Duce (/ˈduːtʃeɪ/DOO-chay, Italian: [ˈduːtʃe]) is an Italian title, derived from the Latin word dux 'leader', and a cognate of duke. National Fascist Party leader Benito Mussolini was identified by Fascists as Il Duce ('The Leader') of the movement since the birth of the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento in 1919. In 1925 it became a reference to the dictatorial position of Sua Eccellenza Benito Mussolini, Capo del Governo, Duce del Fascismo e Fondatore dell'Impero ('His Excellency Benito Mussolini, Head of Government, Leader of Fascism and Founder of the Empire').[1] Mussolini held this title together with that of President of the Council of Ministers: this was the constitutional position which entitled him to rule Italy on behalf of the King of Italy. Founder of the Empire was added for the exclusive use by Mussolini in recognition of his founding of an official legal entity of the Italian Empire on behalf of the King in 1936 following Italy's victory in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. The position was held by Mussolini until 1943, when he was removed from office by the King and the position of "Duce" was dismantled, while MarshalPietro Badoglio, 1st Duke of Addis Abeba was appointed Presidente del Consiglio.
Head of Government, Leader of Fascism and Founder of the Empire
Capo del Governo, Duce del Fascismo e Fondatore dell'Impero(Italian)
The title was used outside its traditional noble sense in some of the publications praising Giuseppe Garibaldi during the Italian unification in 1860, though not taken up officially by Garibaldi himself.[3]
Duce Supremo (transl. Supreme Leader) was more formally used by Victor Emmanuel III in 1915, during World War I, referring to his role as the commander in chief of the armed forces. The term was also used by Gabriele d'Annunzio as dictator of the self-proclaimed Italian Regency of Carnaro in 1920, and most significantly by Italian fascist dictator Benito Mussolini. The first record of the term being used in reference to Mussolini dates to a banquet held in his honor in Forlì in 1912, celebrating his new position as editor-in-chief of Avanti![4]
Because the title Il Duce has become associated with fascism, it is no longer in common use other than in reference to Mussolini. Because of modern anti-fascist sentiment, Italian speakers in general now use other words for leader, mainly including the English loanword. Duce survives as an antonomasia for Mussolini.
Succession
Mussolini intended that the Grand Council of Fascism would choose a successor from a list of three men chosen by him, and submit the name for approval by the king. As of 1940 he may have been preparing his son-in-law Galeazzo Ciano for the role.[5]
^Image Description: Propaganda poster of Benito Mussolini, with caption "His Excellency Benito Mussolini, Head of Government, Leader of Fascism, and Founder of the Empire ...".
^Quartermaine, L. (2000). Mussolini's Last Republic: Propaganda and Politics in the Italian Social Republic. p. 21
^Lucy Riall, "Garibaldi, Invention of a Hero", London, 2007, Ch. 9
^Gallo, Max (2019-10-10). Mussolini's Italy: Twenty Years of the Fascist Era. Routledge. ISBN978-0-429-65543-2.
^Gunther, John (1940). Inside Europe. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 255, 257–258.
External links
The dictionary definition of duce at Wiktionary
August 19, 2023
duce, this, article, about, italian, title, canadian, television, series, canadese, other, uses, disambiguation, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, m. This article is about Italian title For the Canadian television series see Il Duce Canadese For other uses see Duce disambiguation This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Duce news newspapers books scholar JSTOR December 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Duce ˈ d uː tʃ eɪ DOO chay Italian ˈduːtʃe is an Italian title derived from the Latin word dux leader and a cognate of duke National Fascist Party leader Benito Mussolini was identified by Fascists as Il Duce The Leader of the movement since the birth of the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento in 1919 In 1925 it became a reference to the dictatorial position of Sua Eccellenza Benito Mussolini Capo del Governo Duce del Fascismo e Fondatore dell Impero His Excellency Benito Mussolini Head of Government Leader of Fascism and Founder of the Empire 1 Mussolini held this title together with that of President of the Council of Ministers this was the constitutional position which entitled him to rule Italy on behalf of the King of Italy Founder of the Empire was added for the exclusive use by Mussolini in recognition of his founding of an official legal entity of the Italian Empire on behalf of the King in 1936 following Italy s victory in the Second Italo Ethiopian War The position was held by Mussolini until 1943 when he was removed from office by the King and the position of Duce was dismantled while Marshal Pietro Badoglio 1st Duke of Addis Abeba was appointed Presidente del Consiglio Head of Government Leader of Fascism and Founder of the EmpireCapo del Governo Duce del Fascismo e Fondatore dell Impero Italian Standard of the DuceBenito Mussolini23 March 1919 28 April 1945ResidencePalazzo Chigi 1925 1929 Palazzo Venezia 1929 1943 Villa Torlonia 1925 1943 AppointerGrand Council of FascismPrecursorPrime MinisterFormation23 March 1919First holderBenito MussoliniFinal holderBenito MussoliniAbolished28 April 1945This position was the model which other fascist leaders adopted such as the position of Fuhrer by Adolf Hitler and Caudillo by Francisco Franco In September 1943 Mussolini styled himself as the Duce of the Italian Social Republic Italian Duce della Repubblica Sociale Italiana and held the position until the collapse of the Italian Social Republic and his execution in April 1945 2 Contents 1 History of the term 2 Succession 3 Title holder 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksHistory of the term EditThe title was used outside its traditional noble sense in some of the publications praising Giuseppe Garibaldi during the Italian unification in 1860 though not taken up officially by Garibaldi himself 3 Duce Supremo transl Supreme Leader was more formally used by Victor Emmanuel III in 1915 during World War I referring to his role as the commander in chief of the armed forces The term was also used by Gabriele d Annunzio as dictator of the self proclaimed Italian Regency of Carnaro in 1920 and most significantly by Italian fascist dictator Benito Mussolini The first record of the term being used in reference to Mussolini dates to a banquet held in his honor in Forli in 1912 celebrating his new position as editor in chief of Avanti 4 Because the title Il Duce has become associated with fascism it is no longer in common use other than in reference to Mussolini Because of modern anti fascist sentiment Italian speakers in general now use other words for leader mainly including the English loanword Duce survives as an antonomasia for Mussolini Succession EditMussolini intended that the Grand Council of Fascism would choose a successor from a list of three men chosen by him and submit the name for approval by the king As of 1940 he may have been preparing his son in law Galeazzo Ciano for the role 5 Title holder EditPortrait Name born died Term of office Party Ref Took office Left office Time in office Benito Mussolini 1883 1945 23 March 1919 9 November 1921 26 years 33 days Italian Fasces of Combat9 November 1921 25 July 1943 National Fascist Party23 September 1943 28 April 1945 Republican Fascist PartySee also EditCaudillo Conducător Doge Fuhrer Poglavnik Roman dictator Strongman politics Supreme Leader disambiguation VozhdReferences Edit Image Description Propaganda poster of Benito Mussolini with caption His Excellency Benito Mussolini Head of Government Leader of Fascism and Founder of the Empire Quartermaine L 2000 Mussolini s Last Republic Propaganda and Politics in the Italian Social Republic p 21 Lucy Riall Garibaldi Invention of a Hero London 2007 Ch 9 Gallo Max 2019 10 10 Mussolini s Italy Twenty Years of the Fascist Era Routledge ISBN 978 0 429 65543 2 Gunther John 1940 Inside Europe New York Harper amp Brothers pp 255 257 258 External links Edit The dictionary definition of duce at Wiktionary Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Duce amp oldid 1166783341, 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