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White-throated kingfisher

January 01, 1970

The white-throated kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis) also known as the white-breasted kingfisher is a tree kingfisher, widely distributed in Asia from the Sinai east through the Indian subcontinent to China and Indonesia. This kingfisher is a resident over much of its range, although some populations may make short distance movements. It can often be found well away from water where it feeds on a wide range of prey that includes small reptiles, amphibians, crabs, small rodents and even birds. During the breeding season they call loudly in the mornings from prominent perches including the tops of buildings in urban areas or on wires.

White-throated kingfisher
H. s. fusca (Sri Lanka)
Call
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Coraciiformes
Family: Alcedinidae
Subfamily: Halcyoninae
Genus: Halcyon
Species:
H. smyrnensis
Binomial name
Halcyon smyrnensis
     distribution (includes gularis)
Synonyms

Alcedo smyrnensis Linnaeus, 1758

Taxonomy edit

The white-throated kingfisher is one of the many birds that were first formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. He coined the binomial name Alcedo smyrnensis.[2][3] Linnaeus cited Eleazar Albin's Natural History of Birds published in 1738 that included a description and a plate of the "Smirna Kingfisher".[4] The present genus Halcyon was introduced by the English naturalist and artist William John Swainson in 1821.[5] Halcyon is a name for a bird in Greek mythology generally associated with the kingfisher. The specific epithet smyrnensis is an adjective for the city of Smyrna (now İzmir in Turkey).[6]

Five subspecies are recognised:[7]

  • H. s. smyrnensis (Linnaeus, 1758) – south Turkey to north east Egypt, Iraq to northwest India
  • H. s. fusca (Boddaert, 1783) – west India and Sri Lanka
  • H. s. perpulchra Madarász, 1904 – Bhutan to east India, Indochina, the Malay Peninsula and west Java
  • H. s. saturatior Hume, 1874 – Andaman Islands
  • H. s. fokiensis Laubmann & Götz, 1926 – south and east China, Taiwan and Hainan

The brown-breasted kingfisher (H. gularis) of the Philippines is usually now considered as a separate species.[8][9] Support for this treatment was provided by a molecular study published in 2017 that found that H. s. gularis was more closely related to the Javan kingfisher (H. cyanoventris) than it was to the white-throated kingfisher.[10] They were split as distinct species by the IUCN Red List and BirdLife International in 2014, and the International Ornithological Congress followed suit in 2022.[11] The races H. s. perpulchra and H. s. fokiensis are sometimes included in H. s. fusca.[12]

Local names include Baluchistan: aspi chidok; Sindhi: dalel; Hindi: kilkila, kourilla; Himachal Pradesh: neela machhrala; Punjabi: wadda machhera; Bengali: sandabuk machhranga; Assamese: māsorokā, মাছৰোকা; Cachar: dao natu gophu; Gujarati: kalkaliyo, safedchati kalkaliyo; Marathi: khundya; Tamil: vichuli; Telugu: lakmuka, buchegadu; Malayalam: ponman; Kannada: Minchulli(ಮಿಂಚುಳ್ಳಿ),rajamatsi; Sinhalese: pilihuduwa.[13]

Description edit

 
At Singapore Botanic Gardens
 
At Kaziranga National Park, Assam, India

This is a large kingfisher, 27–28 cm (10.6–11.0 in) in length. The adult has a bright blue back, wings and tail. Its head, shoulders, flanks and lower belly are chestnut, and the throat and breast are white. The large bill and legs are bright red. The flight of the white-throated kingfisher is rapid and direct, the short rounded wings whirring. In flight, large white patches are visible on the blue and black wings. Sexes are similar, but juveniles are a duller version of the adult.[14]

This species forms a superspecies with Halcyon cyanoventris and most major works recognize four geographic races. They vary clinally in size, the shades of blue on the mantle which is more greenish in smyrnensis and fusca and more blue or purplish in saturatior. H. s. gularis of the Philippines has only the neck and throat white. It is sometimes treated as a distinct species, H. gularis. Race fusca is found in Peninsular India and Sri Lanka and is slightly smaller, bluer and with a darker brown underside than the nominate race found in northwestern India. Race saturatior is found in the Andaman Islands and is larger with darker brown underparts. Race perpulchra (not always recognized) is found in northeastern India and is smaller than fusca with paler underparts.[15] Albinism has been noted on occasion.[16]

Distribution and habitat edit

The white-throated kingfisher is a common species in a variety of habitats, mostly open country in the plains (but has been seen at 7500 ft in the Himalayas[17]) with trees, wires or other perches. The range of the species is expanding.

This kingfisher is widespread and populations are not threatened. Average density of 4.58 individuals per km2. has been noted in the Sundarbans mangroves.[18]

Behaviour and ecology edit

Breeding edit

 
Couple of White-throated-Kingfisher

The white-throated kingfisher begins breeding at the onset of the Monsoons. Males perch on prominent high posts in their territory and call in the early morning. The tail may be flicked now and in its courtship display the wings are stiffly flicked open for a second or two exposing the white wing mirrors. They also raise their bill high and display the white throat and front. The female in invitation makes a rapid and prolonged kit-kit-kit... call. The nest is a tunnel (50 cm long, but a nest with a 3-foot tunnel has been noted[19]) in an earth bank. The nest building begins with both birds flying into a suitable mud wall until an indentation is made where they can find a perch hold. They subsequently perch and continue digging the nest with their bills. Nest tunnels in a haystack have also been recorded.[20] A single clutch of 4–7 round white eggs is typical. The eggs take 20–22 days to hatch while the chicks fledge in 19 days.[21][22][23]

Feeding and diet edit

It perches conspicuously on wires or other exposed perches within its territory, and is a frequent sight in south Asia. This species mainly hunts large crustaceans,[24] insects, earthworms,[25] rodents, lizards,[26][27][28] snakes, fish and frogs.[29][30] Predation of small birds such as the Indian white-eye, chick of a red-wattled lapwing, sparrows and munias have been reported.[21][31][32] The young are fed mostly on invertebrates.[33] In captivity, it has been noted that it rarely drinks water although bathing regularly.[34]

  •  
    breaking the fish's spine
  •  
    repositioned in beak
  •  
    released and moved through 90 degrees.
  •  
    swallowing head first

Movements edit

Birds have sometimes been seen attracted to lights at night, especially during the monsoon season, suggesting that they are partly migratory.[21]

Mortality edit

With a powerful bill and rapid flight, these kingfishers have few predators when healthy and rare cases of predation by a black kite[35] and a jungle crow may be of sick or injured birds.[36] An individual found dead with its beak embedded into the wood of a tree has been suggested as an accident during rapid pursuit of prey, possibly an Indian white-eye.[32] A few parasites have been noted.[37]

In the 1800s these birds were hunted for their bright feathers that were used to adorn hats.[38] It is the State bird of West Bengal.[39]

References edit

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Halcyon smyrnensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22725846A119289544. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22725846A119289544.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Volume 1 (in Latin) (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 116.
  3. ^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1945). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 5. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 196.
  4. ^ Albin, Eleazar; Derham, William (1738). A natural history of birds : illustrated with a hundred and one copper plates, curiously engraven from the life. Vol. 3. London: Printed for the author and sold by William Innys. p. 26, Plate 27.
  5. ^ Swainson, William John (1821). Zoological illustrations. Vol. 1. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy; and W. Wood. Plate 27 text.
  6. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 185, 358. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  7. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2017). "Rollers, ground rollers & kingfishers". World Bird List Version 7.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
  8. ^ del Hoyo, J.; Collar, N.; Kirwan, G.M. (2017). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "White-throated Kingfisher (Halcyon gularis)". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
  9. ^ Collar, Nigel J. (2011). "Species limits in some Philippine birds including the Greater Flameback Chrysocolaptes lucidus" (PDF). Forktail. 27: 29–38.
  10. ^ Andersen, M.J.; McCullough, J.M.; Mauck III, W.M.; Smith, B.T.; Moyle, R.G. (2017). "A phylogeny of kingfishers reveals an Indomalayan origin and elevated rates of diversification on oceanic islands". Journal of Biogeography. 45 (2): 1–13. doi:10.1111/jbi.13139.
  11. ^ "IOC World Bird List 12.1". IOC World Bird List Datasets. doi:10.14344/ioc.ml.12.1. Retrieved 2022-01-29.
  12. ^ Woodall, P.F.; Kirwan, G.M. (2017). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "White-breasted Kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis)". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
  13. ^ Anonymous (1998). (PDF). Buceros. 3 (1): 53–109. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-04-01. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
  14. ^ Fry, C. H.; Fry, K.; Harris, A. (1992). Kingfishers, Bee-eaters, and Rollers. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 143–145. ISBN 978-0-7136-8028-7.
  15. ^ Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Anderton, John C. (2012). Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Vol. 2: Attributes and Status (2nd ed.). Washington D.C. and Barcelona: Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History and Lynx Edicions. pp. 264–265. ISBN 978-84-96553-87-3.
  16. ^ Gunawardana, J. (1993). "Description of an albino White-breasted Kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis)". Ceylon Bird Club Notes (June): 56–57.
  17. ^ Khacher, Lavkumar J (1970). "Notes on the White-eye (Zosterops palpebrosa) and Whitebreasted Kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis)". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 67 (2): 333.
  18. ^ Reza, A.H.M.A.; Feeroz, M.M.; Islam, M.A. & Kabir, M.M. (2003). "Status and density of kingfishers (family: Alcedinidae, Halcyonidae and Cerylidae) in the Sundarbans mangrove forest, Bangladesh" (PDF). Bangladesh Journal of Life Sciences. 15 (1): 55–60.
  19. ^ Law, SC (1925). "Nesting habits of the Indian Whitebreasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis fusca". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 30 (2): 477–478.
  20. ^ Balasubramanian, P (1992). "New nesting site of the Indian Whitebreasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis fusca (Boddaert)". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 89 (1): 124.
  21. ^ a b c Ali, S. & Ripley, S.D. (1983). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. Vol. 4 (Second ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 90–93.
  22. ^ Palkar SB; Lovalekar RJ; Joshi VV (2009). "Breeding biology of White-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis" (PDF). Indian Birds. 4 (3): 104–105.
  23. ^ Hume, AO (1890). The nests and eggs of Indian birds. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). R H Porter, London. pp. 15–19.
  24. ^ Tehsin, Raza (1995). "Crab-eating by Whitebreasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis (Linn.)". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 92 (1): 121.
  25. ^ Yahya, HSA; Yasmin, Shahla (1991). "Earthworms in the dietary of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis (Linn.)". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 88 (3): 454.
  26. ^ YC Wee. "White-throated Kingfisher swallowing lizard". Bird Ecology Study Group.
  27. ^ Roni Way. "White-Throated Kingfisher eating a Lizard - Birds of Israel". YouTube.
  28. ^ "White-throated kingfisher feeding on a skink near Gurgaon, India". Reddit.
  29. ^ Roberts, T J; Priddy, C (1965). "Food of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis (Linnaeus)". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 62 (1): 152–153.
  30. ^ Tehsin, Raza (1989). "Feeding behaviour of Whitebreasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis (Linnaeus)". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 86 (3): 449.
  31. ^ Sen, SN (1944). "Food of the White-breasted Kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis fusca)". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 44 (3): 475.
  32. ^ a b Purandare, Kiran Vasant (2008). "Freak accidental death of a White-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis" (PDF). Indian Birds. 4 (1): 23.
  33. ^ Burton NHK (1998). (PDF). Forktail. 14: 79–80. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-10-11. Retrieved 2008-10-02.
  34. ^ Harper, EW (1900–1901). "The White-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis in captivity". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 13 (2): 364–365.
  35. ^ Narayanan, E (1989). "Pariah Kite Milvus migrans capturing Whitebreasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 86 (3): 445.
  36. ^ Balasubramanian, P. (1990). "Behaviour of southern spotted owlet Athene brama brama (Temminck) and jungle crow (Temminck) and jungle crow Corvus macrorhynchos at Point Calimere, Tamil Nadu". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 87 (1): 145.
  37. ^ Nandi, A.P.; De, N.C.; Majumdar, G. (1985). "Records of two new nematodes (Acuariidae) parasitizing kingfishers (Coraciiformes) of West Bengal India". Helminthologia. 22 (3): 161–170.
  38. ^ Lockwood, E. (1878). Natural history, sport and travel. W.H. Allen and Co. pp. 185–186.
  39. ^ . Archived from the original on 2013-11-12.

Further reading edit

  • Cramp, Stanley, ed. (1985). "Halcyon smyrnensis White-breasted Kingfisher". Handbook of the birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Volume IV: Terns to Woodpeckers. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 701–705. ISBN 0-19-857507-6.
  • Mohanty, Banalata (2006). "Extracellular Accumulations in the Avian Pituitary Gland: Histochemical Analysis in Two Species of Indian Wild Birds". Cells Tissues Organs. 183 (2): 99–106. doi:10.1159/000095514. PMID 17053326. S2CID 27807234.
  • Oommen, M; Andrews, MI (1996). "Awakening, roosting and vocalization behaviour of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis fusca (Boddaert)". Pavo. 34 (1&2): 43–46.
  • Oommen, M; Andrews, MI (1993). "Breeding biology of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis". In Verghese, A; Sridhar, S; Chakravarthy, AK (eds.). Bird Conservation: Strategies for the Nineties and Beyond. Ornithological Society of India, Bangalore. pp. 177–180.
  • Oommen, M; Andrews, MI (1998) Food and feeding habits of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis. Chap. 19. In: Birds in Agricultural Ecosystem. (Eds: Dhindsa, MS; Rao, P Syamsunder; Parasharya, BM) Society for Applied Ornithology, Hyderabad, 132–136.
  • Ticehurst, CB (1927). "Remarks on races of Halcyon smyrnensis and descriptions of two new subspecies – Zosterops palpebrosa occidentis and Z.P. nilgiriensis". Bull. Brit. Orn. Club. 47 (312): 87–90.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Halcyon smyrnensis.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Halcyon smyrnensis.
  • White-throated kingfisher videos, photos & sounds on the Internet Bird Collection
  • Singapore birds

January 01, 1970
white, throated, kingfisher, white, throated, kingfisher, halcyon, smyrnensis, also, known, white, breasted, kingfisher, tree, kingfisher, widely, distributed, asia, from, sinai, east, through, indian, subcontinent, china, indonesia, this, kingfisher, resident. The white throated kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis also known as the white breasted kingfisher is a tree kingfisher widely distributed in Asia from the Sinai east through the Indian subcontinent to China and Indonesia This kingfisher is a resident over much of its range although some populations may make short distance movements It can often be found well away from water where it feeds on a wide range of prey that includes small reptiles amphibians crabs small rodents and even birds During the breeding season they call loudly in the mornings from prominent perches including the tops of buildings in urban areas or on wires White throated kingfisher H s fusca Sri Lanka source source Call Conservation status Least Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Aves Order Coraciiformes Family Alcedinidae Subfamily Halcyoninae Genus Halcyon Species H smyrnensis Binomial name Halcyon smyrnensis Linnaeus 1758 distribution includes gularis Synonyms Alcedo smyrnensis Linnaeus 1758 Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Behaviour and ecology 4 1 Breeding 4 2 Feeding and diet 4 3 Movements 4 4 Mortality 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksTaxonomy editThe white throated kingfisher is one of the many birds that were first formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae He coined the binomial name Alcedo smyrnensis 2 3 Linnaeus cited Eleazar Albin s Natural History of Birds published in 1738 that included a description and a plate of the Smirna Kingfisher 4 The present genus Halcyon was introduced by the English naturalist and artist William John Swainson in 1821 5 Halcyon is a name for a bird in Greek mythology generally associated with the kingfisher The specific epithet smyrnensis is an adjective for the city of Smyrna now Izmir in Turkey 6 Five subspecies are recognised 7 H s smyrnensis Linnaeus 1758 south Turkey to north east Egypt Iraq to northwest India H s fusca Boddaert 1783 west India and Sri Lanka H s perpulchra Madarasz 1904 Bhutan to east India Indochina the Malay Peninsula and west Java H s saturatior Hume 1874 Andaman Islands H s fokiensis Laubmann amp Gotz 1926 south and east China Taiwan and Hainan The brown breasted kingfisher H gularis of the Philippines is usually now considered as a separate species 8 9 Support for this treatment was provided by a molecular study published in 2017 that found that H s gularis was more closely related to the Javan kingfisher H cyanoventris than it was to the white throated kingfisher 10 They were split as distinct species by the IUCN Red List and BirdLife International in 2014 and the International Ornithological Congress followed suit in 2022 11 The races H s perpulchra and H s fokiensis are sometimes included in H s fusca 12 Local names include Baluchistan aspi chidok Sindhi dalel Hindi kilkila kourilla Himachal Pradesh neela machhrala Punjabi wadda machhera Bengali sandabuk machhranga Assamese masoroka ম ছৰ ক Cachar dao natu gophu Gujarati kalkaliyo safedchati kalkaliyo Marathi khundya Tamil vichuli Telugu lakmuka buchegadu Malayalam ponman Kannada Minchulli ಮ ಚ ಳ ಳ rajamatsi Sinhalese pilihuduwa 13 Description edit nbsp At Singapore Botanic Gardens nbsp At Kaziranga National Park Assam India This is a large kingfisher 27 28 cm 10 6 11 0 in in length The adult has a bright blue back wings and tail Its head shoulders flanks and lower belly are chestnut and the throat and breast are white The large bill and legs are bright red The flight of the white throated kingfisher is rapid and direct the short rounded wings whirring In flight large white patches are visible on the blue and black wings Sexes are similar but juveniles are a duller version of the adult 14 This species forms a superspecies with Halcyon cyanoventris and most major works recognize four geographic races They vary clinally in size the shades of blue on the mantle which is more greenish in smyrnensis and fusca and more blue or purplish in saturatior H s gularis of the Philippines has only the neck and throat white It is sometimes treated as a distinct species H gularis Race fusca is found in Peninsular India and Sri Lanka and is slightly smaller bluer and with a darker brown underside than the nominate race found in northwestern India Race saturatior is found in the Andaman Islands and is larger with darker brown underparts Race perpulchra not always recognized is found in northeastern India and is smaller than fusca with paler underparts 15 Albinism has been noted on occasion 16 Distribution and habitat editThe white throated kingfisher is a common species in a variety of habitats mostly open country in the plains but has been seen at 7500 ft in the Himalayas 17 with trees wires or other perches The range of the species is expanding This kingfisher is widespread and populations are not threatened Average density of 4 58 individuals per km2 has been noted in the Sundarbans mangroves 18 Behaviour and ecology editBreeding edit nbsp Couple of White throated Kingfisher The white throated kingfisher begins breeding at the onset of the Monsoons Males perch on prominent high posts in their territory and call in the early morning The tail may be flicked now and in its courtship display the wings are stiffly flicked open for a second or two exposing the white wing mirrors They also raise their bill high and display the white throat and front The female in invitation makes a rapid and prolonged kit kit kit call The nest is a tunnel 50 cm long but a nest with a 3 foot tunnel has been noted 19 in an earth bank The nest building begins with both birds flying into a suitable mud wall until an indentation is made where they can find a perch hold They subsequently perch and continue digging the nest with their bills Nest tunnels in a haystack have also been recorded 20 A single clutch of 4 7 round white eggs is typical The eggs take 20 22 days to hatch while the chicks fledge in 19 days 21 22 23 Feeding and diet edit It perches conspicuously on wires or other exposed perches within its territory and is a frequent sight in south Asia This species mainly hunts large crustaceans 24 insects earthworms 25 rodents lizards 26 27 28 snakes fish and frogs 29 30 Predation of small birds such as the Indian white eye chick of a red wattled lapwing sparrows and munias have been reported 21 31 32 The young are fed mostly on invertebrates 33 In captivity it has been noted that it rarely drinks water although bathing regularly 34 nbsp breaking the fish s spine nbsp repositioned in beak nbsp released and moved through 90 degrees nbsp swallowing head first Movements edit Birds have sometimes been seen attracted to lights at night especially during the monsoon season suggesting that they are partly migratory 21 Mortality edit With a powerful bill and rapid flight these kingfishers have few predators when healthy and rare cases of predation by a black kite 35 and a jungle crow may be of sick or injured birds 36 An individual found dead with its beak embedded into the wood of a tree has been suggested as an accident during rapid pursuit of prey possibly an Indian white eye 32 A few parasites have been noted 37 In the 1800s these birds were hunted for their bright feathers that were used to adorn hats 38 It is the State bird of West Bengal 39 References edit BirdLife International 2017 Halcyon smyrnensis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017 e T22725846A119289544 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2017 3 RLTS T22725846A119289544 en Retrieved 19 November 2021 Linnaeus Carl 1758 Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae secundum classes ordines genera species cum characteribus differentiis synonymis locis Volume 1 in Latin 10th ed Holmiae Stockholm Laurentii Salvii p 116 Peters James Lee ed 1945 Check list of Birds of the World Vol 5 Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press p 196 Albin Eleazar Derham William 1738 A natural history of birds illustrated with a hundred and one copper plates curiously engraven from the life Vol 3 London Printed for the author and sold by William Innys p 26 Plate 27 Swainson William John 1821 Zoological illustrations Vol 1 London Baldwin Cradock and Joy and W Wood Plate 27 text Jobling James A 2010 The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names London Christopher Helm pp 185 358 ISBN 978 1 4081 2501 4 Gill Frank Donsker David eds 2017 Rollers ground rollers amp kingfishers World Bird List Version 7 2 International Ornithologists Union Retrieved 28 May 2017 del Hoyo J Collar N Kirwan G M 2017 del Hoyo J Elliott A Sargatal J Christie D A de Juana E eds White throated Kingfisher Halcyon gularis Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive Lynx Edicions Retrieved 25 May 2017 Collar Nigel J 2011 Species limits in some Philippine birds including the Greater Flameback Chrysocolaptes lucidus PDF Forktail 27 29 38 Andersen M J McCullough J M Mauck III W M Smith B T Moyle R G 2017 A phylogeny of kingfishers reveals an Indomalayan origin and elevated rates of diversification on oceanic islands Journal of Biogeography 45 2 1 13 doi 10 1111 jbi 13139 IOC World Bird List 12 1 IOC World Bird List Datasets doi 10 14344 ioc ml 12 1 Retrieved 2022 01 29 Woodall P F Kirwan G M 2017 del Hoyo J Elliott A Sargatal J Christie D A de Juana E eds White breasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive Lynx Edicions Retrieved 25 May 2017 Anonymous 1998 Vernacular Names of the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent PDF Buceros 3 1 53 109 Archived from the original PDF on 2010 04 01 Retrieved 2008 10 19 Fry C H Fry K Harris A 1992 Kingfishers Bee eaters and Rollers London Christopher Helm pp 143 145 ISBN 978 0 7136 8028 7 Rasmussen Pamela C Anderton John C 2012 Birds of South Asia The Ripley Guide Vol 2 Attributes and Status 2nd ed Washington D C and Barcelona Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History and Lynx Edicions pp 264 265 ISBN 978 84 96553 87 3 Gunawardana J 1993 Description of an albino White breasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis Ceylon Bird Club Notes June 56 57 Khacher Lavkumar J 1970 Notes on the White eye Zosterops palpebrosa and Whitebreasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 67 2 333 Reza A H M A Feeroz M M Islam M A amp Kabir M M 2003 Status and density of kingfishers family Alcedinidae Halcyonidae and Cerylidae in the Sundarbans mangrove forest Bangladesh PDF Bangladesh Journal of Life Sciences 15 1 55 60 Law SC 1925 Nesting habits of the Indian Whitebreasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis fusca Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 30 2 477 478 Balasubramanian P 1992 New nesting site of the Indian Whitebreasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis fusca Boddaert Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 89 1 124 a b c Ali S amp Ripley S D 1983 Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan Vol 4 Second ed Oxford Oxford University Press pp 90 93 Palkar SB Lovalekar RJ Joshi VV 2009 Breeding biology of White breasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis PDF Indian Birds 4 3 104 105 Hume AO 1890 The nests and eggs of Indian birds Vol 3 2nd ed R H Porter London pp 15 19 Tehsin Raza 1995 Crab eating by Whitebreasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis Linn Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 92 1 121 Yahya HSA Yasmin Shahla 1991 Earthworms in the dietary of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis Linn Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 88 3 454 YC Wee White throated Kingfisher swallowing lizard Bird Ecology Study Group Roni Way White Throated Kingfisher eating a Lizard Birds of Israel YouTube White throated kingfisher feeding on a skink near Gurgaon India Reddit Roberts T J Priddy C 1965 Food of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis Linnaeus Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 62 1 152 153 Tehsin Raza 1989 Feeding behaviour of Whitebreasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis Linnaeus Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 86 3 449 Sen SN 1944 Food of the White breasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis fusca Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 44 3 475 a b Purandare Kiran Vasant 2008 Freak accidental death of a White breasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis PDF Indian Birds 4 1 23 Burton NHK 1998 Notes on the diet of nestling White throated Kingfishers Halcyon smyrnensis in Malaysia PDF Forktail 14 79 80 Archived from the original PDF on 2008 10 11 Retrieved 2008 10 02 Harper EW 1900 1901 The White breasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis in captivity Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 13 2 364 365 Narayanan E 1989 Pariah Kite Milvus migrans capturing Whitebreasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 86 3 445 Balasubramanian P 1990 Behaviour of southern spotted owlet Athene brama brama Temminck and jungle crow Temminck and jungle crow Corvus macrorhynchos at Point Calimere Tamil Nadu Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 87 1 145 Nandi A P De N C Majumdar G 1985 Records of two new nematodes Acuariidae parasitizing kingfishers Coraciiformes of West Bengal India Helminthologia 22 3 161 170 Lockwood E 1878 Natural history sport and travel W H Allen and Co pp 185 186 Government of India webpage for National and State symbols Archived from the original on 2013 11 12 Further reading editCramp Stanley ed 1985 Halcyon smyrnensis White breasted Kingfisher Handbook of the birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa The Birds of the Western Palearctic Volume IV Terns to Woodpeckers Oxford Oxford University Press pp 701 705 ISBN 0 19 857507 6 Mohanty Banalata 2006 Extracellular Accumulations in the Avian Pituitary Gland Histochemical Analysis in Two Species of Indian Wild Birds Cells Tissues Organs 183 2 99 106 doi 10 1159 000095514 PMID 17053326 S2CID 27807234 Oommen M Andrews MI 1996 Awakening roosting and vocalization behaviour of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis fusca Boddaert Pavo 34 1 amp 2 43 46 Oommen M Andrews MI 1993 Breeding biology of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis In Verghese A Sridhar S Chakravarthy AK eds Bird Conservation Strategies for the Nineties and Beyond Ornithological Society of India Bangalore pp 177 180 Oommen M Andrews MI 1998 Food and feeding habits of the Whitebreasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis Chap 19 In Birds in Agricultural Ecosystem Eds Dhindsa MS Rao P Syamsunder Parasharya BM Society for Applied Ornithology Hyderabad 132 136 Ticehurst CB 1927 Remarks on races of Halcyon smyrnensis and descriptions of two new subspecies Zosterops palpebrosa occidentis and Z P nilgiriensis Bull Brit Orn Club 47 312 87 90 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Halcyon smyrnensis nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Halcyon smyrnensis White throated kingfisher videos photos amp sounds on the Internet Bird Collection Singapore birds Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title White throated kingfisher amp oldid 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