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Kalibangan

Kalibangān is a town located at 29°28′N 74°08′E / 29.47°N 74.13°E / 29.47; 74.13 on the left or southern banks of the Ghaggar (Ghaggar-Hakra River)[1][2] in Tehsil Pilibangān, between Suratgarh and Hanumangarh in Hanumangarh District, Rajasthan, India 205 km. from Bikaner. It is also identified as being established in the triangle of land at the confluence of Drishadvati and Sarasvati Rivers.[3] The prehistoric and pre-Mauryan character of Indus Valley civilization was first identified by Luigi Tessitori at this site. Kalibangan's excavation report was published in its entirety in 2003 by the Archaeological Survey of India, 34 years after the completion of excavations. The report concluded that Kalibangan was a major provincial capital of the Indus Valley Civilization. Kalibangan is distinguished by its unique fire altars and "world's earliest attested ploughed field".[4] It is around 2900 BC that the region of Kalibangan developed into what can be considered a planned city.[5]

Kalibangān
The western mound of Kalibangan, known as the Citadel
Shown within Rajasthan
Kalibangan (India)
LocationRajasthan, India
RegionThar desert
Coordinates29°28′27″N 74°7′49″E / 29.47417°N 74.13028°E / 29.47417; 74.13028
TypeSettlement
History
AbandonedAround the 20th or 19th century BCE
PeriodsHarappan 1 to Harappan 3C
CulturesIndus Valley civilization

Kalibangan was first excavated under the Directorship of B.B. Lal (ASI) between 1960-61 to 1969-70. Other excavation team members were B.K. Thapar, M.D. Khare, K.M. Shrivastava and S.P. Jain.

Indus Valley Civilization edit

The Kalibangan pre-historic site was discovered by Luigi Pio Tessitori, an Italian Indologist (1887–1919).[6] He was doing some research in ancient Indian texts and was surprised by the character of ruins in that area. He sought help from Sir John Marshall of the Archaeological Survey of India. At that time the ASI was conducting excavations at Harappa, but they were unaware of the significance of the ruins. In fact, Tessitori was the first person to recognize that the ruins were 'Prehistoric' and pre-Mauryan. Luigi Pio Tessitori also pointed out the nature of the culture, but at that time it was not possible to guess that the ruins of Kalibangan lay within the Indus Valley Civilisation. He died five years before the Harappan culture was formally recognized.

After India's independence, both the major Harappan cities together with the Indus became a part of Pakistan and Indian archaeologists were compelled to intensify the search for Harappan sites in India. Amlānand Ghosh (Ex. Director General, Archaeological Survey of India, or ASI) was the first person to recognise this site as Harappan and marked it out for excavations.[7] Under the leadership of B. B. Lal (then Director General, ASI), Balkrishna (B.K.) Thapar, M. D. Khare, K. M. Shrivastava and S. P. Jain carried out excavations for 9 years (1960–9) in 9 successive excavation sessions. Two ancient mounds were excavated, spread over half a kilometre (an area of a quarter square kilometre). On the western side is the smaller mound (KLB1), 9 meters high and known as the citadel. The Eastern mound, which is higher (12 meters) and bigger, is known as the lower city (KLB2).

The excavation unexpectedly brought to light a twofold sequence of cultures, of which the upper one (Kalibangan I) belongs to the Harappan, showing the characteristic grid layout of a metropolis and the lower one (Kalibangan II) was formerly called pre-Harappan but is now called "Early Harappan or antecedent Harappan".[8] Other nearby sites belonging to IVC include Balu, Kunal, Banawali etc.

Early Harappan Phase edit

 
Kalibangan pre-Harappan structures
 
Kalibangan pre-Harappan structural strata
 
Kalibangan pre-Harappan painted pottery

This Early Harappan phase (also called Proto-Harappan Phase ) at Kalibangan belongs to the Sothi-Siswal culture (see also Sothi site).

Traces of pre-Harappan culture have been found only at the lower levels of the western mound. According to archaeological evidence, the Indus Valley culture existed at the site from the proto-Harappan age (3500 BC – 2500 BC) to the Harappan age (2500 BC – 1750 BC). This earlier phase is labelled Kalibangan-I (KLB-I) or Period-I. Similarity of pottery relates Kalibangan-I with the Sothi-Siswal culture because a lot of this pottery was later discovered at Sothi village in North Western India.[9]

There are also links in Kalibangan to the Kot Diji culture (related to Sothi-Siswal).[10]

Fort and houses edit

 
Ruins of Kalibanga. Brick wall can be seen in the hole in the centre.

In this phase, the settlement was fortified, using dried mud bricks, from the beginning of occupation. This fort had been built twice in different periods. Earlier, fort wall had a thickness of 1.9 meters, which was raised to 3.7–4.1 meters during reconstruction in this phase. Brick size was 20 × 20 × 10 cm in both construction-phases. The citadel mound (smaller mound) is a parallelogram about 130 meters on the east-west axis and 260 meters on the north-south. Town planning was like that of Mohenjodaro or Harappa. The direction of houses and brick sizes was markedly different from that used in the Harappan phase (KLB-II).

Within the walled area, the houses were also built of mud bricks of the same size as used in the fort wall; the use of burnt bricks is attested by a drain within the houses, remains of ovens and cylindrical pits, lined with lime plaster. Some burnt wedge shaped bricks have also been found.[11]

Earliest ploughed field edit

B. B. Lal, former DG of ASI writes, "Kalibangan in Rajasthan has given the evidence of the earliest (c. 2800 BC) ploughed agricultural field[12] ever revealed through an excavation.".[13][14] It has been found south east of the pre-Harappan settlement, outside the fort. "Kalibangan excavations in present western Rajasthan shows a ploughed field, the first site of this nature in the world. It shows a grid pattern of furrows, placed about 30 cm apart running east-west and other spaced about 190 cm apart running north-south, a pattern remarkably similar to the one practiced even now.".[15] Even today, similar ploughing is used for two simultaneous crops in this region, esp. of mustard and gram. In order to preserve it, this excavated ploughed field area was refilled after excavation and the area was marked by concrete pillar posts.

'Six fabrics of Kalibangan' pottery edit

Early Harappan Phase pottery found at Kalibangan has been classified to make a datum line for ceramic studies in the Indian subcontinent, which is known as the six fabrics of Kalibanagan. Fabrics A, B, and D are grouped as redware, Fabric C pottery is violet and black and classified as subtype of black and red ware.[16]

Six fabrics of Kalibanagan refer to the distinguishing mark on pottery of this early Harappan phase characterized by six fabrics labelled A, B, C, D, E and F, which were later identified also at nearby site of Sothi belonging to Sothi-Siswal culture which is a subtype of Early Harappan Phase.[16]

Six fabrics of Kalibanagan ae as follows:[16]

  • Fabrics A, B, and D can be clubbed together. They are red painted. Fabric A is carelessly potted in spite of use of potter's wheel. It contains designs in light-black, often decorated with white lines. Lines, semicircles, grids, insects, flowers, leaves, trees and squares were favourite motifs. Fabric B shows marked improvement in finishing, but the lower half was deliberately roughened. Flowers, animals were painted in black on red background. Fabric D contained designs of slanted lines or semicircles in some, while most pots were plain. But Fabric-C pottery was thicker and stronger.[16]
  • Fabric C was distinguished by violet tinge and fine polish, with designs in black; it is the best proto-Harappan pottery in finishing. Fabric E was light colored and Fabric F was grey.[16]

Other finds edit

Among the other finds of this Period are: small blades of chalcedony and agate, sometimes serrated or backed; beads of steatite, shell, carnelian, terracotta and copper; bangles of copper, shell and terracotta; terracotta objects like a toy-cart, wheel and a broken bull; quem with mullers, a bone point, and copper celts, including an unusual axe, etc.[17][18] Toy carts suggest carts were used for transportation in early phase of Kalibangan.

Earliest earthquakes and end of Phase-I edit

B. B. Lal, former DG of ASI writes,"Kalibangan in Rajasthan ... has also shown that there occurred an earthquake around 2600 BC, which brought to an end the Early Indus settlement at the site.".[13] This is perhaps the earliest archaeologically recorded earthquake.[19] At least three pre-historic earthquakes affecting the Indus Valley Civilization at Dholavira in Khadir have been identified during 2900–1800 BC.[20]

KLB-I phase has left 1.6 meters of continuous deposits during five distinct structural strata, the last of which was destroyed perhaps by an earthquake and the site was abandoned around 2600 BCE, soon to be settled again by Harappans.

Harappan Phase edit

Fire altars edit

 
Kalibangan Harappan seals

At Kalibangan, fire altars have been discovered, similar to those found at Lothal which S.R. Rao thinks could have served no other purpose than a ritualistic one.[21] These altars suggest fire worship.[22] It is the only Indus Valley Civilization site where there is no evidence to suggest the worship of the mother goddess.[23]

Within the fortified citadel complex, the southern half contained many (five or six) raised platforms of mud bricks, mutually separated by corridors. Stairs were attached to these platforms. Vandalism of these platforms by brick robbers makes it difficult to reconstruct the original shape of structures above them but unmistakable remnants of oval fire-pits of burnt bricks for have been found, with a sacrificial post (cylindrical or with rectangular cross-section, sometimes bricks were laid upon each other to construct such a post) in the middle of each pit and sacrificial terracotta cakes in all these fire-pits. Houses in the lower town also contain similar altars. Burnt charcoals have been found in these fire-pits. The structure of these fire-altars is reminiscent of altars, but the analogy may be coincidental, and these altars are perhaps intended for some specific (perhaps religious) purpose by the community as a whole. In some fire-altars remnants of animals have been found, which suggest a possibility of animal-sacrifice.[24]

The official website of ASI reports : "Besides the above two principle [sic] parts of the metropolis there was also a third one-a moderate structure situated upwards of 80 m e. of the lower town containing four to five fire altars. This lonely structure may perhaps have been used for ritual purposes.[25]" Thus, fire-altars have been found in three groups: public altars in the citadel, household altars in lower town, and public altars in a third separate group. A short distance from fire altars, a well and remnants of a bathing place were found, suggesting ceremonial bath was a part of rituals.[26]

Lower town edit

 
Kalibangan 2, Main street

The lower town was also a fortified parallelogram, although only traces are now left. The fort was made of mud bricks (40 × 20 × 10 cm) and three or four structural phases have been recognized. It had gates in north and west.

B. B. Lal wrote:

"Well-regulated streets (were) oriented almost invariably along with the cardinal directions, thus forming a grid-iron pattern. (At Kalibangan) even the widths of these streets were in a set ratio, i.e. if the narrowest lane was one unit in width, the other streets were twice, thrice and so on. (...) Such a town-planning was unknown in contemporary West Asia.".[27]

The lower town was 239 meters east to west, but north-south extent cannot be determined. 8 main roads have been recognized, 5 north-south and 3 east-west. Few more east-west roads are expected to be buried within the unexcavated remains. Second east-west road ran in a curved outline to meet the first at the north-eastern end (towards the river), where a gateway was provided. This road was an anomaly in the grid-pattern of straight roads. There were many lanes connected to specific housing complexes. Roads and lanes had widths in accurately determined proportions, like in other Harappan cities, ranging from 7.2 meters for main roads to 1.8 meters for narrow lanes. Fender posts were installed at street corners to prevent accidents. In second structural level, roads were laid with mud tiles. Drains from houses emptied into pits (soakage jars) beneath the roads. Some central authority must be there to plan and regulate all this.[28]

Housing edit

 
Kalibangan arterial thoroughfare, Harappan

The city was fortified.[5] Like town planning, housing also followed the common pattern of other Harappan cities. Due to grid-pattern of town planning like a chess board, all houses opened out to at least two or three roads or lanes. Each house had a courtyard and 6–7 rooms on three sides, with a well in some houses. One house had stairs for going to the roof. Houses were built of 10 X 20 X 30 cm adobe bricks[5] (same as those used in second structural phase of fort wall). Burnt bricks were used in drains, wells, bathing platforms and door-sills, besides fire-altar. Floors of rooms were built of thrashed fine mud, sometimes laid with mud bricks or terracotta cakes. One house had floors built of burnt tiles decorated with geometrical designs.[29] Kalibangan 1953 A. Ghosh Situated in Rajasthan on the Bank of Ghaggar 1. Shows both Pre Harappan and Harappan phase 2. Evidence of furrowed land 3. Evidence of camel bones 4. Many houses had their own well 5. Kalibangan stand for black bangles 6. Evidence of wooden furrow

Terracota edit

Some early Kalibangan pottery has a close resemblance to the pottery of the Hakra ware in Cholistan, to other Early Harappan pottery from the Indus Valley Civilization and the pottery of the Integration Era.[30] Functionally, pottery can be classified into household pots, religious and burial purposes. Structurally, we have classes like plain and decorated wares. Some pots had Harappan inscriptions (undeciphered) on them.

The best terracotta figure from Kalibangan is that a charging bull which is considered to signify the "realistic and powerful folk art of Harappan Age".[31] The city is known for the numerous terracotta bangles found here.

Seals edit

 
Kalibangan cylinder seal

A number of seals have been found dating to this phase. Most noteworthy is a cylindrical seal, depicting a female figure between two male figures, fighting or threatening with spears. There is also a mixed person bull observing. They are of rectangular shape.

 
1961 postal stamp

Other finds edit

A cylindrical graduated measuring rod and a clay ball with human figures are other notable finds. Peas and chickpeas were also found.[32]

Burial systems edit

 
The passage to the graveyard

Three systems of burial have been attested in the burial ground ~300 yards south-west of the citadel, where ~34 graves have been found :

  1. Burial in rectangular or oval pit, with corpse laid down straight (extended), head northwards amidst pottery. In one pit a copper mirror was found among these objects. Pits were mud filled after burying. One grave was enclosed with a mud brick wall plastered from inside. One child had six holes in the skull. Many paleopathological evidences have been gathered from these graves.
  2. Burial in pot (urn) in a circular pit, with no corpse. Four to 29 pots and utensils were placed around the main pot (urn). In some graves beads, shell, etc have been found.
  3. Rectangular or oval grave-pit, containing only pottery and other funerary objects. Like the first type, the length of this type of graves was also along north-south. The latter two methods were not associated with any skeletal remains and may be related to symbolic burial, not found at other Harappan towns. The third type of graves contained objects as in the second type, like beads, shells, etc., but no corpse. Some pits were not filled[33] ASI official website :.[25]

End of civilization edit

Robert Raikes[34] has argued that Kalibangan was abandoned because the river dried up. Prof. B. B. Lal (retd. Director General of Archaeological Survey of India) supports this view by asserting: "Radiocarbon dates indicate that the Mature Harappan settlement at Kalibangan had to be abandoned sometime around 2650[5] BCE. And, as the hydrological evidence indicates, this abandonment took place on account of the drying up of the Sarasvati (Ghaggar). This latter part is duly established by the work of Raikes, an Italian hydrologist, and of his Indian collaborators".[35]

Modern Kalibangan edit

Kalibangan name translates to "black bangles" ("Kālā", in Hindi, means black and "bangan" means bangles). A few miles downstream is the railway station and township named Pilibangā, which means Yellow Bangles.

ASI set up an Archaeological Museum at Kālibangan in 1983 to store the excavated materials here during 1961–69. In one gallery, Pre-Harappan finds are displayed, while Harappan finds are displayed in the other two galleries.

Gallery edit

Exposed Kalibangan ruins during the excavation of 1966–67 conducted by Archaeological Survey of India.

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Calkins, PB; Alam M. "India". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 31 December 2008.
  2. ^ Lal, BB (2002). "The Homeland of Indo-European Languages and Culture: Some Thoughts". Purātattva. Indian Archaeological Society. pp. 1–5.
  3. ^ McIntosh, Jane (2008) The Ancient Indus Calley : New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO. p. 77
  4. ^ Lal, BB (2003). Excavations at Kalibangan, the Early Harappans, 1960–1969. Archaeological Survey of India. pp. 17, 98.
  5. ^ a b c d Kulke, Herman (2004). History of India. Routledge. p. 25. ISBN 9780415329200.
  6. ^ cf. Finding Forgotten Cities.
  7. ^ Shri Krishna Ojha, Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.115.
  8. ^ this is the wording of the official website of ASI : http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_rajasthan.asp 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ Tejas Garge (2010), Sothi-Siswal Ceramic Assemblage: A Reappraisal. Ancient Asia. 2, pp.15–40. doi:10.5334/aa.10203
  10. ^ Asko Parpola, The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization. Oxford University Press, 2015 ISBN 0190226919 p18
  11. ^ Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.116.
  12. ^ Photographs of it are available in an article by B. B. Lal at
  13. ^ a b B. B. Lal, India 1947–1997: New Light on the Indus Civilization
  14. ^ Puratattva, 4:1–3
  15. ^ cf. The Indus Basin History of Irrigation, Drainage and Flood Management
  16. ^ a b c d e Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.117-118.
  17. ^ official website of ASI : http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_rajasthan.asp 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  18. ^ Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.117. This book gave exactly the same information, in almost same wording, which was later used in ASI website, hence unpublished excavation reports were source of both these accounts.
  19. ^ B.B. Lal 1984. The earliest Datable Earthquake in India, Science Age (October 1984), Bombay: Nehru Centre
  20. ^ Lal, B. B., The earliest datable earthquake in India.
  21. ^ Frontiers of the Indus Civilization
  22. ^ Lal, B. B. "The Rigvedic People: 'Invaders'?/'Immigrants'? or Indigenous?". Aryan Books International.
  23. ^ Kulke, Professor of Asian History Hermann; Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004). A History of India. Psychology Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-415-32920-0. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  24. ^ Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.119-120.
  25. ^ a b . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2007.
  26. ^ Bryant, Edwin (2001). The quest for the origins of Vedic culture the Indo-Aryan migration debate. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 160. ISBN 9780195137774.
  27. ^ The Earliest Civilization of South Asia, p. 97
  28. ^ Elements of Indian Archaeology, p. 120-121.
  29. ^ Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.121.
  30. ^ B.B. Lal 2002, The Sarasvati flows on
  31. ^ Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.117.
  32. ^ McIntosh, Jane.(2008) The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO. p. 114
  33. ^ Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.123.
  34. ^ Kalibangan: Death from Natural Causes, by Raikes
  35. ^ cf. The Homeland of Indo-European Languages and Culture: Some Thoughts
Calkins, PB; Alam M. "India". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 31 December 2008. Lal, BB (2002). "The Homeland of Indo-European Languages and Culture: Some Thoughts". Purātattva. Indian Archaeological Society. pp. 1–5. McIntosh, Jane (2008) The Ancient Indus Calley : New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO. p. 77 Lal, BB (2003). Excavations at Kalibangan, the Early Harappans, 1960–1969. Archaeological Survey of India. pp. 17, 98. Kulke, Herman (2004). History of India. Routledge. p. 25. cf. Finding Forgotten Cities. Shri Krishna Ojha, Elements of Indian Archaeology, p. 115. this is the wording of the official website of ASI : http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_rajasthan.asp Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Tejas Garge (2010), Sothi-Siswal Ceramic Assemblage: A Reappraisal. Ancient Asia. 2, pp. 15–40. doi:10.5334/aa.10203 Elements of Indian Archaeology, p. 116. Photographs of it are available in an article by B. B. Lal at B. B. Lal, India 1947–1997: New Light on the Indus Civilization Puratattva, 4:1–3 cf. The Indus Basin History of Irrigation, Drainage and Flood Management Elements of Indian Archaeology, p. 117-118. official website of ASI : http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_rajasthan.asp Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Elements of Indian Archaeology, p. 117. This book gave exactly the same information, in almost same wording, which was later used in ASI website, hence unpublished excavation reports were source of both these accounts. B.B. Lal 1984. The earliest Datable Earthquake in India, Science Age (October 1984), Bombay: Nehru Centre Lal, B. B., The earliest datable earthquake in India. Frontiers of the Indus Civilization Elements of Indian Archaeology, p. 119-120. "Excavation Sites in Rajasthan – Archaeological Survey of India". Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2007. Bryant, Edwin (2001). The quest for the origins of Vedic culture the Indo-Aryan migration debate. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 160. ISBN 9780195137774. The Earliest Civilization of South Asia, p. 97 Elements of Indian Archaeology, p. 120-121. Kulke, Herman (2004). History of India. Routledge. p. 25. Kulke, Herman (2004). History of India. Routledge. p. 25. Elements of Indian Archaeology, p. 121. B.B. Lal 2002, The Sarasvati flows on Elements of Indian Archaeology, p. 117. McIntosh, Jane.(2008) The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO. p. 114 Elements of Indian Archaeology, p. 123. Kalibangan: Death from Natural Causes, by Raikes Kulke, Herman (2004). History of India. Routledge. p. 25. cf. The Homeland of Indo-European Languages and Culture: Some Thoughts 

"Harappa." Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/place/India/Harappa. Harappa, www.harappa.com/blog/kalibangan.

References edit

  • B.B. Lal, Jagat Pati Joshi, B.K. Thapar and Madhu Bala: Excavations at Kalibangan: The Early Harappans (1960–1969); New Delhi, Archaeological Survey of India, Jan 2003, 1st ed., xiv, 340 p. [Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India, No. 98] . Contents of this authoritative report: Foreword. Preface. 1. The setting/B.K. Thapar. 2. Discovery and previous work/B.K. Thapar. 3. Summary of results/Jagat Pati Joshi. 4. Chronology of the early Harappan settlement/B.B. Lal. 5. The early Harappan culture-complex of Kalibangan in its wider setting/B.B. Lal. 6. Stratigraphy/Jagat Pati Joshi. 7. Structures/Jagat Pati Joshi. 8. The agricultural field/B.B. Lal. 9. The end of the early Harappan settlement at Kalibangan/B.B. Lal. 10. The pottery/Madhu Bala. 11. Minor antiquities/Madhu Bala. 12. Graffiti/Madhu Bala. 13. Technical reports: A. Scientific analysis of early Harappan pottery/B.N. Tandon. B. Report on metal specimens/B.B. Lal. C. Identification of animal remains/S. Banerjee, R.N. Mukherjee and B. Nath. D. Identification of plants and seeds/Vishnu Mittre and R. Savithri.
  • Nayanjot Lahiri, Finding Forgotten Cities : How the Indus Civilization was Discovered, Seagull Books, Aug 2006, 410 pages, 1-905422-18-0
  • Lal, B. B., The earliest datable earthquake in India. Science Age, 1984, 8, 8–9.
  • Lal, B. B., India 1947–1997: New Light on the Indus Civilization (New Delhi: Aryan Books International, 1998)
  • Lal, B. B., The Earliest Civilization of South Asia (New Delhi : Aryan Books International, 1997)
  • Madhu Bala 1997. Some Unique Antiquities and Pottery from Kalibangan, in Facets of Indian Civilization Recent Perspectives, Essays in Honour of Professor B.B. Lal, (Jagat Pati Joshi Ed.), pp. 103–106. New Delhi: Aryan Books International.
  • Sharma, A.K. 1970. Kalibangan Human Skeletal Remains: an Osteo-Archaeological Approach, Journal of the Oriental Research institute XIX: 109–113.
  • Thapar, B.K. 1975. Kalibangan: a Harappan Metropolis Beyond the Indus Valley, Expedition XVII(2): 13–19.
  • Thapar, B.K. 1972. New Traits of the Indus Civilization at Kalibangan: an Appraisal, in South Asian Archaeology 1971 (Norman Hammond Ed.), pp. 85–104. Park Ridge: Noyes Press.
  • The Indus Basin History of Irrigation, Drainage and Flood Management, Edited by H. Fahlbusch, Bart Schultz and C.D. Thatte, February 2004, ISBN 8185068771
  • Elements of Indian Archaeology (Bharatiya Puratatva, in Hindi) by Shri Krishna Ojha, published by Research Publications in Social Sciences, 2/44 Ansari Riad, Daryaganj, New Delhi-2. (The fifth chapter summarizes the excavation report of Kalibangan in 11 pages).
  • Robert Raikes, Kalibangan: Death from Natural Causes, Antiquity, XLII,286–291,1968
  • Lal, B. B., The Homeland of Indo-European Languages and Culture: Some Thoughts, Paper presented at a seminar organized by the Indian Council for Historical Research on the same theme in Delhi on 7–9 January 2002.
  • B.B. Lal. Frontiers of the Indus Civilization.1984:57–58
  • S.R. Rao. The Aryans in Indus Civilization.1993:175
  • Madison: Wisconsin Archaeological Reports 2. Bhan, Suraj 1973. The Sequence and Spread of Protohistoric Cultures in the Upper Sarasvati Basin, Radiocarbon and Indian Archaeology (D.P. Agrawal and A. Ghosh Eds.), pp. 252–263. Bombay: Tata Institute of Fundamental Research.
  • Gupta, S.P. 1997. The Origins of the Indus-Sarasvati Civilization, in The Facets of Indian Civilization (J.P. Joshi, Chief Editor), pp. 129–141. New Delhi: Aryan Books International.
  • Gupta, S.P. 1982. The Late Harappan: a Study in Cultural Dynamics, in Harappan Civilization (Gregory L. Possehl Ed.), pp. 51–59. New Delhi: Oxford-IBH.
  • Gupta, S.P. 1997. The Indus-Sarasvati Civilization. New Hegde, K.T.M., K.K. Bhan and V.H. Sonawane 1984–85.
  • Misra V.N. 1993. Indus Civilization and the Rigvedic Sarasvati, in South Asian Archaeology 1991 (A. Parpola and P. Koskikallio Eds.), pp. 511–525. Helsinki: Soumalainen Tiedeakatemia. Mughal, M.R. 1981. New Archaeological Evidence from Bahawalpur, in Indus Civilization: New Perspectives (Ahmad Hasan Dani Ed.), pp. 32–42. Islamabad: Quaid-i-Azam University.
  • Sharma, A.K. 1970. Kalibangan Human Skeletal Remains: an Osteo-Archaeological Approach, Journal of the Oriental Research institute XIX: 109–113.
  • Sharma, A.K. 1993. The Harappan Horse was Buried under Dunes of..., Puratattva (Bulletin of the Indian Archaeological Society, No. 23, 1992–93, pp. 30–34.
  • Singh, Bhagwan 1995. The Vedic Harappans. New Delhi: Aditya Prakshan.
  • Mughal, M.R. 1997. Ancient Cholistan. Lahore: Feroz and Sons.
  • https://www.harappa.com/blog/kalibangan
  • https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Kalibangan_Harappan_seals.jpg/440px-Kalibangan_Harappan_seals.jpg
  • "Luigi Pio Tessitori." Società Indologica "Luigi Pio Tessitori": Luigi Pio Tessitori, www.tessitori.org/Luigi-Pio-Tessitori.73.0.html.
  • "Luigi Pio Tessitori." Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 23 Sept. 2020, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pio_Tessitori.

kalibangan, kalibangān, town, located, left, southern, banks, ghaggar, ghaggar, hakra, river, tehsil, pilibangān, between, suratgarh, hanumangarh, hanumangarh, district, rajasthan, india, from, bikaner, also, identified, being, established, triangle, land, con. Kalibangan is a town located at 29 28 N 74 08 E 29 47 N 74 13 E 29 47 74 13 on the left or southern banks of the Ghaggar Ghaggar Hakra River 1 2 in Tehsil Pilibangan between Suratgarh and Hanumangarh in Hanumangarh District Rajasthan India 205 km from Bikaner It is also identified as being established in the triangle of land at the confluence of Drishadvati and Sarasvati Rivers 3 The prehistoric and pre Mauryan character of Indus Valley civilization was first identified by Luigi Tessitori at this site Kalibangan s excavation report was published in its entirety in 2003 by the Archaeological Survey of India 34 years after the completion of excavations The report concluded that Kalibangan was a major provincial capital of the Indus Valley Civilization Kalibangan is distinguished by its unique fire altars and world s earliest attested ploughed field 4 It is around 2900 BC that the region of Kalibangan developed into what can be considered a planned city 5 KalibanganThe western mound of Kalibangan known as the CitadelShown within RajasthanShow map of RajasthanKalibangan India Show map of IndiaLocationRajasthan IndiaRegionThar desertCoordinates29 28 27 N 74 7 49 E 29 47417 N 74 13028 E 29 47417 74 13028TypeSettlementHistoryAbandonedAround the 20th or 19th century BCEPeriodsHarappan 1 to Harappan 3CCulturesIndus Valley civilizationKalibangan was first excavated under the Directorship of B B Lal ASI between 1960 61 to 1969 70 Other excavation team members were B K Thapar M D Khare K M Shrivastava and S P Jain Contents 1 Indus Valley Civilization 2 Early Harappan Phase 2 1 Fort and houses 2 2 Earliest ploughed field 2 3 Six fabrics of Kalibangan pottery 2 4 Other finds 2 5 Earliest earthquakes and end of Phase I 3 Harappan Phase 3 1 Fire altars 3 2 Lower town 3 3 Housing 3 4 Terracota 3 5 Seals 3 6 Other finds 3 7 Burial systems 3 8 End of civilization 4 Modern Kalibangan 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 Notes 8 ReferencesIndus Valley Civilization editSee also Phases in archaeology and Archaeological chronology dating The Kalibangan pre historic site was discovered by Luigi Pio Tessitori an Italian Indologist 1887 1919 6 He was doing some research in ancient Indian texts and was surprised by the character of ruins in that area He sought help from Sir John Marshall of the Archaeological Survey of India At that time the ASI was conducting excavations at Harappa but they were unaware of the significance of the ruins In fact Tessitori was the first person to recognize that the ruins were Prehistoric and pre Mauryan Luigi Pio Tessitori also pointed out the nature of the culture but at that time it was not possible to guess that the ruins of Kalibangan lay within the Indus Valley Civilisation He died five years before the Harappan culture was formally recognized After India s independence both the major Harappan cities together with the Indus became a part of Pakistan and Indian archaeologists were compelled to intensify the search for Harappan sites in India Amlanand Ghosh Ex Director General Archaeological Survey of India or ASI was the first person to recognise this site as Harappan and marked it out for excavations 7 Under the leadership of B B Lal then Director General ASI Balkrishna B K Thapar M D Khare K M Shrivastava and S P Jain carried out excavations for 9 years 1960 9 in 9 successive excavation sessions Two ancient mounds were excavated spread over half a kilometre an area of a quarter square kilometre On the western side is the smaller mound KLB1 9 meters high and known as the citadel The Eastern mound which is higher 12 meters and bigger is known as the lower city KLB2 The excavation unexpectedly brought to light a twofold sequence of cultures of which the upper one Kalibangan I belongs to the Harappan showing the characteristic grid layout of a metropolis and the lower one Kalibangan II was formerly called pre Harappan but is now called Early Harappan or antecedent Harappan 8 Other nearby sites belonging to IVC include Balu Kunal Banawali etc Early Harappan Phase edit nbsp Kalibangan pre Harappan structures nbsp Kalibangan pre Harappan structural strata nbsp Kalibangan pre Harappan painted pottery This Early Harappan phase also called Proto Harappan Phase at Kalibangan belongs to the Sothi Siswal culture see also Sothi site Traces of pre Harappan culture have been found only at the lower levels of the western mound According to archaeological evidence the Indus Valley culture existed at the site from the proto Harappan age 3500 BC 2500 BC to the Harappan age 2500 BC 1750 BC This earlier phase is labelled Kalibangan I KLB I or Period I Similarity of pottery relates Kalibangan I with the Sothi Siswal culture because a lot of this pottery was later discovered at Sothi village in North Western India 9 There are also links in Kalibangan to the Kot Diji culture related to Sothi Siswal 10 Fort and houses edit nbsp Ruins of Kalibanga Brick wall can be seen in the hole in the centre In this phase the settlement was fortified using dried mud bricks from the beginning of occupation This fort had been built twice in different periods Earlier fort wall had a thickness of 1 9 meters which was raised to 3 7 4 1 meters during reconstruction in this phase Brick size was 20 20 10 cm in both construction phases The citadel mound smaller mound is a parallelogram about 130 meters on the east west axis and 260 meters on the north south Town planning was like that of Mohenjodaro or Harappa The direction of houses and brick sizes was markedly different from that used in the Harappan phase KLB II Within the walled area the houses were also built of mud bricks of the same size as used in the fort wall the use of burnt bricks is attested by a drain within the houses remains of ovens and cylindrical pits lined with lime plaster Some burnt wedge shaped bricks have also been found 11 Earliest ploughed field edit B B Lal former DG of ASI writes Kalibangan in Rajasthan has given the evidence of the earliest c 2800 BC ploughed agricultural field 12 ever revealed through an excavation 13 14 It has been found south east of the pre Harappan settlement outside the fort Kalibangan excavations in present western Rajasthan shows a ploughed field the first site of this nature in the world It shows a grid pattern of furrows placed about 30 cm apart running east west and other spaced about 190 cm apart running north south a pattern remarkably similar to the one practiced even now 15 Even today similar ploughing is used for two simultaneous crops in this region esp of mustard and gram In order to preserve it this excavated ploughed field area was refilled after excavation and the area was marked by concrete pillar posts Six fabrics of Kalibangan pottery edit Further information Fabric of pottery and Pottery archaeology Early Harappan Phase pottery found at Kalibangan has been classified to make a datum line for ceramic studies in the Indian subcontinent which is known as the six fabrics of Kalibanagan Fabrics A B and D are grouped as redware Fabric C pottery is violet and black and classified as subtype of black and red ware 16 Six fabrics of Kalibanagan refer to the distinguishing mark on pottery of this early Harappan phase characterized by six fabrics labelled A B C D E and F which were later identified also at nearby site of Sothi belonging to Sothi Siswal culture which is a subtype of Early Harappan Phase 16 Six fabrics of Kalibanagan ae as follows 16 Fabrics A B and D can be clubbed together They are red painted Fabric A is carelessly potted in spite of use of potter s wheel It contains designs in light black often decorated with white lines Lines semicircles grids insects flowers leaves trees and squares were favourite motifs Fabric B shows marked improvement in finishing but the lower half was deliberately roughened Flowers animals were painted in black on red background Fabric D contained designs of slanted lines or semicircles in some while most pots were plain But Fabric C pottery was thicker and stronger 16 Fabric C was distinguished by violet tinge and fine polish with designs in black it is the best proto Harappan pottery in finishing Fabric E was light colored and Fabric F was grey 16 Other finds edit Among the other finds of this Period are small blades of chalcedony and agate sometimes serrated or backed beads of steatite shell carnelian terracotta and copper bangles of copper shell and terracotta terracotta objects like a toy cart wheel and a broken bull quem with mullers a bone point and copper celts including an unusual axe etc 17 18 Toy carts suggest carts were used for transportation in early phase of Kalibangan Earliest earthquakes and end of Phase I edit B B Lal former DG of ASI writes Kalibangan in Rajasthan has also shown that there occurred an earthquake around 2600 BC which brought to an end the Early Indus settlement at the site 13 This is perhaps the earliest archaeologically recorded earthquake 19 At least three pre historic earthquakes affecting the Indus Valley Civilization at Dholavira in Khadir have been identified during 2900 1800 BC 20 KLB I phase has left 1 6 meters of continuous deposits during five distinct structural strata the last of which was destroyed perhaps by an earthquake and the site was abandoned around 2600 BCE soon to be settled again by Harappans Harappan Phase editFire altars edit nbsp Kalibangan Harappan sealsAt Kalibangan fire altars have been discovered similar to those found at Lothal which S R Rao thinks could have served no other purpose than a ritualistic one 21 These altars suggest fire worship 22 It is the only Indus Valley Civilization site where there is no evidence to suggest the worship of the mother goddess 23 Within the fortified citadel complex the southern half contained many five or six raised platforms of mud bricks mutually separated by corridors Stairs were attached to these platforms Vandalism of these platforms by brick robbers makes it difficult to reconstruct the original shape of structures above them but unmistakable remnants of oval fire pits of burnt bricks for have been found with a sacrificial post cylindrical or with rectangular cross section sometimes bricks were laid upon each other to construct such a post in the middle of each pit and sacrificial terracotta cakes in all these fire pits Houses in the lower town also contain similar altars Burnt charcoals have been found in these fire pits The structure of these fire altars is reminiscent of altars but the analogy may be coincidental and these altars are perhaps intended for some specific perhaps religious purpose by the community as a whole In some fire altars remnants of animals have been found which suggest a possibility of animal sacrifice 24 The official website of ASI reports Besides the above two principle sic parts of the metropolis there was also a third one a moderate structure situated upwards of 80 m e of the lower town containing four to five fire altars This lonely structure may perhaps have been used for ritual purposes 25 Thus fire altars have been found in three groups public altars in the citadel household altars in lower town and public altars in a third separate group A short distance from fire altars a well and remnants of a bathing place were found suggesting ceremonial bath was a part of rituals 26 Lower town edit nbsp Kalibangan 2 Main streetThe lower town was also a fortified parallelogram although only traces are now left The fort was made of mud bricks 40 20 10 cm and three or four structural phases have been recognized It had gates in north and west B B Lal wrote Well regulated streets were oriented almost invariably along with the cardinal directions thus forming a grid iron pattern At Kalibangan even the widths of these streets were in a set ratio i e if the narrowest lane was one unit in width the other streets were twice thrice and so on Such a town planning was unknown in contemporary West Asia 27 The lower town was 239 meters east to west but north south extent cannot be determined 8 main roads have been recognized 5 north south and 3 east west Few more east west roads are expected to be buried within the unexcavated remains Second east west road ran in a curved outline to meet the first at the north eastern end towards the river where a gateway was provided This road was an anomaly in the grid pattern of straight roads There were many lanes connected to specific housing complexes Roads and lanes had widths in accurately determined proportions like in other Harappan cities ranging from 7 2 meters for main roads to 1 8 meters for narrow lanes Fender posts were installed at street corners to prevent accidents In second structural level roads were laid with mud tiles Drains from houses emptied into pits soakage jars beneath the roads Some central authority must be there to plan and regulate all this 28 Housing edit nbsp Kalibangan arterial thoroughfare HarappanThe city was fortified 5 Like town planning housing also followed the common pattern of other Harappan cities Due to grid pattern of town planning like a chess board all houses opened out to at least two or three roads or lanes Each house had a courtyard and 6 7 rooms on three sides with a well in some houses One house had stairs for going to the roof Houses were built of 10 X 20 X 30 cm adobe bricks 5 same as those used in second structural phase of fort wall Burnt bricks were used in drains wells bathing platforms and door sills besides fire altar Floors of rooms were built of thrashed fine mud sometimes laid with mud bricks or terracotta cakes One house had floors built of burnt tiles decorated with geometrical designs 29 Kalibangan 1953 A Ghosh Situated in Rajasthan on the Bank of Ghaggar 1 Shows both Pre Harappan and Harappan phase 2 Evidence of furrowed land 3 Evidence of camel bones 4 Many houses had their own well 5 Kalibangan stand for black bangles 6 Evidence of wooden furrow Terracota edit Some early Kalibangan pottery has a close resemblance to the pottery of the Hakra ware in Cholistan to other Early Harappan pottery from the Indus Valley Civilization and the pottery of the Integration Era 30 Functionally pottery can be classified into household pots religious and burial purposes Structurally we have classes like plain and decorated wares Some pots had Harappan inscriptions undeciphered on them The best terracotta figure from Kalibangan is that a charging bull which is considered to signify the realistic and powerful folk art of Harappan Age 31 The city is known for the numerous terracotta bangles found here Seals edit nbsp Kalibangan cylinder sealA number of seals have been found dating to this phase Most noteworthy is a cylindrical seal depicting a female figure between two male figures fighting or threatening with spears There is also a mixed person bull observing They are of rectangular shape nbsp 1961 postal stampOther finds edit A cylindrical graduated measuring rod and a clay ball with human figures are other notable finds Peas and chickpeas were also found 32 Burial systems edit nbsp The passage to the graveyardThree systems of burial have been attested in the burial ground 300 yards south west of the citadel where 34 graves have been found Burial in rectangular or oval pit with corpse laid down straight extended head northwards amidst pottery In one pit a copper mirror was found among these objects Pits were mud filled after burying One grave was enclosed with a mud brick wall plastered from inside One child had six holes in the skull Many paleopathological evidences have been gathered from these graves Burial in pot urn in a circular pit with no corpse Four to 29 pots and utensils were placed around the main pot urn In some graves beads shell etc have been found Rectangular or oval grave pit containing only pottery and other funerary objects Like the first type the length of this type of graves was also along north south The latter two methods were not associated with any skeletal remains and may be related to symbolic burial not found at other Harappan towns The third type of graves contained objects as in the second type like beads shells etc but no corpse Some pits were not filled 33 ASI official website 25 End of civilization edit Robert Raikes 34 has argued that Kalibangan was abandoned because the river dried up Prof B B Lal retd Director General of Archaeological Survey of India supports this view by asserting Radiocarbon dates indicate that the Mature Harappan settlement at Kalibangan had to be abandoned sometime around 2650 5 BCE And as the hydrological evidence indicates this abandonment took place on account of the drying up of the Sarasvati Ghaggar This latter part is duly established by the work of Raikes an Italian hydrologist and of his Indian collaborators 35 Modern Kalibangan editKalibangan name translates to black bangles Kala in Hindi means black and bangan means bangles A few miles downstream is the railway station and township named Pilibanga which means Yellow Bangles ASI set up an Archaeological Museum at Kalibangan in 1983 to store the excavated materials here during 1961 69 In one gallery Pre Harappan finds are displayed while Harappan finds are displayed in the other two galleries Gallery editExposed Kalibangan ruins during the excavation of 1966 67 conducted by Archaeological Survey of India See also edit nbsp India portalIndus Valley civilizationList of Indus Valley Civilization sites Bhirrana 4 phases of IVC with earliest dated to 8th 7th millennium BCE Kalibanga an IVC town and fort with several phases starting from Early harappan phase Rakhigarhi one of the largest IVC city with 4 phases of IVC with earliest dated to 8th 7th millennium BCE Kunal cultural ancestor of Rehman DheriList of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilization Hydraulic engineering of the Indus Valley Civilization Sanitation of the Indus Valley civilisationPeriodisation of the Indus Valley civilisationPottery in the Indian subcontinent Bara culture subtype of Late Harappan Phase Black and red ware belonging to neolithic and Early Harappan phases Cemetery H culture 2000 1400 BC early Indo Aryan pottery at IVC sites later evolved into Painted Grey Ware culture of Vedic period Sothi Siswal culture subtype of Early Harappan PhaseRakhigarhi Indus Valley Civilisation MuseumNotes edit Calkins PB Alam M India Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 31 December 2008 Lal BB 2002 The Homeland of Indo European Languages and Culture Some Thoughts Puratattva Indian Archaeological Society pp 1 5 McIntosh Jane 2008 The Ancient Indus Calley New Perspectives ABC CLIO p 77 Lal BB 2003 Excavations at Kalibangan the Early Harappans 1960 1969 Archaeological Survey of India pp 17 98 a b c d Kulke Herman 2004 History of India Routledge p 25 ISBN 9780415329200 cf Finding Forgotten Cities Shri Krishna Ojha Elements of Indian Archaeology p 115 this is the wording of the official website of ASI http asi nic in asi exca imp rajasthan asp Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Tejas Garge 2010 Sothi Siswal Ceramic Assemblage A Reappraisal Ancient Asia 2 pp 15 40 doi 10 5334 aa 10203 Asko Parpola The Roots of Hinduism The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization Oxford University Press 2015 ISBN 0190226919 p18 Elements of Indian Archaeology p 116 Photographs of it are available in an article by B B Lal at https web archive org web 20040514210125 http www geocities com ifihhome articles bbl002 html a b B B Lal India 1947 1997 New Light on the Indus Civilization Puratattva 4 1 3 cf The Indus Basin History of Irrigation Drainage and Flood Management a b c d e Elements of Indian Archaeology p 117 118 official website of ASI http asi nic in asi exca imp rajasthan asp Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Elements of Indian Archaeology p 117 This book gave exactly the same information in almost same wording which was later used in ASI website hence unpublished excavation reports were source of both these accounts B B Lal 1984 The earliest Datable Earthquake in India Science Age October 1984 Bombay Nehru Centre Lal B B The earliest datable earthquake in India Frontiers of the Indus Civilization Lal B B The Rigvedic People Invaders Immigrants or Indigenous Aryan Books International Kulke Professor of Asian History Hermann Kulke Hermann Rothermund Dietmar 2004 A History of India Psychology Press p 26 ISBN 978 0 415 32920 0 Retrieved 23 January 2022 Elements of Indian Archaeology p 119 120 a b Excavation Sites in Rajasthan Archaeological Survey of India Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 Retrieved 30 August 2007 Bryant Edwin 2001 The quest for the origins of Vedic culture the Indo Aryan migration debate New York Oxford University Press p 160 ISBN 9780195137774 The Earliest Civilization of South Asia p 97 Elements of Indian Archaeology p 120 121 Elements of Indian Archaeology p 121 B B Lal 2002 The Sarasvati flows on Elements of Indian Archaeology p 117 McIntosh Jane 2008 The Ancient Indus Valley New Perspectives ABC CLIO p 114 Elements of Indian Archaeology p 123 Kalibangan Death from Natural Causes by Raikes cf The Homeland of Indo European Languages and Culture Some Thoughts Calkins PB Alam M India Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 31 December 2008 Lal BB 2002 The Homeland of Indo European Languages and Culture Some Thoughts Puratattva Indian Archaeological Society pp 1 5 McIntosh Jane 2008 The Ancient Indus Calley New Perspectives ABC CLIO p 77 Lal BB 2003 Excavations at Kalibangan the Early Harappans 1960 1969 Archaeological Survey of India pp 17 98 Kulke Herman 2004 History of India Routledge p 25 cf Finding Forgotten Cities Shri Krishna Ojha Elements of Indian Archaeology p 115 this is the wording of the official website of ASI http asi nic in asi exca imp rajasthan asp Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Tejas Garge 2010 Sothi Siswal Ceramic Assemblage A Reappraisal Ancient Asia 2 pp 15 40 doi 10 5334 aa 10203 Elements of Indian Archaeology p 116 Photographs of it are available in an article by B B Lal at https web archive org web 20040514210125 http www geocities com ifihhome articles bbl002 html B B Lal India 1947 1997 New Light on the Indus Civilization Puratattva 4 1 3 cf The Indus Basin History of Irrigation Drainage and Flood Management Elements of Indian Archaeology p 117 118 official website of ASI http asi nic in asi exca imp rajasthan asp Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Elements of Indian Archaeology p 117 This book gave exactly the same information in almost same wording which was later used in ASI website hence unpublished excavation reports were source of both these accounts B B Lal 1984 The earliest Datable Earthquake in India Science Age October 1984 Bombay Nehru Centre Lal B B The earliest datable earthquake in India Frontiers of the Indus Civilization Elements of Indian Archaeology p 119 120 Excavation Sites in Rajasthan Archaeological Survey of India Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 Retrieved 30 August 2007 Bryant Edwin 2001 The quest for the origins of Vedic culture the Indo Aryan migration debate New York Oxford University Press p 160 ISBN 9780195137774 The Earliest Civilization of South Asia p 97 Elements of Indian Archaeology p 120 121 Kulke Herman 2004 History of India Routledge p 25 Kulke Herman 2004 History of India Routledge p 25 Elements of Indian Archaeology p 121 B B Lal 2002 The Sarasvati flows on Elements of Indian Archaeology p 117 McIntosh Jane 2008 The Ancient Indus Valley New Perspectives ABC CLIO p 114 Elements of Indian Archaeology p 123 Kalibangan Death from Natural Causes by Raikes Kulke Herman 2004 History of India Routledge p 25 cf The Homeland of Indo European Languages and Culture Some Thoughts Harappa Encyclopaedia Britannica Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc www britannica com place India Harappa Harappa www harappa com blog kalibangan References edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kalibangan B B Lal Jagat Pati Joshi B K Thapar and Madhu Bala Excavations at Kalibangan The Early Harappans 1960 1969 New Delhi Archaeological Survey of India Jan 2003 1st ed xiv 340 p Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India No 98 Contents of this authoritative report Foreword Preface 1 The setting B K Thapar 2 Discovery and previous work B K Thapar 3 Summary of results Jagat Pati Joshi 4 Chronology of the early Harappan settlement B B Lal 5 The early Harappan culture complex of Kalibangan in its wider setting B B Lal 6 Stratigraphy Jagat Pati Joshi 7 Structures Jagat Pati Joshi 8 The agricultural field B B Lal 9 The end of the early Harappan settlement at Kalibangan B B Lal 10 The pottery Madhu Bala 11 Minor antiquities Madhu Bala 12 Graffiti Madhu Bala 13 Technical reports A Scientific analysis of early Harappan pottery B N Tandon B Report on metal specimens B B Lal C Identification of animal remains S Banerjee R N Mukherjee and B Nath D Identification of plants and seeds Vishnu Mittre and R Savithri Nayanjot Lahiri Finding Forgotten Cities How the Indus Civilization was Discovered Seagull Books Aug 2006 410 pages 1 905422 18 0 Lal B B The earliest datable earthquake in India Science Age 1984 8 8 9 Lal B B India 1947 1997 New Light on the Indus Civilization New Delhi Aryan Books International 1998 Lal B B The Earliest Civilization of South Asia New Delhi Aryan Books International 1997 Madhu Bala 1997 Some Unique Antiquities and Pottery from Kalibangan in Facets of Indian Civilization Recent Perspectives Essays in Honour of Professor B B Lal Jagat Pati Joshi Ed pp 103 106 New Delhi Aryan Books International Sharma A K 1970 Kalibangan Human Skeletal Remains an Osteo Archaeological Approach Journal of the Oriental Research institute XIX 109 113 Thapar B K 1975 Kalibangan a Harappan Metropolis Beyond the Indus Valley Expedition XVII 2 13 19 Thapar B K 1972 New Traits of the Indus Civilization at Kalibangan an Appraisal in South Asian Archaeology 1971 Norman Hammond Ed pp 85 104 Park Ridge Noyes Press The Indus Basin History of Irrigation Drainage and Flood Management Edited by H Fahlbusch Bart Schultz and C D Thatte February 2004 ISBN 8185068771 Elements of Indian Archaeology Bharatiya Puratatva in Hindi by Shri Krishna Ojha published by Research Publications in Social Sciences 2 44 Ansari Riad Daryaganj New Delhi 2 The fifth chapter summarizes the excavation report of Kalibangan in 11 pages Robert Raikes Kalibangan Death from Natural Causes Antiquity XLII 286 291 1968 Lal B B The Homeland of Indo European Languages and Culture Some Thoughts Paper presented at a seminar organized by the Indian Council for Historical Research on the same theme in Delhi on 7 9 January 2002 B B Lal Frontiers of the Indus Civilization 1984 57 58 S R Rao The Aryans in Indus Civilization 1993 175 Madison Wisconsin Archaeological Reports 2 Bhan Suraj 1973 The Sequence and Spread of Protohistoric Cultures in the Upper Sarasvati Basin Radiocarbon and Indian Archaeology D P Agrawal and A Ghosh Eds pp 252 263 Bombay Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Gupta S P 1997 The Origins of the Indus Sarasvati Civilization in The Facets of Indian Civilization J P Joshi Chief Editor pp 129 141 New Delhi Aryan Books International Gupta S P 1982 The Late Harappan a Study in Cultural Dynamics in Harappan Civilization Gregory L Possehl Ed pp 51 59 New Delhi Oxford IBH Gupta S P 1997 The Indus Sarasvati Civilization New Hegde K T M K K Bhan and V H Sonawane 1984 85 Misra V N 1993 Indus Civilization and the Rigvedic Sarasvati in South Asian Archaeology 1991 A Parpola and P Koskikallio Eds pp 511 525 Helsinki Soumalainen Tiedeakatemia Mughal M R 1981 New Archaeological Evidence from Bahawalpur in Indus Civilization New Perspectives Ahmad Hasan Dani Ed pp 32 42 Islamabad Quaid i Azam University Sharma A K 1970 Kalibangan Human Skeletal Remains an Osteo Archaeological Approach Journal of the Oriental Research institute XIX 109 113 Sharma A K 1993 The Harappan Horse was Buried under Dunes of Puratattva Bulletin of the Indian Archaeological Society No 23 1992 93 pp 30 34 Singh Bhagwan 1995 The Vedic Harappans New Delhi Aditya Prakshan Mughal M R 1997 Ancient Cholistan Lahore Feroz and Sons https www harappa com blog kalibangan https upload wikimedia org wikipedia commons thumb 8 89 Kalibangan Harappan seals jpg 440px Kalibangan Harappan seals jpg Luigi Pio Tessitori Societa Indologica Luigi Pio Tessitori Luigi Pio Tessitori www tessitori org Luigi Pio Tessitori 73 0 html Luigi Pio Tessitori Wikipedia Wikimedia Foundation 23 Sept 2020 en wikipedia org wiki Luigi Pio Tessitori Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kalibangan amp oldid 1191924071, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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