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Naphtha

April 01, 2023

For the hydrocarbon liquid stream derived from the refining of crude oil, see Petroleum naphtha. For the character in the book by Thomas Mann, see Herr Naphta.
Not to be confused with Naphthalene.

Naphtha (/ˈnæpθə/ or /ˈnæfθə/) is a flammable liquid hydrocarbon mixture.

Mixtures labelled naphtha have been produced from natural gas condensates, petroleum distillates, and the distillation of coal tar and peat. In different industries and regions naphtha may also be crude oil or refined products such as kerosene.

Nephi and naphthar are sometimes used as synonyms.[1] It is also known as Shellite in Australia.[2]

Etymology

 
White gas, exemplified by Coleman Camp Fuel, is a common naphtha-based fuel used in many lanterns and torches

The word naphtha is from Latin and Ancient Greek (νάφθα), derived from Middle Persian naft ("wet", "naphtha"),[3][4] the latter meaning of which was an assimilation from the Akkadian napṭu (see Semitic relatives such as Arabic نَفْط nafṭ ["petroleum"], Syriac ܢܰܦܬܳܐ naftā, and Hebrew נֵפְט neft, meaning petroleum).[5]

In Ancient Greek, it was used to refer to any sort of petroleum or pitch.

There is a hypothesis that the word is connected with the name of the Indo-Iranian god Apam Napat, which occurs in Vedic and in Avestic; the name means "grandson of (the) waters", and the Vedas describe him as emerging from water golden and shining "with bright rays", perhaps inspired by a burning seepage of natural gas.[6]

Antiquity

The Greek word νάφθα designates one of the materials used to stoke the fiery furnace in the Song of the Three Children (possibly 1st or 2nd cent. BC). The translation of Charles Brenton renders this as "rosin". The book of II Maccabees (2nd cent. BC) tells how a "thick water" was put on a sacrifice at the time of Nehemiah and when the sun shone it caught fire. It adds that "those around Nehemiah termed this 'Nephthar', which means Purification, but it is called Nephthaei by the many."[7]

The naptha of antiquity is explained to be a "highly flammable light fraction of petroleum, an extremely volatile, strong-smelling, gaseous liquid, common in oil deposits of the Near East"; it was a chief ingredient in incendiary devices described by Latin authors of the Roman period.[8]

Modern period

Solvent naphtha has denoted a product (xylene or trimethylbenzenes) derived by fractional distillation from petroleum;[9] these mineral spirits, also known as "Stoddard Solvent", was originally the main active ingredient in Fels Naptha laundry soap. [10]

The usage of the term "naphtha" during this time typically implies petroleum naphtha, a colorless liquid with a similar odor to gasoline. However, "coal tar naphtha", a reddish brown liquid that is a mixture of hydrocarbons (toluene, xylene, and cumene, etc.), could also be intended in some contexts.[11]

Petroleum

In older usage,[when?] "naphtha" simply meant crude oil, but this usage is now obsolete in English. There are a number of cognates to the word in different modern languages, typically signifying "petroleum" or "crude oil".

The Ukrainian and Belarusian word нафта (nafta), Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian "nafta" and the Persian naft (نفت) mean "crude oil". The Russian word нефть (neft') means "crude oil", but нафта (nafta) is a synonym of ligroin. Also, in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Finland, Italy, Serbia, Slovenia, Macedonia nafta (нафта in Cyrillic) is colloquially used to indicate diesel fuel and crude oil. In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, nafta was historically used for both diesel fuel and crude oil, but its use for crude oil is now obsolete[12] and it generally indicates diesel fuel. In Bulgarian, nafta means diesel fuel, while neft, as well as petrol (петрол in Cyrillic), means crude oil. Nafta is also used in everyday parlance in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay to refer to gasoline/petrol.[13] In Poland, the word nafta means kerosene,[14] and colloquially crude oil (technical name for crude oil is ropa naftowa, also colloquially used for diesel fuel as ropa). In Flemish, the word naft(e) is used colloquially for gasoline.[15]

Types

Various qualifiers have been added to the term "naphtha" by different sources in an effort to make it more specific:

One source[16] distinguishes by boiling point:

Light naphtha is the fraction boiling between 30 °C and 90 °C and consists of molecules with 5–6 carbon atoms. Heavy naphtha boils between 90 °C and 200 °C and consists of molecules with 6–12 carbon atoms.

Another source[17] which differentiates light and heavy comments on the hydrocarbon structure, but offers a less precise dividing line:

Light [is] a mixture consisting mainly of straight-chained and cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons having from five to six carbon atoms per molecule. Heavy [is] a mixture consisting mainly of straight-chained and cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons having from seven to nine carbon atoms per molecule.

Both of these are useful definitions, but they are incompatible with one another and the latter does not provide for mixes containing both six and seven carbon atoms per molecule. These terms are also sufficiently broad that they are not widely useful.

Uses

Heavy crude oil dilution

Naphtha is used to dilute heavy crude oil to reduce its viscosity and enable/facilitate transport; undiluted heavy crude cannot normally be transported by pipeline, and may also be difficult to pump onto oil tankers. Other common dilutants include natural-gas condensate and light crude. However, naphtha is a particularly efficient dilutant and can be recycled from diluted heavy crude after transport and processing.[18][19][20] The importance of oil dilutants has increased as global production of lighter crude oils has fallen and shifted to exploitation of heavier reserves.[19]

Fuel

Light naphtha is used as a fuel in some commercial applications. One notable example is wick-based cigarette lighters, such as the Zippo, which draw “lighter fluid”—naphtha—into a wick from a reservoir to be ignited using the flint and wheel.

It is also a fuel for camping stoves and oil lanterns, known as “white gas”, where naphtha’s low boiling point makes it easy to ignite. Naphtha is sometimes preferred over kerosene as it clogs fuel lines less. The outdoor equipment manufacturer MSR published a list of trade names and translations to help outdoor enthusiasts obtain the correct products in various countries.[21]

Naptha was also historically used as a fuel in some small launch boats where steam technology was impractical; most were built to circumvent safety laws relating to traditional steam launches.[22]

Plastics

Naphtha is a crucial component in the production of plastics.[23]

Health and safety considerations

The safety data sheets (SDSs) from various naphtha vendors indicate various hazards such as flammable mixture of hydrocarbons: flammability, carcinogenicity, skin and airway irritation, etc.[24][2][25][26]

Humans can be exposed to naphtha in the workplace by inhalation, ingestion, dermal contact, and eye contact. The US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the permissible exposure limit for naphtha in the workplace as 100 ppm (400 mg/m3) over an 8-hour workday. The US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 100 ppm (400 mg/m3) over an 8-hour workday. At levels of 1000 ppm, which equates to 10 times the lower exposure limit, naphtha is immediately dangerous to life and health.[27]

See also

References

  1. ^ Naphthar, McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia, accessed 16 December 2019
  2. ^ a b "Material Safety Data Sheet : Shellite" (PDF). Recochem.com.au. Retrieved 2015-10-26.
  3. ^ Christian Gizewski (Berlin Institute of Technology). . Technische Universität Berlin. Archived from the original on 2011-08-11. Retrieved 2010-02-28.
  4. ^ David Neil MacKenzie (1971). A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-934768-59-4.
  5. ^ "ENGLISH i. Persian Elements in English". www.iranicaonline.org. Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
  6. ^ R. J. Forbes (1966). Studies in Ancient Technology. Brill Archive. p. 13. GGKEY:YDBU5XT36QD.
  7. ^ 2 Maccabees 1:36
  8. ^ Mayor, Adrienne (2009). Greek Fire, Poison Arrows, and Scorpion Bombs: Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World. Woodstock, NY: Overlook Duckworth. p. 227. ISBN 0715638521. digital copy
  9. ^ Daunicht, Hubert K. (2009). Greek Fire, Poison Arrows, and Scorpion Bombs: Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World. Woodstock, NY: Overlook Duckworth. p. 307. ISBN 9780715638521.
  10. ^ "Fels & Company". Hsp.org. Retrieved 2016-09-28.
  11. ^ Sittig, Marshall (2013). "Naphtha". In Greene, Stanley A.; Pohanish, Richard P. (eds.). Sittig's Handbook of Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicals. William Andrew. p. 636. ISBN 9780815519034.
  12. ^ "Slovenské slovníky". Slovnik.juls.savba.sk. Retrieved 2015-10-26.
  13. ^ Pedro Mairal (2012). El año del desierto. Stockcero, Inc. pp. 71–. ISBN 978-1-934768-59-4.
  14. ^ Andrey Taranov (23 October 2013). Polish vocabulary for English speakers - 7000 words. BoD - Books on Demand. pp. 98–. ISBN 978-1-78071-417-2.
  15. ^ Michael G. Clyne (1992). Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 85–. ISBN 978-3-11-012855-0.
  16. ^ Prestvic, Rune; Kjell Moljord; Knut Grande; Anders Holmen (2004). "Compositional analysis of naphtha and reformate". Catalytic naphtha reforming. USA: CRC Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780203913505. Retrieved 2010-02-03.
  17. ^ "Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Third Edition", Meyer, E., Prentice Hall, 1998, page 458.
  18. ^ Glenat, Philippe; Heraud, Jean-Philippe; Gateau, Patrick; Henaut, Isabelle; Argillier, J.-Francois (2005-01-01). Heavy Oil Dilution. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118/97763-MS. ISBN 9781613990056. S2CID 73605226.
  19. ^ a b "Dilution of heavy crude oils for pipeline ransportation purposes: The asphaltene instability issue".
  20. ^ "Diluting Venezuela's heavy crude just got harder". www.worldoil.com. 29 January 2019. Retrieved 2019-04-09.
  21. ^ MSR (24 August 2020). Where do I get fuels in foreign countries and what other types of fuel can I use? (PDF). Seattle, Washington, USA: Mountain Safety Research (MSR). Retrieved 2021-08-27. Date from PDF metadata.
  22. ^ Durant, Kenneth (1976). The Naptha Launch.
  23. ^ "How Plastics are Made". Plastics Europe. Brussels: Association of Plastics Manufacturers.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  24. ^ "Petroleum Ether". Hazard.com. 1998-04-21. Retrieved 2015-10-26.
  25. ^ "Material Safety Data Sheet : Ronsonol Lighter Fuel" (PDF). Cooperbooth.com. Retrieved 2015-10-26.
  26. ^ . NAFAA. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-10-26.
  27. ^ "CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Naphtha (coal tar)". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2015-11-27.
 
Look up naphtha in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
 
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April 01, 2023
naphtha, hydrocarbon, liquid, stream, derived, from, refining, crude, petroleum, naphtha, character, book, thomas, mann, herr, naphta, confused, with, lene, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding. For the hydrocarbon liquid stream derived from the refining of crude oil see Petroleum naphtha For the character in the book by Thomas Mann see Herr Naphta Not to be confused with Naphthalene This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Naphtha news newspapers books scholar JSTOR October 2015 Learn how and when to remove this template message Naphtha ˈ n ae p 8 e or ˈ n ae f 8 e is a flammable liquid hydrocarbon mixture Mixtures labelled naphtha have been produced from natural gas condensates petroleum distillates and the distillation of coal tar and peat In different industries and regions naphtha may also be crude oil or refined products such as kerosene Nephi and naphthar are sometimes used as synonyms 1 It is also known as Shellite in Australia 2 Contents 1 Etymology 1 1 Antiquity 1 2 Modern period 1 3 Petroleum 2 Types 3 Uses 3 1 Heavy crude oil dilution 3 2 Fuel 3 3 Plastics 4 Health and safety considerations 5 See also 6 ReferencesEtymology Edit White gas exemplified by Coleman Camp Fuel is a common naphtha based fuel used in many lanterns and torches The word naphtha is from Latin and Ancient Greek naf8a derived from Middle Persian naft wet naphtha 3 4 the latter meaning of which was an assimilation from the Akkadian napṭu see Semitic relatives such as Arabic ن ف ط nafṭ petroleum Syriac ܢ ܦܬ ܐ nafta and Hebrew נ פ ט neft meaning petroleum 5 In Ancient Greek it was used to refer to any sort of petroleum or pitch There is a hypothesis that the word is connected with the name of the Indo Iranian god Apam Napat which occurs in Vedic and in Avestic the name means grandson of the waters and the Vedas describe him as emerging from water golden and shining with bright rays perhaps inspired by a burning seepage of natural gas 6 Antiquity Edit The Greek word naf8a designates one of the materials used to stoke the fiery furnace in the Song of the Three Children possibly 1st or 2nd cent BC The translation of Charles Brenton renders this as rosin The book of II Maccabees 2nd cent BC tells how a thick water was put on a sacrifice at the time of Nehemiah and when the sun shone it caught fire It adds that those around Nehemiah termed this Nephthar which means Purification but it is called Nephthaei by the many 7 The naptha of antiquity is explained to be a highly flammable light fraction of petroleum an extremely volatile strong smelling gaseous liquid common in oil deposits of the Near East it was a chief ingredient in incendiary devices described by Latin authors of the Roman period 8 Modern period Edit Solvent naphtha has denoted a product xylene or trimethylbenzenes derived by fractional distillation from petroleum 9 these mineral spirits also known as Stoddard Solvent was originally the main active ingredient in Fels Naptha laundry soap 10 The usage of the term naphtha during this time typically implies petroleum naphtha a colorless liquid with a similar odor to gasoline However coal tar naphtha a reddish brown liquid that is a mixture of hydrocarbons toluene xylene and cumene etc could also be intended in some contexts 11 Petroleum Edit In older usage when naphtha simply meant crude oil but this usage is now obsolete in English There are a number of cognates to the word in different modern languages typically signifying petroleum or crude oil The Ukrainian and Belarusian word nafta nafta Lithuanian Latvian and Estonian nafta and the Persian naft نفت mean crude oil The Russian word neft neft means crude oil but nafta nafta is a synonym of ligroin Also in Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Finland Italy Serbia Slovenia Macedonia nafta nafta in Cyrillic is colloquially used to indicate diesel fuel and crude oil In the Czech Republic and Slovakia nafta was historically used for both diesel fuel and crude oil but its use for crude oil is now obsolete 12 and it generally indicates diesel fuel In Bulgarian nafta means diesel fuel while neft as well as petrol petrol in Cyrillic means crude oil Nafta is also used in everyday parlance in Argentina Paraguay and Uruguay to refer to gasoline petrol 13 In Poland the word nafta means kerosene 14 and colloquially crude oil technical name for crude oil is ropa naftowa also colloquially used for diesel fuel as ropa In Flemish the word naft e is used colloquially for gasoline 15 Types EditVarious qualifiers have been added to the term naphtha by different sources in an effort to make it more specific One source 16 distinguishes by boiling point Light naphtha is the fraction boiling between 30 C and 90 C and consists of molecules with 5 6 carbon atoms Heavy naphtha boils between 90 C and 200 C and consists of molecules with 6 12 carbon atoms Another source 17 which differentiates light and heavy comments on the hydrocarbon structure but offers a less precise dividing line Light is a mixture consisting mainly of straight chained and cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons having from five to six carbon atoms per molecule Heavy is a mixture consisting mainly of straight chained and cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons having from seven to nine carbon atoms per molecule Both of these are useful definitions but they are incompatible with one another and the latter does not provide for mixes containing both six and seven carbon atoms per molecule These terms are also sufficiently broad that they are not widely useful Uses EditHeavy crude oil dilution Edit Naphtha is used to dilute heavy crude oil to reduce its viscosity and enable facilitate transport undiluted heavy crude cannot normally be transported by pipeline and may also be difficult to pump onto oil tankers Other common dilutants include natural gas condensate and light crude However naphtha is a particularly efficient dilutant and can be recycled from diluted heavy crude after transport and processing 18 19 20 The importance of oil dilutants has increased as global production of lighter crude oils has fallen and shifted to exploitation of heavier reserves 19 Fuel Edit Light naphtha is used as a fuel in some commercial applications One notable example is wick based cigarette lighters such as the Zippo which draw lighter fluid naphtha into a wick from a reservoir to be ignited using the flint and wheel It is also a fuel for camping stoves and oil lanterns known as white gas where naphtha s low boiling point makes it easy to ignite Naphtha is sometimes preferred over kerosene as it clogs fuel lines less The outdoor equipment manufacturer MSR published a list of trade names and translations to help outdoor enthusiasts obtain the correct products in various countries 21 Naptha was also historically used as a fuel in some small launch boats where steam technology was impractical most were built to circumvent safety laws relating to traditional steam launches 22 Plastics Edit Naphtha is a crucial component in the production of plastics 23 Health and safety considerations EditThe safety data sheets SDSs from various naphtha vendors indicate various hazards such as flammable mixture of hydrocarbons flammability carcinogenicity skin and airway irritation etc 24 2 25 26 Humans can be exposed to naphtha in the workplace by inhalation ingestion dermal contact and eye contact The US Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSHA has set the permissible exposure limit for naphtha in the workplace as 100 ppm 400 mg m3 over an 8 hour workday The US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health NIOSH has set a recommended exposure limit REL of 100 ppm 400 mg m3 over an 8 hour workday At levels of 1000 ppm which equates to 10 times the lower exposure limit naphtha is immediately dangerous to life and health 27 See also EditColeman fuel Fluid catalytic cracking Greek fire Hydrocarbon Kerosene Mineral spirits Naphtha launch Oil refinery Petroleum distillation Petroleum naphtha TarReferences Edit Naphthar McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia accessed 16 December 2019 a b Material Safety Data Sheet Shellite PDF Recochem com au Retrieved 2015 10 26 Christian Gizewski Berlin Institute of Technology Persisches Erbe im Griechischen Lateinischen Arabischen Turkischen und in verschiedenen heutigen europaischen Sprachen Persian Heritage in Greek Latin Arabic Turkic and Various Modern European Languages Technische Universitat Berlin Archived from the original on 2011 08 11 Retrieved 2010 02 28 David Neil MacKenzie 1971 A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary Oxford University Press p 57 ISBN 978 1 934768 59 4 ENGLISH i Persian Elements in English www iranicaonline org Encyclopaedia Iranica Retrieved 1 September 2018 R J Forbes 1966 Studies in Ancient Technology Brill Archive p 13 GGKEY YDBU5XT36QD 2 Maccabees 1 36 Mayor Adrienne 2009 Greek Fire Poison Arrows and Scorpion Bombs Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World Woodstock NY Overlook Duckworth p 227 ISBN 0715638521 digital copy Daunicht Hubert K 2009 Greek Fire Poison Arrows and Scorpion Bombs Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World Woodstock NY Overlook Duckworth p 307 ISBN 9780715638521 Fels amp Company Hsp org Retrieved 2016 09 28 Sittig Marshall 2013 Naphtha In Greene Stanley A Pohanish Richard P eds Sittig s Handbook of Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicals William Andrew p 636 ISBN 9780815519034 Slovenske slovniky Slovnik juls savba sk Retrieved 2015 10 26 Pedro Mairal 2012 El ano del desierto Stockcero Inc pp 71 ISBN 978 1 934768 59 4 Andrey Taranov 23 October 2013 Polish vocabulary for English speakers 7000 words BoD Books on Demand pp 98 ISBN 978 1 78071 417 2 Michael G Clyne 1992 Pluricentric Languages Differing Norms in Different Nations Walter de Gruyter pp 85 ISBN 978 3 11 012855 0 Prestvic Rune Kjell Moljord Knut Grande Anders Holmen 2004 Compositional analysis of naphtha and reformate Catalytic naphtha reforming USA CRC Press p 2 ISBN 9780203913505 Retrieved 2010 02 03 Chemistry of Hazardous Materials Third Edition Meyer E Prentice Hall 1998 page 458 Glenat Philippe Heraud Jean Philippe Gateau Patrick Henaut Isabelle Argillier J Francois 2005 01 01 Heavy Oil Dilution Society of Petroleum Engineers doi 10 2118 97763 MS ISBN 9781613990056 S2CID 73605226 a b Dilution of heavy crude oils for pipeline ransportation purposes The asphaltene instability issue Diluting Venezuela s heavy crude just got harder www worldoil com 29 January 2019 Retrieved 2019 04 09 MSR 24 August 2020 Where do I get fuels in foreign countries and what other types of fuel can I use PDF Seattle Washington USA Mountain Safety Research MSR Retrieved 2021 08 27 Date from PDF metadata Durant Kenneth 1976 The Naptha Launch How Plastics are Made Plastics Europe Brussels Association of Plastics Manufacturers a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Petroleum Ether Hazard com 1998 04 21 Retrieved 2015 10 26 Material Safety Data Sheet Ronsonol Lighter Fuel PDF Cooperbooth com Retrieved 2015 10 26 NAFAA NAFAA Archived from the original on 2016 03 04 Retrieved 2015 10 26 CDC NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards Naphtha coal tar www cdc gov Retrieved 2015 11 27 Look up naphtha in Wiktionary the free dictionary Wikimedia Commons has media related to Naphtha Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Naphtha amp oldid 1144438406, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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