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Outline of South Asian history

February 16, 2024

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the history of South Asia:

History of South Asia – South Asia refers to the broader region in and around the historical Indian subcontinent, which includes the contemporary geopolitical entities of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Afghanistan, Bhutan, and the island nations of Sri Lanka and the Maldives.

Chronology edit

Chronology of India
James Mill (1774–1836), in his The History of British India (1817),[a] distinguished three phases in the history of the Indian subcontinent, namely Hindu, Muslim, and British civilisations.[b][c] This periodisation has been influential, but has also been criticised for the misconceptions it gave rise to.[d] Another influential periodisation is the division into "ancient, classical, medieval and modern periods".[e]
World History[f] James Mill's Periodisation[g] ACMM[h][i] Chronology of Indian History[j][k][l][m]
Early Societes
(3500–2500 BCE) 		Early Indian Civilizations Ancient India Prehistoric Era
Indus Valley civilisation (c. 3300–1750 BCE)
Ancient Vedic Kingdoms
(2500–600 BCE) 		Hindu civilisations Early Vedic period
(c. 1750 – 1200 BCE)
Middle Vedic period
(from 1200 BCE)
Late Vedic period
(from 850 BCE)
Classical Civilisations
(600 BCE-500 CE) 		Second urbanisation
Early empires[n]
(c. 600–200 BCE)[o]
Disintegration[p] and regional states
(c. 200 BCE–300 CE)[q]
Classical India "Golden Age" (Gupta Empire)
(c. 320–650 CE)[r]
Post-classical age
(500–1000 CE) 		Medieval India Regional Indian kingdoms and Beginning of Islamic raids
(c. 650–1100 CE)[s]
Transregional nomadic empires
(1000–1500 CE) 		Muslim civilisations Delhi Sultanate (north India)
(1206–1526 CE)
Vijayanagara Empire (south India)
(1336–1646 CE)
Modern age
(1500–present) 		Modern India Mughal Empire
(1526–1707)
British civilisations Maratha Empire
British rule
(c. 1750 CE–1947)
– Independent India

James Mill (1773–1836), in his The History of British India (1817), distinguished three phases in the history of India, namely Hindu, Muslim and British civilisations. This periodisation has been influential, but has also been criticised for the misconceptions it gave rise to. Another influential periodisation is the division into "ancient, classical, medieval and modern periods", although this periodisation has also been criticised.[1]

Romila Thapar notes that the division into Hindu-Muslim-British periods of Indian history gives too much weight to "ruling dynasties and foreign invasions",[2] neglecting the social-economic history which often showed a strong continuity.[2] The division into Ancient-Medieval-Modern periods overlooks the fact that the Muslim conquests occurred gradually during which time many things came and went off, while the south was never completely conquered.[2] According to Thapar, a periodisation could also be based on "significant social and economic changes", which are not strictly related to the change of ruling powers.[3][note 1]

By period edit

Paleolithic and Mesolithic age edit

(c. 500,000–125,000 BCE)

Neolithic age edit

Bronze Age edit

Bronze Age India (3500–1500 BCE)

Iron Age and Vedic period edit

Main article: Vedic period

Middle kingdoms edit

Main article: Middle kingdoms of India

Late medieval period edit

Late medieval period   (1206–1596)

Early modern period edit

Early modern period   (1526–1858)

European colonial period edit

Colonial period   (1510–1961 CE)

Kingdoms of Sri Lanka edit

Main article: History of Sri Lanka

History of South Asia, by region edit

History of South Asia, by subject edit

History of architecture in South Asia

See also edit

References edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ See also Tanvir Anjum, Temporal Divides: A Critical Review of the Major Schemes of Periodization in Indian History.

Citations edit

  1. ^ Thapar 1978, p. 19–20.
  2. ^ a b c Thapar 1978, p. 19.
  3. ^ Thapar 1978, p. 20.

Sources edit

  • Flood, Gavin D. (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press
  • Hiltebeitel, Alf (2002), Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture", Routledge, ISBN 9781136875977
  • Michaels, Axel (2004), Hinduism. Past and present, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press
  • Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century, Cambridge University Press
  • Thapar, Romila (1978), (PDF), Orient Blackswan, archived from the original (PDF) on 14 February 2015, retrieved 14 February 2015

External links edit

February 16, 2024
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The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the history of South Asia History of South Asia South Asia refers to the broader region in and around the historical Indian subcontinent which includes the contemporary geopolitical entities of India Pakistan Bangladesh Nepal Afghanistan Bhutan and the island nations of Sri Lanka and the Maldives Contents 1 Chronology 2 By period 2 1 Paleolithic and Mesolithic age 2 2 Neolithic age 2 3 Bronze Age 2 4 Iron Age and Vedic period 2 5 Middle kingdoms 2 6 Late medieval period 2 7 Early modern period 2 8 European colonial period 2 9 Kingdoms of Sri Lanka 3 History of South Asia by region 4 History of South Asia by subject 5 See also 6 References 6 1 Notes 6 2 Citations 6 3 Sources 7 External linksChronology editChronology of IndiaJames Mill 1774 1836 in his The History of British India 1817 a distinguished three phases in the history of the Indian subcontinent namely Hindu Muslim and British civilisations b c This periodisation has been influential but has also been criticised for the misconceptions it gave rise to d Another influential periodisation is the division into ancient classical medieval and modern periods e World History f James Mill s Periodisation g ACMM h i Chronology of Indian History j k l m Early Societes 3500 2500 BCE Early Indian Civilizations Ancient India Prehistoric EraIndus Valley civilisation c 3300 1750 BCE Ancient Vedic Kingdoms 2500 600 BCE Hindu civilisations Early Vedic period c 1750 1200 BCE Middle Vedic period from 1200 BCE Late Vedic period from 850 BCE Classical Civilisations 600 BCE 500 CE Second urbanisationEarly empires n c 600 200 BCE o Disintegration p and regional states c 200 BCE 300 CE q Classical India Golden Age Gupta Empire c 320 650 CE r Post classical age 500 1000 CE Medieval India Regional Indian kingdoms and Beginning of Islamic raids c 650 1100 CE s Transregional nomadic empires 1000 1500 CE Muslim civilisations Delhi Sultanate north India 1206 1526 CE Vijayanagara Empire south India 1336 1646 CE Modern age 1500 present Modern India Mughal Empire 1526 1707 British civilisations Maratha EmpireBritish rule c 1750 CE 1947 Independent IndiaNotes and references for tableNotes Different periods are designated as classical Hinduism Smart calls the period between 1000 BCE and 100 CE pre classical It s the formative period for the Upanishads and Brahmanism Smart distinguishes Brahmanism from the Vedic religion connecting Brahmanism with the Upanishads t Jainism and Buddhism For Smart the classical period lasts from 100 to 1000 CE and coincides with the flowering of classical Hinduism and the flowering and deterioration of Mahayana buddhism in India u For Michaels the period between 500 BCE and 200 BCE is a time of Ascetic reformism v whereas the period between 200 BCE and 1100 CE is the time of classical Hinduism since there is a turning point between the Vedic religion and Hindu religions w Muesse discerns a longer period of change namely between 800 BCE and 200 BCE which he calls the Classical Period According to Muesse some of the fundamental concepts of Hinduism namely karma reincarnation and personal enlightenment and transformation which did not exist in the Vedic religion developed in this time x References Khanna 2007 p xvii Khanna 2007 p xvii Misra 2004 p 194 Kulke 2004 p 7 Flood 1996 p 21 Bentley Khanna 2007 p xvii Flood 1996 p 21 Stein Smart 2003 p 52 53 Michaels 2004 Muesse 2011 Flood 1996 p 21 22 Thapar Thapar Thapar Michaels 2004 p 39 Michaels 2004 p 40 Michaels 2004 p 41 Smart 2003 p 52 83 86 Smart 2003 p 52 Michaels 2004 p 36 Michaels 2004 p 38 Muesse 2003 p 14 Sources Bentley Jerry H June 1996 Cross Cultural Interaction and Periodization in World History The American Historical Review 101 3 749 770 doi 10 2307 2169422 JSTOR 2169422 Flood Gavin D 1996 An Introduction to Hinduism Cambridge University Press Khanna Meenakshi 2007 Cultural History Of Medieval India Berghahn Books Kulke Hermann Rothermund Dietmar 2004 A History of India Routledge Michaels Axel 2004 Hinduism Past and present Princeton New Jersey Princeton University Press Misra Amalendu 2004 Identity and Religion Foundations of Anti Islamism in India SAGE Muesse Mark William 2003 Great World Religions Hinduism Muesse Mark W 2011 The Hindu Traditions A Concise Introduction Fortress Press Smart Ninian 2003 Godsdiensten van de wereld The World s religions Kampen Uitgeverij Kok Thapar Romila 1977 A History of India Volume One Penguin BooksJames Mill 1773 1836 in his The History of British India 1817 distinguished three phases in the history of India namely Hindu Muslim and British civilisations This periodisation has been influential but has also been criticised for the misconceptions it gave rise to Another influential periodisation is the division into ancient classical medieval and modern periods although this periodisation has also been criticised 1 Romila Thapar notes that the division into Hindu Muslim British periods of Indian history gives too much weight to ruling dynasties and foreign invasions 2 neglecting the social economic history which often showed a strong continuity 2 The division into Ancient Medieval Modern periods overlooks the fact that the Muslim conquests occurred gradually during which time many things came and went off while the south was never completely conquered 2 According to Thapar a periodisation could also be based on significant social and economic changes which are not strictly related to the change of ruling powers 3 note 1 By period editPaleolithic and Mesolithic age edit Madrasian culture 1 5 MYA Soanian culture c 500 000 125 000 BCE South Asian Stone Age c 50 000 5000 BCE Neolithic age edit Bhirrana culture 7570 6200 BCE Mehrgarh culture 7000 3300 BCE Bronze Age edit Bronze Age India 3500 1500 BCE Kalibangan 3500 2000 BCE Indus Valley civilization 3300 1300 BCE Early Harappan Culture 3300 2600 BCE Mature Harappan Culture 2600 1750 BCE Late Harappan Culture 1750 1300 BCE Ahar Banas culture Copper Hoard culture Painted Grey Ware culture Black and red ware culture Bara culture Malwa culture Jorwe culture Other chalcolithic sites include Patapadu Andhra Pradesh Iron Age and Vedic period edit Main article Vedic period Vedic period c 1500 600 BCE Puru Kingdom c 1500 1200 BCE Brihadratha Dynasty c 1700 689 BCE Gandhara Kingdom c 1500 500 BCE Kuru Dynasty c 1200 350 BCE Panchala Dynasty c 1200 500 BCE Avanti Kingdom c 1200 300 BCE Later Vedic period c 1000 600 BCE Matsya Kingdom c 1000 500 BCE Chedi Kingdom c 1000 300 BCE Surasena Kingdom c 1000 600 BCE Kamboja Kingdom c 1000 550 BCE Videha Kingdom c 800 300 BCE Pradyota dynasty c 682 544 BCE Haryanka Kingdom 544 415 BCE Pandyan Kingdom 600 BCE 1650 CE Chera Kingdom 600 BCE 1102 CE Chola Kingdom 600 BCE 1279 CE Ror Kingdom 450 BCE 489 CE Shishunaga dynasty 415 321 BCE Nanda Empire 421 345 BCE Malava Dynasty 392 BCE 78 CE Macedonian Empire 330 323 BCE Maurya Empire 321 184 BCE Pallava Kingdom 250 BCE 800 CE Maha Megha Vahana Empire 250 BCE 400 CE Middle kingdoms edit Main article Middle kingdoms of India Satavahana Empire 230 BCE 220 CE Kuninda Kingdom 200 BCE 300 CE Indo Scythian Kingdom 200 BCE 400 CE Shunga Empire 185 73 BCE Indo Greek Kingdom 180 BCE 10 CE Kanva Empire 75 26 BCE Indo Parthian Kingdom 21 130s CE Western Satrap Empire 35 405 CE Kushan Empire 60 240 CE Bharshiva Dynasty 170 350 CE Nagas of Padmavati 210 340 CE Sasanian Empire 224 651 CE Indo Sassanid Kingdom 230 360 CE Vakataka Empire 250s 6th century CE Kalabhra Empire 250 600 CE Gupta Empire 280 550 CE Kadamba Empire 345 525 CE Western Ganga Kingdom 350 1000 CE Kamarupa Kingdom 350 1100 CE Vishnukundina Empire 420 624 CE Maitraka Empire 475 767 CE Huna Kingdom 475 576 CE Rai Kingdom 489 632 CE Guhila dynasty 500 1950 CE Turk Shahis 500 850 CE Hindu Shahis 850 1026 CE Chalukya Empire 543 753 CE Maukhari Empire 550s 8th century CE Kalachuris of Mahishmati 6th 7th century CE Harsha Empire 606 647 CE Eastern Chalukya Kingdom 624 1075 CE Rashidun Caliphate 632 661 CE Gurjara Pratihara Empire 650 1036 CE Umayyad Caliphate 661 750 CE Kalachuris of Tripuri 7th 12th century CE Pala Empire 750 1174 CE Rashtrakuta Empire 753 982 CE Paramara Kingdom 800 1327 CE Yadava Empire 850 1334 CE Chaulukya Kingdom 942 1244 CE Western Chalukya Empire 973 1189 CE Lohara Kingdom 1003 1320 CE Hoysala Empire 1040 1346 CE Sena Empire 1070 1230 CE Eastern Ganga Empire 1078 1434 CE Zamorin Kingdom 1102 1766 CE Kakatiya Kingdom 1083 1323 CE Chutiya Kingdom 1187 1673 CE Kalachuris of Kalyani 1156 1184 CE Late medieval period edit Late medieval period 1206 1596 Delhi Sultanate 1206 1526 CE Mamluk Sultanate 1206 1290 CE Khalji Sultanate 1290 1320 CE Tughlaq Sultanate 1320 1414 CE Sayyid Sultanate 1414 1451 CE Lodi Sultanate 1451 1526 CE Deva Kingdom 12th century 13th century CE Ahom kingdom 1228 1826 CE Chitradurga Kingdom 1300 1779 CE Reddy Kingdom 1325 1448 CE Vijayanagara Empire 1336 1646 CE Bengal Sultanate 1352 1576 CE Ilyas Shahi Sultanate 1352 1487 CE Hussain Shahi Sultanate 1494 1538 CE Karrani Sultanate 1564 1576 CE Garhwal Kingdom 1358 1803 CE Mysore Kingdom 1399 1947 CE Gajapati Empire 1434 1541 CE Keladi Kingdom 1499 1763 CE Deccan Sultanates 1490 1596 CE Koch Kingdom 1515 1947 CE Early modern period edit Early modern period 1526 1858 Bengal Sultanate 1352 1576 CE Hussain Shahi Sultanate 1494 1538 CE Karrani Sultanate 1564 1576 CE Mughal Empire 1526 1858 CE Sur Empire 1540 1556 CE Madurai Kingdom 1559 1736 CE Thanjavur Kingdom 1572 1918 CE Marava Kingdom 1600 1750 CE Thondaiman Kingdom 1650 1948 CE Maratha Empire 1674 1947 CE Sikh Confederacy 1707 1799 CE Durrani Empire 1747 1823 CE Travancore Kingdom 1729 1947 CE Sikh Empire 1799 1849 CE European colonial period edit Colonial period 1510 1961 CE Portuguese India 1510 1961 CE Dutch India 1605 1825 CE Danish India 1620 1869 CE French India 1759 1954 CE Company Raj 1757 1858 CE British Raj 1858 1947 CE Partition of British India 1947 CE Kingdoms of Sri Lanka edit Main article History of Sri Lanka Kingdom of Tambapanni 543 505 BCE Kingdom of Upatissa Nuwara 505 377 BCE Anuradhapura Kingdom 377 BCE 1017 CE Kingdom of Ruhuna 200 CE Kingdom of Polonnaruwa 300 1310 CE Jaffna Kingdom 1215 1624 CE Kingdom of Dambadeniya 1220 1272 CE Kingdom of Yapahuwa 1272 1293 CE Kingdom of Kurunegala 1293 1341 CE Kingdom of Gampola 1341 1347 CE Kingdom of Raigama 1347 1415 CE Kingdom of Kotte 1412 1597 CE Kingdom of Sitawaka 1521 1594 CE Kingdom of Kandy 1469 1815 CE Portuguese Ceylon 1505 1658 CE Dutch Ceylon 1656 1796 CE British Ceylon 1815 1948 CE History of South Asia by region editHistory of Afghanistan History of Bengal History of Bangladesh See History of Bangladesh after independence for post 1971 history History of Chittagong History of Dhaka History of Rangpur History of Sylhet History of Bhutan History of India for pre 1947 history Timeline of Indian history History of Andhra Pradesh History of Arunachal Pradesh History of Assam History of Bihar History of Chhattisgarh History of Goa History of Gujarat History of Haryana History of Himachal Pradesh History of Jammu and Kashmir History of Jharkhand History of Karnataka History of Kerala History of Madhya Pradesh History of Maharashtra History of Manipur History of Meghalaya History of Mizoram History of Nagaland History of Odisha History of Punjab History of Rajasthan History of Sikkim History of Tamil Nadu History of Telangana History of Tripura History of Uttar Pradesh History of Uttarakhand History of West Bengal History of the Republic of India for post 1947 history History of the Maldives History of Nepal History of Pakistan Pakistan studies History of Azad Kashmir History of Balochistan Pakistan History of Gilgit Baltistan History of Islamabad History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa History of the Punjab History of Sindh History of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas History of Sri Lanka History of British Indian Ocean TerritoryHistory of South Asia by subject editHistory of architecture in South Asia Archaeology in India History of South Asian domes Coinage of India Economic history of India History of the taka History of South Asian cuisine Timeline of cultivation and domestication in South and West Asia History of education in the Indian subcontinent Execution by elephant Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia Indian literature Indian maritime history Military history of India List of Indian monarchs Indology Linguistic history of the Indian subcontinent Timeline of mathematical innovation in South and West Asia History of metallurgy in South Asia History of science and technology in South AsiaSee also editHistory of Asia History of Central Asia History of East Asia History of Southeast Asia Former subdivisions of Pakistan Partition of India List of Hindu Empires and DynastiesReferences editNotes edit See also Tanvir Anjum Temporal Divides A Critical Review of the Major Schemes of Periodization in Indian History Citations edit Thapar 1978 p 19 20 a b c Thapar 1978 p 19 Thapar 1978 p 20 Sources edit Flood Gavin D 1996 An Introduction to Hinduism Cambridge University Press Hiltebeitel Alf 2002 Hinduism In Joseph Kitagawa The Religious Traditions of Asia Religion History and Culture Routledge ISBN 9781136875977 Michaels Axel 2004 Hinduism Past and present Princeton New Jersey Princeton University Press Samuel Geoffrey 2010 The Origins of Yoga and Tantra Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century Cambridge University Press Thapar Romila 1978 Ancient Indian Social History Some Interpretations PDF Orient Blackswan archived from the original PDF on 14 February 2015 retrieved 14 February 2015External links editSouth Asian history at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Definitions from Wiktionary nbsp Media from Commons nbsp News from Wikinews nbsp Quotations from Wikiquote nbsp Texts from Wikisource nbsp Textbooks from Wikibooks nbsp Resources from Wikiversity Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Outline of South Asian history amp oldid 1206871606, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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