It has a finer bill than typical sparrows of the genus Passer and unlike them has no streaks on the plumage. The white double wing bar on the shoulder is diagnostic on the otherwise dull grey-brown sparrow. Males have a chestnut shoulder patch which can sometimes be hard to see. They also have a pale yellow spot on the throat in fresh plumage. Females are duller and lack the chestnut shoulder patch.[3] The yellow spot is much reduced or lacking in females.
This species is tree-loving although sometimes seen on wires and on the ground, where it has a hopping gait. The usual call is a chirrup but the song is distinctive and repetitive chilp chalp cholp. It has a bounding flight and dips deeply before rising up.[4]
Taxonomyedit
This species has sometimes been lumped along with the yellow-spotted petronia (Petronia pyrgita) of Africa.[3]
G. x. transfuga described by Hartert from the type locality of Bagu Kelat, eastern Baluchistan, a pale desert form found from south-eastern Turkey and south-eastern Iraq to Baluchistan, Sindh, and south-western Afghanistan.
G. x. xanthocollis described from the type locality of Bengal near the Ganges by Major Edward Burton (1790–1867)[6][7] and found in north-eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan and India.
Behaviouredit
The species breeds in tree hollows from April to July, often making use of the holes made by primary hole-nesting birds such as barbets and woodpeckers. They may also make use of hollows on buildings. The nest is built mainly by the female, but males may sometimes assist.[8] The female alone incubates the eggs, sometimes leaving the nest during the hotter parts of the day.[9] The eggs hatch after about 12 to 14 days.[10][11]
They roost communally in low bushes. Some populations are migratory, moving in response to rains.[4][8]
They feed mainly on grains but also on insects, nectar and berries. An unusual food item is the petals of flowers such as those of Madhuca indica.[12] When they visit flowers such as those of Capparis, Salmalia, Erythrina and Bassia, their foreheads are covered with pollen.[8]
Distributionedit
The chestnut-shouldered petronia is found from Turkey into Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and as a vagrant in Sri Lanka[3] and possibly parts of Myanmar.[13] It is found in forest, gardens and open scrub habitats.
Inspirationedit
This species was noted by Salim Ali (1896–1987) as key to his introduction into ornithology. As a young boy he shot a sparrow that looked different, and it was identified for him by W. S. Millard, then secretary of the Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS), who also introduced him to the literature and collections at the museum there.[14] As a result, Salim Ali ultimately took up ornithology as a profession. In 2003 the BNHS published a tribute to him entitled Petronia.[15]
^BirdLife International (2019). "Gymnoris xanthocollis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22718294A155508722. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22718294A155508722.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^Gregory, S. M. S. (2006). "Systematic notes on Asian birds. 57. The authorship of the generic name Gymnoris". Zoologische Mededelingen. 80 (5). Leiden: 185–188.
^ abcRasmussen, P. C. & Anderton, J. C. (2005). Birds of South Asia: the Ripley Guide. Vol. 2. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions. p. 576.
^ abClement, P.; Harris, Alan; Davis, John (1999). Finches and Sparrows. Princeton University Press. p. 469.
^Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2018). "Old World sparrows, snowfinches, weavers". World Bird List Version 8.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
^Beolens, B.; Watkins, M.; Grayson, M. (2009). The Eponym Dictionary of Mammals. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 66. ISBN978-0-8018-9304-9.
^Burton, Edward (1838). Catalogue of the Collection of Mammalia and Birds in the Museum of the Army Medical Department, at Fort Pitt, Chatham. p. 23.
^ abcAli, S. & Ripley, S. D. (1999). Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 10 (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 81–86.
^Misra, M. K. (1990). "Observations on the nesting behaviour of yellow throated sparrow". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 30 (7&8): 4–5.
^Bharos, A. M. K. (1992). "Interesting feeding pattern of Yellowthroated Sparrow Petronia xanthocollis (Burton)". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 89 (1): 128.
^Robinson, S. M. (1925). "Nesting of the Yellowthroated Sparrow Gymnoris xanthosterna xanthosterna at Kalan, Shan States". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 30 (2): 477.
^Daniels, R. J. R. (2008). "Can we save the sparrow?" (PDF). Current Science. 95 (11): 1527–1528.
^Daniel, J. C.; Ugra, G. W., eds. (2003). Petronia: Fifty Years of Post-Independence Ornithology in India. A Centenary Dedication to Dr. Salim Ali, 1896–1996. Oxford University Press. ISBN0-19-566653-4.
Further readingedit
Bhat, G. (1984). Breeding Biology of Indian Yellow-throated Sparrow, Petronia xanthocollis (Burton) – a Grain eating Pest Bird. PhD Thesis (Thesis). University of Calcutta.
Bhat, G. & Maiti, B. (1993). "Effects of Nitrofurantoin and Cadmium Chloride on Spermatogenetic Activity in an Avian Pest, the Yellow-throated Sparrow (Petronia xanthocollis Burton )". Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology. 25 (1): 62–67. doi:10.3312/jyio1952.25.62.
Reddy, V. R. (2006). "Evaluation of bird depredations to important standing crops in southern Telangana zone (STZ), Andhra Pradesh, India". Journal of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Monitoring. 16 (5): 417–424.
Ghose, R. K. (1969). "Behaviour of the Yellowthroated Sparrow Petronia xanthocollis". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 9 (7): 8.
Mittal, O. P.; Sharma, V. L. (1990). "Studies on karyotypes of two species of Indian birds (Passeriformes: Aves)". Res. Bull. Panjab Univ. 41 (1–4): 93–102.
Dixit, A. S.; Tewary, P. D. (1989). "Involvement of a circadian rhythm in the photoperiodic ovarian response of the yellow-throated sparrow, Gymnorhis xanthocollis". J. Exp. Biol. 143: 411–418. doi:10.1242/jeb.143.1.411. PMID 2732664.
Tewary, P. D.; Tripathi, P. M.; Tripathi, B. K. (1985). "Effects of exogenous gonadal steroids and castration on photoperiodic responses of the Yellow-throated Sparrow Gymnorhis xanthocollis (Burton)". Indian J. Exp. Biol. 23: 426–428.
Tewary, P. D. & Dixit, A. S. (1986). "Photoperiodic regulation of reproduction in subtropical female Yellow-Throated Sparrows (Gymnorhis xanthocollis)" (PDF). The Condor. 88 (1): 70–73. doi:10.2307/1367755. JSTOR 1367755.
Venugopal, B. (1997). "Nest relocation by Yellow-throated Sparrow (Petronia xanthocollis)". Indian Journal of Biodiversity. 1 (1&2): 174.
Misra, M. K. (1989). "Breeding behaviour of the Indian Yellow throated Sparrow (Petronia xanthocollis xanthocollis) (Burton)". Zoos' Print Journal. 4 (10): 17–18.
External linksedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gymnoris xanthocollis.
Internet Bird Collection
April 08, 2024
yellow, throated, sparrow, african, species, yellow, throated, petronia, yellow, throated, sparrow, chestnut, shouldered, petronia, gymnoris, xanthocollis, species, sparrow, found, southern, asia, from, mangaon, raigad, maharashtraconservation, statusleast, co. For the African species see Yellow throated petronia The yellow throated sparrow or chestnut shouldered petronia Gymnoris xanthocollis is a species of sparrow found in southern Asia Yellow throated sparrowFrom Mangaon Raigad MaharashtraConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder PasseriformesFamily PasseridaeGenus GymnorisSpecies G xanthocollisBinomial nameGymnoris xanthocollis Burton 1838 Synonyms 2 Fringilla flavicollis Franklin 1831 preoccupied Fringilla xanthocollis E Burton 1838 Petronia xanthocollis E Burton 1838 Blyth 1845 Fringilla xanthosterna Bonaparte 1850 Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomy 3 Behaviour 4 Distribution 5 Inspiration 6 Gallery 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksDescription edit nbsp Showing the yellow throatIt has a finer bill than typical sparrows of the genus Passer and unlike them has no streaks on the plumage The white double wing bar on the shoulder is diagnostic on the otherwise dull grey brown sparrow Males have a chestnut shoulder patch which can sometimes be hard to see They also have a pale yellow spot on the throat in fresh plumage Females are duller and lack the chestnut shoulder patch 3 The yellow spot is much reduced or lacking in females This species is tree loving although sometimes seen on wires and on the ground where it has a hopping gait The usual call is a chirrup but the song is distinctive and repetitive chilp chalp cholp It has a bounding flight and dips deeply before rising up 4 Taxonomy editThis species has sometimes been lumped along with the yellow spotted petronia Petronia pyrgita of Africa 3 Currently two subspecies are recognized 5 G x transfuga described by Hartert from the type locality of Bagu Kelat eastern Baluchistan a pale desert form found from south eastern Turkey and south eastern Iraq to Baluchistan Sindh and south western Afghanistan G x xanthocollis described from the type locality of Bengal near the Ganges by Major Edward Burton 1790 1867 6 7 and found in north eastern Afghanistan northern Pakistan and India Behaviour editThe species breeds in tree hollows from April to July often making use of the holes made by primary hole nesting birds such as barbets and woodpeckers They may also make use of hollows on buildings The nest is built mainly by the female but males may sometimes assist 8 The female alone incubates the eggs sometimes leaving the nest during the hotter parts of the day 9 The eggs hatch after about 12 to 14 days 10 11 They roost communally in low bushes Some populations are migratory moving in response to rains 4 8 They feed mainly on grains but also on insects nectar and berries An unusual food item is the petals of flowers such as those of Madhuca indica 12 When they visit flowers such as those of Capparis Salmalia Erythrina and Bassia their foreheads are covered with pollen 8 Distribution editThe chestnut shouldered petronia is found from Turkey into Iran Afghanistan Pakistan India Bangladesh and as a vagrant in Sri Lanka 3 and possibly parts of Myanmar 13 It is found in forest gardens and open scrub habitats Inspiration editThis species was noted by Salim Ali 1896 1987 as key to his introduction into ornithology As a young boy he shot a sparrow that looked different and it was identified for him by W S Millard then secretary of the Bombay Natural History Society BNHS who also introduced him to the literature and collections at the museum there 14 As a result Salim Ali ultimately took up ornithology as a profession In 2003 the BNHS published a tribute to him entitled Petronia 15 Gallery edit nbsp Chestnut Shouldered Petronia at Gir Forest National Park nbsp Feeding at Keoladeo National ParkReferences edit BirdLife International 2019 Gymnoris xanthocollis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T22718294A155508722 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 3 RLTS T22718294A155508722 en Retrieved 12 November 2021 Gregory S M S 2006 Systematic notes on Asian birds 57 The authorship of the generic name Gymnoris Zoologische Mededelingen 80 5 Leiden 185 188 a b c Rasmussen P C amp Anderton J C 2005 Birds of South Asia the Ripley Guide Vol 2 Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions p 576 a b Clement P Harris Alan Davis John 1999 Finches and Sparrows Princeton University Press p 469 Gill Frank Donsker David eds 2018 Old World sparrows snowfinches weavers World Bird List Version 8 2 International Ornithologists Union Retrieved 1 November 2018 Beolens B Watkins M Grayson M 2009 The Eponym Dictionary of Mammals Johns Hopkins University Press p 66 ISBN 978 0 8018 9304 9 Burton Edward 1838 Catalogue of the Collection of Mammalia and Birds in the Museum of the Army Medical Department at Fort Pitt Chatham p 23 a b c Ali S amp Ripley S D 1999 Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan Volume 10 2nd ed New Delhi Oxford University Press pp 81 86 Misra M K 1990 Observations on the nesting behaviour of yellow throated sparrow Newsletter for Birdwatchers 30 7 amp 8 4 5 Soni R G 1993 Breeding of Yellow throated Sparrow Newsletter for Birdwatchers 33 3 51 Soni R G 1993 Breeding of Yellowthroated Sparrow Newsletter for Birdwatchers 33 4 78 Bharos A M K 1992 Interesting feeding pattern of Yellowthroated Sparrow Petronia xanthocollis Burton Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 89 1 128 Robinson S M 1925 Nesting of the Yellowthroated Sparrow Gymnoris xanthosterna xanthosterna at Kalan Shan States Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 30 2 477 Daniels R J R 2008 Can we save the sparrow PDF Current Science 95 11 1527 1528 Daniel J C Ugra G W eds 2003 Petronia Fifty Years of Post Independence Ornithology in India A Centenary Dedication to Dr Salim Ali 1896 1996 Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 566653 4 Further reading editBhat G 1984 Breeding Biology of Indian Yellow throated Sparrow Petronia xanthocollis Burton a Grain eating Pest Bird PhD Thesis Thesis University of Calcutta Bhat G amp Maiti B 1993 Effects of Nitrofurantoin and Cadmium Chloride on Spermatogenetic Activity in an Avian Pest the Yellow throated Sparrow Petronia xanthocollis Burton Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology 25 1 62 67 doi 10 3312 jyio1952 25 62 Reddy V R 2006 Evaluation of bird depredations to important standing crops in southern Telangana zone STZ Andhra Pradesh India Journal of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Monitoring 16 5 417 424 Ghose R K 1969 Behaviour of the Yellowthroated Sparrow Petronia xanthocollis Newsletter for Birdwatchers 9 7 8 Mittal O P Sharma V L 1990 Studies on karyotypes of two species of Indian birds Passeriformes Aves Res Bull Panjab Univ 41 1 4 93 102 Dixit A S Tewary P D 1989 Involvement of a circadian rhythm in the photoperiodic ovarian response of the yellow throated sparrow Gymnorhis xanthocollis J Exp Biol 143 411 418 doi 10 1242 jeb 143 1 411 PMID 2732664 Tewary P D Tripathi P M Tripathi B K 1985 Effects of exogenous gonadal steroids and castration on photoperiodic responses of the Yellow throated Sparrow Gymnorhis xanthocollis Burton Indian J Exp Biol 23 426 428 Tewary P D amp Dixit A S 1986 Photoperiodic regulation of reproduction in subtropical female Yellow Throated Sparrows Gymnorhis xanthocollis PDF The Condor 88 1 70 73 doi 10 2307 1367755 JSTOR 1367755 Venugopal B 1997 Nest relocation by Yellow throated Sparrow Petronia xanthocollis Indian Journal of Biodiversity 1 1 amp 2 174 Misra M K 1989 Breeding behaviour of the Indian Yellow throated Sparrow Petronia xanthocollis xanthocollis Burton Zoos Print Journal 4 10 17 18 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gymnoris xanthocollis Internet Bird Collection Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Yellow throated sparrow amp oldid 1125301013, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
