Mangifera indica, commonly known as mango, is a species of flowering plant in the family Anacardiaceae.[3] It is a large fruit tree, capable of growing to a height of 30 metres (100 feet). There are two distinct genetic populations in modern mangoes – the "Indian type" and the "Southeast Asian type".
It is a large green tree, valued mainly for its fruits, both green and ripe.[3] Approximately 500 varieties have been reported in India.[3] It can grow up to 15–30 metres (50–100 feet) tall[4] with a similar crown width and a trunk circumference of more than 3.7 m (12 ft).[3][5] The leaves are simple, shiny and dark green.[6]
Red-yellow flowers appear at the end of winter, and also at the beginning of spring. Both male and female flowers are borne on same tree.[3] Climatic conditions have a significant influence on the time of flowering.[3] In South Asia, flowering starts in December in the south, in January in Bihar and Bengal, in February in eastern Uttar Pradesh, and in February–March in northern India. The duration of flowering is 20–25 days for the Dasheri variety, while panicle emergence occurs in early December and flower opening is completed by February. The Neelum variety produces two crops a year in Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, but it flowers only once in North Indian conditions.[7]
The mango is an irregular, egg-shaped fruit which is a fleshy drupe.[3] Mangos are typically 8–12 centimetres (3–5 inches) long and greenish yellow in color. The fruits can be round, oval, heart, or kidney shaped.[3] Mango fruits are green when they are unripe.[3] The interior flesh is bright orange and soft with a large, flat pit in the middle.[3] Mangos are mature in April and May. Raw mangos can be used in the making of pickles and chutneys.[8] Ripe mangos are a popular fruit throughout the world. The skin and pulp account for 85% of the mango's weight, and the remaining 15% comes from the stone (seed).[9]
Chemistry
Mangiferin (a pharmacologically active hydroxylated xanthone C-glycoside) is extracted from mango at high concentrations from the young leaves (172 g/kg), bark (107 g/kg), and from old leaves (94 g/kg).[10] Allergenic urushiols are present in the fruit peel.[11]
Taxonomy
Mangoes are believed to have originated from the region between northwestern Myanmar, Bangladesh, and northeastern India. M. indica were domesticated separately in South Asia and Southeast Asia over centuries, resulting in two distinct genetic populations in modern mangoes – the "Indian type" and the "Southeast Asian type".[3][12][13]
The species was first described by Linnaeus in 1753.[14]
Distribution and habitat
Since their domestication in southeastern Asia, mangoes have been introduced to other warm regions of the world.[3][12][13]
The tree grows best in well-drained sandy loam; it does not grow well in heavy wet soils. The optimal pH of the soil should be between 5.2 and 7.5.[4]
Urushiols in the fruit peel can trigger contact dermatitis in sensitised individuals.[11] This reaction is more likely to occur in people who have been exposed to other plants from the family Anacardiaceae, such as poison oak and poison ivy, which are widespread in the United States.[11]
The tree is more known for its fruit rather than for its timber. However, mango trees can be converted to lumber once their fruit-bearing lifespan has finished. The wood is susceptible to damage from fungi and insects.[16] The wood is used for musical instruments such as ukuleles,[16] plywood and low-cost furniture.[17]
^Ganesan, S.K (2021). "Mangifera indica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T31389A67735735. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T31389A67735735.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
^ abcdefghijklMorton, Julia F. (1987). "Mango (Mangifera indica L.)". In: Fruits of Warm Climates; New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Purdue University. pp. 221–239. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
^Khaleeli, Homa (2013-10-22). "A global guide to pickles". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-03-21.
^SEA Hand Book 2009, Solvent Extractors' Association Of India
^Barreto J.C.; Trevisan M.T.S.; Hull W.E.; Erben G.; De Brito E.S.; Pfundstein B.; Würtele G.; Spiegelhalder B.; Owen R.W. (2008). "Characterization and quantitation of polyphenolic compounds in bark, kernel, leaves, and peel of mango (Mangifera indica L.)". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 56 (14): 5599–5610. doi:10.1021/jf800738r. PMID 18558692.
^ abcUrushiol CASRN: 53237-59-5 TOXNET (Toxicology Data Network) NLM (NIH). Retrieved 22 January 2014.
^ abKuhn, David N.; Bally, Ian S. E.; Dillon, Natalie L.; Innes, David; Groh, Amy M.; Rahaman, Jordon; Ophir, Ron; Cohen, Yuval; Sherman, Amir (20 April 2017). "Genetic Map of Mango: A Tool for Mango Breeding". Frontiers in Plant Science. 8: 577. doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.00577. PMC5397511. PMID 28473837.
^ abWarschefsky, Emily J.; Wettberg, Eric J. B. (June 2019). "Population genomic analysis of mango (Mangifera indica) suggests a complex history of domestication". New Phytologist. 222 (4): 2023–2037. doi:10.1111/nph.15731. PMID 30730057.
^Tu, Anthony T. (1983). Handbook of natural toxins. New York: Dekker. p. 425. ISBN0824718933.
^ ab"Mango". The Wood Database. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
^. Green Clean Guide. Archived from the original on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
^"Mango tree, national tree". 15 November 2010. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
Further reading
Litz, Richard E. (ed. 2009). The Mango: Botany, Production and Uses (2nd edition). CABI. ISBN978-1-84593-489-7.
External links
Media related to Mangifera indica at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Mangifera indica at Wikispecies
Mango at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject
has a list of helpful resources about this species.
August 03, 2023
mangifera, indica, commonly, known, mango, species, flowering, plant, family, anacardiaceae, large, fruit, tree, capable, growing, height, metres, feet, there, distinct, genetic, populations, modern, mangoes, indian, type, southeast, asian, type, conservation,. Mangifera indica commonly known as mango is a species of flowering plant in the family Anacardiaceae 3 It is a large fruit tree capable of growing to a height of 30 metres 100 feet There are two distinct genetic populations in modern mangoes the Indian type and the Southeast Asian type Mangifera indicaConservation statusData Deficient IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade RosidsOrder SapindalesFamily AnacardiaceaeGenus MangiferaSpecies M indicaBinomial nameMangifera indicaL 2 Synonyms 2 Mangifera amba Forssk Mangifera anisodora BlancoMangifera austroyunnanensis HuMangifera balba Crevost amp LemarieMangifera cambodiana Pierre Anon Mangifera domestica Gaertn Mangifera equina Crevost amp LemarieMangifera gladiata BojerMangifera kukulu BlumeMangifera laxiflora Desr Mangifera linnaei Korth ex Hassk Mangifera maritima LechaumeMangifera mekongensis Pierre Anon Mangifera montana B Heyne ex Wight amp Arn Mangifera oryza Crevost amp LemarieMangifera rostrata BlancoMangifera rubra BojerMangifera sativa Roem amp Schult Mangifera siamensis Warb ex CraibMangifera viridis Bojer Contents 1 Description 1 1 Chemistry 2 Taxonomy 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Cultivation 5 Toxicity 6 Uses 7 Culture 8 Gallery 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External linksDescription EditIt is a large green tree valued mainly for its fruits both green and ripe 3 Approximately 500 varieties have been reported in India 3 It can grow up to 15 30 metres 50 100 feet tall 4 with a similar crown width and a trunk circumference of more than 3 7 m 12 ft 3 5 The leaves are simple shiny and dark green 6 Red yellow flowers appear at the end of winter and also at the beginning of spring Both male and female flowers are borne on same tree 3 Climatic conditions have a significant influence on the time of flowering 3 In South Asia flowering starts in December in the south in January in Bihar and Bengal in February in eastern Uttar Pradesh and in February March in northern India The duration of flowering is 20 25 days for the Dasheri variety while panicle emergence occurs in early December and flower opening is completed by February The Neelum variety produces two crops a year in Kanyakumari Tamil Nadu but it flowers only once in North Indian conditions 7 The mango is an irregular egg shaped fruit which is a fleshy drupe 3 Mangos are typically 8 12 centimetres 3 5 inches long and greenish yellow in color The fruits can be round oval heart or kidney shaped 3 Mango fruits are green when they are unripe 3 The interior flesh is bright orange and soft with a large flat pit in the middle 3 Mangos are mature in April and May Raw mangos can be used in the making of pickles and chutneys 8 Ripe mangos are a popular fruit throughout the world The skin and pulp account for 85 of the mango s weight and the remaining 15 comes from the stone seed 9 Chemistry Edit Mangiferin a pharmacologically active hydroxylated xanthone C glycoside is extracted from mango at high concentrations from the young leaves 172 g kg bark 107 g kg and from old leaves 94 g kg 10 Allergenic urushiols are present in the fruit peel 11 Taxonomy EditMangoes are believed to have originated from the region between northwestern Myanmar Bangladesh and northeastern India M indica were domesticated separately in South Asia and Southeast Asia over centuries resulting in two distinct genetic populations in modern mangoes the Indian type and the Southeast Asian type 3 12 13 The species was first described by Linnaeus in 1753 14 Distribution and habitat EditSince their domestication in southeastern Asia mangoes have been introduced to other warm regions of the world 3 12 13 The tree grows best in well drained sandy loam it does not grow well in heavy wet soils The optimal pH of the soil should be between 5 2 and 7 5 4 Cultivation EditMain article List of mango cultivarsToxicity EditUrushiols in the fruit peel can trigger contact dermatitis in sensitised individuals 11 This reaction is more likely to occur in people who have been exposed to other plants from the family Anacardiaceae such as poison oak and poison ivy which are widespread in the United States 11 The wood is known to produce phenolic substances that can cause contact dermatitis 15 Uses EditMain article Mango The tree is more known for its fruit rather than for its timber However mango trees can be converted to lumber once their fruit bearing lifespan has finished The wood is susceptible to damage from fungi and insects 16 The wood is used for musical instruments such as ukuleles 16 plywood and low cost furniture 17 Culture EditThe mango is the national fruit of India Pakistan and the Philippines and is the national tree of Bangladesh 18 Gallery Edit Young mango tree Mature mango tree Tree with unripe fruits Mango flowers Baby mangoes Typical South Asian mangoes Typical Southeast Asian mangoesReferences Edit Ganesan S K 2021 Mangifera indica IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021 e T31389A67735735 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2021 2 RLTS T31389A67735735 en Retrieved 19 November 2021 a b Mangifera Plants of the World Online Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 8 May 2020 a b c d e f g h i j k l Morton Julia F 1987 Mango Mangifera indica L In Fruits of Warm Climates New Crop Resource Online Program Center for New Crops and Plant Products Purdue University pp 221 239 Retrieved 24 December 2021 a b Flowers of India USDA Plant guide Mangifera indica L PDF The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants United States Department of the Army New York Skyhorse Publishing 2009 p 66 ISBN 978 1 60239 692 0 OCLC 277203364 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Flowering of mango Khaleeli Homa 2013 10 22 A global guide to pickles The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 2023 03 21 SEA Hand Book 2009 Solvent Extractors Association Of India Barreto J C Trevisan M T S Hull W E Erben G De Brito E S Pfundstein B Wurtele G Spiegelhalder B Owen R W 2008 Characterization and quantitation of polyphenolic compounds in bark kernel leaves and peel of mango Mangifera indica L Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56 14 5599 5610 doi 10 1021 jf800738r PMID 18558692 a b c Urushiol CASRN 53237 59 5 TOXNET Toxicology Data Network NLM NIH Retrieved 22 January 2014 a b Kuhn David N Bally Ian S E Dillon Natalie L Innes David Groh Amy M Rahaman Jordon Ophir Ron Cohen Yuval Sherman Amir 20 April 2017 Genetic Map of Mango A Tool for Mango Breeding Frontiers in Plant Science 8 577 doi 10 3389 fpls 2017 00577 PMC 5397511 PMID 28473837 a b Warschefsky Emily J Wettberg Eric J B June 2019 Population genomic analysis of mango Mangifera indica suggests a complex history of domestication New Phytologist 222 4 2023 2037 doi 10 1111 nph 15731 PMID 30730057 Mangifera indica Germplasm Resources Information Network Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Retrieved October 8 2009 Tu Anthony T 1983 Handbook of natural toxins New York Dekker p 425 ISBN 0824718933 a b Mango The Wood Database Retrieved 30 August 2014 Economic importance of Mangifera indica Green Clean Guide Archived from the original on 7 February 2015 Retrieved 30 August 2014 Mango tree national tree 15 November 2010 Retrieved 16 November 2013 Further reading EditLitz Richard E ed 2009 The Mango Botany Production and Uses 2nd edition CABI ISBN 978 1 84593 489 7 External links Edit Media related to Mangifera indica at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Mangifera indica at Wikispecies Mango at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject Crop of the Day Mango Mangifera indica has a list of helpful resources about this species Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mangifera indica amp oldid 1152340638, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
