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Indian giant squirrel

December 07, 2023

The Indian giant squirrel or Malabar giant squirrel (Ratufa indica) is a large multi-coloured tree squirrel species endemic to forests and woodlands in India. It is a diurnal, arboreal, and mainly herbivorous squirrel.[4]

Indian giant squirrel
R. i. indica in Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka, India
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Family: Sciuridae
Genus: Ratufa
Species:
R. indica
Binomial name
Ratufa indica
(Erxleben, 1777)
Subspecies[3]
  • R. i. indica
  • R. i. centralis
  • R. i. dealbata
  • R. i. maxima
Indian giant squirrel range

Distribution and habitat edit

This species is endemic to India, with main sections of its distribution in the Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats and Satpura Range as far north as Madhya Pradesh (approximately 22° N).[1][4] It is found at altitudes of 180–2,300 m (590–7,550 ft) in tropical deciduous, semi-deciduous (where often utilizing denser riparian growth), and moist evergreen forests and woodlands.[1][4][5] In general, its distribution is fragmented because it is intolerant of habitat degradation.[1] The Indian giant squirrel generally nests in taller trees with a mean height of 11 m (36 ft) (±3 m (10 ft) SD) in order to avoid predators.[6]

Description edit

 
R. i. maxima in Kerala

The Indian giant squirrel is one of the largest squirrels, with a head–and–body length of 25–50 cm (10 in – 1 ft 8 in), a tail that is about the same or somewhat longer, and a weight of 1.5–2 kg (3.3–4.4 lb), although rarely up to 3 kg (6.6 lb).[7][8] Average for both sexes is about 36 cm (1 ft 2 in) in head–and–body length, 45 cm (1 ft 6 in) in tail length and 1.7–1.8 kg (3.7–4.0 lb) in weight.[5]

It has a conspicuous one-, two-, or three-toned colour scheme.[9] The colours involved can be whitish, creamy-beige, buff, tan, rust, reddish-maroon, brown, dark seal brown, or black.[5][10] The underparts and the front legs are usually cream coloured, and the head can be brown or beige, and there is a distinctive white spot between the ears.[9] Otherwise the colours depend on the subspecies.[5]

Subspecies edit

 
 

  • R. i. dealbatus (top left)
  • R. i. indica (below left)
  • "R. i. bengalensis" (=R. i. indica–maxima intergrade; top right)
  • R. i. maxima (below right)

Ten subspecies have been described,[8] but recent authorities generally recognise four:[5][11][1]

  • R. i. indica: Found in the northern and central Western Ghats from around Mumbai to Karnataka. Its upper parts and basal half of the tail are rich reddish-maroon or reddish-brown; the distal part of the tail is whitish or buff.[5][8] On occasion there can be some black at the shoulder or at the very base of the tail (features typically associated with other subspecies).[8] A few other subspecies have been described within its range based on variations in size, overall colour hue and width of the pale tail-tip,[8] but recent authorities generally regard them as synonyms of R. i. indica.[3]
  • R. i. centralis: From central and eastern India, notably in the Satpura Range and Eastern Ghats (all other subspecies are from the Western Ghats region). It is relatively small and further differs from R. i. indica by its black shoulder region, black tail except for the pale tip, and sometimes black rump.[5][8]
  • R. i. dealbata: Found in southern Gujarat (far northern Western Ghats region),[8] but recent surveys have failed to locate it,[1] and it is possibly extinct.[5] A highly distinctive pale subspecies that is overall creamy-buff with a whitish tail and brown ears.[8] It should not be confused with true albinos, rarely recorded in the Indian giant squirrel, which are whiter and have pink eyes unlike R. i. dealbata.[12]
  • R. i. maxima: From southern Western Ghats. It resembles a large R. i. centralis, but with more extensive black in the shoulder region and on the rump, and an almost entirely black tail (no pale tip). There is often a black dorsal stripe connecting the black shoulder region and rump. Another subspecies, R. i. bengalensis, has been described from southern Karnataka and northern Kerala, in between R. i. indica and R. i. maxima. It generally resembles R. i. indica, but the tail is black except for its pale tip and sometimes it has black shoulders, thus approaching R. i. maxima or R. i. centralis.[8] Its intermediate appearance and distribution has caused some questions about its validity; it could be regarded as an intergrade and recent authorities often treat it as a synonym of R. i. maxima.[11]
Ratufa indica taxonomy[3]
Subspecies Authority Synonyms
R. i. indica Erxleben, 1777[13] bombaya, elphinstoni, purpureus, superans
R. i. centralis Ryley, 1913[14] none
R. i. dealbata Blanford, 1897 none
R. i. maxima Schreber, 1784[15] bengalensis, malabarica

Behaviour edit

 
Indian giant squirrels feeding on a ripe jackfruit in Nagarhole National Park, Karnataka
 
Indian giant squirrel eating a fig

The Indian giant squirrel is an upper-canopy dwelling species, which rarely leaves the trees, and requires "tall profusely branched trees for the construction of nests."[4] It travels from tree to tree with jumps of up to 6 m (20 ft). When in danger, the Indian giant squirrel often freezes or flattens itself against the tree trunk, instead of fleeing.[9] Its main predators are the birds of prey like owls[16] and the leopard.[9] This giant squirrel is mostly active in the early hours of the morning and in the evening, resting in the midday. They are typically solitary animals that only come together for breeding. The species is believed to play a substantial role in shaping the ecosystem of its habitat by engaging in seed dispersal.[17] The diet includes fruit, flowers, nuts and tree bark. They may also eat insects and bird eggs.[18]

Family life edit

The Indian giant squirrel lives alone or in pairs. They build large globular nests of twigs and leaves, placing them on thinner branches where large predators can't get to them. These nests become conspicuous in deciduous forests during the dry season. An individual may build several nests in a small area of forest which are used as sleeping quarters, with one being used as a nursery.[citation needed]

Reproduction edit

Captive breeding of the Malayan giant squirrel, a close relative has indicated births in March, April, September and December. The young weigh 74.5 g at birth and have a length of 27.3 cm. In Canara, the Indian Giant Squirrel has been spotted with young in March.[citation needed]

Recognition edit

The Indian giant squirrel (shekaru in Marathi) is the state animal of the state of Maharashtra in western India.[19]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f Molur, S. (2016). "Ratufa indica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T19378A22262028. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T19378A22262028.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. from the original on 5 December 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  3. ^ a b c Thorington, R.W. Jr.; Hoffmann, R.S. (2005). "Ratufa indica". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 754–818. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4. OCLC 26158608. from the original on 20 June 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2010.
  4. ^ a b c d (Datta & Goyal 1996, p. 394)
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Thorington, R.W. Jr.; J.L. Koprowski; M.A. Steele; J.F. Whatton (2012). Squirrels of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 26–27. ISBN 978-1-4214-0469-1.
  6. ^ Pradhan, A.K.; Shrotriya, S.; Rout, S.D.; Dash, P.K. (2017). "Nesting and feeding habits of the Indian giant squirrel (Ratufa indica) in Karlapat wildlife sanctuary, India" (PDF). Animal Biodiversity and Conservation. 40 (1): 63–69. doi:10.32800/abc.2017.40.0063. (PDF) from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
  7. ^ Nowak, R.M., ed. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. Vol. 2 (6 ed.). pp. 1274–1275. ISBN 978-0-8018-5789-8.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i Abdulali, H.; J.C. Daniel (1952). "Races of the Indian giant squirrel (Ratufa indica)". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 50: 469–474.
  9. ^ a b c d Tritsch 2001, pp. 132–133
  10. ^ Prater 1971, pp. 24–25
  11. ^ a b Corbet, Gordon Barclay; Hill, John Edwards (1992). The mammals of the Indomalayan Region: a systematic review. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-854693-9. OCLC 25281229.
  12. ^ Abdulali, H.; J.C. Daniel (1953). "A colour variation, and albinism in the giant squirrel Ratufa indica". The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 51: 731.
  13. ^ Erxleben, Johann Christian Polykarp (1777). Systema regni animalis per classes, ordines, genera, species, varietates cum synonymia et historia animalium. Classis I. Mammalia [Animal kingdom system by class, order, genus, species, varieties with synonyms and animals' history. Class I. Mammalia.] (in Latin). Vol. 42. Leipzig, Germany: Impensis Weygandianis. OCLC 14843832.
  14. ^ Ryley, Kathleen V. (1913). "Scientific results from the mammals survey". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. Mumbai, India: Bombay Natural History Society. 22: 434–443. ISSN 0006-6982. OCLC 1536710.
  15. ^ Schreber, Johann Christian Daniel von (1792) [Chapter on The Squirrel first published in 1784]. "Der Springer" [The Squirrel]. Die Säugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen [The Mammals in illustrations after nature, with descriptions] (in German). Vol. 3. Erlangen: Wolfgang Walther. OCLC 16860541.
  16. ^ Kannan, R. (1994). Forest Eagle Owl (Bubo nipalensis Hodgson)--a predator of the Indian Giant Squirrel (Ratufa indica). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 91: 454
  17. ^ Justice, James. "Ratufa indica: Indian Giant Squirrel". Animal Diversity Web. from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  18. ^ . Arkive. Archived from the original on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2010.
  19. ^ "List of Indian States and their Symbols". jagranjosh.com. 14 August 2017. from the original on 17 October 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
  • Datta, Aparajita; Goyal, S. P. (1996), "Comparison of Forest Structure and Use by the Indian Giant Squirrel (Ratufa indica) in Two Riverine Forests of Central India", Biotropica, 28 (3): 394–399, doi:10.2307/2389203, JSTOR 2389203
  • Prater, S. H. (1971), The book of Indian Animals, Mumbai: Bombay Natural History Society and Oxford University Press. Pp. xxiii, 324, 28 color plates by Paul Barruel., ISBN 0-19-562169-7
  • Tritsch, Mark F. (2001), Wildlife of India, London: Harper Collins Publishers. Pp. 192, ISBN 0-00-711062-6

Further reading edit

  • Blanford, W. T. (1897), "The large Indian squirrel (Sciurus indicus Erx.) and its local races and sub-species", Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 11 (2): 298–305
  • Borges, Renee M. (1993), (PDF), Biotropica, 25 (2): 183–190, doi:10.2307/2389182, JSTOR 2389182, S2CID 87414158, archived from the original (PDF) on 28 December 2019
  • Moore, Joseph Curtis (1960), "Squirrel Geography of the Indian Subregion", Systematic Zoology, 9 (1): 1–17, doi:10.2307/2411536, JSTOR 2411536
  • Somanathan, Hema; Mali, Subhash; Borges, Renee M. (2007), "Arboreal larder-hoarding in tropical Indian giant squirrel Ratufa indica", Écoscience, 14 (2): 165–169, doi:10.2980/1195-6860(2007)14[165:alitti]2.0.co;2
  • Koli, Vijay Kumar; Bhatnagar, Chhaya; Mali, Dilip (2011). "Gliding behaviour of Indian giant flying squirrel Petaurista philippensis Elliot". Current Science. 100 (10): 1563–1568. JSTOR 24076679.
  • Srinivas, V.; Venugopal, P. Dilip; Ram, Sunita (2008). "Site occupancy of the Indian giant squirrel Ratufa indica (Erxleben) in Kalakad–Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu, India". Current Science. 95 (7): 889–894. JSTOR 24103186.
  • Jathanna, Devcharan; Kumar, N. Samba; Karanth, K. Ullas (2008). (PDF). Current Science. 95 (7): 885–888. JSTOR 24103185. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 April 2019.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ratufa indica.

December 07, 2023
indian, giant, squirrel, malabar, giant, squirrel, ratufa, indica, large, multi, coloured, tree, squirrel, species, endemic, forests, woodlands, india, diurnal, arboreal, mainly, herbivorous, squirrel, indica, bhadra, wildlife, sanctuary, karnataka, indiaconse. The Indian giant squirrel or Malabar giant squirrel Ratufa indica is a large multi coloured tree squirrel species endemic to forests and woodlands in India It is a diurnal arboreal and mainly herbivorous squirrel 4 Indian giant squirrelR i indica in Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary Karnataka IndiaConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 CITES Appendix II CITES 2 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaOrder RodentiaFamily SciuridaeGenus RatufaSpecies R indicaBinomial nameRatufa indica Erxleben 1777 Subspecies 3 R i indica R i centralis R i dealbata R i maximaIndian giant squirrel range Contents 1 Distribution and habitat 2 Description 2 1 Subspecies 3 Behaviour 3 1 Family life 3 2 Reproduction 4 Recognition 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksDistribution and habitat editThis species is endemic to India with main sections of its distribution in the Western Ghats Eastern Ghats and Satpura Range as far north as Madhya Pradesh approximately 22 N 1 4 It is found at altitudes of 180 2 300 m 590 7 550 ft in tropical deciduous semi deciduous where often utilizing denser riparian growth and moist evergreen forests and woodlands 1 4 5 In general its distribution is fragmented because it is intolerant of habitat degradation 1 The Indian giant squirrel generally nests in taller trees with a mean height of 11 m 36 ft 3 m 10 ft SD in order to avoid predators 6 Description edit nbsp R i maxima in KeralaThe Indian giant squirrel is one of the largest squirrels with a head and body length of 25 50 cm 10 in 1 ft 8 in a tail that is about the same or somewhat longer and a weight of 1 5 2 kg 3 3 4 4 lb although rarely up to 3 kg 6 6 lb 7 8 Average for both sexes is about 36 cm 1 ft 2 in in head and body length 45 cm 1 ft 6 in in tail length and 1 7 1 8 kg 3 7 4 0 lb in weight 5 It has a conspicuous one two or three toned colour scheme 9 The colours involved can be whitish creamy beige buff tan rust reddish maroon brown dark seal brown or black 5 10 The underparts and the front legs are usually cream coloured and the head can be brown or beige and there is a distinctive white spot between the ears 9 Otherwise the colours depend on the subspecies 5 Subspecies edit nbsp nbsp R i dealbatus top left R i indica below left R i bengalensis R i indica maxima intergrade top right R i maxima below right Ten subspecies have been described 8 but recent authorities generally recognise four 5 11 1 R i indica Found in the northern and central Western Ghats from around Mumbai to Karnataka Its upper parts and basal half of the tail are rich reddish maroon or reddish brown the distal part of the tail is whitish or buff 5 8 On occasion there can be some black at the shoulder or at the very base of the tail features typically associated with other subspecies 8 A few other subspecies have been described within its range based on variations in size overall colour hue and width of the pale tail tip 8 but recent authorities generally regard them as synonyms of R i indica 3 R i centralis From central and eastern India notably in the Satpura Range and Eastern Ghats all other subspecies are from the Western Ghats region It is relatively small and further differs from R i indica by its black shoulder region black tail except for the pale tip and sometimes black rump 5 8 R i dealbata Found in southern Gujarat far northern Western Ghats region 8 but recent surveys have failed to locate it 1 and it is possibly extinct 5 A highly distinctive pale subspecies that is overall creamy buff with a whitish tail and brown ears 8 It should not be confused with true albinos rarely recorded in the Indian giant squirrel which are whiter and have pink eyes unlike R i dealbata 12 R i maxima From southern Western Ghats It resembles a large R i centralis but with more extensive black in the shoulder region and on the rump and an almost entirely black tail no pale tip There is often a black dorsal stripe connecting the black shoulder region and rump Another subspecies R i bengalensis has been described from southern Karnataka and northern Kerala in between R i indica and R i maxima It generally resembles R i indica but the tail is black except for its pale tip and sometimes it has black shoulders thus approaching R i maxima or R i centralis 8 Its intermediate appearance and distribution has caused some questions about its validity it could be regarded as an intergrade and recent authorities often treat it as a synonym of R i maxima 11 Ratufa indica taxonomy 3 Subspecies Authority SynonymsR i indica Erxleben 1777 13 bombaya elphinstoni purpureus superansR i centralis Ryley 1913 14 noneR i dealbata Blanford 1897 noneR i maxima Schreber 1784 15 bengalensis malabaricaBehaviour edit nbsp Indian giant squirrels feeding on a ripe jackfruit in Nagarhole National Park Karnataka nbsp Indian giant squirrel eating a figThe Indian giant squirrel is an upper canopy dwelling species which rarely leaves the trees and requires tall profusely branched trees for the construction of nests 4 It travels from tree to tree with jumps of up to 6 m 20 ft When in danger the Indian giant squirrel often freezes or flattens itself against the tree trunk instead of fleeing 9 Its main predators are the birds of prey like owls 16 and the leopard 9 This giant squirrel is mostly active in the early hours of the morning and in the evening resting in the midday They are typically solitary animals that only come together for breeding The species is believed to play a substantial role in shaping the ecosystem of its habitat by engaging in seed dispersal 17 The diet includes fruit flowers nuts and tree bark They may also eat insects and bird eggs 18 Family life edit The Indian giant squirrel lives alone or in pairs They build large globular nests of twigs and leaves placing them on thinner branches where large predators can t get to them These nests become conspicuous in deciduous forests during the dry season An individual may build several nests in a small area of forest which are used as sleeping quarters with one being used as a nursery citation needed Reproduction edit Captive breeding of the Malayan giant squirrel a close relative has indicated births in March April September and December The young weigh 74 5 g at birth and have a length of 27 3 cm In Canara the Indian Giant Squirrel has been spotted with young in March citation needed Recognition editThe Indian giant squirrel shekaru in Marathi is the state animal of the state of Maharashtra in western India 19 See also editIndian giant flying squirrelReferences edit a b c d e f Molur S 2016 Ratufa indica IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T19378A22262028 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 2 RLTS T19378A22262028 en Retrieved 19 November 2021 Appendices CITES cites org Archived from the original on 5 December 2017 Retrieved 14 January 2022 a b c Thorington R W Jr Hoffmann R S 2005 Ratufa indica In Wilson D E Reeder D M eds Mammal Species of the World A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference 3rd ed The Johns Hopkins University Press pp 754 818 ISBN 0 8018 8221 4 OCLC 26158608 Archived from the original on 20 June 2013 Retrieved 21 February 2010 a b c d Datta amp Goyal 1996 p 394 a b c d e f g h Thorington R W Jr J L Koprowski M A Steele J F Whatton 2012 Squirrels of the World Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press pp 26 27 ISBN 978 1 4214 0469 1 Pradhan A K Shrotriya S Rout S D Dash P K 2017 Nesting and feeding habits of the Indian giant squirrel Ratufa indica in Karlapat wildlife sanctuary India PDF Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 40 1 63 69 doi 10 32800 abc 2017 40 0063 Archived PDF from the original on 20 October 2020 Retrieved 11 September 2020 Nowak R M ed 1999 Walker s Mammals of the World Vol 2 6 ed pp 1274 1275 ISBN 978 0 8018 5789 8 a b c d e f g h i Abdulali H J C Daniel 1952 Races of the Indian giant squirrel Ratufa indica Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 50 469 474 a b c d Tritsch 2001 pp 132 133 Prater 1971 pp 24 25 a b Corbet Gordon Barclay Hill John Edwards 1992 The mammals of the Indomalayan Region a systematic review Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 854693 9 OCLC 25281229 Abdulali H J C Daniel 1953 A colour variation and albinism in the giant squirrel Ratufa indica The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 51 731 Erxleben Johann Christian Polykarp 1777 Systema regni animalis per classes ordines genera species varietates cum synonymia et historia animalium Classis I Mammalia Animal kingdom system by class order genus species varieties with synonyms and animals history Class I Mammalia in Latin Vol 42 Leipzig Germany Impensis Weygandianis OCLC 14843832 Ryley Kathleen V 1913 Scientific results from the mammals survey Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society Mumbai India Bombay Natural History Society 22 434 443 ISSN 0006 6982 OCLC 1536710 Schreber Johann Christian Daniel von 1792 Chapter on The Squirrel first published in 1784 Der Springer The Squirrel Die Saugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen The Mammals in illustrations after nature with descriptions in German Vol 3 Erlangen Wolfgang Walther OCLC 16860541 Kannan R 1994 Forest Eagle Owl Bubo nipalensis Hodgson a predator of the Indian Giant Squirrel Ratufa indica Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 91 454 Justice James Ratufa indica Indian Giant Squirrel Animal Diversity Web Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 Retrieved 4 November 2015 Indian giant squirrel Ratufa indica Arkive Archived from the original on 13 January 2012 Retrieved 25 February 2010 List of Indian States and their Symbols jagranjosh com 14 August 2017 Archived from the original on 17 October 2019 Retrieved 17 October 2019 Datta Aparajita Goyal S P 1996 Comparison of Forest Structure and Use by the Indian Giant Squirrel Ratufa indica in Two Riverine Forests of Central India Biotropica 28 3 394 399 doi 10 2307 2389203 JSTOR 2389203 Prater S H 1971 The book of Indian Animals Mumbai Bombay Natural History Society and Oxford University Press Pp xxiii 324 28 color plates by Paul Barruel ISBN 0 19 562169 7 Tritsch Mark F 2001 Wildlife of India London Harper Collins Publishers Pp 192 ISBN 0 00 711062 6Further reading editBlanford W T 1897 The large Indian squirrel Sciurus indicus Erx and its local races and sub species Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 11 2 298 305 Borges Renee M 1993 Figs Malabar Giant Squirrels and Fruit Shortages Within Two Tropical Indian Forests PDF Biotropica 25 2 183 190 doi 10 2307 2389182 JSTOR 2389182 S2CID 87414158 archived from the original PDF on 28 December 2019 Moore Joseph Curtis 1960 Squirrel Geography of the Indian Subregion Systematic Zoology 9 1 1 17 doi 10 2307 2411536 JSTOR 2411536 Somanathan Hema Mali Subhash Borges Renee M 2007 Arboreal larder hoarding in tropical Indian giant squirrel Ratufa indica Ecoscience 14 2 165 169 doi 10 2980 1195 6860 2007 14 165 alitti 2 0 co 2Koli Vijay Kumar Bhatnagar Chhaya Mali Dilip 2011 Gliding behaviour of Indian giant flying squirrel Petaurista philippensis Elliot Current Science 100 10 1563 1568 JSTOR 24076679 Srinivas V Venugopal P Dilip Ram Sunita 2008 Site occupancy of the Indian giant squirrel Ratufa indica Erxleben in Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve Tamil Nadu India Current Science 95 7 889 894 JSTOR 24103186 Jathanna Devcharan Kumar N Samba Karanth K Ullas 2008 Measuring Indian giant squirrel Ratufa indica abundance in southern India using distance sampling PDF Current Science 95 7 885 888 JSTOR 24103185 Archived from the original PDF on 3 April 2019 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ratufa indica Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Indian giant squirrel amp oldid 1182724698, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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