This article is about sexual reproduction. For the mating of mechanical components, see Engineering fit. For the 1991 American novel, see Mating (novel).
The term mating is also applied to related processes in bacteria, archaea and viruses. Mating in these cases involves the pairing of individuals, accompanied by the pairing of their homologous chromosomes and then exchange of genomic information leading to formation of recombinant progeny (see mating systems).
In some terrestrialarthropods, including insects representing basal (primitive) phylogenetic clades, the male deposits spermatozoa on the substrate, sometimes stored within a special structure. Courtship involves inducing the female to take up the sperm package into her genital opening without actual copulation. Courtship is often facilitated through forming groups, called leks, in flies and many other insects. For example, male Tokunagayusurika akamusi forms swarms dancing in the air to attract females. In groups such as dragonflies and many spiders, males extrude sperm into secondary copulatory structures removed from their genital opening, which are then used to inseminate the female (in dragonflies, it is a set of modified sternites on the second abdominal segment; in spiders, it is the male pedipalps). In advanced groups of insects, the male uses its aedeagus, a structure formed from the terminal segments of the abdomen, to deposit sperm directly (though sometimes in a capsule called a "spermatophore") into the female's reproductive tract.
In domesticated animals there are various type of mating methods being employed to mate animals like Pen Mating (when female is moved to the desired male into a pen) or paddock mating (where one male is let loose in the paddock with several females).
Like in animals, mating in other Eukaryotes, such as plants and fungi, denotes sexual conjugation[clarify]. However, in vascular plants this is mostly achieved without physical contact between mating individuals (see pollination), and in some cases, e.g., in fungi no distinguishable male or female organs exist (see isogamy); however, mating types in some fungal species are somewhat analogous to sexual dimorphism in animals, and determine whether or not two individual isolates can mate. Yeasts are eukaryoticmicroorganisms classified in the kingdomFungi, with 1,500 species currently described.[3] In general, under high stress conditions like nutrient starvation, haploid cells will die; under the same conditions, however, diploid cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae can undergo sporulation, entering sexual reproduction (meiosis) and produce a variety of haploid spores, which can go on to mate (conjugate) and reform the diploid.[4]
Protists
Protists are a large group of diverse eukaryoticmicroorganisms, mainly unicellular animals and plants, that do not form tissues. Eukaryotes emerged in evolution more than 1.5 billion years ago.[5] The earliest eukaryotes were likely protists. Mating and sexual reproduction are widespread among extant eukaryotes including protists such as Paramecium and Chlamydomonas. In many eukaryotic species, mating is promoted by sex pheromones including the protist Blepharisma japonicum. Based on a phylogenetic analysis, Dacks and Roger[6] proposed that facultative sex was present in the common ancestor of all eukaryotes.
However, to many biologists it seemed unlikely until recently, that mating and sex could be a primordial and fundamental characteristic of eukaryotes. A principal reason for this view was that mating and sex appeared to be lacking in certain pathogenic protists whose ancestors branched off early from the eukaryotic family tree. However, several of these protists are now known to be capable of, or to recently have had, the capability for meiosis and hence mating. To cite one example, the common intestinal parasite Giardia intestinalis was once considered to be a descendant of a protist lineage that predated the emergence of meiosis and sex. However, G. intestinalis was recently found to have a core set of genes that function in meiosis and that are widely present among sexual eukaryotes.[7] These results suggested that G. intestinalis is capable of meiosis and thus mating and sexual reproduction. Furthermore, direct evidence for meiotic recombination, indicative of mating and sexual reproduction, was also found in G. intestinalis.[8] Other protists for which evidence of mating and sexual reproduction has recently been described are parasitic protozoa of the genus Leishmania,[9]Trichomonas vaginalis,[10] and acanthamoeba.[11]
Protists generally reproduce asexually under favorable environmental conditions, but tend to reproduce sexually under stressful conditions, such as starvation or heat shock.[12]
^The Free Dictionary. "'Fertilization' - definition of". Farlex, Inc. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
^Libbie Henrietta Hyman (15 September 1992). Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy. University of Chicago Press. ISBN978-0-226-87013-7.
^. Yeast Virtual Library. 13 September 2009. Archived from the original on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
^Neiman, A.M. (2005). "Ascospore formation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 69 (4): 565–584. doi:10.1128/MMBR.69.4.565-584.2005. PMC1306807. PMID 16339736.
^Javaux EJ, Knoll AH, Walter MR (2001). "Morphological and ecological complexity in early eukaryotic ecosystems". Nature. 412 (6842): 66–9. Bibcode:2001Natur.412...66J. doi:10.1038/35083562. PMID 11452306. S2CID 205018792.
^Dacks J, Roger AJ (1999). "The first sexual lineage and the relevance of facultative sex". J. Mol. Evol. 48 (6): 779–83. Bibcode:1999JMolE..48..779D. doi:10.1007/pl00013156. PMID 10229582. S2CID 9441768.
^Ramesh MA, Malik SB, Logsdon JM (2005). "A phylogenomic inventory of meiotic genes; evidence for sex in Giardia and an early eukaryotic origin of meiosis". Curr. Biol. 15 (2): 185–91. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.01.003. PMID 15668177. S2CID 17013247.
^Cooper MA, Adam RD, Worobey M, Sterling CR (2007). "Population genetics provides evidence for recombination in Giardia". Curr. Biol. 17 (22): 1984–8. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.10.020. PMID 17980591. S2CID 15991722.
^Akopyants NS, Kimblin N, Secundino N, Patrick R, Peters N, Lawyer P, Dobson DE, Beverley SM, Sacks DL (2009). "Demonstration of genetic exchange during cyclical development of Leishmania in the sand fly vector". Science. 324 (5924): 265–8. Bibcode:2009Sci...324..265A. doi:10.1126/science.1169464. PMC2729066. PMID 19359589.
^Malik SB, Pightling AW, Stefaniak LM, Schurko AM, Logsdon JM (2008). "An expanded inventory of conserved meiotic genes provides evidence for sex in Trichomonas vaginalis". PLOS ONE. 3 (8): e2879. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2879M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002879. PMC2488364. PMID 18663385.
^Khan NA, Siddiqui R (2015). "Is there evidence of sexual reproduction (meiosis) in Acanthamoeba?". Pathog Glob Health. 109 (4): 193–5. doi:10.1179/2047773215Y.0000000009. PMC4530557. PMID 25800982.
^Fowler, Samantha; Roush, Rebecca; Wise, James (2013). "Chapter 13: Diversity of Microbes, Fungi, and Protists". . OpenStax. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Animal sex.
Advantages of Sexual Reproduction
January 31, 2023
mating, this, article, about, sexual, reproduction, mating, mechanical, components, engineering, 1991, american, novel, novel, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources. This article is about sexual reproduction For the mating of mechanical components see Engineering fit For the 1991 American novel see Mating novel This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Mating news newspapers books scholar JSTOR November 2013 Learn how and when to remove this template message In biology mating is the pairing of either opposite sex or hermaphroditic organisms for the purposes of sexual reproduction Fertilization is the fusion of two gametes 1 Copulation is the union of the sex organs of two sexually reproducing animals for insemination and subsequent internal fertilization Mating may also lead to external fertilization as seen in amphibians fishes and plants For most species mating is between two individuals of opposite sexes However for some hermaphroditic species copulation is not required because the parent organism is capable of self fertilization autogamy for example banana slugs Blue tailed damselflies Ischnura elegans mating The term mating is also applied to related processes in bacteria archaea and viruses Mating in these cases involves the pairing of individuals accompanied by the pairing of their homologous chromosomes and then exchange of genomic information leading to formation of recombinant progeny see mating systems Contents 1 Animals 2 Plants and fungi 3 Protists 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksAnimals EditMain article Animal sexual behaviour See also Copulation zoology and Human mating strategies For animals mating strategies include random mating disassortative mating assortative mating or a mating pool In some birds it includes behaviors such as nest building and feeding offspring The human practice of mating and artificially inseminating domesticated animals is part of animal husbandry In some terrestrial arthropods including insects representing basal primitive phylogenetic clades the male deposits spermatozoa on the substrate sometimes stored within a special structure Courtship involves inducing the female to take up the sperm package into her genital opening without actual copulation Courtship is often facilitated through forming groups called leks in flies and many other insects For example male Tokunagayusurika akamusi forms swarms dancing in the air to attract females In groups such as dragonflies and many spiders males extrude sperm into secondary copulatory structures removed from their genital opening which are then used to inseminate the female in dragonflies it is a set of modified sternites on the second abdominal segment in spiders it is the male pedipalps In advanced groups of insects the male uses its aedeagus a structure formed from the terminal segments of the abdomen to deposit sperm directly though sometimes in a capsule called a spermatophore into the female s reproductive tract Other animals reproduce sexually with external fertilization including many basal vertebrates Vertebrates such as reptiles some fish and most birds reproduce with internal fertilization through cloacal copulation see also hemipenis citation needed while mammals copulate vaginally 2 In domesticated animals there are various type of mating methods being employed to mate animals like Pen Mating when female is moved to the desired male into a pen or paddock mating where one male is let loose in the paddock with several females Macaque monkeys mating Gray wolves mating Lions mating Hermaphroditic snails Cornu aspersum mating African spurred tortoises Centrochelys sulcata mating Chalkhill blue butterflies Lysandra coridon mating Hoverflies Simosyrphus grandicornis mating in midair Poplar hawk moths Laothoe populi mating Ladybugs mating Spittlebugs Aphrophora alni mating Dogs mating Goats mating Cats matingPlants and fungi EditMain articles Mating systems In plants Mating in fungi and Mating of yeast Like in animals mating in other Eukaryotes such as plants and fungi denotes sexual conjugation clarify However in vascular plants this is mostly achieved without physical contact between mating individuals see pollination and in some cases e g in fungi no distinguishable male or female organs exist see isogamy however mating types in some fungal species are somewhat analogous to sexual dimorphism in animals and determine whether or not two individual isolates can mate Yeasts are eukaryotic microorganisms classified in the kingdom Fungi with 1 500 species currently described 3 In general under high stress conditions like nutrient starvation haploid cells will die under the same conditions however diploid cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae can undergo sporulation entering sexual reproduction meiosis and produce a variety of haploid spores which can go on to mate conjugate and reform the diploid 4 Protists EditProtists are a large group of diverse eukaryotic microorganisms mainly unicellular animals and plants that do not form tissues Eukaryotes emerged in evolution more than 1 5 billion years ago 5 The earliest eukaryotes were likely protists Mating and sexual reproduction are widespread among extant eukaryotes including protists such as Paramecium and Chlamydomonas In many eukaryotic species mating is promoted by sex pheromones including the protist Blepharisma japonicum Based on a phylogenetic analysis Dacks and Roger 6 proposed that facultative sex was present in the common ancestor of all eukaryotes However to many biologists it seemed unlikely until recently that mating and sex could be a primordial and fundamental characteristic of eukaryotes A principal reason for this view was that mating and sex appeared to be lacking in certain pathogenic protists whose ancestors branched off early from the eukaryotic family tree However several of these protists are now known to be capable of or to recently have had the capability for meiosis and hence mating To cite one example the common intestinal parasite Giardia intestinalis was once considered to be a descendant of a protist lineage that predated the emergence of meiosis and sex However G intestinalis was recently found to have a core set of genes that function in meiosis and that are widely present among sexual eukaryotes 7 These results suggested that G intestinalis is capable of meiosis and thus mating and sexual reproduction Furthermore direct evidence for meiotic recombination indicative of mating and sexual reproduction was also found in G intestinalis 8 Other protists for which evidence of mating and sexual reproduction has recently been described are parasitic protozoa of the genus Leishmania 9 Trichomonas vaginalis 10 and acanthamoeba 11 Protists generally reproduce asexually under favorable environmental conditions but tend to reproduce sexually under stressful conditions such as starvation or heat shock 12 See also EditHeterosexuality Animal husbandry Breeding in the wild Breeding season Evolution of sex Lordosis behavior Mate choice copying Mating system Reproduction Sex determination system Sexual conflict Sexual intercourseReferences Edit The Free Dictionary Fertilization definition of Farlex Inc Retrieved 25 January 2014 Libbie Henrietta Hyman 15 September 1992 Hyman s Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 87013 7 What are yeasts Yeast Virtual Library 13 September 2009 Archived from the original on 26 February 2009 Retrieved 28 November 2009 Neiman A M 2005 Ascospore formation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 69 4 565 584 doi 10 1128 MMBR 69 4 565 584 2005 PMC 1306807 PMID 16339736 Javaux EJ Knoll AH Walter MR 2001 Morphological and ecological complexity in early eukaryotic ecosystems Nature 412 6842 66 9 Bibcode 2001Natur 412 66J doi 10 1038 35083562 PMID 11452306 S2CID 205018792 Dacks J Roger AJ 1999 The first sexual lineage and the relevance of facultative sex J Mol Evol 48 6 779 83 Bibcode 1999JMolE 48 779D doi 10 1007 pl00013156 PMID 10229582 S2CID 9441768 Ramesh MA Malik SB Logsdon JM 2005 A phylogenomic inventory of meiotic genes evidence for sex in Giardia and an early eukaryotic origin of meiosis Curr Biol 15 2 185 91 doi 10 1016 j cub 2005 01 003 PMID 15668177 S2CID 17013247 Cooper MA Adam RD Worobey M Sterling CR 2007 Population genetics provides evidence for recombination in Giardia Curr Biol 17 22 1984 8 doi 10 1016 j cub 2007 10 020 PMID 17980591 S2CID 15991722 Akopyants NS Kimblin N Secundino N Patrick R Peters N Lawyer P Dobson DE Beverley SM Sacks DL 2009 Demonstration of genetic exchange during cyclical development of Leishmania in the sand fly vector Science 324 5924 265 8 Bibcode 2009Sci 324 265A doi 10 1126 science 1169464 PMC 2729066 PMID 19359589 Malik SB Pightling AW Stefaniak LM Schurko AM Logsdon JM 2008 An expanded inventory of conserved meiotic genes provides evidence for sex in Trichomonas vaginalis PLOS ONE 3 8 e2879 Bibcode 2008PLoSO 3 2879M doi 10 1371 journal pone 0002879 PMC 2488364 PMID 18663385 Khan NA Siddiqui R 2015 Is there evidence of sexual reproduction meiosis in Acanthamoeba Pathog Glob Health 109 4 193 5 doi 10 1179 2047773215Y 0000000009 PMC 4530557 PMID 25800982 Fowler Samantha Roush Rebecca Wise James 2013 Chapter 13 Diversity of Microbes Fungi and Protists Concepts of Biology OpenStax Archived from the original on 19 April 2021 Retrieved 13 November 2020 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Animal sex Introduction to Animal Reproduction Advantages of Sexual Reproduction Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mating amp oldid 1135180013, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
