London coach route offers a frequent coach service to London The Oxford Tube is operated by Stagecoach West and the Oxford Bus Company runs the Airline services to Heathrow and Gatwick airports There is a bus station at Gloucester Green used mainly by the London and airport buses National Express coaches and other long distance buses including route X5 to Milton Keynes and Cambridge and Stagecoach Gold route S6 Cycling edit Among British cities Oxford has the second highest percentage of people cycling to work 65 Rail edit nbsp Oxford railway station in the city centre nbsp Oxford Parkway Station on the outskirts near KidlingtonOxford railway station is half a mile about 1 km west of the city centre The station is served by CrossCountry services to Bournemouth and Manchester Piccadilly Great Western Railway who manage the station services to London Paddington Banbury and Hereford and Chiltern Railways services to London Marylebone Oxford has had three main railway stations The first was opened at Grandpont in 1844 66 but this was a terminus inconvenient for routes to the north 67 it was replaced by the present station on Park End Street in 1852 with the opening of the Birmingham route 68 Another terminus at Rewley Road was opened in 1851 to serve the Bletchley route 69 this station closed in 1951 70 There have also been a number of local railway stations all of which are now closed A fourth station Oxford Parkway is just outside the city at the park and ride site near Kidlington The present railway station opened in 1852 Oxford is the junction for a short branch line to Bicester a remnant of the former Varsity line to Cambridge This Oxford Bicester line was upgraded to 100 mph 161 km h running during an 18 month closure in 2014 2015 and is scheduled to be extended to form the planned East West Rail line to Milton Keynes 71 East West Rail is proposed to continue through Bletchley for Milton Keynes Central to Bedford 72 Cambridge 73 and ultimately Ipswich and Norwich 74 thus providing alternative route to East Anglia without needing to travel via and connect between the London mainline terminals Chiltern Railways operates from Oxford to London Marylebone via Bicester Village having sponsored the building of about 400 metres of new track between Bicester Village and the Chiltern Main Line southwards in 2014 The route serves High Wycombe and London Marylebone avoiding London Paddington and Didcot Parkway In 1844 the Great Western Railway linked Oxford with London Paddington via Didcot and Reading 75 76 in 1851 the London amp North Western Railway opened its own route from Oxford to London Euston via Bicester Bletchley and Watford 77 and in 1864 a third route also to Paddington running via Thame High Wycombe and Maidenhead was provided 78 this was shortened in 1906 by the opening of a direct route between High Wycombe and London Paddington by way of Denham 79 The distance from Oxford to London was 78 miles 125 5 km via Bletchley 63 5 miles 102 2 km via Didcot and Reading 63 25 miles 101 8 km via Thame and Maidenhead 80 and 55 75 miles 89 7 km via Denham 79 Only the original Didcot route is still in use for its full length portions of the others remain There were also routes to the north and west The line to Banbury was opened in 1850 67 and was extended to Birmingham Snow Hill in 1852 68 a route to Worcester opened in 1853 81 A branch to Witney was opened in 1862 82 which was extended to Fairford in 1873 83 The line to Witney and Fairford closed in 1962 but the others remain open River and canal edit Oxford was historically an important port on the River Thames with this section of the river being called the Isis the Oxford Burcot Commission in the 17th century attempted to improve navigation to Oxford 84 Iffley Lock and Osney Lock lie within the bounds of the city In the 18th century the Oxford Canal was built to connect Oxford with the Midlands 85 Commercial traffic has given way to recreational use of the river and canal Oxford was the original base of Salters Steamers founded in 1858 which was a leading racing boatbuilder that played an important role in popularising pleasure boating on the Upper Thames The firm runs a regular service from Folly Bridge downstream to Abingdon and beyond Roads edit nbsp The M40 extensionOxford s central location on several transport routes means that it has long been a crossroads city with many coaching inns although road traffic is now strongly discouraged and largely prevented from using the city centre The Oxford Ring Road or A4142 southern part surrounds the city centre and close suburbs Marston Iffley Cowley and Headington it consists of the A34 to the west a 330 yard section of the A44 the A40 north and north east A4142 A423 to the east It is a dual carriageway except for a 330 yard section of the A40 where two residential service roads adjoin and was completed in 1966 A roads edit The main roads to from Oxford are A34 a trunk route connecting the North and Midlands to the port of Southampton It leaves J9 of the M40 north of Oxford passes west of Oxford to Newbury and Winchester to the south and joins the M3 12 7 miles 20 4 km north of Southampton Since the completion of the Newbury bypass in 1998 this section of the A34 has been an entirely grade separated dual carriageway Historically the A34 led to Bicester Banbury Stratford upon Avon Birmingham and Manchester but since the completion of the M40 it disappears at J9 and re emerges 50 miles 80 km north at Solihull A40 leading east dualled to J8 of the M40 motorway then an alternative route to High Wycombe and London leading west part dualled to Witney then bisecting Cheltenham Gloucester Monmouth Abergavenny passing Brecon Llandovery Carmarthen and Haverfordwest to reach Fishguard A44 which begins in Oxford leading past Evesham to Worcester Hereford and Aberystwyth A420 which also begins in Oxford and leads to Bristol passing Swindon and Chippenham Zero Emission Zone edit On 28 February 2022 a zero emission pilot area became operational in Oxford City Centre Zero emission vehicles can be used without incurring a charge but all petrol and diesel vehicles including hybrids incur a daily charge if they are driven in the zone between 7am and 7pm 86 A consultation on the introduction of a wider Zero Emission Zone is expected in the future at a date to be confirmed Bus gates edit Oxford has eight bus gates short sections of road where only buses and other authorised vehicles can pass 87 Six further bus gates are currently proposed A council led consultation on the traffic filters ended on 13 October 2022 In a decision made on 29 November 2022 Oxfordshire County Council cabinet approved the introduction on a trial basis for a minimum period of six months 88 The trial will begin after improvement works to Oxford railway station are complete which is expected to be by Christmas 2023 89 The additional bus gates have been controversial Oxford University and Oxford Bus Company support the proposals but more than 3 700 people have signed an online petition opposing the new traffic filters for Marston Ferry Road and Hollow Way and hotelier Jeremy Mogford has argued they would be a mistake 90 91 In November 2022 Mogford announced that his hospitality group The Oxford Collection had joined up with Oxford Business Action Group OBAG Oxford High Street Association OHSA ROX Backing Oxford Business Reconnecting Oxford Jericho Traders and Summertown traders to launch a legal challenge to the new bus gates 92 Motorway edit The city is served by the M40 motorway which connects London to Birmingham The M40 approached Oxford in 1974 leading from London to Waterstock where the A40 continued to Oxford When the M40 extension to Birmingham was completed in January 1991 it curved sharply north and a mile of the old motorway became a spur The M40 comes no closer than 6 miles 10 km away from the city centre curving to pass to the east of Otmoor The M40 meets the A34 to the north of Oxford Education editSchools edit Main article List of schools in Oxfordshire Universities and colleges edit nbsp Scrollable image Aerial panorama of the university nbsp Sheldonian Theatre in 2009There are two universities in Oxford the University of Oxford and Oxford Brookes University as well as the specialist further and higher education institution Ruskin College that is an Affiliate of the University of Oxford The Islamic Azad University also has a campus near Oxford The University of Oxford is the oldest university in the English speaking world 93 and one of the most prestigious higher education institutions of the world averaging nine applications to every available place and attracting 40 of its academic staff and 17 of undergraduates from overseas 94 In September 2016 it was ranked as the world s number one university according to the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 95 Oxford is renowned for its tutorial based method of teaching The Bodleian Library edit See also Category Libraries of the University of Oxford The University of Oxford maintains the largest university library system in the United Kingdom 96 and with over 11 million volumes housed on 120 miles 190 km of shelving the Bodleian group is the second largest library in the United Kingdom after the British Library The Bodleian Library is a legal deposit library which means that it is entitled to request a free copy of every book published in the United Kingdom As such its collection is growing at a rate of over three miles five kilometres of shelving every year 97 Media editAs well as the BBC national radio stations Oxford and the surrounding area has several local stations including BBC Radio Oxford Heart South Destiny 105 Jack FM Jack 2 Hits and Jack 3 amp Chill along with Oxide Oxford Student Radio 98 which went on terrestrial radio at 87 7 MHz FM in late May 2005 A local TV station Six TV The Oxford Channel was also available 99 but closed in April 2009 a service operated by That s TV originally called That s Oxford now That s Oxfordshire took to the airwaves in 2015 100 101 The city is home to a BBC Television newsroom which produces an opt out from the main South Today programme broadcast from Southampton Local papers include The Oxford Times compact weekly its sister papers the Oxford Mail tabloid daily and the Oxford Star tabloid free and delivered and Oxford Journal tabloid weekly free pick up Oxford is also home to several advertising agencies Daily Information known locally as Daily Info is an events and advertising news sheet which has been published since 1964 and now provides a connected website Nightshift is a monthly local free magazine that has covered the Oxford music scene since 1991 102 Culture editMuseums and galleries edit See also Category Museums of the University of Oxford Oxford is home to many museums galleries and collections most of which are free of admission charges and are major tourist attractions The majority are departments of the University of Oxford The first of these to be established was the Ashmolean Museum the world s first university museum 103 and the oldest museum in the UK 104 Its first building was erected in 1678 1683 to house a cabinet of curiosities given to the University of Oxford in 1677 The museum reopened in 2009 after a major redevelopment It holds significant collections of art and archaeology including works by Michelangelo Leonardo da Vinci Turner and Picasso as well as treasures such as the Scorpion Macehead the Parian Marble and the Alfred Jewel It also contains The Messiah a pristine Stradivarius violin regarded by some as one of the finest examples in existence 105 The University Museum of Natural History holds the university s zoological entomological and geological specimens It is housed in a large neo Gothic building on Parks Road in the university s Science Area 106 Among its collection are the skeletons of a Tyrannosaurus rex and Triceratops and the most complete remains of a dodo found anywhere in the world It also hosts the Simonyi Professorship of the Public Understanding of Science currently held by Marcus du Sautoy Adjoining the Museum of Natural History is the Pitt Rivers Museum founded in 1884 which displays the university s archaeological and anthropological collections currently holding over 500 000 items It recently built a new research annexe its staff have been involved with the teaching of anthropology at Oxford since its foundation when as part of his donation General Augustus Pitt Rivers stipulated that the university establish a lectureship in anthropology 107 The Museum of the History of Science is housed on Broad Street in the world s oldest surviving purpose built museum building 108 It contains 15 000 artefacts from antiquity to the 20th century representing almost all aspects of the history of science In the university s Faculty of Music on St Aldate s is the Bate Collection of Musical Instruments a collection mostly of instruments from Western classical music from the medieval period onwards Christ Church Picture Gallery holds a collection of over 200 old master paintings The university also has an archive at the Oxford University Press Museum 109 Other museums and galleries in Oxford include Modern Art Oxford the Museum of Oxford the Oxford Castle Science Oxford and The Story Museum 110 Art edit Art galleries in Oxford include the Ashmolean Museum the Christ Church Picture Gallery and Modern Art Oxford William Turner aka Turner of Oxford 1789 1862 was a watercolourist who painted landscapes in the Oxford area The Oxford Art Society was established in 1891 The later watercolourist and draughtsman Ken Messer 1931 2018 has been dubbed The Oxford Artist by some with his architectural paintings around the city 111 In 2018 The Oxford Art Book featured many contemporary local artists and their depictions of Oxford scenes 112 The annual Oxfordshire Artweeks is well represented by artists in Oxford itself 113 Music edit Holywell Music Room is said to be the oldest purpose built music room in Europe and hence Britain s first concert hall 114 Tradition has it that George Frideric Handel performed there though there is little evidence 115 Joseph Haydn was awarded an honorary doctorate by Oxford University in 1791 an event commemorated by three concerts of his music at the Sheldonian Theatre directed by the composer and from which his Symphony No 92 earned the nickname of the Oxford Symphony 116 Victorian composer Sir John Stainer was organist at Magdalen College and later Professor of Music at the university and is buried in Holywell Cemetery 117 Oxford and its surrounding towns and villages have produced many successful bands and musicians in the field of popular music The most notable Oxford act is Radiohead who all met at nearby Abingdon School though other well known local bands include Supergrass Ride Mr Big Swervedriver Lab 4 Talulah Gosh the Candyskins Medal the Egg Unbelievable Truth Hurricane No 1 Crackout Goldrush and more recently Young Knives Foals Glass Animals Dive Dive and Stornoway These and many other bands from over 30 years of the Oxford music scene s history feature in the documentary film Anyone Can Play Guitar In 1997 Oxford played host to Radio 1 s Sound City with acts such as Travis Bentley Rhythm Ace Embrace Spiritualized and DJ Shadow playing in various venues around the city including Oxford Brookes University 118 It is also home to several brass bands notably the City of Oxford Silver Band founded in 1887 Theatres and cinemas edit Burton Taylor Studio Gloucester Street New Theatre George Street Odeon Cinema George Street Odeon Cinema Magdalen Street Curzon Cinema Westgate Bonn Square Old Fire Station Theatre George Street O Reilly Theatre Blackhall Road Oxford Playhouse Beaumont Street Pegasus Theatre 119 Magdalen Road Phoenix Picturehouse Walton Street Ultimate Picture Palace Cowley Road Vue Cinema Grenoble Road The North Wall Arts Centre South Parade Creation Theatre Company Literature and film edit nbsp annotations nbsp Dreaming spires of Oxford University viewed from South Park in the snow Main articles Literature in Oxford List of films shot in Oxford and List of fictional Oxford colleges Well known Oxford based authors include Brian Aldiss 1925 2017 science fiction novelist lived in Oxford 120 Vera Brittain 1893 1970 undergraduate at Somerville John Buchan 1st Baron Tweedsmuir 1875 1940 attended Brasenose College best known for The Thirty nine Steps A S Byatt born 1936 Booker Prize winner undergraduate at Somerville Lewis Carroll real name Charles Lutwidge Dodgson 1832 1898 author of Alice s Adventures in Wonderland was a student and Mathematical Lecturer of Christ Church Susan Cooper born 1935 undergraduate at Somerville best known for her The Dark Is Rising sequence Sir William Davenant 1606 1668 poet and playwright 121 Colin Dexter 1930 2017 wrote and set his Inspector Morse detective novels in Oxford 120 John Donaldson c 1921 1989 a poet resident in Oxford in later life Siobhan Dowd 1960 2007 Oxford resident undergraduate at Lady Margaret Hall Victoria Glendinning born 1937 undergraduate at Somerville Kenneth Grahame 1859 1932 educated at St Edward s School wrote The Wind in the Willows Michael Innes J I M Stewart 1906 1994 Scottish novelist and academic Student of Christ Church P D James 1920 2014 born and died in Oxford wrote about Adam Dalgliesh C S Lewis 1898 1963 student at University College and Fellow of Magdalen T E Lawrence 1888 1935 Lawrence of Arabia Oxford resident undergraduate at Jesus postgraduate at Magdalen Iris Murdoch 1919 1999 undergraduate at Somerville and fellow of St Anne s Carola Oman 1897 1978 novelist and biographer born and brought up in the city Iain Pears born 1955 undergraduate at Wadham and Oxford resident wrote An Instance of the Fingerpost Philip Pullman born 1946 undergraduate at Exeter teacher and resident in the city Dorothy L Sayers 1893 1957 undergraduate at Somerville wrote about Lord Peter Wimsey J R R Tolkien 1892 1973 undergraduate at Exeter and later professor of English at Merton John Wain 1925 1994 undergraduate at St John s and later Professor of Poetry at Oxford University 1973 78 Oscar Wilde 1854 1900 19th century poet and author who attended Oxford from 1874 to 1878 122 Athol Williams born 1970 South African poet postgraduate at Hertford and Regent s Park from 2015 to 2020 Charles Williams 1886 1945 editor at Oxford University Press Oxford appears in the following works citation needed the poems The Scholar Gypsy and Thyrsis by Matthew Arnold 123 Thyrsis includes the lines And that sweet city with her dreaming spires She needs not June for beauty s heightening The Scarlet Pimpernel Harry Potter all the films to date The Chronicles of the Imaginarium Geographica by James A Owen Jude the Obscure 1895 by Thomas Hardy in which Oxford is thinly disguised as Christminster 124 Zuleika Dobson 1911 by Max Beerbohm Gaudy Night 1935 by Dorothy L Sayers Brideshead Revisited 1945 by Evelyn Waugh A Question of Upbringing 1951 by Anthony Powell Alice in Wonderland 1951 by Walt Disney Second Generation 1964 by Raymond Williams Young Sherlock Holmes 1985 by Steven Spielberg Inspector Morse 1987 2000 Where the Rivers Meet 1988 trilogy set in Oxford by John Wain All Souls 1989 by Javier Marias The Children of Men 1992 by P D James Doomsday Book 1992 by Connie Willis His Dark Materials trilogy 1995 onwards by Philip Pullman Tomorrow Never Dies 1997 125 The Saint 1997 102 Dalmatians 2000 Endymion Spring 2006 by Matthew Skelton Lewis 2006 15 The Oxford Murders 2008 Mr Nice 1996 autobiography of Howard Marks subsequently a 2010 film A Discovery of Witches 2011 by Deborah Harkness X Men First Class 2011 Endeavour 2012 onwards The Reluctant Cannibals 2013 by Ian Flitcroft Mamma Mia Here We Go Again 2018 The Late Scholar by Jill Paton Walsh part of the continuation of the Lord Peter Wimsey books of Dorothy L SayersSport editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed October 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Football edit nbsp Kassam Stadium nbsp The Manor Ground off London Road in Headington The city s leading football club Oxford United are currently in League One the third tier of league football though they enjoyed some success in the past in the upper reaches of the league They were elected to the Football League in 1962 reached the Third Division after three years and the Second Division after six and most notably reached the First Division in 1985 23 years after joining the Football League They spent three seasons in the top flight winning the Football League Cup a year after promotion The 18 years that followed relegation in 1988 saw their fortunes decline gradually though a brief respite in 1996 saw them win promotion to the new post Premier League Division One in 1996 and stay there for three years They were relegated to the Football Conference in 2006 staying there for four seasons before returning to the Football League in 2010 They play at the Kassam Stadium named after former chairman Firoz Kassam which is near the Blackbird Leys housing estate and has been their home since relocation from the Manor Ground in 2001 The club s notable former managers include Ian Greaves Jim Smith Maurice Evans Brian Horton Ramon Diaz and Denis Smith Notable former players include John Aldridge Ray Houghton Tommy Caton Matt Elliott Dean Saunders and Dean Whitehead Oxford City F C is a semi professional football club separate from Oxford United they play in the National League the fifth tier one level below the Football League in the pyramid Oxford City Nomads F C was a semi professional football club who ground shared with Oxford City and played in the Hellenic league Rowing edit Oxford University Boat Club compete in the world famous Boat Race Since 2007 the club has been based at a training facility and boathouse in Wallingford 126 south of Oxford after the original boathouse burnt down in 1999 Oxford Brookes University also has an elite rowing club 127 and there are public clubs near Donnington Bridge namely the City of Oxford Rowing Club 128 Falcon Boat Club 129 and Oxford Academicals Rowing Club 130 Cricket edit Oxford University Cricket Club is Oxford s most famous club with more than 300 Oxford players gaining international honours including Colin Cowdrey Douglas Jardine and Imran Khan 131 Oxfordshire County Cricket Club play in the Minor Counties League Athletics edit Headington Road Runners are based at the OXSRAD sports facility in Marsh Lane next to Oxford City F C is Oxford s only road running club with an average annual membership exceeding 300 It was the club at which double Olympian Mara Yamauchi started her running career Rugby league edit In 2013 Oxford Rugby League entered rugby league s semi professional Championship 1 the third tier of British rugby league Oxford Cavaliers who were formed in 1996 compete at the next level the Conference League South Oxford University The Blues 132 and Oxford Brookes University The Bulls 133 both compete in the rugby league BUCS university League Rugby union edit Oxford Harlequins RFC is the city s main Rugby Union team and currently plays in the South West Division Oxford R F C is the oldest city team and currently plays in the Berks Bucks and Oxon Championship Their most famous player was arguably Michael James Parsons known as Jim Parsons who was capped by England 134 Oxford University RFC are the most famous club with more than 300 Oxford players gaining International honours including Phil de Glanville Joe Roff Tyrone Howe Anton Oliver Simon Halliday David Kirk and Rob Egerton 135 London Welsh RFC moved to the Kassam Stadium in 2012 to fulfil their Premiership entry criteria regarding stadium capacity At the end of the 2015 season following relegation the club left Oxford 136 Hockey edit There are several field hockey clubs based in Oxford The Oxford Hockey Club formed after a merger of City of Oxford HC and Rover Oxford HC in 2011 plays most of its home games on the pitch at Oxford Brookes University Headington Campus and also uses the pitches at Headington Girls School and Iffley Road Oxford Hawks has two astroturf pitches at Banbury Road North by Cutteslowe Park to the north of the city Ice hockey edit Oxford City Stars is the local Ice Hockey Team which plays at Oxford Ice Rink There is a senior adults team 137 and a junior children s team 138 The Oxford University Ice Hockey Club was formed as an official University sports club in 1921 and traces its history back to a match played against Cambridge in St Moritz Switzerland in 1885 139 The club currently competes in Checking Division 1 of the British Universities Ice Hockey Association 140 Speedway and greyhound racing edit nbsp Speedway racing at Cowley in 1980Oxford Cheetahs motorcycle speedway team has raced at Oxford Stadium in Cowley on and off since 1939 The Cheetahs competed in the Elite League and then the Conference League until 2007 They were Britain s most successful club in the late 1980s becoming British League champions in 1985 1986 and 1989 Four times world champion Hans Nielsen was the club s most successful rider Greyhound racing took place at the Oxford Stadium from 1939 until 2012 and hosted some of the sport s leading events such as the Pall Mall Stakes The Cesarewitch and Trafalgar Cup The stadium remains intact but unused after closing in 2012 American football edit Oxford Saints is Oxford s senior American Football team One of the longest running American football clubs in the UK the Saints were founded in 1983 and have competed for over 30 years against other British teams across the country Gaelic football edit Eire og Oxford is Oxford s local Gaelic Football team Originally founded as a hurling club by Irish immigrants in 1959 141 the club plays within the Hertfordshire league and championship 142 being the only Gaelic Football club within Oxfordshire Hurling is no longer played by the club however Eire og do contribute players to the Hertfordshire wide amalgamated club St Declans Several well known Irishmen have played for Eire og including Darragh Ennis of ITV s The Chase and Stephen Molumphy former member of the Waterford county hurling team citation needed Religion edit nbsp Christ Church Cathedral nbsp Choir and organ of Christ Church CathedralChrist Church Cathedral Oxford St Mary the Virgin ChurchInternational relations editSee also List of twin towns and sister cities in England Oxford is twinned with 143 Bonn North Rhine Westphalia Germany 144 Grenoble Auvergne Rhone Alpes France 145 Leiden South Holland Netherlands Manizales Caldas Department Colombia 146 Leon Leon Department Nicaragua Perm Perm Krai Russia suspended in 2022 after the Russian invasion of Ukraine 147 148 Ramallah West Bank Palestine 149 Wroclaw Silesia Poland Padua Veneto Italy 150 Freedom of the City editThe following people and military units have received the Freedom of the City of Oxford Individuals edit Vice Admiral Lord Nelson 22 July 1802 Lord Valentia 6 December 1900 Admiral of the Fleet Sir Reginald Tyrwhitt 3 February 1919 Admiral of the Fleet Lord Beatty 25 June 1919 Field Marshal Lord Haig 25 June 1919 Sir Michael Sadler 18 May 1931 Benjamin R Jones 4 September 1942 Lord Nuffield 15 January 1951 Sir Robert Menzies 6 June 1953 Alic Halford Smith 10 February 1955 Lord Bicester 1 March 1955 Lord Attlee 16 January 1956 Sir Basil Blackwell 12 January 1970 Olive Gibbs 17 June 1982 Nelson Mandela 23 June 1997 Aung San Suu Kyi 15 December 1997 Revoked by Oxford City Council on 27 November 2017 Colin Dexter 26 February 2001 Professor Sir Richard Doll 16 September 2002 Sir Roger Bannister 12 May 2004 Sir Philip Pullman 24 January 2007 Professor Christopher Brown 2 July 2014 Benny Wenda 17 July 2019 151 152 Military units edit Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry 1 October 1945 1st Green Jackets 43rd and 52nd 7 November 1958 Royal Green Jackets 1 January 1966 The Rifles 1 February 2007 153 See also edit nbsp England portalBishop of Oxford Earl of Oxford List of attractions in Oxford List of Oxford architects Mayors of Oxford Oxfam Oxford bags The Oxfordian Age a subdivision of the Jurassic Period named for OxfordReferences editCitations edit a b Key Facts about Oxford Oxford City Council Retrieved 16 February 2021 Civic office holders Oxford City Council Archived from the original on 26 April 2021 Retrieved 26 April 2021 How life has changed in Oxford Census 2021 Office for National Statistics Retrieved 10 October 2021 Upton Clive et al eds 2001 The Oxford Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English Oxford England Oxford University Press p 734 ISBN 978 0 19 863156 9 Dictionary com oxford in Dictionary com Unabridged Source location Random House Inc http dictionary reference com browse oxford Archived 23 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine Available http dictionary reference com Archived 20 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 4 July 2012 Sager 2005 p 36 A brief history of the University University of Oxford 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Retrieved 6 December 2022 Oxford s International Twin Towns Oxford City Council Archived from the original on 9 January 2015 Retrieved 24 January 2015 City Twinnings Stadt Bonn Archived from the original on 10 April 2013 Retrieved 1 August 2013 Jerome Steffenino Marguerite Masson Ville de Grenoble Cooperations et villes jumelles Grenoble fr Archived from the original on 14 October 2007 Retrieved 29 October 2009 Bragg Alexander 21 October 2016 The Oxford Manizales connection of town versus gown The City Paper Retrieved 18 October 2020 Hughes Tim 4 March 2022 Oxford City Council ends unpopular Perm twin link in U turn Oxford Mail Retrieved 6 March 2022 Oksford razorval otnosheniya s Permyu iz za specoperacii na Ukraine Ura news Retrieved 8 March 2022 Council Oxford City Historic moment as Oxford and Ramallah in Palestine become twin cities www oxford gov uk Archived from the original on 28 July 2020 Retrieved 30 May 2019 Oxford Padua Ramallah twin cities recognised Oxford City Council 4 November 2019 Archived from the original on 26 November 2020 Retrieved 18 October 2020 Benny Wenda West Papua leader receives freedom of Oxford BBC News 17 July 2019 Archived from the original on 11 August 2019 Retrieved 14 September 2019 Freedom of the City Archived from the original on 11 August 2019 Retrieved 11 August 2019 Ffrench Andrew 21 May 2015 Regiment to exercise Freedom of the City Oxford Mail Archived from the original on 27 June 2018 Retrieved 14 September 2019 Sources edit Cooke B W C ed January 1960 The Why and the Wherefore Distances from London to Oxford The Railway Magazine Vol 106 no 705 Westminster Tothill Press MacDermot E T 1927 History of the Great Western Railway vol I 1833 1863 Paddington Great Western Railway MacDermot E T 1931 History of the Great Western Railway vol II 1863 1921 Paddington Great Western Railway Mitchell Vic Smith Keith July 2005 Oxford to Bletchley Country Railway Routes Middleton Press ISBN 1 904474 57 8 Sager Peter 2005 Oxford amp Cambridge An Uncommon History Thames amp Hudson ISBN 0 500 51249 3 Saint Andrew 1970 Three Oxford Architects Oxoniensia Oxfordshire Architectural and Historical Society XXXV Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 Retrieved 22 January 2019 Simpson Bill 1997 A History of the Railways of Oxfordshire Vol Part 1 The North Banbury and Witney Lamplight ISBN 1 899246 02 9 Simpson Bill 2001 A History of the Railways of Oxfordshire Vol Part 2 The South Banbury and Witney Lamplight ISBN 1 899246 06 1 Further reading editAston Michael Bond James 1976 The Landscape of Towns Archaeology in the Field Series London J M Dent amp Sons Ltd ISBN 0 460 04194 0 Attlee James 2007 Isolarion A Different Oxford Journey Chicago University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 03093 7 Curl James Stevens 1977 The Erosion of Oxford Oxford Illustrated Press Ltd ISBN 0 902280 40 6 Dale Lawrence 1944 Towards a Plan for Oxford City London Faber and Faber Gordon Anne 22 June 2008 History learning beauty reign over Oxford The Boston Globe Archived from the original on 3 November 2012 Retrieved 23 June 2008 Morris Jan 2001 Oxford Oxford Oxford Paperbacks ISBN 978 0 19 280136 4 Sharp Thomas 1948 Oxford Replanned London The Architectural Press Tyack Geoffrey 1998 Oxford An Architectural Guide Oxford New York Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 817423 3 Woolley A R 1975 The Clarendon Guide to Oxford 3rd ed Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 951047 4 External links edit nbsp Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Oxford nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oxford Howarth Osbert John Radcliffe 1911 Oxford Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 20 11th ed pp 405 414 Oxford City Council official website Thames Valley Guide Oxford Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Oxford amp oldid 1180661392, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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