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Mudumalai National Park

April 24, 2023

Mudumalai National Park is a national park in the Nilgiri Mountains in Tamil Nadu, south India. It covers 321 km2 (124 sq mi) at an elevation range of 850–1,250 m (2,790–4,100 ft) in the Nilgiri District and shares boundaries with the states of Karnataka and Kerala. A part of this area has been protected since 1940. The national park has been part of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve since 1986 and was declared a tiger reserve together with a buffer zone of 367.59 km2 (141.93 sq mi) in 2007. It receives an annual rainfall of about 1,420 mm (56 in) and harbours tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests with 498 plant species, at least 266 bird species, 18 carnivore and 10 herbivore species. It is drained by the Moyar River and several tributaries, which harbour 38 fish species.

Mudumalai National Park
Mudumalai Tiger Reserve
Bengal tiger in Mudumalai National Park
LocationNilgiri District, Tamil Nadu, India
Nearest cityGudalur, Nilgiris
Coordinates11°36′N 76°30′E / 11.6°N 76.5°E / 11.6; 76.5Coordinates: 11°36′N 76°30′E / 11.6°N 76.5°E / 11.6; 76.5
Area321 km2 (124 sq mi)
Elevation850–1,250 m (2,790–4,100 ft)
Established1940 (1940)
Governing bodyTamil Nadu Forest Department
Websitehttps://www.forests.tn.gov.in/

Traffic on three public roads passing through the national park has caused significant roadkills of mammals, reptiles and amphibians. The park's northern part has been affected by several wildfires since 1999.

History

The word Mudumalai is a Tamil word with முது 'mutu' meaning old, ancient, original; and முதுகாடு 'mudhukadu' meaning ancient forest.[1] The word மலை 'malai' means hill or mountain.[2] The name 'Mudumalai forest' was already in use when the British Government rented the forest in 1857 for logging purposes from the Raja of Neelambur.[3] In 1914, large forest tracts on the Sigur Plateau were declared as reserve forest for systematic logging. An area of about 60 km2 (23 sq mi) was established as Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary in 1940.[4] The sanctuary was enlarged in 1977 and incorporated into Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve in 1986.[4] It was declared as a Tiger Reserve under Project Tiger in April 2007 and notified as 'Critical Tiger Habitat' in December 2007. At the time, 1947 people lived in 28 hamlets inside the reserve; they kept about 1,060 cattle. In 2010, it was proposed to resettle them.[5] This notification was criticised by activists and conservationists as having been intransparent and undemocratic.[6]

In 2010, the National Tiger Conservation Authority approved the release of funds to Mudumalai Tiger Reserve in the frame of Project Tiger.[7] In 2020, Project Tiger has been extended until 2021 with funding of ₹ 114.1 million borne by the Government of India and the Government of Tamil Nadu.[8]

Geography

 
Mudumalai National Park and vicinity
 
Moyar River waterfall

Mudumalai National Park covers 321 km2 (124 sq mi) in the eastern hills of the Western Ghats at an elevation range of 850–1,250 m (2,790–4,100 ft); it is bordered in the west by Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary, in the north by Bandipur National Park and in the east by Sigur Reserve Forest.[4] In the south, it is bordered by Singara Reserve Forest.[9] The Moyar River enters the national park in the south and is joined by five tributaries.[10] Together they drain this area, and several artificial waterholes provide drinking water for wildlife during dry seasons.[9] The original national park area together with a surrounding buffer zone of 367.59 km2 (141.93 sq mi) was designated as the Mudumalai Tiger Reserve.[11][12]

The elevation range of 250–1,200 m (820–3,940 ft) in the Western Ghats is characterised by evergreen forest with dipterocarp species prevailing.[13] Its undulating hills consist mostly of hornblendite and biotite gneiss with black sandy loam; red heavy loam prevails in the southern part.[14] It is part of the ecoregion South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests.[15] Mudumalai National Park and the adjacent Sigur Reserve Forest form an important wildlife corridor within the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve and provide the highest landscape connectivity for the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) population in the region.[16]

Climate

Mudumalai National Park receives about 1,420 mm (56 in) rainfall annually, most of it during the southwest monsoon season from June to September. The temperature drops during the cool season from December to January, but rises during April to June, which are the hottest months.[14] Annual precipitation ranges from 1,100 mm (43 in) in the south and west to 600 mm (24 in) in the east.[17]

Flora

 
Forest in Mudumalai National Park

Mudumalai National Park harbours tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests.[15] The floral diversity comprises 498 plant species including 154 tree, 77 shrub, 214 herb and 53 vine species.[18]Teak (Tectona grandis) and axlewood (Anogeissus latifolia) are the dominant tree species with a density of more than 105 trees/ha (42 trees/acre).[19] Prominent tree species include flame-of-the-forest (Butea monosperma), Indian laurel (Terminalia elliptica), kusum tree (Schleichera oleosa), weaver's beam tree (Schrebera swietenioides), Malabar kino tree (Pterocarpus marsupium), Indian rosewood (Dalbergia latifolia), Malabar plum (Syzygium cumini), silk-cotton tree (Bombax ceiba) and Indian beech (Millettia pinnata); moist deciduous forest is interspersed with giant thorny bamboo (Bambusa bambos). Mango (Mangifera indica) and persimmon (Diospyros) grow along river courses. Climbers include orange climber (Zanthoxylum asiaticum), Wattakaka volubilis, frangipani vine (Chonemorpha fragrans), trellis-vine (Pergularia daemia), purple morning glory (Argyreia cuneata), striped cucumber (Diplocyclos palmatus) and several jasmine species.[14] Ceylon satinwood (Chloroxylon swietenia), red cedar (Erythroxylum monogynum) and catechu (Senegalia catechu) are the dominant plants in shrubland patches.[20]

Lantana camara is an invasive species that negatively affects the dispersal of the native Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica) and Kydia calycina, but does not affect growth and dispersal of other shrubs.[21] A study on nesting behaviour of birds revealed that red-vented bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer) and red-whiskered bulbul (P. jocosus) prefer its top canopy level for building nests in spring.[22]

An exceptionally large arjun tree (Terminalia arjuna) with a height of 32 m (105 ft) and a girth of 8.45 m (27.7 ft) was detected in the Moyar River valley in 2019; it was used by white-rumped vulture (Gyps bengalensis), brown fish owl (Ketupa zeylonensis), spot-bellied eagle-owl (Bubo nipalensis), crested honey buzzard (Pernis ptilorhynchus), changeable hawk-eagle (Nisaetus cirrhatus) and shikra (Accipiter badius) for roosting.[23]

Fauna

During the major flowering season, 394 nests of the giant honey bee (Apis dorsata) were detected in the park between January and June 2007; bee colonies comprised an average of 19 nests, mostly built in large trees.[24]

Mammals

 
Leopard in Masinagudi

A survey carried out between November 2008 and February 2009 revealed that about 29 Indian leopards (Panthera pardus fusca) and 19 Bengal tigers (P. tigris tigris) lived in the park's core area of 107 km2 (41 sq mi).[25] As of 2018, the tiger population in the wider Mudumalai Tiger Reserve was estimated to comprise 103 resident individuals.[12]Jungle cat (Felis chaus), rusty-spotted cat (Prionailurus rubiginosus) and leopard cat (P. bengalensis) were recorded during camera trap surveys in 2010–2011 and 2018.[26][12] Two dhole (Cuon alpinus) packs were monitored during 1989–1993 and had home ranges of 83.3 and 54.2 km2 (32.2 and 20.9 sq mi); packs comprised between four and 25 individuals during this period.[27]Golden jackal (Canis aureus), and Nilgiri marten (Martes gwatkinsii) were also recorded in 2018.[12]

Scat of sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) collected along forest roads and animal trails contained remains of 18 plant species with golden shower (Cassia fistula), Indian plum (Zizyphus mauritiana) and clammy cherry (Cordia obliqua) forming the bulk of its diet apart from fungus-growing termites (Odontotermes), fire ants and honey bees.[28]Small Indian civet (Viverricula indica), Asian palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus) and brown palm civet (P. jerdoni) live in both deciduous and semi-evergreen forest patches; ruddy mongoose (Urva smithii) lives foremost in deciduous forest, whereas stripe-necked mongoose (U. vitticollis) frequents riverine areas, and Indian grey mongoose U. edwardsii open habitats.[29] The mongooses forage foremost for pill millipedes, dung beetles, fruits, small rodents, birds and reptiles.[30]Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) groups were observed along the Moyar River in 2010 and 2011.[29] Their habitat preference was studied between 2015 and 2017; the groups preferred rocky areas near fast flowing water with loose sand and little vegetation cover.[31]

 
Asian elephant family

The Asian elephant is the largest mammal in the park with an estimated 536–1,001 individuals in 25 herds in 2000.[32] Herds comprise up to 22 individuals. The gaur (Bos gaurus) is the largest ungulate in the park, with herds of up to 42 individuals that frequent foremost grasslands in the vicinity of water sources.[33] The sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) forms smaller groups of up to five individuals, but also congregates in groups of up to 45 individuals in the wet season. The chital (Axis axis) forms large groups of at least 35 individuals, with some herds increasing to more than 100 members in the wet season.[34] Chital, Indian spotted chevrotain (Moschiola indica) and Indian muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak) have been recorded eating fallen fruit of the Indian gooseberry in a forest monitoring plot; they are therefore considered to be the primary seed dispersers in the park.[35] Present are also four-horned antelope (Tetracerus quadricornis), blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra), wild boar (Sus scrofa), Indian pangolin (Manis crassicaudata) and Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica).[12]

 
Indian giant squirrel

Four bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata) troops were studied in 1997, which ranged in size from 28 to 35 members and lived in sympatry with gray langur (Semnopithecus entellus) troops.[36] A troop in the Moyar River valley foraged on leaves, flowers and fruits of several tree and shrub species including tamarind (Tamarindus indica), banyan fig (Ficus benghalensis), wild jujube (Ziziphus oenoplia), neem (Azadirachta indica), kaayam (Memecylon edule) and indigoberry (Randia malabarica), but also consumed herbs, crickets and grasshoppers.[37] The range of the Indian giant squirrel (Ratufa indica) is continuous in the national park's moist deciduous forest; in the drier eastern part, it inhabits foremost riverine habitat with contiguous canopy. It builds nests in trees with a mean canopy height of 10.6 m (35 ft) and feeds on 25 plant species including teak, Indian laurel and Grewia tiliifolia.[38] The Indian giant flying squirrel (Petaurista philippensis) inhabits foremost moist deciduous forest with old trees of a mean 12.9 m (42 ft) height, a mean density of 499 trees/ha (202 trees/acre) and a canopy height of at least 6.86 m (22.5 ft).[39]

In 2013, a painted bat (Kerivoula picta) was sighted in the eastern part of the tiger reserve.[40]

Birds

 
Crested honey buzzard
 
Indian pond heron in the buffer zone

Birds observed from 1994 to 1996 comprised 266 species; the 213 resident ones include Malabar grey hornbill (Ocyceros griseus), Indian grey hornbill (O. birostris), Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus), Bonelli's eagle (Aquila fasciata), crested serpent eagle (Spilornis cheela), black eagle (Ictinaetus malaiensis), besra (Accipiter virgatus) and crested goshawk (A. trivirgatus), white-rumped shama (Copsychus malabaricus), Indian roller (Coracias benghalensis), greater flameback (Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus) and white-naped woodpecker (C. festivus), black-rumped flameback (Dinopium benghalense), white-bellied woodpecker (Dryocopus javensis), heart-spotted woodpecker (Hemicircus canente), rufous woodpecker (Micropternus brachyurus), greater racket-tailed drongo (Dicrurus paradiseus), grey-bellied cuckoo (Cacomantis passerinus) and Indian cuckoo (Cuculus micropterus), coppersmith barbet (Psilopogon haemacephalus), white-cheeked barbet (P. viridis) and brown-headed barbet (P. zeylanicus), grey francolin (Ortygornis pondicerianus), speckled piculet (Picumnus innominatus), Indian pond heron (Ardeola grayii), white-throated kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis), blue-winged parakeet (Psittacula columboides), Nilgiri wood pigeon (Columba elphinstonii), common emerald dove (Chalcophaps indica), yellow-footed pigeon (Treron phoenicoptera), red spurfowl (Galloperdix spadicea) and grey junglefowl (Gallus sonneratii), painted bush quail (Perdicula erythrorhyncha), crimson-backed sunbird (Leptocoma minima), Loten's sunbird (Cinnyris lotenius), forest wagtail (Dendronanthus indicus), white-browed wagtail (Motacilla maderaspatensis) black-and-orange flycatcher (Ficedula nigrorufa), Eurasian golden oriole (Oriolus oriolus) and black-hooded oriole (O. xanthornus).[20] In 2004, pin-striped tit-babblers (Mixornis gularis) were observed in a dry stream bed outside the protected area.[41] December to March is the breeding season of yellow-crowned woodpecker (Leiopicus mahrattensis), streak-throated woodpecker (Picus xanthopygaeus), yellow-throated sparrow (Gymnoris xanthocollis), blue-bearded bee-eater (Nyctyornis atherton), Indian robin (Saxicoloides fulicatus), scaly-breasted munia (Lonchura punctulata) and white-rumped munia (L. striata).[22]

Spot-bellied eagle-owl, Oriental scops owl (Otus sunia), brown boobook (Ninox scutulata) and jungle owlet (Glaucidium radiatum) are known night birds in the region.[42] A juvenile cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus) was recorded in spring 2019.[43] The vulture populations in Moyar River valley were surveyed in March 2019. About 200 white-rumped vultures and about 30 active white-backed vulture (Gyps africanus) nests were observed; Indian vultures (G. indicus) and red-headed vultures (Sarcogyps calvus) were sighted at several locations.[44]

Sightings of migrating birds include booted eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus), rufous-bellied eagle (Lophotriorchis kienerii), Eurasian sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus), common buzzard (Buteo buteo), western marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus) and pallid harrier (C. macrourus), cotton pygmy goose (Nettapus coromandelianus), knob-billed duck (Sarkidiornis melanotos), northern pintail (Anas acuta) and rosy starling (Pastor roseus).[20]White storks (Ciconia ciconia) were observed in December 2013 and February 2014.[45]

Reptiles

 
Indian rock python feeding on a chital in Moyar River valley

In 1992, six Indian star tortoises (Geochelone elegans) were sighted in scrubland at elevations of 850–950 m (2,790–3,120 ft).[46] An ornate flying snake (Chrysopelea ornata) was observed in 2006.[47] The mugger crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) population in Moyar River was thought to encompass about 100 individuals as of 2009.[48] Small reptiles recorded in Mudumalai National Park comprise striped coral snake (Calliophis nigrescens), Elliot's forest lizard (Monilesaurus ellioti), Jerdon's day gecko (Cnemaspis jerdonii), Goan day gecko (C. indraneildasii) and Beddome's ground skink (Kaestlea beddomii).[49] A dead Bibron's coral snake (Calliophis bibroni) was discovered on the road in the Theppakadu area at an elevation of 894 m (2,933 ft) in August 2013, the first record since 1874.[50] A Bengal monitor (Varanus bengalensis) was recorded in 2018.[12] The Indian rock python (Python molurus) was studied in the frame of a telemetry project in the Moyar River valley from 2017 to 2020. In February 2019, a 3.7 m (12 ft) long female Indian rock python was observed mating with two smaller males measuring 1.98 and 2.22 m (6 ft 6 in and 7 ft 3 in).[51]

Fish

The Moyar River and tributaries harbour 38 fish species, including Nilgiri mystus (Hemibagrus punctatus), Puntius mudumalaiensis, Puntius melanostigma, reba carp (Cirrhinus reba), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), Deccan mahseer (Tor khudree), Malabar baril (Barilius gatensis), mullya garra (Garra mullya), zig-zag eel (Mastacembelus armatus) and bullseye snakehead (Channa marulius).[10]

Threats

From 1979 to 2011, remains of 148 dead Asian elephants were found in the park; 50 individuals were killed by poachers.[52] Traffic on three public roads cutting through Mudumalai National Park pose a significant threat to the park's wildlife; between December 1998 and March 1999 alone, 180 animals belonging to 40 species were killed by drivers.[53] Between December 2006 and November 2007, 101 amphibians and 78 reptiles became roadkills on a 6 km (3.7 mi) stretch of the national highway passing through the park including Indirana frogs, Indian skipper frog (Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis), bronzed frog (Indosylvirana temporalis), pigmy wrinkled frog (Nyctibatrachus beddomii), Asian common toad (Duttaphrynus melanostictus), common green forest lizard (Calotes calotes), Blanford's rock agama (Psammophilus blanfordanus), Mysore day gecko (Cnemaspis mysoriensis), bronze grass skink (Eutropis macularia), green keelback (Rhabdophis plumbicolor), trinket snake (Coelognathus helena), Russell's viper (Daboia russelii), common krait (Bungarus caeruleus) and hump-nosed viper (Hypnale hypnale).[54] Between January 2014 and December 2016, 497 Indian palm squirrels (Funambulus palmarum) were found killed in traffic collisions on a 40 km (25 mi) long stretch of a state highway passing through the park.[55] A 9.13 m (30.0 ft) long roadkilled Bibron's coral snake was found in September 2016.[56]

Proliferating tourism resorts and increasing demand for firewood at the national park's periphery are also considered threats to its ecosystem.[48] In 1995, the annual firewood need was estimated at 376 kg (829 lb) per person living in the periphery of the national park.[57]

Between 1999 and 2013, six forest fires affected dry deciduous forest patches ranging in size from 80 ha (200 acres) to 85 km2 (33 sq mi) in the northern part of the national park; the plant diversity in burned patches needs more than 15 years to recover.[58]

See also

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mudumalai National Park.

References

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  40. ^ Nachiketha, S.R. & Sreepada K.S. (2013). "Occurrence of Indian Painted Bat (Kerivuola picta) in dry deciduous forests of Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Southern India" (PDF). Small Mammal Mail. 5 (1): 16–17.
  41. ^ Praveen, J.; Joseph, J. K. & Lethaby, N. (2004). "Sighting of Yellow-breasted Babbler Macronous gularis in South India". Newsletter for Ornithologists. 1 (3): 43.
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  44. ^ Chandrasekaran, S. & Kannan, V. (2021). "Population survey of the highly threatened Gyps vultures in Sathyamangalam and Mudumalai tiger reserves, Tamil Nadu, India". Zoo's Print. 36 (7): 15–19.
  45. ^ Samson, A. & Ramakrishnan, B. (2018). "White Stork: Sighting record of Ciconia ciconia (Linnaeus, 1758) in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Nilgiris, India". Zoo's Print. 33 (8): 16–18.
  46. ^ Bhupathy, S.; Silori, C.S. & Wesley Sunderraj, S.F. (1994). "Additional locality records for two Indian tortoise species". The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 91 (1): 149–150.
  47. ^ Kannan, P. (2006). "Record of ornate Flying Snake Chrysopelea ornata (Shaw) in Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, southern India". Cobra. 63: 13.
  48. ^ a b Johnsingh, A.J.T.; Raghunath, R.; Pillay, R. & Madhusudan, M.D. (2010). "Ensuring the future of the tiger and other large mammals in the southern portion of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, Southern India". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 107 (2): 77–85.
  49. ^ Srinivsaulu, C.; Srinivasulu, B. & Molur, S. (Compilers). (2014). The Status and Distribution of Reptiles in the Western Ghats, India Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (CAMP) (PDF). Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu: Wildlife Information Liaison Development Society. ISBN 978-81-88722-40-2.
  50. ^ Samson, A.; Ramakrishnan, B.; Rathinakumar, S.; Renuka, S.; Santhoshkumar, P. & Karthick, S. (2014). "Calliophis bibroni (Bibroni Coral Snake): Rediscovery in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, South India". Herpetological Bulletin. 127: 35–36.
  51. ^ Vishnu, S.N.; Ramesh, C.; Thirumurugan, V. & Sathish, C. (2021). "Size matters: First record of minimum male size at maturity and mating of free-ranging, endangered Indian Python Python molurus". Asian Journal of Conservation Biology. 10 (1): 153–158. doi:10.53562/ajcb.AQOE1932. S2CID 237985669.
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  53. ^ Baskaran, N. & Boominathan, D. (2010). "Road kill of animals by highway traffic in the tropical forests of Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, southern India". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 2 (3): 753–759. doi:10.11609/JoTT.o2101.753-9.
  54. ^ Bhupathy, S.; Srinivas, G.; Kumar, N.S.; Karthik, T. & Madhivanan, A. (2011). "Herpetofaunal mortality due to vehicular traffic in the Western Ghats, India: a case study". Herpetotropicos. 5 (2): 119–126.
  55. ^ Samson, A.; Ramakrishnan, B. & Leonaprincy, J. (2020). "A threat assessment of Three-striped Palm Squirrel Funambulus palmarum (Mammalia: Rodentia: Sciuridae) from roadkills in Sigur Plateau, Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu, India". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 12 (10): 16347–16351. doi:10.11609/jott.3378.12.10.16347-16351.
  56. ^ Samson, A. J. & Leona Princy, J. (2019). "Largest record of Bibron's Coral Snake Calliophis bibroni Jan, 1858) in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, India". Zoo's Print. 34 (8): 10–11.
  57. ^ Ganesan, B. (1995). Fire, grazing, and extraction of non-timber forest products in the Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve, southern India: Implications for forest policy, sustainable use and local economies (Doctoral dissertation). New Brunswick: Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey.
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External links

 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Mudumalai National Park.
  • A Day In Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve - A Lifescape To Experience. Wild Channel Productions. 2016. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.
  • "Wildfire destroys over 10,000 acres of Bandipur forest". The Indian Express. 2019.
  • "Mudumalai Sanctuary". UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1988.
  • Suvarna, P.; Raghunath, A. (2021). "Illicit tourism extracts its cost from nature". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  • Palaniappan, V. S.; Sudhakar, P. (2016). "Pros and cons of notification on tiger reserves". The Hindu. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  • . Greenwaysroad. Archived from the original on 1 May 2008.

April 24, 2023
mudumalai, national, park, national, park, nilgiri, mountains, tamil, nadu, south, india, covers, elevation, range, nilgiri, district, shares, boundaries, with, states, karnataka, kerala, part, this, area, been, protected, since, 1940, national, park, been, pa. Mudumalai National Park is a national park in the Nilgiri Mountains in Tamil Nadu south India It covers 321 km2 124 sq mi at an elevation range of 850 1 250 m 2 790 4 100 ft in the Nilgiri District and shares boundaries with the states of Karnataka and Kerala A part of this area has been protected since 1940 The national park has been part of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve since 1986 and was declared a tiger reserve together with a buffer zone of 367 59 km2 141 93 sq mi in 2007 It receives an annual rainfall of about 1 420 mm 56 in and harbours tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests with 498 plant species at least 266 bird species 18 carnivore and 10 herbivore species It is drained by the Moyar River and several tributaries which harbour 38 fish species Mudumalai National ParkMudumalai Tiger ReserveIUCN category II national park Bengal tiger in Mudumalai National ParkShow map of Tamil NaduShow map of IndiaLocationNilgiri District Tamil Nadu IndiaNearest cityGudalur NilgirisCoordinates11 36 N 76 30 E 11 6 N 76 5 E 11 6 76 5 Coordinates 11 36 N 76 30 E 11 6 N 76 5 E 11 6 76 5Area321 km2 124 sq mi Elevation850 1 250 m 2 790 4 100 ft Established1940 1940 Governing bodyTamil Nadu Forest DepartmentWebsitehttps www forests tn gov in Traffic on three public roads passing through the national park has caused significant roadkills of mammals reptiles and amphibians The park s northern part has been affected by several wildfires since 1999 Contents 1 History 2 Geography 2 1 Climate 3 Flora 4 Fauna 4 1 Mammals 4 2 Birds 4 3 Reptiles 4 4 Fish 5 Threats 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksHistory EditThe word Mudumalai is a Tamil word with ம த mutu meaning old ancient original and ம த க ட mudhukadu meaning ancient forest 1 The word மல malai means hill or mountain 2 The name Mudumalai forest was already in use when the British Government rented the forest in 1857 for logging purposes from the Raja of Neelambur 3 In 1914 large forest tracts on the Sigur Plateau were declared as reserve forest for systematic logging An area of about 60 km2 23 sq mi was established as Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary in 1940 4 The sanctuary was enlarged in 1977 and incorporated into Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve in 1986 4 It was declared as a Tiger Reserve under Project Tiger in April 2007 and notified as Critical Tiger Habitat in December 2007 At the time 1947 people lived in 28 hamlets inside the reserve they kept about 1 060 cattle In 2010 it was proposed to resettle them 5 This notification was criticised by activists and conservationists as having been intransparent and undemocratic 6 In 2010 the National Tiger Conservation Authority approved the release of funds to Mudumalai Tiger Reserve in the frame of Project Tiger 7 In 2020 Project Tiger has been extended until 2021 with funding of 114 1 million borne by the Government of India and the Government of Tamil Nadu 8 Geography Edit Mudumalai National Park and vicinity Moyar River waterfall Mudumalai National Park covers 321 km2 124 sq mi in the eastern hills of the Western Ghats at an elevation range of 850 1 250 m 2 790 4 100 ft it is bordered in the west by Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary in the north by Bandipur National Park and in the east by Sigur Reserve Forest 4 In the south it is bordered by Singara Reserve Forest 9 The Moyar River enters the national park in the south and is joined by five tributaries 10 Together they drain this area and several artificial waterholes provide drinking water for wildlife during dry seasons 9 The original national park area together with a surrounding buffer zone of 367 59 km2 141 93 sq mi was designated as the Mudumalai Tiger Reserve 11 12 The elevation range of 250 1 200 m 820 3 940 ft in the Western Ghats is characterised by evergreen forest with dipterocarp species prevailing 13 Its undulating hills consist mostly of hornblendite and biotite gneiss with black sandy loam red heavy loam prevails in the southern part 14 It is part of the ecoregion South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests 15 Mudumalai National Park and the adjacent Sigur Reserve Forest form an important wildlife corridor within the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve and provide the highest landscape connectivity for the Asian elephant Elephas maximus population in the region 16 Climate Edit Mudumalai National Park receives about 1 420 mm 56 in rainfall annually most of it during the southwest monsoon season from June to September The temperature drops during the cool season from December to January but rises during April to June which are the hottest months 14 Annual precipitation ranges from 1 100 mm 43 in in the south and west to 600 mm 24 in in the east 17 Flora Edit Forest in Mudumalai National Park Mudumalai National Park harbours tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests 15 The floral diversity comprises 498 plant species including 154 tree 77 shrub 214 herb and 53 vine species 18 Teak Tectona grandis and axlewood Anogeissus latifolia are the dominant tree species with a density of more than 105 trees ha 42 trees acre 19 Prominent tree species include flame of the forest Butea monosperma Indian laurel Terminalia elliptica kusum tree Schleichera oleosa weaver s beam tree Schrebera swietenioides Malabar kino tree Pterocarpus marsupium Indian rosewood Dalbergia latifolia Malabar plum Syzygium cumini silk cotton tree Bombax ceiba and Indian beech Millettia pinnata moist deciduous forest is interspersed with giant thorny bamboo Bambusa bambos Mango Mangifera indica and persimmon Diospyros grow along river courses Climbers include orange climber Zanthoxylum asiaticum Wattakaka volubilis frangipani vine Chonemorpha fragrans trellis vine Pergularia daemia purple morning glory Argyreia cuneata striped cucumber Diplocyclos palmatus and several jasmine species 14 Ceylon satinwood Chloroxylon swietenia red cedar Erythroxylum monogynum and catechu Senegalia catechu are the dominant plants in shrubland patches 20 Lantana camara is an invasive species that negatively affects the dispersal of the native Indian gooseberry Phyllanthus emblica and Kydia calycina but does not affect growth and dispersal of other shrubs 21 A study on nesting behaviour of birds revealed that red vented bulbul Pycnonotus cafer and red whiskered bulbul P jocosus prefer its top canopy level for building nests in spring 22 An exceptionally large arjun tree Terminalia arjuna with a height of 32 m 105 ft and a girth of 8 45 m 27 7 ft was detected in the Moyar River valley in 2019 it was used by white rumped vulture Gyps bengalensis brown fish owl Ketupa zeylonensis spot bellied eagle owl Bubo nipalensis crested honey buzzard Pernis ptilorhynchus changeable hawk eagle Nisaetus cirrhatus and shikra Accipiter badius for roosting 23 Fauna EditDuring the major flowering season 394 nests of the giant honey bee Apis dorsata were detected in the park between January and June 2007 bee colonies comprised an average of 19 nests mostly built in large trees 24 Mammals Edit Leopard in Masinagudi A survey carried out between November 2008 and February 2009 revealed that about 29 Indian leopards Panthera pardus fusca and 19 Bengal tigers P tigris tigris lived in the park s core area of 107 km2 41 sq mi 25 As of 2018 the tiger population in the wider Mudumalai Tiger Reserve was estimated to comprise 103 resident individuals 12 Jungle cat Felis chaus rusty spotted cat Prionailurus rubiginosus and leopard cat P bengalensis were recorded during camera trap surveys in 2010 2011 and 2018 26 12 Two dhole Cuon alpinus packs were monitored during 1989 1993 and had home ranges of 83 3 and 54 2 km2 32 2 and 20 9 sq mi packs comprised between four and 25 individuals during this period 27 Golden jackal Canis aureus and Nilgiri marten Martes gwatkinsii were also recorded in 2018 12 Scat of sloth bear Melursus ursinus collected along forest roads and animal trails contained remains of 18 plant species with golden shower Cassia fistula Indian plum Zizyphus mauritiana and clammy cherry Cordia obliqua forming the bulk of its diet apart from fungus growing termites Odontotermes fire ants and honey bees 28 Small Indian civet Viverricula indica Asian palm civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus and brown palm civet P jerdoni live in both deciduous and semi evergreen forest patches ruddy mongoose Urva smithii lives foremost in deciduous forest whereas stripe necked mongoose U vitticollis frequents riverine areas and Indian grey mongoose U edwardsii open habitats 29 The mongooses forage foremost for pill millipedes dung beetles fruits small rodents birds and reptiles 30 Smooth coated otter Lutrogale perspicillata groups were observed along the Moyar River in 2010 and 2011 29 Their habitat preference was studied between 2015 and 2017 the groups preferred rocky areas near fast flowing water with loose sand and little vegetation cover 31 Asian elephant family The Asian elephant is the largest mammal in the park with an estimated 536 1 001 individuals in 25 herds in 2000 32 Herds comprise up to 22 individuals The gaur Bos gaurus is the largest ungulate in the park with herds of up to 42 individuals that frequent foremost grasslands in the vicinity of water sources 33 The sambar deer Cervus unicolor forms smaller groups of up to five individuals but also congregates in groups of up to 45 individuals in the wet season The chital Axis axis forms large groups of at least 35 individuals with some herds increasing to more than 100 members in the wet season 34 Chital Indian spotted chevrotain Moschiola indica and Indian muntjac Muntiacus muntjak have been recorded eating fallen fruit of the Indian gooseberry in a forest monitoring plot they are therefore considered to be the primary seed dispersers in the park 35 Present are also four horned antelope Tetracerus quadricornis blackbuck Antilope cervicapra wild boar Sus scrofa Indian pangolin Manis crassicaudata and Indian crested porcupine Hystrix indica 12 Indian giant squirrel Four bonnet macaque Macaca radiata troops were studied in 1997 which ranged in size from 28 to 35 members and lived in sympatry with gray langur Semnopithecus entellus troops 36 A troop in the Moyar River valley foraged on leaves flowers and fruits of several tree and shrub species including tamarind Tamarindus indica banyan fig Ficus benghalensis wild jujube Ziziphus oenoplia neem Azadirachta indica kaayam Memecylon edule and indigoberry Randia malabarica but also consumed herbs crickets and grasshoppers 37 The range of the Indian giant squirrel Ratufa indica is continuous in the national park s moist deciduous forest in the drier eastern part it inhabits foremost riverine habitat with contiguous canopy It builds nests in trees with a mean canopy height of 10 6 m 35 ft and feeds on 25 plant species including teak Indian laurel and Grewia tiliifolia 38 The Indian giant flying squirrel Petaurista philippensis inhabits foremost moist deciduous forest with old trees of a mean 12 9 m 42 ft height a mean density of 499 trees ha 202 trees acre and a canopy height of at least 6 86 m 22 5 ft 39 In 2013 a painted bat Kerivoula picta was sighted in the eastern part of the tiger reserve 40 Birds Edit Crested honey buzzard Indian pond heron in the buffer zone Birds observed from 1994 to 1996 comprised 266 species the 213 resident ones include Malabar grey hornbill Ocyceros griseus Indian grey hornbill O birostris Indian peafowl Pavo cristatus Bonelli s eagle Aquila fasciata crested serpent eagle Spilornis cheela black eagle Ictinaetus malaiensis besra Accipiter virgatus and crested goshawk A trivirgatus white rumped shama Copsychus malabaricus Indian roller Coracias benghalensis greater flameback Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus and white naped woodpecker C festivus black rumped flameback Dinopium benghalense white bellied woodpecker Dryocopus javensis heart spotted woodpecker Hemicircus canente rufous woodpecker Micropternus brachyurus greater racket tailed drongo Dicrurus paradiseus grey bellied cuckoo Cacomantis passerinus and Indian cuckoo Cuculus micropterus coppersmith barbet Psilopogon haemacephalus white cheeked barbet P viridis and brown headed barbet P zeylanicus grey francolin Ortygornis pondicerianus speckled piculet Picumnus innominatus Indian pond heron Ardeola grayii white throated kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis blue winged parakeet Psittacula columboides Nilgiri wood pigeon Columba elphinstonii common emerald dove Chalcophaps indica yellow footed pigeon Treron phoenicoptera red spurfowl Galloperdix spadicea and grey junglefowl Gallus sonneratii painted bush quail Perdicula erythrorhyncha crimson backed sunbird Leptocoma minima Loten s sunbird Cinnyris lotenius forest wagtail Dendronanthus indicus white browed wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis black and orange flycatcher Ficedula nigrorufa Eurasian golden oriole Oriolus oriolus and black hooded oriole O xanthornus 20 In 2004 pin striped tit babblers Mixornis gularis were observed in a dry stream bed outside the protected area 41 December to March is the breeding season of yellow crowned woodpecker Leiopicus mahrattensis streak throated woodpecker Picus xanthopygaeus yellow throated sparrow Gymnoris xanthocollis blue bearded bee eater Nyctyornis atherton Indian robin Saxicoloides fulicatus scaly breasted munia Lonchura punctulata and white rumped munia L striata 22 Spot bellied eagle owl Oriental scops owl Otus sunia brown boobook Ninox scutulata and jungle owlet Glaucidium radiatum are known night birds in the region 42 A juvenile cinereous vulture Aegypius monachus was recorded in spring 2019 43 The vulture populations in Moyar River valley were surveyed in March 2019 About 200 white rumped vultures and about 30 active white backed vulture Gyps africanus nests were observed Indian vultures G indicus and red headed vultures Sarcogyps calvus were sighted at several locations 44 Sightings of migrating birds include booted eagle Hieraaetus pennatus rufous bellied eagle Lophotriorchis kienerii Eurasian sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus common buzzard Buteo buteo western marsh harrier Circus aeruginosus and pallid harrier C macrourus cotton pygmy goose Nettapus coromandelianus knob billed duck Sarkidiornis melanotos northern pintail Anas acuta and rosy starling Pastor roseus 20 White storks Ciconia ciconia were observed in December 2013 and February 2014 45 Reptiles Edit Indian rock python feeding on a chital in Moyar River valley In 1992 six Indian star tortoises Geochelone elegans were sighted in scrubland at elevations of 850 950 m 2 790 3 120 ft 46 An ornate flying snake Chrysopelea ornata was observed in 2006 47 The mugger crocodile Crocodylus palustris population in Moyar River was thought to encompass about 100 individuals as of 2009 48 Small reptiles recorded in Mudumalai National Park comprise striped coral snake Calliophis nigrescens Elliot s forest lizard Monilesaurus ellioti Jerdon s day gecko Cnemaspis jerdonii Goan day gecko C indraneildasii and Beddome s ground skink Kaestlea beddomii 49 A dead Bibron s coral snake Calliophis bibroni was discovered on the road in the Theppakadu area at an elevation of 894 m 2 933 ft in August 2013 the first record since 1874 50 A Bengal monitor Varanus bengalensis was recorded in 2018 12 The Indian rock python Python molurus was studied in the frame of a telemetry project in the Moyar River valley from 2017 to 2020 In February 2019 a 3 7 m 12 ft long female Indian rock python was observed mating with two smaller males measuring 1 98 and 2 22 m 6 ft 6 in and 7 ft 3 in 51 Fish Edit The Moyar River and tributaries harbour 38 fish species including Nilgiri mystus Hemibagrus punctatus Puntius mudumalaiensis Puntius melanostigma reba carp Cirrhinus reba common carp Cyprinus carpio Deccan mahseer Tor khudree Malabar baril Barilius gatensis mullya garra Garra mullya zig zag eel Mastacembelus armatus and bullseye snakehead Channa marulius 10 Threats EditFrom 1979 to 2011 remains of 148 dead Asian elephants were found in the park 50 individuals were killed by poachers 52 Traffic on three public roads cutting through Mudumalai National Park pose a significant threat to the park s wildlife between December 1998 and March 1999 alone 180 animals belonging to 40 species were killed by drivers 53 Between December 2006 and November 2007 101 amphibians and 78 reptiles became roadkills on a 6 km 3 7 mi stretch of the national highway passing through the park including Indirana frogs Indian skipper frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis bronzed frog Indosylvirana temporalis pigmy wrinkled frog Nyctibatrachus beddomii Asian common toad Duttaphrynus melanostictus common green forest lizard Calotes calotes Blanford s rock agama Psammophilus blanfordanus Mysore day gecko Cnemaspis mysoriensis bronze grass skink Eutropis macularia green keelback Rhabdophis plumbicolor trinket snake Coelognathus helena Russell s viper Daboia russelii common krait Bungarus caeruleus and hump nosed viper Hypnale hypnale 54 Between January 2014 and December 2016 497 Indian palm squirrels Funambulus palmarum were found killed in traffic collisions on a 40 km 25 mi long stretch of a state highway passing through the park 55 A 9 13 m 30 0 ft long roadkilled Bibron s coral snake was found in September 2016 56 Proliferating tourism resorts and increasing demand for firewood at the national park s periphery are also considered threats to its ecosystem 48 In 1995 the annual firewood need was estimated at 376 kg 829 lb per person living in the periphery of the national park 57 Between 1999 and 2013 six forest fires affected dry deciduous forest patches ranging in size from 80 ha 200 acres to 85 km2 33 sq mi in the northern part of the national park the plant diversity in burned patches needs more than 15 years to recover 58 See also EditWildlife of Tamil Nadu List of birds of Tamil Nadu List of endemic plants in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve 2019 Bandipur forest fires Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mudumalai National Park References Edit Fabricius J P 1972 ம த mutu J P Fabricius s Tamil and English dictionary Fourth revised and enlarged ed Tranquebar Evangelical Lutheran Mission Publishing House p 809 McAlpin D W 1981 மல A core vocabulary for Tamil Revised ed Philadelphia Dept of South Asia Regional Studies University of Pennsylvania p 56 Cleghorn H 1861 Third report on forest operations The forests and gardens of South India London W H Allen pp 59 112 a b c Hegde R amp Enters T 2000 Forest products and household economy a case study from Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary Southern India Environmental Conservation 27 3 250 259 doi 10 1017 S037689290000028X S2CID 86160884 Desai A amp Bhargav P 2010 Report on the progress of Village Relocation Mudumalai Tiger Reserve PDF Report on the progress of Village Relocation Nagarahole and Mudumalai Tiger Reserves Report Delhi National Tiger Conservation Authority pp 14 22 Taghioff D amp Menon A 2010 Can a Tiger Change Its Stripes The Politics of Conservation as Translated in Mudumalai PDF Economic amp Political Weekly 54 28 69 76 Rajesh G APCCF PT Member Secretary 2010 Centrally Sponsored Plan Scheme Project Tiger Administrative Approval for funds release to Mudumalai Tiger Reserve Tamil Nadu during 2010 2011 PDF Report Vol No 4 1 32 2010 PT New Delhi National Tiger Conservation Authority Archived from the original PDF on 6 January 2011 Retrieved 2 February 2011 Saxena S 2020 Forests Wildlife Centrally Sponsored Scheme Implementation of Project Tiger Scheme in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve for the year 2020 21 Release of 1st Installment amount of Rs 570 676 lakhs Orders issued PDF Report Chennai Environment and Forests FR 5 Department Government of Tamil Nadu Retrieved 23 April 2021 a href Template Cite report html title Template Cite report cite report a CS1 maint url status link a b Paulraj S amp Subramanian C 2000 Skewed sex ratio in elephant population How it may affect the demography and population growth A case study in Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park Tamil Nadu Southern India Indian Forester 126 10 1046 1053 a b Manimekalan A 1998 The fishes of Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary Tamil Nadu south India The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 95 3 431 443 Sankar C V 2012 Forests Wildlife Mudumalai Tiger Reserve PDF Government of Tamil Nadu Forest Department a b c d e f Jhala Y V Qureshi Q amp Nayak A K 2020 Mudumalai Tiger Reserve PDF Status of Tigers Copredators amp Prey in India 2018 National Tiger Conservation Authority Government of India New Delhi and Wildlife Institute of India Dehradun pp 502 509 ISBN 978 81 85496 50 4 Khan M A W 1968 West Coast tropical evergreen forest In Champion H G amp Seth S K eds A Revised Survey of the Forest Types of India Delhi Manager of Publications Government of India Press Masik pp 65 71 a b c Sharma B D Shetty B V Virekananthan K amp Rathakrishnan N C 1978 Flora of Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary Tamil Nadu Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 75 1 13 42 a b Wikramanayake E Dinerstein E amp Colby J L 2002 15 South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo Pacific a Conservation Assessment Washington D C Island Press pp 313 315 ISBN 9781559639231 Puyravaud J P Cushman S A Davidar P amp Madappa D 2017 Predicting landscape connectivity for the Asian elephant in its largest remaining subpopulation Animal Conservation 20 3 225 234 doi 10 1111 acv 12314 S2CID 88870856 Murali K S amp Sukumar R 1994 Reproductive phenology of a tropical dry forest in Mudumalai southern India The Journal of Ecology 82 4 759 767 doi 10 2307 2261441 JSTOR 2261441 Joseph S Reddy C S Pattanaik C amp Sudhakar S 2008 Distribution of plant communities along climatic and topographic gradients in Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary southern India Biological Letters 45 1 29 41 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 572 4297 Kishore B S P C Kumar A Saikia P Lele N Pandey A C Srivastava P Bhattacharya B K amp Khan M L 2020 Major forests and plant species discrimination in Mudumalai forest region using airborne hyperspectral sensing Journal of Asia Pacific Biodiversity 13 4 637 651 doi 10 1016 j japb 2020 07 001 a b c Gokula V amp Vijayan L 1996 Birds of Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary India PDF Forktail 12 143 152 Ramaswami G amp Sukumar R 2011 Woody plant seedling distribution under invasive Lantana camara thickets in a dry forest plot in Mudumalai southern India Journal of Tropical Ecology 27 4 365 373 doi 10 1017 S0266467411000137 S2CID 86730078 a b Reddy C S Narayana B L Sharmila G amp Kannan G 2017 Nest site selection of breeding birds in fragmented landscapes at Mudumalai Tiger Reserve Tamil Nadu India Zoo s Print 32 7 30 38 Thirumurugan V Prabakaran N Nair V S amp Ramesh C 2021 Ecological importance of two large heritage trees in Moyar River valley southern India Journal of Threatened Taxa 13 1 17587 17591 doi 10 11609 jott 6095 13 1 17587 17591 ISSN 0974 7893 Roy P Leo R Thomas S G Varghese A Sharma K Prasad S Bradbear N Roberts S Potts S G amp Davidar P 2011 Nesting requirements of the rock bee Apis dorsata in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve India PDF Tropical Ecology 52 3 285 291 Kalle R Ramesh T Qureshi Q amp Sankar K 2011 Density of tiger and leopard in a tropical deciduous forest of Mudumalai Tiger Reserve southern India as estimated using photographic capture recapture sampling Acta Theriologica 56 4 335 342 doi 10 1007 s13364 011 0038 9 S2CID 196598615 Kalle R Ramesh T Qureshi Q amp Sankar K 2013 The occurrence of small felids in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve Tamil Nadu India Cat News 58 32 35 Venkataraman A B Arumugam R amp Sukumar R 1995 The foraging ecology of dhole Cuon alpinus in Mudumalai Sanctuary southern India Journal of Zoology 237 4 543 561 doi 10 1111 j 1469 7998 1995 tb05014 x Ramesh T Sankar K amp Qureshi Q 2009 Additional notes on the diet of Sloth Bear Melursus ursinus in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve as shown by scat analysis Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 106 2 204 206 a b Kalle R Ramesh T Sankar K amp Qureshi Q 2013 Observations of sympatric small carnivores in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve Western Ghats India Small Carnivore Conservation 49 4 53 59 Kalle R Ramesh T Sankar K amp Qureshi Q 2012 Diet of mongoose in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve southern India Journal of Scientific Transactions in Environment and Technovation 6 1 44 51 Narasimmarajan K Hayward M W amp Mathai M T 2021 Assessing the occurrence and resource use pattern of Smooth coated Otters Lutrogale perspicillata Geoffroy Carnivora Mustelidae in the Moyar River of the Western Ghats Biodiversity Hotspot PDF IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin 38 1 45 58 Baskaran N Udhayan A amp Desai A A 2010 Status of the Asian Elephant population in Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary southern India Gajah 32 6 13 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 1070 6845 Ramesh T Sankar K Qureshi Q amp Kalle R 2012 Group size and population structure of megaherbivores gaur Bos gaurus and Asian elephant Elephas maximus in a deciduous habitat of Western Ghats India Mammal Study 37 1 47 54 doi 10 3106 041 037 0106 S2CID 86098742 Ramesh T Sankar K Qureshi Q amp Kalle R 2012 Group size sex and age composition of chital Axis axis and sambar Rusa unicolor in a deciduous habitat of Western Ghats Mammalian Biology 77 1 53 59 doi 10 1016 j mambio 2011 09 003 Prasad S Pittet A amp Sukumar R 2010 Who really ate the fruit A novel approach to camera trapping for quantifying frugivory by ruminants PDF Ecological Research 25 1 225 231 doi 10 1007 s11284 009 0650 1 S2CID 46496767 Ramakrishnan U amp Coss R G 2000 Recognition of heterospecific alarm vocalization by Bonnet Macaques Macaca radiata Journal of Comparative Psychology 114 1 3 12 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 558 6257 doi 10 1037 0735 7036 114 1 3 PMID 10739307 Sinha A Mukhopadhyay K Datta Roy A amp Ram S 2005 Ecology proposes behaviour disposes Ecological variability in social organization and male behavioural strategies among wild bonnet macaques Current Science 89 7 1166 1179 Baskaran N Venkatesan S Mani J Srivastava S K amp Desai A A 2011 Some aspects of the ecology of the Indian Giant Squirrel Ratufa indica Erxleben 1777 in the tropical forests of Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary southern India and their conservation implications Journal of Threatened Taxa 3 7 1899 1908 doi 10 11609 JoTT o2593 1899 908 Babu S Kumara H N amp Jayson E A 2015 Distribution abundance and habitat signature of the Indian Giant Flying Squirrel Petaurista philippensis Elliot 1839 in the Western Ghats India Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 112 2 65 71 doi 10 17087 jbnhs 2015 v112i2 104925 Nachiketha S R amp Sreepada K S 2013 Occurrence of Indian Painted Bat Kerivuola picta in dry deciduous forests of Mudumalai Tiger Reserve Southern India PDF Small Mammal Mail 5 1 16 17 Praveen J Joseph J K amp Lethaby N 2004 Sighting of Yellow breasted Babbler Macronous gularis in South India Newsletter for Ornithologists 1 3 43 Jayson E A amp Sivaram M 2009 Ecology and behaviour of forest owls in the Western Ghats and developing a habitat model for their conservation Report 343 Peechi Kerala Kerala Forest Research Institute Mohan A amp Muralidhar A 2019 Cinereous Vulture Aegypius monachus in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve Western Ghats and its status in southern India Indian Birds 15 3 93 94 Chandrasekaran S amp Kannan V 2021 Population survey of the highly threatened Gyps vultures in Sathyamangalam and Mudumalai tiger reserves Tamil Nadu India Zoo s Print 36 7 15 19 Samson A amp Ramakrishnan B 2018 White Stork Sighting record of Ciconia ciconia Linnaeus 1758 in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve Nilgiris India Zoo s Print 33 8 16 18 Bhupathy S Silori C S amp Wesley Sunderraj S F 1994 Additional locality records for two Indian tortoise species The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 91 1 149 150 Kannan P 2006 Record of ornate Flying Snake Chrysopelea ornata Shaw in Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary southern India Cobra 63 13 a b Johnsingh A J T Raghunath R Pillay R amp Madhusudan M D 2010 Ensuring the future of the tiger and other large mammals in the southern portion of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve Southern India Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 107 2 77 85 Srinivsaulu C Srinivasulu B amp Molur S Compilers 2014 The Status and Distribution of Reptiles in the Western Ghats India Conservation Assessment and Management Plan CAMP PDF Coimbatore Tamil Nadu Wildlife Information Liaison Development Society ISBN 978 81 88722 40 2 Samson A Ramakrishnan B Rathinakumar S Renuka S Santhoshkumar P amp Karthick S 2014 Calliophis bibroni Bibroni Coral Snake Rediscovery in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve South India Herpetological Bulletin 127 35 36 Vishnu S N Ramesh C Thirumurugan V amp Sathish C 2021 Size matters First record of minimum male size at maturity and mating of free ranging endangered Indian Python Python molurus Asian Journal of Conservation Biology 10 1 153 158 doi 10 53562 ajcb AQOE1932 S2CID 237985669 Davidar P Mammen P C Puyravaud J P Srivastava R amp Wright B 2015 Mortality records 1979 2011 shed light on threats to Asian Elephants Elephas maximus Linnaeus 1758 Mammalia Proboscidea Elephantidae in Nilgiris southern India Journal of Threatened Taxa 7 8 7436 7442 doi 10 11609 jott o4332 7436 42 Baskaran N amp Boominathan D 2010 Road kill of animals by highway traffic in the tropical forests of Mudumalai Tiger Reserve southern India Journal of Threatened Taxa 2 3 753 759 doi 10 11609 JoTT o2101 753 9 Bhupathy S Srinivas G Kumar N S Karthik T amp Madhivanan A 2011 Herpetofaunal mortality due to vehicular traffic in the Western Ghats India a case study Herpetotropicos 5 2 119 126 Samson A Ramakrishnan B amp Leonaprincy J 2020 A threat assessment of Three striped Palm Squirrel Funambulus palmarum Mammalia Rodentia Sciuridae from roadkills in Sigur Plateau Mudumalai Tiger Reserve Tamil Nadu India Journal of Threatened Taxa 12 10 16347 16351 doi 10 11609 jott 3378 12 10 16347 16351 Samson A J amp Leona Princy J 2019 Largest record of Bibron s Coral Snake Calliophis bibroni Jan 1858 in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve India Zoo s Print 34 8 10 11 Ganesan B 1995 Fire grazing and extraction of non timber forest products in the Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve southern India Implications for forest policy sustainable use and local economies Doctoral dissertation New Brunswick Rutgers The State University of New Jersey Verma S Singh D Mani S amp Jayakumar S 2017 Effect of forest fire on tree diversity and regeneration potential in a tropical dry deciduous forest of Mudumalai Tiger Reserve Western Ghats India Ecological Processes 6 32 doi 10 1186 s13717 017 0098 0 External links Edit Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Mudumalai National Park A Day In Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve A Lifescape To Experience Wild Channel Productions 2016 Archived from the original on 21 December 2021 Wildfire destroys over 10 000 acres of Bandipur forest The Indian Express 2019 Mudumalai Sanctuary UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1988 Suvarna P Raghunath A 2021 Illicit tourism extracts its cost from nature Deccan Herald Retrieved 18 April 2021 Palaniappan V S Sudhakar P 2016 Pros and cons of notification on tiger reserves The Hindu Retrieved 18 April 2021 Photos taken in Theppakadu Greenwaysroad Archived from the original on 1 May 2008 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mudumalai National Park amp oldid 1151469699, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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