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Mother Teresa

May 11, 2023

This article is about the Catholic nun and saint. For other uses, see Mother Teresa (disambiguation).

Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu, MC (pronounced [bɔjaˈdʒiu]; 26 August 1910 – 5 September 1997), better known as Mother Teresa or Saint Mother Teresa of Calcutta, [pron 1] was an Albanian-Indian Catholic nun and the founder of the Missionaries of Charity. She was born Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu[pron 2] in Skopje, part of the Ottoman Empire at the time.[b] At the age of 18, she moved to Ireland and then to India, where she lived most of her life. On 4 September 2016, she was canonised as Saint Teresa of Calcutta. The anniversary of her death, 5 September, is her feast day.

Saint

Teresa of Calcutta

MC
Mother Teresa in 1995
Virgin
BornAnjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu
(1910-08-26)26 August 1910
Üsküp, Kosovo Vilayet, Ottoman Empire (present-day Skopje, North Macedonia)
Died5 September 1997(1997-09-05) (aged 87)
Calcutta, West Bengal, India
Venerated inCatholic Church
Beatified19 October 2003, Saint Peter's Square, Vatican City by Pope John Paul II
Canonized4 September 2016, Saint Peter's Square, Vatican City by Pope Francis
Major shrineMother House of the Missionaries of Charity, Calcutta, West Bengal, India
Feast5 September[1]
Patronage
TitleSuperior general
Personal
ReligionCatholicism
Nationality
DenominationCatholic
Signature
Institute
Senior posting
Period in office1950–1997
SuccessorSr. Nirmala Joshi, MC

Mother Teresa founded Missionaries of Charity, a religious congregation, which grew to have over 4,500 nuns across 133 countries as of 2012.[6] The congregation manages homes for people who are dying of HIV/AIDS, leprosy, and tuberculosis. The congregation also runs soup kitchens, dispensaries, mobile clinics, children's and family counselling programmes, as well as orphanages and schools. Members take vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience and also profess a fourth vow: to give "wholehearted free service to the poorest of the poor."[7]

Mother Teresa received several honours, including the 1962 Ramon Magsaysay Peace Prize and the 1979 Nobel Peace Prize. A controversial figure during her life and after her death, Mother Teresa was admired by many for her charitable work, but was criticised for her views on abortion and contraception, as well as the poor conditions in her houses for the dying. Her authorised biography, written by Navin Chawla, was published in 1992, and she has been the subject of many other works. On 6 September 2017, Mother Teresa and Saint Francis Xavier were named co-patrons of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Calcutta.

Biography

Early life

 
Memorial House of Mother Teresa in her native Skopje

Mother Teresa's given name was Anjezë Gonxhe (or Gonxha)[8][page needed] Bojaxhiu (Albanian: [aˈɲɛzə ˈɡɔndʒɛ bɔjaˈdʒiu]—Anjezë is a cognate of "Agnes"; Gonxhe means "rosebud" or "little flower" in Albanian. She was born on 26 August 1910 into a Kosovar Albanian family[9][10][11] in Skopje, Ottoman Empire (now the capital of North Macedonia).[12][13] She was baptised in Skopje the day after her birth.[8] She later considered 27 August, the day she was baptised, her "true birthday".[12]

She was the youngest child of Nikollë and Dranafile Bojaxhiu (Bernai).[14] Her father, who was involved in Albanian-community politics in Ottoman Macedonia, died in 1919 when she was eight years old.[12][c] He was born in Prizren (today in Kosovo), however, his family was from Mirdita (present-day Albania).[15][16] Her mother may have been from a village near Gjakova,[17] believed by her offspring to be Bishtazhin.[18]

According to a biography by Joan Graff Clucas, Anjezë was in her early years when she became fascinated by stories of the lives of missionaries and their service in Bengal; by age 12, she was convinced that she should commit herself to religious life.[19] Her resolve strengthened on 15 August 1928 as she prayed at the shrine of the Black Madonna of Vitina-Letnice, where she often went on pilgrimages.[20]

Anjezë left home in 1928 at age 18 to join the Sisters of Loreto at Loreto Abbey in Rathfarnham, Ireland, to learn English with the intent of becoming a missionary; English was the language of instruction of the Sisters of Loreto in India.[21] She saw neither her mother nor her sister again.[22] Her family lived in Skopje until 1934, when they moved to Tirana.[23]

She arrived in India in 1929[24] and began her novitiate in Darjeeling, in the lower Himalayas,[25] where she learned Bengali and taught at St. Teresa's School near her convent.[26] She took her first religious vows on 24 May 1931. She chose to be named after Thérèse de Lisieux, the patron saint of missionaries;[27][28] because a nun in the convent had already chosen that name, she opted for its Spanish spelling of Teresa.[29]

Teresa took her solemn vows on 14 May 1937 while she was a teacher at the Loreto convent school in Entally, eastern Calcutta, taking the style of 'Mother' as part of Loreto custom.[12][30][31] She served there for nearly twenty years and was appointed its headmistress in 1944.[32] Although Mother Teresa enjoyed teaching at the school, she was increasingly disturbed by the poverty surrounding her in Calcutta.[33] The Bengal famine of 1943 brought misery and death to the city, and the August 1946 Direct Action Day began a period of Muslim-Hindu violence.[34]

In 1946, during a visit to Darjeeling by train, Mother Teresa felt that she heard the call of her inner conscience to serve the poor of India for Jesus. She asked for and received permission to leave the school. In 1950, she founded the Missionaries of Charity, choosing a white sari with two blue borders as the order's habit.

Missionaries of Charity

Main article: Missionaries of Charity
 
Missionaries of Charity motherhouse in Calcutta

On 10 September 1946, Teresa experienced what she later described as "the call within the call" when she travelled by train to the Loreto convent in Darjeeling from Calcutta for her annual retreat. "I was to leave the convent and help the poor while living among them. It was an order. To fail would have been to break the faith."[35] Joseph Langford later wrote, "Though no one knew it at the time, Sister Teresa had just become Mother Teresa".[36]

She began missionary work with the poor in 1948,[24] replacing her traditional Loreto habit with a simple, white cotton sari with a blue border. Mother Teresa adopted Indian citizenship, spent several months in Patna to receive basic medical training at Holy Family Hospital and ventured into the slums.[37][38] She founded a school in Motijhil, Calcutta, before she began tending to the poor and hungry.[39] At the beginning of 1949, Mother Teresa was joined in her effort by a group of young women, and she laid the foundation for a new religious community helping the "poorest among the poor".[40]

Her efforts quickly caught the attention of Indian officials, including the prime minister.[41] Mother Teresa wrote in her diary that her first year was fraught with difficulty. With no income, she begged for food and supplies and experienced doubt, loneliness and the temptation to return to the comfort of convent life during these early months:

Our Lord wants me to be a free nun covered with the poverty of the cross. Today, I learned a good lesson. The poverty of the poor must be so hard for them. While looking for a home I walked and walked till my arms and legs ached. I thought how much they must ache in body and soul, looking for a home, food and health. Then, the comfort of Loreto [her former congregation] came to tempt me. "You have only to say the word and all that will be yours again", the Tempter kept on saying. ... Of free choice, my God, and out of love for you, I desire to remain and do whatever be your Holy will in my regard. I did not let a single tear come.[42]

 
Missionaries of Charity in traditional saris

On 7 October 1950, Mother Teresa received Vatican permission for the diocesan congregation, which would become the Missionaries of Charity.[43] In her words, it would care for "the hungry, the naked, the homeless, the crippled, the blind, the lepers, all those people who feel unwanted, unloved, uncared for throughout society, people that have become a burden to the society and are shunned by everyone".[44]

In 1952, Mother Teresa opened her first hospice with help from Calcutta officials. She converted an abandoned Hindu temple into the Kalighat Home for the Dying, free for the poor, and renamed it Kalighat, the Home of the Pure Heart (Nirmal Hriday).[45] Those brought to the home received medical attention and the opportunity to die with dignity in accordance with their faith: Muslims were read the Quran, Hindus received water from the Ganges, and Catholics received extreme unction.[46] "A beautiful death", Mother Teresa said, "is for people who lived like animals to die like angels—loved and wanted."[46]

 
Nirmal Hriday, Mother Teresa's Calcutta hospice, in 2007

She opened a hospice for those with leprosy, calling it Shanti Nagar (City of Peace).[47] The Missionaries of Charity established leprosy-outreach clinics throughout Calcutta, providing medication, dressings and food.[48] The Missionaries of Charity took in an increasing number of homeless children; in 1955, Mother Teresa opened Nirmala Shishu Bhavan, the Children's Home of the Immaculate Heart, as a haven for orphans and homeless youth.[49]

The congregation began to attract recruits and donations, and by the 1960s it had opened hospices, orphanages and leper houses throughout India. Mother Teresa then expanded the congregation abroad, opening a house in Venezuela in 1965 with five sisters.[50] Houses followed in Italy (Rome), Tanzania and Austria in 1968, and, during the 1970s, the congregation opened houses and foundations in the United States and dozens of countries in Asia, Africa and Europe.[51]

The Missionaries of Charity Brothers was founded in 1963, and a contemplative branch of the Sisters followed in 1976. Lay Catholics and non-Catholics were enrolled in the Co-Workers of Mother Teresa, the Sick and Suffering Co-Workers, and the Lay Missionaries of Charity. Responding to requests by many priests, in 1981, Mother Teresa founded the Corpus Christi Movement for Priests[52] and with Joseph Langford founded the Missionaries of Charity Fathers in 1984 to combine the vocational aims of the Missionaries of Charity with the resources of the priesthood.[53]

By 1997, the 13-member Calcutta congregation had grown to more than 4,000 sisters who managed orphanages, AIDS hospices and charity centers worldwide, caring for refugees, the blind, disabled, aged, alcoholics, the poor and homeless and victims of floods, epidemics and famine.[54] By 2007, the Missionaries of Charity numbered about 450 brothers and 5,000 sisters worldwide, operating 600 missions, schools and shelters in 120 countries.[55]

International charity

Mother Teresa said, "By blood, I am Albanian. By citizenship, an Indian. By faith, I am a Catholic nun. As to my calling, I belong to the world. As to my heart, I belong entirely to the Heart of Jesus."[4] Fluent in five languages – Bengali,[56] Albanian, Serbian, English and Hindi – she made occasional trips outside India for humanitarian reasons.[57]

At the height of the Siege of Beirut in 1982, Mother Teresa rescued 37 children trapped in a front-line hospital by brokering a temporary cease-fire between the Israeli army and Palestinian guerrillas.[58] Accompanied by Red Cross workers, she travelled through the war zone to the hospital to evacuate the young patients.[59]

When Eastern Europe experienced increased openness in the late 1980s, Mother Teresa expanded her efforts to Communist countries which had rejected the Missionaries of Charity. She began dozens of projects, undeterred by criticism of her stands against abortion and divorce: "No matter who says what, you should accept it with a smile and do your own work." She visited Armenia after the 1988 earthquake[60] and met with Soviet Premier Nikolai Ryzhkov.[61]

Mother Teresa travelled to assist the hungry in Ethiopia, radiation victims at Chernobyl and earthquake victims in Armenia.[62][63][64] In 1991 she returned to Albania for the first time, opening a Missionaries of Charity Brothers home in Tirana.[65]

By 1996, the Missionaries of Charity operated 517 missions in over 100 countries.[66] The number of sisters in the Missionaries of Charity grew from twelve to thousands, serving the "poorest of the poor" in 450 centres worldwide. The first Missionaries of Charity home in the United States was established in the South Bronx area of New York City, and by 1984 the congregation operated 19 establishments throughout the country.[67]

Declining health and death

Mother Teresa had a heart attack in Rome in 1983 while she was visiting Pope John Paul II. Following a second attack in 1989, she received a pacemaker.[68] In 1991, after a bout of pneumonia in Mexico, she had additional heart problems. Although Mother Teresa offered to resign as head of the Missionaries of Charity, in a secret ballot the sisters of the congregation voted for her to stay, and she agreed to continue.[69]

In April 1996, Mother Teresa fell, breaking her collarbone, and four months later she had malaria and heart failure. Although she underwent heart surgery, her health was clearly declining. According to Archbishop of Calcutta Henry Sebastian D'Souza, he ordered a priest to perform an exorcism (with her permission) when she was first hospitalised with cardiac problems because he thought she might be under attack by the devil.[70]

On 13 March 1997, Mother Teresa resigned as head of the Missionaries of Charity. She died on 5 September.[71][72] At the time of her death, the Missionaries of Charity had over 4,000 sisters and an associated brotherhood of 300 members operating 610 missions in 123 countries.[73] These included hospices and homes for people with HIV/AIDS, leprosy and tuberculosis, soup kitchens, children's and family counselling programmes, orphanages and schools. The Missionaries of Charity were aided by co-workers numbering over one million by the 1990s.[74]

Mother Teresa lay in repose in an open casket in St Thomas, Calcutta, for a week before her funeral. She received a state funeral from the Indian government in gratitude for her service to the poor of all religions in the country.[75] Cardinal Secretary of State Angelo Sodano, the Pope's representative, delivered the homily at the service.[76] Mother Teresa's death was mourned in the secular and religious communities. Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif called her "a rare and unique individual who lived long for higher purposes. Her life-long devotion to the care of the poor, the sick, and the disadvantaged was one of the highest examples of service to our humanity."[77] According to former U.N. Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, "She is the United Nations. She is peace in the world."[77]

Recognition and reception

India

From the Indian government, under the name of Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu, Mother Teresa was issued a diplomatic passport.[78] She received the Padma Shri in 1962 and the Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding in 1969.[79] She later received other Indian awards, including the Bharat Ratna (India's highest civilian award) in 1980.[80] Mother Teresa's official biography, by Navin Chawla, was published in 1992.[81] In Calcutta, she is worshipped as a deity by some Hindus.[82]

To commemorate the 100th anniversary of her birth, the government of India issued a special ₹5 coin (the amount of money Mother Teresa had when she arrived in India) on 28 August 2010. President Pratibha Patil said, "Clad in a white sari with a blue border, she and the sisters of Missionaries of Charity became a symbol of hope to many—namely, the aged, the destitute, the unemployed, the diseased, the terminally ill, and those abandoned by their families."[83]

Indian views of Mother Teresa are not uniformly favourable. Aroup Chatterjee, a physician born and raised in Calcutta who was an activist in the city's slums for years around 1980 before moving to the UK, said that he "never even saw any nuns in those slums".[84] His research, involving more than 100 interviews with volunteers, nuns and others familiar with the Missionaries of Charity, was described in a 2003 book critical of Mother Teresa.[84] Chatterjee criticized her for promoting a "cult of suffering" and a distorted, negative image of Calcutta, exaggerating work done by her mission and misusing funds and privileges at her disposal.[84][85] According to him, some of the hygiene problems he had criticized (such as the reuse of needles) improved after Mother Teresa's death in 1997.[84]

Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya, mayor of Calcutta from 2005 to 2010, said that "she had no significant impact on the poor of this city", glorified illness instead of treating it and misrepresented the city: "No doubt there was poverty in Calcutta, but it was never a city of lepers and beggars, as Mother Teresa presented it."[86] On the Hindu right, the Bharatiya Janata Party clashed with Mother Teresa over the Christian Dalits but praised her in death and sent a representative to her funeral.[87] Vishwa Hindu Parishad, however, opposed the government decision to grant her a state funeral. Secretary Giriraj Kishore said that "her first duty was to the Church and social service was incidental", accusing her of favouring Christians and conducting "secret baptisms" of the dying.[88][89] In a front-page tribute, the Indian fortnightly Frontline dismissed the charges as "patently false" and said that they had "made no impact on the public perception of her work, especially in Calcutta". Praising her "selfless caring", energy and bravery, the author of the tribute criticised Teresa's public campaign against abortion and her claim to be non-political.[90]

In February 2015 Mohan Bhagwat, leader of the Hindu right-wing organisation Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, said that Mother Teresa's objective was "to convert the person, who was being served, into a Christian".[91] Former RSS spokesperson M. G. Vaidhya supported Bhagwat's assessment, and the organisation accused the media of "distorting facts about Bhagwat's remarks". Trinamool Congress MP Derek O'Brien, CPI leader Atul Anjan and Delhi chief minister Arvind Kejriwal protested Bhagwat's statement.[92] In 1991[93] the country's first modern University, Senate of Serampore College (University) awarded a honorary doctorate during registrarship of D. S. Satyaranjan.

Elsewhere

 
President Ronald Reagan presents Mother Teresa with the Presidential Medal of Freedom at a White House ceremony as First Lady Nancy Reagan looks on, 20 June 1985.

Mother Teresa received the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Peace and International Understanding, given for work in South or East Asia, in 1962. According to its citation, "The Board of Trustees recognises her merciful cognisance of the abject poor of a foreign land, in whose service she has led a new congregation".[94] By the early 1970s, Mother Teresa was an international celebrity. She had been catapulted to fame via Malcolm Muggeridge's 1969 BBC documentary, Something Beautiful for God, before he released a 1971 book of the same name.[95] Muggeridge was undergoing a spiritual journey of his own at the time.[96] During filming, footage shot in poor lighting (particularly at the Home for the Dying) was thought unlikely to be usable by the crew; the crew had been using new, untested photographic film. In England, the footage was found to be extremely well-lit and Muggeridge called it a miracle of "divine light" from Teresa.[97] Other crew members said that it was due to a new type of ultra-sensitive Kodak film.[98] Muggeridge later converted to Catholicism.[99]

Around this time, the Catholic world began to honour Mother Teresa publicly. Pope Paul VI gave her the inaugural Pope John XXIII Peace Prize in 1971, commending her work with the poor, her display of Christian charity and her efforts for peace.[100] She received the Pacem in Terris Award in 1976.[101] After her death, Teresa progressed rapidly on the road to sainthood.

 
Mother Teresa with Michèle Duvalier in January 1981.

She was honoured by governments and civilian organisations and appointed an honorary Companion of the Order of Australia in 1982 "for service to the community of Australia and humanity at large".[102] The United Kingdom and the United States bestowed a number of awards, culminating in the Order of Merit in 1983 and honorary citizenship of the United States on 16 November 1996.[103] Mother Teresa's Albanian homeland gave her the Golden Honour of the Nation in 1994,[90] but her acceptance of this and the Haitian Legion of Honour was controversial. Mother Teresa was criticised for implicitly supporting the Duvaliers and corrupt businessmen such as Charles Keating and Robert Maxwell; she wrote to the judge of Keating's trial requesting clemency.[90][104]

Universities in India and the West granted her honorary degrees.[90] Other civilian awards included the Balzan Prize for promoting humanity, peace and brotherhood among peoples (1978)[105] and the Albert Schweitzer International Prize (1975).[106] In April 1976, Mother Teresa visited the University of Scranton in northeastern Pennsylvania, where she received the La Storta Medal for Human Service from university president William J. Byron.[107] She challenged an audience of 4,500 to "know poor people in your own home and local neighbourhood", feeding others or simply spreading joy and love.[108] Mother Teresa continued: "The poor will help us grow in sanctity, for they are Christ in the guise of distress".[107] In August 1987, Mother Teresa received an honorary doctor of social science degree from the university in recognition of her service and her ministry to help the destitute and sick.[109] She spoke to over 4,000 students and members of the Diocese of Scranton[110] about her service to the "poorest of the poor", telling them to "do small things with great love".[111]

During her lifetime, Mother Teresa was among the top 10 women in the annual Gallup's most admired man and woman poll 18 times, finishing first several times in the 1980s and 1990s.[112] In 1999 she headed Gallup's List of Most Widely Admired People of the 20th Century,[113] out-polling all other volunteered answers by a wide margin. She was first in all major demographic categories except the very young.[113][114]

Nobel Peace Prize

External video
  Mother Teresa's 1979 Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech

In 1979, Mother Teresa received the Nobel Peace Prize "for work undertaken in the struggle to overcome poverty and distress, which also constitutes a threat to peace".[115] She refused the conventional ceremonial banquet for laureates, asking that its $192,000 cost be given to the poor in India[116] and saying that earthly rewards were important only if they helped her to help the world's needy. When Mother Teresa received the prize she was asked, "What can we do to promote world peace?" She answered, "Go home and love your family." Building on this theme in her Nobel lecture, she said: "Around the world, not only in the poor countries, but I found the poverty of the West so much more difficult to remove. When I pick up a person from the street, hungry, I give him a plate of rice, a piece of bread, I have satisfied. I have removed that hunger. But a person that is shut out, that feels unwanted, unloved, terrified, the person that has been thrown out from society – that poverty is so hurtable [sic] and so much, and I find that very difficult."

Social and political views

Mother Teresa singled out abortion as "the greatest destroyer of peace today. Because if a mother can kill her own child – what is left for me to kill you and you kill me – there is nothing between."[117]

Barbara Smoker of the secular humanist magazine The Freethinker criticised Mother Teresa after the Peace Prize award, saying that her promotion of Catholic moral teachings on abortion and contraception diverted funds from effective methods to solve India's problems.[118] At the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, Mother Teresa said: "Yet we can destroy this gift of motherhood, especially by the evil of abortion, but also by thinking that other things like jobs or positions are more important than loving."[119]

Criticism

Main article: Criticism of Mother Teresa

According to a paper by Canadian academics Serge Larivée, Geneviève Chénard and Carole Sénéchal, Mother Teresa's clinics received millions of dollars in donations but lacked medical care, systematic diagnosis, necessary nutrition and sufficient analgesics for those in pain;[120] in the opinion of the three academics, "Mother Teresa believed the sick must suffer like Christ on the cross".[121] It was said that the additional money might have transformed the health of the city's poor by creating advanced palliative care facilities.[122][123]

One of Mother Teresa's most outspoken critics was English journalist and antitheist Christopher Hitchens, host of the documentary Hell's Angel (1994) and author of the essay The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice (1995) who wrote in a 2003 article: "This returns us to the medieval corruption of the church, which sold indulgences to the rich while preaching hellfire and continence to the poor. [Mother Teresa] was not a friend of the poor. She was a friend of poverty. She said that suffering was a gift from God. She spent her life opposing the only known cure for poverty, which is the empowerment of women and the emancipation of them from a livestock version of compulsory reproduction."[124] He accused her of hypocrisy for choosing advanced treatment for her heart condition.[125][126] Hitchens said that "her intention was not to help people", and that she lied to donors about how their contributions were used. "It was by talking to her that I discovered, and she assured me, that she wasn't working to alleviate poverty", he said, "She was working to expand the number of Catholics. She said, 'I'm not a social worker. I don't do it for this reason. I do it for Christ. I do it for the church'".[127] Although Hitchens thought he was the only witness called by the Holy See, Aroup Chatterjee (author of Mother Teresa: The Untold Story) was also called to present evidence opposing Mother Teresa's beatification and canonisation.[128]

In 1994, Mother Teresa argued that the sexual abuse allegations against Jesuit priest Donald McGuire were untrue. When he was convicted of sexually molesting multiple children in 2006, Mother Teresa's defense of him was criticised.[129][130]

Abortion-rights groups have also criticised Mother Teresa's stance against abortion and contraception.[131][132][133]

Spiritual life

Analysing her deeds and achievements, Pope John Paul II said: "Where did Mother Teresa find the strength and perseverance to place herself completely at the service of others? She found it in prayer and in the silent contemplation of Jesus Christ, his Holy Face, his Sacred Heart."[134] Privately, Mother Teresa experienced doubts and struggle in her religious beliefs which lasted nearly 50 years, until the end of her life.[135] Mother Teresa expressed grave doubts about God's existence and pain over her lack of faith:

Where is my faith? Even deep down [...] there is nothing but emptiness and darkness. [...] If there be God – please forgive me. When I try to raise my thoughts to Heaven, there is such convicting emptiness that those very thoughts return like sharp knives and hurt my very soul.[136]

 
Plaque dedicated to Mother Teresa in Wenceslas Square, Olomouc, Czech Republic

Other saints (including Teresa's namesake Thérèse of Lisieux, who called it a "night of nothingness") had similar experiences of spiritual dryness.[137] According to James Langford, these doubts were typical and would not be an impediment to canonisation.[137]

After ten years of doubt, Mother Teresa described a brief period of renewed faith. After Pope Pius XII's death in 1958, she was praying for him at a requiem mass when she was relieved of "the long darkness: that strange suffering." However, five weeks later her spiritual dryness returned.[138]

Mother Teresa wrote many letters to her confessors and superiors over a 66-year period, most notably to Calcutta Archbishop Ferdinand Perier and Jesuit priest Celeste van Exem (her spiritual advisor since the formation of the Missionaries of Charity).[139] She requested that her letters be destroyed, concerned that "people will think more of me – less of Jesus."[96][140]

 
Semi-abstract painting honouring Mother Teresa

However, the correspondence was compiled in Mother Teresa: Come Be My Light.[96][141] Mother Teresa wrote to spiritual confidant Michael van der Peet, "Jesus has a very special love for you. [But] as for me, the silence and the emptiness is so great, that I look and do not see – listen and do not hear – the tongue moves [in prayer] but does not speak. [...] I want you to pray for me – that I let Him have [a] free hand."

In Deus caritas est (his first encyclical), Pope Benedict XVI mentioned Mother Teresa three times and used her life to clarify one of the encyclical's main points: "In the example of Blessed Teresa of Calcutta we have a clear illustration of the fact that time devoted to God in prayer not only does not detract from effective and loving service to our neighbour but is in fact the inexhaustible source of that service."[142] She wrote, "It is only by mental prayer and spiritual reading that we can cultivate the gift of prayer."[143]

Although her order was not connected with the Franciscan orders, Mother Teresa admired Francis of Assisi[144] and was influenced by Franciscan spirituality. The Sisters of Charity recite the prayer of Saint Francis every morning at Mass during the thanksgiving after Communion, and their emphasis on ministry and many of their vows are similar.[144] Francis emphasised poverty, chastity, obedience and submission to Christ. He devoted much of his life to serving the poor, particularly lepers.[145]

Canonization

Miracle and beatification

After Mother Teresa's death in 1997, the Holy See began the process of beatification (the second of three steps towards canonization) and Brian Kolodiejchuk was appointed postulator by the Diocese of Calcutta. Although he said, "We didn't have to prove that she was perfect or never made a mistake", he had to prove that Mother Teresa's virtue was heroic. Kolodiejchuk submitted 76 documents, totalling 35,000 pages, which were based on interviews with 113 witnesses who were asked to answer 263 questions.[146]

 
Stained glass depiction of key moments in the lifetime of Mother Teresa at the Cathedral of Saint Mother Teresa in Prishtina, Kosovo

The process of canonisation requires the documentation of a miracle resulting from the intercession of the prospective saint.[147] In 2002 the Vatican recognised as a miracle the healing of a tumour in the abdomen of Monica Besra, an Indian woman, after the application of a locket containing Teresa's picture. According to Besra, a beam of light emanated from the picture and her cancerous tumour was cured; however, her husband and some of her medical staff said that conventional medical treatment eradicated the tumour.[148] Ranjan Mustafi, who told The New York Times he had treated Besra, said that the cyst was caused by tuberculosis: "It was not a miracle ... She took medicines for nine months to one year."[149] According to Besra's husband, "My wife was cured by the doctors and not by any miracle [...] This miracle is a hoax."[150] Besra said that her medical records, including sonograms, prescriptions and physicians' notes, were confiscated by Sister Betta of the Missionaries of Charity. According to Time, calls to Sister Betta and the office of Sister Nirmala (Teresa's successor as head of the order) produced no comment. Officials at Balurghat Hospital, where Besra sought medical treatment, said that they were pressured by the order to call her cure miraculous.[150] In February 2000, former West Bengal health minister Partho De ordered a review of Besra's medical records at the Department of Health in Calcutta. According to De, there was nothing unusual about her illness and cure based on her lengthy treatment. He said that he had refused to give the Vatican the name of a doctor who would certify that Monica Besra's healing was a miracle.[151]

During Mother Teresa's beatification and canonisation, the Vatican studied published and unpublished criticism of her life and work. Christopher Hitchens and Chatterjee (author of The Final Verdict, a book critical of Mother Teresa) spoke to the tribunal; according to Vatican officials, the allegations raised were investigated by the Congregation for the Causes of Saints.[146] The group found no obstacle to Mother Teresa's canonisation, and issued its nihil obstat on 21 April 1999.[152][153] Because of the attacks on her, some Catholic writers called her a sign of contradiction.[154] Mother Teresa was beatified on 19 October 2003, and was known by Catholics as "Blessed".[155]

Canonization

On 17 December 2015, the Vatican Press Office confirmed that Pope Francis recognised a second miracle attributed to Mother Teresa: the healing of a Brazilian man with multiple brain tumours back in 2008.[156] The miracle first came to the attention of the postulation (officials managing the cause) during the events of World Youth Day 2013 when the pope was in Brazil that July. A subsequent investigation took place in Brazil from 19–26 June 2015 which was later transferred to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints who issued a decree recognizing the investigation to be completed.[156]

Pope Francis canonised her at a ceremony on 4 September 2016 in St. Peter's Square in Vatican City. Tens of thousands of people witnessed the ceremony, including 15 government delegations and 1,500 homeless people from across Italy.[157][158] It was televised live on the Vatican channel and streamed online; Skopje, Mother Teresa's hometown, announced a week-long celebration of her canonisation.[157] In India, a special Mass was celebrated by the Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta.[158]

Co-Patron of Calcutta Archdiocese

On 4 September 2017, during a celebration honouring the 1st anniversary of her canonisation, Sister Mary Prema Pierick, Superior-General of the Missionaries of Charity, announced that Mother Teresa would be made the co-patron of the Calcutta Archdiocese during a Mass in the Cathedral of the Most Holy Rosary on 6 September 2017.[159] On 5 September 2017, Archbishop Thomas D'Souza, who serves as head of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Calcutta, confirmed that Mother Teresa would be named co-patron of the Calcutta Diocese, alongside Francis Xavier.[160][161] On 6 September 2017, about 500 people attended the Mass at a cathedral where Dominique Gomes, the local Vicar General,[162] read the decree instituting her as the second patron saint of the archdiocese.[163] The ceremony was also presided over by D'Souza and the Vatican's ambassador to India, Giambattista Diquattro, who lead the Mass and inaugurated a bronze statue in the church of Mother Teresa carrying a child.[163]

The Catholic Church declared St. Francis Xavier the first patron saint of Calcutta in 1986.[163]

Legacy and depictions in popular culture

Commemorations

Main article: Commemorations of Mother Teresa

Mother Teresa has been commemorated by museums and named the patroness of a number of churches. She has had buildings, roads and complexes named after her, including Albania's international airport. Mother Teresa Day (Dita e Nënë Terezës), 5 September, is a public holiday in Albania. In 2009, the Memorial House of Mother Teresa was opened in her hometown of Skopje, North Macedonia. The Cathedral of Blessed Mother Teresa in Pristina, Kosovo, is named in her honour.[164] The demolition of a historic high school building to make way for the new construction initially sparked controversy in the local community, but the high school was later relocated to a new, more spacious campus. Consecrated on 5 September 2017, it became the first cathedral in Mother Teresa's honour and the second extant one in Kosovo.[165]

Mother Teresa Women's University,[166] in Kodaikanal, was established in 1984 as a public university by the government of Tamil Nadu. The Mother Teresa Postgraduate and Research Institute of Health Sciences,[167] in Pondicherry, was established in 1999 by the government of Puducherry. The charitable organisation Sevalaya runs the Mother Teresa Girls Home, providing poor and orphaned girls near the underserved village of Kasuva in Tamil Nadu with free food, clothing, shelter and education.[168] A number of tributes by Mother Teresa's biographer, Navin Chawla, have appeared in Indian newspapers and magazines.[169][170][171] Indian Railways introduced the "Mother Express", a new train named after Mother Teresa, on 26 August 2010 to commemorate the centenary of her birth.[172] The Tamil Nadu government organised centenary celebrations honouring Mother Teresa on 4 December 2010 in Chennai, headed by chief minister M Karunanidhi.[173][174] Beginning on 5 September 2013, the anniversary of her death has been designated the International Day of Charity by the United Nations General Assembly.[175]

In 2012, Mother Teresa was ranked number 5 in Outlook India's poll of the Greatest Indian.[176]

Film and literature

Documentaries and books

Dramatic films and television

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Albanian: Nënë Tereza; Bengali: Mādāra ṭērēsā[a]
  2. ^ pronounced [aˈɲɛzə ˈɡɔndʒɛ bɔjaˈdʒiu]
  1. ^ Bengali is the main language besides English in Calcutta
  2. ^ After World War I and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, Skopje became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, for the duration of Teresa's childhood. Since the 1990s, Skopje has been the capital of North Macedonia.
  3. ^ Although some sources state she was 10 when her father died, in an interview with her brother, the Vatican documents her age at the time as "about eight".

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External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mother Teresa.
 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Mother Teresa.
  • Official website
  • Mother Teresa memorial with gallery (in Russian)
  • Mother Teresa on Nobelprize.org  
  • Mother Teresa collected news and commentary at The New York Times
  • Appearances on C-SPAN
  • at Missionaries of Charity Fathers
  • "Whatsoever You Do ..." Speech at National Prayer Breakfast. Washington, D.C.: Priests for Life. 3 February 1994.
  • Noonan, Peggy (February 1998). . Crisis. 16 (2): 12–17. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2015. Mother Teresa broke almost all the rules of good speech writing during her National Prayer Breakfast address in 1994, but delivered an enormously powerful and deeply memorable speech.
  • Parenti, Michael (22 October 2007). "Mother Teresa, John Paul II, and the Fast-Track Saints". Common Dreams.
  • Mother Teresa contrasts:
    • Van Biema, David (23 August 2007). "Mother Teresa's Crisis of Faith". Time. Jesus has a very special love for you. [But] as for me – The silence and the emptiness is so great – that I look and do not see, –Listen and do not hear.
    • "From Sister to Mother to Saint: The journey of Mother Teresa". News Karnataka. 31 August 2016. By blood, I am Albanian. By citizenship, an Indian. By faith, I am a Catholic nun. As to my calling, I belong to the world. As to my heart, I belong entirely to the Heart of Jesus.
Catholic Church titles
New creation Superior General of the Missionaries of Charity
1950–1997 		Succeeded by
Sister Nirmala Joshi, M.C.
Awards
Preceded by Ramon Magsaysay Award
1962 		Succeeded by
New award Templeton Prize
1973 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Nobel Peace Prize
1979 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Bharat Ratna
1980 		Succeeded by

May 11, 2023
mother, teresa, this, article, about, catholic, saint, other, uses, disambiguation, mary, teresa, bojaxhiu, pronounced, bɔjaˈdʒiu, august, 1910, september, 1997, better, known, saint, calcutta, pron, albanian, indian, catholic, founder, missionaries, charity, . This article is about the Catholic nun and saint For other uses see Mother Teresa disambiguation Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu MC pronounced bɔjaˈdʒiu 26 August 1910 5 September 1997 better known as Mother Teresa or Saint Mother Teresa of Calcutta pron 1 was an Albanian Indian Catholic nun and the founder of the Missionaries of Charity She was born Anjeze Gonxhe Bojaxhiu pron 2 in Skopje part of the Ottoman Empire at the time b At the age of 18 she moved to Ireland and then to India where she lived most of her life On 4 September 2016 she was canonised as Saint Teresa of Calcutta The anniversary of her death 5 September is her feast day SaintTeresa of CalcuttaMCMother Teresa in 1995VirginBornAnjeze Gonxhe Bojaxhiu 1910 08 26 26 August 1910Uskup Kosovo Vilayet Ottoman Empire present day Skopje North Macedonia Died5 September 1997 1997 09 05 aged 87 Calcutta West Bengal IndiaVenerated inCatholic ChurchBeatified19 October 2003 Saint Peter s Square Vatican City by Pope John Paul IICanonized4 September 2016 Saint Peter s Square Vatican City by Pope FrancisMajor shrineMother House of the Missionaries of Charity Calcutta West Bengal IndiaFeast5 September 1 PatronageWorld Youth DayMissionaries of CharityArchdiocese of Calcutta co patron 2 3 TitleSuperior generalPersonalReligionCatholicismNationalityOttoman subject 1910 1912 Serbian subject 1912 1915 Bulgarian subject 1915 1918 Yugoslavian subject 1918 1943 Yugoslavian citizen 1943 1948 Indian subject 1948 1950 Indian citizen 4 1950 1997 Albanian citizen 5 1991 1997 Honorary American citizenship awarded 1996 DenominationCatholicSignatureInstituteSisters of Loreto 1928 1948 Missionaries of Charity 1950 1997 Senior postingPeriod in office1950 1997SuccessorSr Nirmala Joshi MCMother Teresa founded Missionaries of Charity a religious congregation which grew to have over 4 500 nuns across 133 countries as of 2012 update 6 The congregation manages homes for people who are dying of HIV AIDS leprosy and tuberculosis The congregation also runs soup kitchens dispensaries mobile clinics children s and family counselling programmes as well as orphanages and schools Members take vows of chastity poverty and obedience and also profess a fourth vow to give wholehearted free service to the poorest of the poor 7 Mother Teresa received several honours including the 1962 Ramon Magsaysay Peace Prize and the 1979 Nobel Peace Prize A controversial figure during her life and after her death Mother Teresa was admired by many for her charitable work but was criticised for her views on abortion and contraception as well as the poor conditions in her houses for the dying Her authorised biography written by Navin Chawla was published in 1992 and she has been the subject of many other works On 6 September 2017 Mother Teresa and Saint Francis Xavier were named co patrons of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Calcutta Contents 1 Biography 1 1 Early life 1 2 Missionaries of Charity 1 3 International charity 1 4 Declining health and death 2 Recognition and reception 2 1 India 2 2 Elsewhere 2 2 1 Nobel Peace Prize 3 Social and political views 4 Criticism 5 Spiritual life 6 Canonization 6 1 Miracle and beatification 6 2 Canonization 7 Co Patron of Calcutta Archdiocese 8 Legacy and depictions in popular culture 8 1 Commemorations 8 2 Film and literature 8 2 1 Documentaries and books 8 2 2 Dramatic films and television 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Sources 13 External linksBiographyEarly life Memorial House of Mother Teresa in her native Skopje Mother Teresa s given name was Anjeze Gonxhe or Gonxha 8 page needed Bojaxhiu Albanian aˈɲɛze ˈɡɔndʒɛ bɔjaˈdʒiu Anjeze is a cognate of Agnes Gonxhe means rosebud or little flower in Albanian She was born on 26 August 1910 into a Kosovar Albanian family 9 10 11 in Skopje Ottoman Empire now the capital of North Macedonia 12 13 She was baptised in Skopje the day after her birth 8 She later considered 27 August the day she was baptised her true birthday 12 She was the youngest child of Nikolle and Dranafile Bojaxhiu Bernai 14 Her father who was involved in Albanian community politics in Ottoman Macedonia died in 1919 when she was eight years old 12 c He was born in Prizren today in Kosovo however his family was from Mirdita present day Albania 15 16 Her mother may have been from a village near Gjakova 17 believed by her offspring to be Bishtazhin 18 According to a biography by Joan Graff Clucas Anjeze was in her early years when she became fascinated by stories of the lives of missionaries and their service in Bengal by age 12 she was convinced that she should commit herself to religious life 19 Her resolve strengthened on 15 August 1928 as she prayed at the shrine of the Black Madonna of Vitina Letnice where she often went on pilgrimages 20 Anjeze left home in 1928 at age 18 to join the Sisters of Loreto at Loreto Abbey in Rathfarnham Ireland to learn English with the intent of becoming a missionary English was the language of instruction of the Sisters of Loreto in India 21 She saw neither her mother nor her sister again 22 Her family lived in Skopje until 1934 when they moved to Tirana 23 She arrived in India in 1929 24 and began her novitiate in Darjeeling in the lower Himalayas 25 where she learned Bengali and taught at St Teresa s School near her convent 26 She took her first religious vows on 24 May 1931 She chose to be named after Therese de Lisieux the patron saint of missionaries 27 28 because a nun in the convent had already chosen that name she opted for its Spanish spelling of Teresa 29 Teresa took her solemn vows on 14 May 1937 while she was a teacher at the Loreto convent school in Entally eastern Calcutta taking the style of Mother as part of Loreto custom 12 30 31 She served there for nearly twenty years and was appointed its headmistress in 1944 32 Although Mother Teresa enjoyed teaching at the school she was increasingly disturbed by the poverty surrounding her in Calcutta 33 The Bengal famine of 1943 brought misery and death to the city and the August 1946 Direct Action Day began a period of Muslim Hindu violence 34 In 1946 during a visit to Darjeeling by train Mother Teresa felt that she heard the call of her inner conscience to serve the poor of India for Jesus She asked for and received permission to leave the school In 1950 she founded the Missionaries of Charity choosing a white sari with two blue borders as the order s habit Missionaries of Charity Main article Missionaries of Charity Missionaries of Charity motherhouse in Calcutta On 10 September 1946 Teresa experienced what she later described as the call within the call when she travelled by train to the Loreto convent in Darjeeling from Calcutta for her annual retreat I was to leave the convent and help the poor while living among them It was an order To fail would have been to break the faith 35 Joseph Langford later wrote Though no one knew it at the time Sister Teresa had just become Mother Teresa 36 She began missionary work with the poor in 1948 24 replacing her traditional Loreto habit with a simple white cotton sari with a blue border Mother Teresa adopted Indian citizenship spent several months in Patna to receive basic medical training at Holy Family Hospital and ventured into the slums 37 38 She founded a school in Motijhil Calcutta before she began tending to the poor and hungry 39 At the beginning of 1949 Mother Teresa was joined in her effort by a group of young women and she laid the foundation for a new religious community helping the poorest among the poor 40 Her efforts quickly caught the attention of Indian officials including the prime minister 41 Mother Teresa wrote in her diary that her first year was fraught with difficulty With no income she begged for food and supplies and experienced doubt loneliness and the temptation to return to the comfort of convent life during these early months Our Lord wants me to be a free nun covered with the poverty of the cross Today I learned a good lesson The poverty of the poor must be so hard for them While looking for a home I walked and walked till my arms and legs ached I thought how much they must ache in body and soul looking for a home food and health Then the comfort of Loreto her former congregation came to tempt me You have only to say the word and all that will be yours again the Tempter kept on saying Of free choice my God and out of love for you I desire to remain and do whatever be your Holy will in my regard I did not let a single tear come 42 Missionaries of Charity in traditional saris On 7 October 1950 Mother Teresa received Vatican permission for the diocesan congregation which would become the Missionaries of Charity 43 In her words it would care for the hungry the naked the homeless the crippled the blind the lepers all those people who feel unwanted unloved uncared for throughout society people that have become a burden to the society and are shunned by everyone 44 In 1952 Mother Teresa opened her first hospice with help from Calcutta officials She converted an abandoned Hindu temple into the Kalighat Home for the Dying free for the poor and renamed it Kalighat the Home of the Pure Heart Nirmal Hriday 45 Those brought to the home received medical attention and the opportunity to die with dignity in accordance with their faith Muslims were read the Quran Hindus received water from the Ganges and Catholics received extreme unction 46 A beautiful death Mother Teresa said is for people who lived like animals to die like angels loved and wanted 46 Nirmal Hriday Mother Teresa s Calcutta hospice in 2007 She opened a hospice for those with leprosy calling it Shanti Nagar City of Peace 47 The Missionaries of Charity established leprosy outreach clinics throughout Calcutta providing medication dressings and food 48 The Missionaries of Charity took in an increasing number of homeless children in 1955 Mother Teresa opened Nirmala Shishu Bhavan the Children s Home of the Immaculate Heart as a haven for orphans and homeless youth 49 The congregation began to attract recruits and donations and by the 1960s it had opened hospices orphanages and leper houses throughout India Mother Teresa then expanded the congregation abroad opening a house in Venezuela in 1965 with five sisters 50 Houses followed in Italy Rome Tanzania and Austria in 1968 and during the 1970s the congregation opened houses and foundations in the United States and dozens of countries in Asia Africa and Europe 51 The Missionaries of Charity Brothers was founded in 1963 and a contemplative branch of the Sisters followed in 1976 Lay Catholics and non Catholics were enrolled in the Co Workers of Mother Teresa the Sick and Suffering Co Workers and the Lay Missionaries of Charity Responding to requests by many priests in 1981 Mother Teresa founded the Corpus Christi Movement for Priests 52 and with Joseph Langford founded the Missionaries of Charity Fathers in 1984 to combine the vocational aims of the Missionaries of Charity with the resources of the priesthood 53 By 1997 the 13 member Calcutta congregation had grown to more than 4 000 sisters who managed orphanages AIDS hospices and charity centers worldwide caring for refugees the blind disabled aged alcoholics the poor and homeless and victims of floods epidemics and famine 54 By 2007 the Missionaries of Charity numbered about 450 brothers and 5 000 sisters worldwide operating 600 missions schools and shelters in 120 countries 55 International charity Mother Teresa said By blood I am Albanian By citizenship an Indian By faith I am a Catholic nun As to my calling I belong to the world As to my heart I belong entirely to the Heart of Jesus 4 Fluent in five languages Bengali 56 Albanian Serbian English and Hindi she made occasional trips outside India for humanitarian reasons 57 At the height of the Siege of Beirut in 1982 Mother Teresa rescued 37 children trapped in a front line hospital by brokering a temporary cease fire between the Israeli army and Palestinian guerrillas 58 Accompanied by Red Cross workers she travelled through the war zone to the hospital to evacuate the young patients 59 When Eastern Europe experienced increased openness in the late 1980s Mother Teresa expanded her efforts to Communist countries which had rejected the Missionaries of Charity She began dozens of projects undeterred by criticism of her stands against abortion and divorce No matter who says what you should accept it with a smile and do your own work She visited Armenia after the 1988 earthquake 60 and met with Soviet Premier Nikolai Ryzhkov 61 Mother Teresa travelled to assist the hungry in Ethiopia radiation victims at Chernobyl and earthquake victims in Armenia 62 63 64 In 1991 she returned to Albania for the first time opening a Missionaries of Charity Brothers home in Tirana 65 By 1996 the Missionaries of Charity operated 517 missions in over 100 countries 66 The number of sisters in the Missionaries of Charity grew from twelve to thousands serving the poorest of the poor in 450 centres worldwide The first Missionaries of Charity home in the United States was established in the South Bronx area of New York City and by 1984 the congregation operated 19 establishments throughout the country 67 Declining health and death Mother Teresa had a heart attack in Rome in 1983 while she was visiting Pope John Paul II Following a second attack in 1989 she received a pacemaker 68 In 1991 after a bout of pneumonia in Mexico she had additional heart problems Although Mother Teresa offered to resign as head of the Missionaries of Charity in a secret ballot the sisters of the congregation voted for her to stay and she agreed to continue 69 In April 1996 Mother Teresa fell breaking her collarbone and four months later she had malaria and heart failure Although she underwent heart surgery her health was clearly declining According to Archbishop of Calcutta Henry Sebastian D Souza he ordered a priest to perform an exorcism with her permission when she was first hospitalised with cardiac problems because he thought she might be under attack by the devil 70 On 13 March 1997 Mother Teresa resigned as head of the Missionaries of Charity She died on 5 September 71 72 At the time of her death the Missionaries of Charity had over 4 000 sisters and an associated brotherhood of 300 members operating 610 missions in 123 countries 73 These included hospices and homes for people with HIV AIDS leprosy and tuberculosis soup kitchens children s and family counselling programmes orphanages and schools The Missionaries of Charity were aided by co workers numbering over one million by the 1990s 74 Mother Teresa lay in repose in an open casket in St Thomas Calcutta for a week before her funeral She received a state funeral from the Indian government in gratitude for her service to the poor of all religions in the country 75 Cardinal Secretary of State Angelo Sodano the Pope s representative delivered the homily at the service 76 Mother Teresa s death was mourned in the secular and religious communities Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif called her a rare and unique individual who lived long for higher purposes Her life long devotion to the care of the poor the sick and the disadvantaged was one of the highest examples of service to our humanity 77 According to former U N Secretary General Javier Perez de Cuellar She is the United Nations She is peace in the world 77 Recognition and receptionIndia From the Indian government under the name of Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu Mother Teresa was issued a diplomatic passport 78 She received the Padma Shri in 1962 and the Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding in 1969 79 She later received other Indian awards including the Bharat Ratna India s highest civilian award in 1980 80 Mother Teresa s official biography by Navin Chawla was published in 1992 81 In Calcutta she is worshipped as a deity by some Hindus 82 To commemorate the 100th anniversary of her birth the government of India issued a special 5 coin the amount of money Mother Teresa had when she arrived in India on 28 August 2010 President Pratibha Patil said Clad in a white sari with a blue border she and the sisters of Missionaries of Charity became a symbol of hope to many namely the aged the destitute the unemployed the diseased the terminally ill and those abandoned by their families 83 Indian views of Mother Teresa are not uniformly favourable Aroup Chatterjee a physician born and raised in Calcutta who was an activist in the city s slums for years around 1980 before moving to the UK said that he never even saw any nuns in those slums 84 His research involving more than 100 interviews with volunteers nuns and others familiar with the Missionaries of Charity was described in a 2003 book critical of Mother Teresa 84 Chatterjee criticized her for promoting a cult of suffering and a distorted negative image of Calcutta exaggerating work done by her mission and misusing funds and privileges at her disposal 84 85 According to him some of the hygiene problems he had criticized such as the reuse of needles improved after Mother Teresa s death in 1997 84 Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya mayor of Calcutta from 2005 to 2010 said that she had no significant impact on the poor of this city glorified illness instead of treating it and misrepresented the city No doubt there was poverty in Calcutta but it was never a city of lepers and beggars as Mother Teresa presented it 86 On the Hindu right the Bharatiya Janata Party clashed with Mother Teresa over the Christian Dalits but praised her in death and sent a representative to her funeral 87 Vishwa Hindu Parishad however opposed the government decision to grant her a state funeral Secretary Giriraj Kishore said that her first duty was to the Church and social service was incidental accusing her of favouring Christians and conducting secret baptisms of the dying 88 89 In a front page tribute the Indian fortnightly Frontline dismissed the charges as patently false and said that they had made no impact on the public perception of her work especially in Calcutta Praising her selfless caring energy and bravery the author of the tribute criticised Teresa s public campaign against abortion and her claim to be non political 90 In February 2015 Mohan Bhagwat leader of the Hindu right wing organisation Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh said that Mother Teresa s objective was to convert the person who was being served into a Christian 91 Former RSS spokesperson M G Vaidhya supported Bhagwat s assessment and the organisation accused the media of distorting facts about Bhagwat s remarks Trinamool Congress MP Derek O Brien CPI leader Atul Anjan and Delhi chief minister Arvind Kejriwal protested Bhagwat s statement 92 In 1991 93 the country s first modern University Senate of Serampore College University awarded a honorary doctorate during registrarship of D S Satyaranjan Elsewhere President Ronald Reagan presents Mother Teresa with the Presidential Medal of Freedom at a White House ceremony as First Lady Nancy Reagan looks on 20 June 1985 Mother Teresa received the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Peace and International Understanding given for work in South or East Asia in 1962 According to its citation The Board of Trustees recognises her merciful cognisance of the abject poor of a foreign land in whose service she has led a new congregation 94 By the early 1970s Mother Teresa was an international celebrity She had been catapulted to fame via Malcolm Muggeridge s 1969 BBC documentary Something Beautiful for God before he released a 1971 book of the same name 95 Muggeridge was undergoing a spiritual journey of his own at the time 96 During filming footage shot in poor lighting particularly at the Home for the Dying was thought unlikely to be usable by the crew the crew had been using new untested photographic film In England the footage was found to be extremely well lit and Muggeridge called it a miracle of divine light from Teresa 97 Other crew members said that it was due to a new type of ultra sensitive Kodak film 98 Muggeridge later converted to Catholicism 99 Around this time the Catholic world began to honour Mother Teresa publicly Pope Paul VI gave her the inaugural Pope John XXIII Peace Prize in 1971 commending her work with the poor her display of Christian charity and her efforts for peace 100 She received the Pacem in Terris Award in 1976 101 After her death Teresa progressed rapidly on the road to sainthood Mother Teresa with Michele Duvalier in January 1981 She was honoured by governments and civilian organisations and appointed an honorary Companion of the Order of Australia in 1982 for service to the community of Australia and humanity at large 102 The United Kingdom and the United States bestowed a number of awards culminating in the Order of Merit in 1983 and honorary citizenship of the United States on 16 November 1996 103 Mother Teresa s Albanian homeland gave her the Golden Honour of the Nation in 1994 90 but her acceptance of this and the Haitian Legion of Honour was controversial Mother Teresa was criticised for implicitly supporting the Duvaliers and corrupt businessmen such as Charles Keating and Robert Maxwell she wrote to the judge of Keating s trial requesting clemency 90 104 Universities in India and the West granted her honorary degrees 90 Other civilian awards included the Balzan Prize for promoting humanity peace and brotherhood among peoples 1978 105 and the Albert Schweitzer International Prize 1975 106 In April 1976 Mother Teresa visited the University of Scranton in northeastern Pennsylvania where she received the La Storta Medal for Human Service from university president William J Byron 107 She challenged an audience of 4 500 to know poor people in your own home and local neighbourhood feeding others or simply spreading joy and love 108 Mother Teresa continued The poor will help us grow in sanctity for they are Christ in the guise of distress 107 In August 1987 Mother Teresa received an honorary doctor of social science degree from the university in recognition of her service and her ministry to help the destitute and sick 109 She spoke to over 4 000 students and members of the Diocese of Scranton 110 about her service to the poorest of the poor telling them to do small things with great love 111 During her lifetime Mother Teresa was among the top 10 women in the annual Gallup s most admired man and woman poll 18 times finishing first several times in the 1980s and 1990s 112 In 1999 she headed Gallup s List of Most Widely Admired People of the 20th Century 113 out polling all other volunteered answers by a wide margin She was first in all major demographic categories except the very young 113 114 Nobel Peace Prize External video Mother Teresa s 1979 Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speechIn 1979 Mother Teresa received the Nobel Peace Prize for work undertaken in the struggle to overcome poverty and distress which also constitutes a threat to peace 115 She refused the conventional ceremonial banquet for laureates asking that its 192 000 cost be given to the poor in India 116 and saying that earthly rewards were important only if they helped her to help the world s needy When Mother Teresa received the prize she was asked What can we do to promote world peace She answered Go home and love your family Building on this theme in her Nobel lecture she said Around the world not only in the poor countries but I found the poverty of the West so much more difficult to remove When I pick up a person from the street hungry I give him a plate of rice a piece of bread I have satisfied I have removed that hunger But a person that is shut out that feels unwanted unloved terrified the person that has been thrown out from society that poverty is so hurtable sic and so much and I find that very difficult Social and political viewsMother Teresa singled out abortion as the greatest destroyer of peace today Because if a mother can kill her own child what is left for me to kill you and you kill me there is nothing between 117 Barbara Smoker of the secular humanist magazine The Freethinker criticised Mother Teresa after the Peace Prize award saying that her promotion of Catholic moral teachings on abortion and contraception diverted funds from effective methods to solve India s problems 118 At the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing Mother Teresa said Yet we can destroy this gift of motherhood especially by the evil of abortion but also by thinking that other things like jobs or positions are more important than loving 119 CriticismMain article Criticism of Mother Teresa According to a paper by Canadian academics Serge Larivee Genevieve Chenard and Carole Senechal Mother Teresa s clinics received millions of dollars in donations but lacked medical care systematic diagnosis necessary nutrition and sufficient analgesics for those in pain 120 in the opinion of the three academics Mother Teresa believed the sick must suffer like Christ on the cross 121 It was said that the additional money might have transformed the health of the city s poor by creating advanced palliative care facilities 122 123 One of Mother Teresa s most outspoken critics was English journalist and antitheist Christopher Hitchens host of the documentary Hell s Angel 1994 and author of the essay The Missionary Position Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice 1995 who wrote in a 2003 article This returns us to the medieval corruption of the church which sold indulgences to the rich while preaching hellfire and continence to the poor Mother Teresa was not a friend of the poor She was a friend of poverty She said that suffering was a gift from God She spent her life opposing the only known cure for poverty which is the empowerment of women and the emancipation of them from a livestock version of compulsory reproduction 124 He accused her of hypocrisy for choosing advanced treatment for her heart condition 125 126 Hitchens said that her intention was not to help people and that she lied to donors about how their contributions were used It was by talking to her that I discovered and she assured me that she wasn t working to alleviate poverty he said She was working to expand the number of Catholics She said I m not a social worker I don t do it for this reason I do it for Christ I do it for the church 127 Although Hitchens thought he was the only witness called by the Holy See Aroup Chatterjee author of Mother Teresa The Untold Story was also called to present evidence opposing Mother Teresa s beatification and canonisation 128 In 1994 Mother Teresa argued that the sexual abuse allegations against Jesuit priest Donald McGuire were untrue When he was convicted of sexually molesting multiple children in 2006 Mother Teresa s defense of him was criticised 129 130 Abortion rights groups have also criticised Mother Teresa s stance against abortion and contraception 131 132 133 Spiritual lifeAnalysing her deeds and achievements Pope John Paul II said Where did Mother Teresa find the strength and perseverance to place herself completely at the service of others She found it in prayer and in the silent contemplation of Jesus Christ his Holy Face his Sacred Heart 134 Privately Mother Teresa experienced doubts and struggle in her religious beliefs which lasted nearly 50 years until the end of her life 135 Mother Teresa expressed grave doubts about God s existence and pain over her lack of faith Where is my faith Even deep down there is nothing but emptiness and darkness If there be God please forgive me When I try to raise my thoughts to Heaven there is such convicting emptiness that those very thoughts return like sharp knives and hurt my very soul 136 Plaque dedicated to Mother Teresa in Wenceslas Square Olomouc Czech Republic Other saints including Teresa s namesake Therese of Lisieux who called it a night of nothingness had similar experiences of spiritual dryness 137 According to James Langford these doubts were typical and would not be an impediment to canonisation 137 After ten years of doubt Mother Teresa described a brief period of renewed faith After Pope Pius XII s death in 1958 she was praying for him at a requiem mass when she was relieved of the long darkness that strange suffering However five weeks later her spiritual dryness returned 138 Mother Teresa wrote many letters to her confessors and superiors over a 66 year period most notably to Calcutta Archbishop Ferdinand Perier and Jesuit priest Celeste van Exem her spiritual advisor since the formation of the Missionaries of Charity 139 She requested that her letters be destroyed concerned that people will think more of me less of Jesus 96 140 Semi abstract painting honouring Mother Teresa However the correspondence was compiled in Mother Teresa Come Be My Light 96 141 Mother Teresa wrote to spiritual confidant Michael van der Peet Jesus has a very special love for you But as for me the silence and the emptiness is so great that I look and do not see listen and do not hear the tongue moves in prayer but does not speak I want you to pray for me that I let Him have a free hand In Deus caritas est his first encyclical Pope Benedict XVI mentioned Mother Teresa three times and used her life to clarify one of the encyclical s main points In the example of Blessed Teresa of Calcutta we have a clear illustration of the fact that time devoted to God in prayer not only does not detract from effective and loving service to our neighbour but is in fact the inexhaustible source of that service 142 She wrote It is only by mental prayer and spiritual reading that we can cultivate the gift of prayer 143 Although her order was not connected with the Franciscan orders Mother Teresa admired Francis of Assisi 144 and was influenced by Franciscan spirituality The Sisters of Charity recite the prayer of Saint Francis every morning at Mass during the thanksgiving after Communion and their emphasis on ministry and many of their vows are similar 144 Francis emphasised poverty chastity obedience and submission to Christ He devoted much of his life to serving the poor particularly lepers 145 CanonizationMiracle and beatification After Mother Teresa s death in 1997 the Holy See began the process of beatification the second of three steps towards canonization and Brian Kolodiejchuk was appointed postulator by the Diocese of Calcutta Although he said We didn t have to prove that she was perfect or never made a mistake he had to prove that Mother Teresa s virtue was heroic Kolodiejchuk submitted 76 documents totalling 35 000 pages which were based on interviews with 113 witnesses who were asked to answer 263 questions 146 Stained glass depiction of key moments in the lifetime of Mother Teresa at the Cathedral of Saint Mother Teresa in Prishtina Kosovo The process of canonisation requires the documentation of a miracle resulting from the intercession of the prospective saint 147 In 2002 the Vatican recognised as a miracle the healing of a tumour in the abdomen of Monica Besra an Indian woman after the application of a locket containing Teresa s picture According to Besra a beam of light emanated from the picture and her cancerous tumour was cured however her husband and some of her medical staff said that conventional medical treatment eradicated the tumour 148 Ranjan Mustafi who told The New York Times he had treated Besra said that the cyst was caused by tuberculosis It was not a miracle She took medicines for nine months to one year 149 According to Besra s husband My wife was cured by the doctors and not by any miracle This miracle is a hoax 150 Besra said that her medical records including sonograms prescriptions and physicians notes were confiscated by Sister Betta of the Missionaries of Charity According to Time calls to Sister Betta and the office of Sister Nirmala Teresa s successor as head of the order produced no comment Officials at Balurghat Hospital where Besra sought medical treatment said that they were pressured by the order to call her cure miraculous 150 In February 2000 former West Bengal health minister Partho De ordered a review of Besra s medical records at the Department of Health in Calcutta According to De there was nothing unusual about her illness and cure based on her lengthy treatment He said that he had refused to give the Vatican the name of a doctor who would certify that Monica Besra s healing was a miracle 151 During Mother Teresa s beatification and canonisation the Vatican studied published and unpublished criticism of her life and work Christopher Hitchens and Chatterjee author of The Final Verdict a book critical of Mother Teresa spoke to the tribunal according to Vatican officials the allegations raised were investigated by the Congregation for the Causes of Saints 146 The group found no obstacle to Mother Teresa s canonisation and issued its nihil obstat on 21 April 1999 152 153 Because of the attacks on her some Catholic writers called her a sign of contradiction 154 Mother Teresa was beatified on 19 October 2003 and was known by Catholics as Blessed 155 Canonization On 17 December 2015 the Vatican Press Office confirmed that Pope Francis recognised a second miracle attributed to Mother Teresa the healing of a Brazilian man with multiple brain tumours back in 2008 156 The miracle first came to the attention of the postulation officials managing the cause during the events of World Youth Day 2013 when the pope was in Brazil that July A subsequent investigation took place in Brazil from 19 26 June 2015 which was later transferred to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints who issued a decree recognizing the investigation to be completed 156 Pope Francis canonised her at a ceremony on 4 September 2016 in St Peter s Square in Vatican City Tens of thousands of people witnessed the ceremony including 15 government delegations and 1 500 homeless people from across Italy 157 158 It was televised live on the Vatican channel and streamed online Skopje Mother Teresa s hometown announced a week long celebration of her canonisation 157 In India a special Mass was celebrated by the Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta 158 Co Patron of Calcutta ArchdioceseOn 4 September 2017 during a celebration honouring the 1st anniversary of her canonisation Sister Mary Prema Pierick Superior General of the Missionaries of Charity announced that Mother Teresa would be made the co patron of the Calcutta Archdiocese during a Mass in the Cathedral of the Most Holy Rosary on 6 September 2017 159 On 5 September 2017 Archbishop Thomas D Souza who serves as head of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Calcutta confirmed that Mother Teresa would be named co patron of the Calcutta Diocese alongside Francis Xavier 160 161 On 6 September 2017 about 500 people attended the Mass at a cathedral where Dominique Gomes the local Vicar General 162 read the decree instituting her as the second patron saint of the archdiocese 163 The ceremony was also presided over by D Souza and the Vatican s ambassador to India Giambattista Diquattro who lead the Mass and inaugurated a bronze statue in the church of Mother Teresa carrying a child 163 The Catholic Church declared St Francis Xavier the first patron saint of Calcutta in 1986 163 Legacy and depictions in popular cultureCommemorations Main article Commemorations of Mother Teresa Tirana International Airport Nene Tereza Mother Teresa has been commemorated by museums and named the patroness of a number of churches She has had buildings roads and complexes named after her including Albania s international airport Mother Teresa Day Dita e Nene Terezes 5 September is a public holiday in Albania In 2009 the Memorial House of Mother Teresa was opened in her hometown of Skopje North Macedonia The Cathedral of Blessed Mother Teresa in Pristina Kosovo is named in her honour 164 The demolition of a historic high school building to make way for the new construction initially sparked controversy in the local community but the high school was later relocated to a new more spacious campus Consecrated on 5 September 2017 it became the first cathedral in Mother Teresa s honour and the second extant one in Kosovo 165 Cathedral of Saint Mother Teresa Prishtine Mother Teresa Women s University 166 in Kodaikanal was established in 1984 as a public university by the government of Tamil Nadu The Mother Teresa Postgraduate and Research Institute of Health Sciences 167 in Pondicherry was established in 1999 by the government of Puducherry The charitable organisation Sevalaya runs the Mother Teresa Girls Home providing poor and orphaned girls near the underserved village of Kasuva in Tamil Nadu with free food clothing shelter and education 168 A number of tributes by Mother Teresa s biographer Navin Chawla have appeared in Indian newspapers and magazines 169 170 171 Indian Railways introduced the Mother Express a new train named after Mother Teresa on 26 August 2010 to commemorate the centenary of her birth 172 The Tamil Nadu government organised centenary celebrations honouring Mother Teresa on 4 December 2010 in Chennai headed by chief minister M Karunanidhi 173 174 Beginning on 5 September 2013 the anniversary of her death has been designated the International Day of Charity by the United Nations General Assembly 175 In 2012 Mother Teresa was ranked number 5 in Outlook India s poll of the Greatest Indian 176 Film and literature Documentaries and books Mother Teresa is the subject of the 1969 documentary film and 1972 book Something Beautiful for God by Malcolm Muggeridge 177 The film has been credited with drawing the Western world s attention to Mother Teresa Christopher Hitchens 1994 documentary Hell s Angel argues that Mother Teresa urged the poor to accept their fate the rich are portrayed as favoured by God 178 179 It was the precursor of Hitchens essay The Missionary Position Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice Mother of The Century 2001 and Mother Teresa 2002 are short documentary films about the life and work of Mother Teresa among the poor of India directed by Amar Kumar Bhattacharya They were produced by the Films Division of the Government of India 180 181 Mother Teresa No Greater Love 2022 is a documentary film featuring unusual access to institutional archives and how her vision to serve Christ among the poor is being implemented through the Missionaries of Charity 182 Dramatic films and television Mother Teresa appeared in Bible Ki Kahaniyan an Indian Christian show based on the Bible which aired on DD National during the early 1990s She introduced some of the episodes laying down the importance of the Bible s message 183 Geraldine Chaplin played Mother Teresa in Mother Teresa In the Name of God s Poor which received a 1997 Art Film Festival award 184 She was played by Olivia Hussey in a 2003 Italian television miniseries Mother Teresa of Calcutta 185 Re released in 2007 it received a CAMIE award 186 Mother Teresa was played by Juliet Stevenson in the 2014 film The Letters which was based on her letters to Vatican priest Celeste van Exem 187 Mother Teresa played by Cara Francis the FantasyGrandma rap battled Sigmund Freud in Epic Rap Battles of History a comedy rap YouTube series created by Nice Peter and Epic Lloyd The rap was released on YouTube 22 September 2019 188 In the 2020 animated film Soul Mother Teresa briefly appears as one of 22 s past mentors See also Christianity portal Religion portalAbdul Sattar Edhi Albanians List of Albanians List of female Nobel laureates The Greatest Indian Roman Catholicism in Albania Roman Catholicism in Kosovo Roman Catholicism in North MacedoniaNotes Albanian Nene Tereza Bengali Madara ṭeresa a pronounced aˈɲɛze ˈɡɔndʒɛ bɔjaˈdʒiu Bengali is the main language besides English in Calcutta After World War I and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire Skopje became part of the Kingdom of Serbs Croats and Slovenes for the duration of Teresa s childhood Since the 1990s Skopje has been the capital of North Macedonia Although some sources state she was 10 when her father died in an interview with her brother the Vatican documents her age at the time as about eight References Canonisation of Mother Teresa September 4th Diocese of Killala September 2016 Archived from the original on 8 September 2016 Retrieved 4 September 2016 Manik Banerjee 6 September 2017 Vatican declares Mother Teresa a patron saint of Calcutta Associated Press ABC News com Archived from the original on 6 September 2017 Retrieved 6 September 2017 Mother Teresa to be named co patron of Calcutta Archdiocese on first canonization anniversary First Post 4 September 2017 Archived from the original on 26 April 2020 Retrieved 5 September 2017 a b Cannon Mae Elise 2013 Just Spirituality How Faith Practices Fuel Social Action InterVarsity Press p 19 ISBN 978 0 8308 3775 5 Archived from the original on 1 February 2022 Retrieved 3 September 2016 When asked about her personal history Mother Teresa said By blood I am Albanian By citizenship an Indian By faith I am a Catholic nun As to my calling I belong to the world As to my heart I belong entirely to the Heart of Jesus shqiptare bota Kur Nene Tereza vinte ne Tirane 2 Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 Retrieved 4 September 2016 Poplin Mary 2011 Finding Calcutta What Mother Teresa Taught Me About Meaningful Work and Service InterVarsity Press p 112 ISBN 978 0 8308 6848 3 Archived from the original on 1 February 2022 Retrieved 3 October 2020 Muggeridge 1971 chapter 3 Mother Teresa Speaks pp 105 113 a b Blessed Are You Mother Teresa and the Beatitudes ed by Eileen Egan and Kathleen Egan O S B MJF Books New York 1992 Group Salisbury 2011 The Salisbury Review Volumes 19 20 InterVarsity Press p 2 ISBN 978 0 8308 3472 3 Archived from the original on 1 February 2022 Retrieved 3 October 2020 Mother Teresa Albanian by birth Mother Teresa www nytimes com Archived from the original on 4 September 2017 Retrieved 18 May 2017 Alpion Gezim 2006 Mother Teresa Saint or Celebrity Taylor amp Francis ISBN 0 203 08751 8 Archived from the original on 1 February 2022 Retrieved 15 November 2014 the nun s mother was born in Prizren in Kosova her family came originally from the Gjakova region also in Kosova a b c d 2002 Mother Teresa of Calcutta 1910 1997 Vatican News Service Retrieved 30 May 2007 The Nobel Peace Prize 1979 Mother Teresa www nobelprize org Archived from the original on 11 October 2014 Retrieved 11 August 2012 Lester Meera 2004 Saints Blessing Fair Winds p 138 ISBN 1 59233 045 2 Retrieved 14 December 2008 Lolja Saimir September 2007 Nene Tereza kater vjet me pas Jeta Katolike Archived from the original on 21 May 2020 Retrieved 25 May 2020 Mehmeti Faton 1 September 2010 Nene Tereza dhe pretendimet sllave per origjinen e saj Telegrafi Archived from the original on 21 May 2020 Retrieved 25 May 2020 Moder Teresa in Danish Archived from the original on 21 May 2017 Retrieved 23 August 2010 Hendes foraeldre var indvandret fra Shkodra i Albanien muligvis stammede faderen fra Prizren moderen fra en landsby i naerheden af Gjakova Alpion Gezim 2020 Mother Teresa The Saint and Her Nation London Bloomsbury Publishing India Pvt Ltd p 103 ISBN 9789389812466 Clucas 1988 p 24harvnb error no target CITEREFClucas1988 help Greene 2004 p 11harvnb error no target CITEREFGreene2004 help Clucas 1988 pp 28 29harvnb error no target CITEREFClucas1988 help Sharn Lori 5 September 1997 Mother Teresa dies at 87 Archived 24 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine USA Today Retrieved 5 September 2016 Allegri Renzo 2011 Conversations with Mother Teresa A Personal Portrait of the Saint ISBN 978 1 59325 415 5 Archived from the original on 23 October 2021 Retrieved 3 October 2020 a b From Sister to Mother to Saint The journey of Mother Teresa The New Indian Express 31 August 2016 Archived from the original on 15 September 2016 Retrieved 3 September 2016 Mother Teresa came to India in 1929 she founded the Missionaries of Charity in 1948 Clucas 1988 p 31harvnb error no target CITEREFClucas1988 help Greene 2004 p 17harvnb error no target CITEREFGreene2004 help Sebba Anne 1997 Mother Teresa Beyond the Image New York Doubleday p 35 ISBN 0 385 48952 8 Blessed Mother Teresa of Calcutta and St Therese of Lisieux Spiritual Sisters in the Night of Faith Thereseoflisieux org 4 September 2007 Archived from the original on 17 September 2018 Retrieved 24 August 2010 Greene 2004 p 18harvnb error no target CITEREFGreene2004 help Spink Kathryn 1997 Mother Teresa A Complete Authorized Biography New York HarperCollins p 16 ISBN 0 06 250825 3 Clucas 1988 p 32harvnb error no target CITEREFClucas1988 help Greene 2004 p 25harvnb error no target CITEREFGreene2004 help Spink Kathryn 1997 Mother Teresa A Complete Authorized Biography New York HarperCollins pp 18 21 ISBN 0 06 250825 3 Spink Kathryn 1997 Mother Teresa A Complete Authorized Biography New York HarperCollins pp 18 21 22 ISBN 0 06 250825 3 Clucas 1988 p 35harvnb error no target CITEREFClucas1988 help Langford Joseph October 2008 Mother Teresa s Secret Fire The Encounter That Changed Her Life and How It Can Transform Your Own Our Sunday Visitor Publishing p 44 ISBN 978 1 59276 309 2 Retrieved 9 September 2011 Clucas 1988 p 39harvnb error no target CITEREFClucas1988 help Blessed Mother Teresa Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Encyclopaedia Britannica Archived from the original on 28 January 2006 Retrieved 20 December 2007 Clucas 1988 pp 48 49harvnb error no target CITEREFClucas1988 help Mother Teresa ReligionFacts www religionfacts com Archived from the original on 27 September 2018 Retrieved 20 December 2016 Williams Paul 2002 Mother Teresa Indianapolis Alpha Books p 57 ISBN 0 02 864278 3 Spink Kathryn 1997 Mother Teresa A Complete Authorized Biography New York HarperCollins p 37 ISBN 0 06 250825 3 Williams Paul 2002 Mother Teresa Indianapolis Alpha Books p 62 ISBN 0 02 864278 3 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Archived from the original on 10 March 2018 Retrieved 14 March 2013 The Religious Community of priests founded by Mother Teresa Missionaries of Charity Fathers Archived from the original on 11 February 2016 Retrieved 6 March 2007 Spink Kathryn 1997 Mother Teresa A Complete Authorized Biography New York HarperCollins p 284 ISBN 0 06 250825 3 Slavicek Louise 2007 Mother Teresa New York Infobase Publishing pp 90 91 ISBN 0 7910 9433 2 Mother Teresa bangalinet com Archived from the original on 19 June 2018 Retrieved 3 September 2012 Top Ten Things to Know About Mother Teresa biographycentral net Archived from the original on 24 August 2011 Retrieved 3 September 2012 CNN Staff Mother Teresa A Profile retrieved from CNN online dead link on 30 May 2007 Clucas 1988 p 17harvnb error no target CITEREFClucas1988 help Milena Faustova 26 August 2010 Russian monument to Mother Teresa Archived from the original on 18 February 2013 Retrieved 13 September 2012 Mother Teresa and Nikolai Ryzhkov 20 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Bojaxhiu s life and work Chawla Navin Mother Teresa Rockport Mass Element Books 1996 ISBN 1 85230 911 3 Chawla Navin Mother Teresa The Authorized Biography Diane Pub Co 1992 ISBN 978 0 7567 5548 5 First published by Sinclair Stevenson UK 1992 since translated into 14 languages in India and abroad Indian language editions include Hindi Bengali Gujarati Malayalam Tamil Telugu and Kannada The foreign language editions include French German Dutch Spanish Italian Polish Japanese and Thai In both Indian and foreign languages there have been multiple editions The bulk of royalty income goes to charity Chawla Navin The miracle of faith article in the Hindu dated 25 August 2007 The miracle of faith Chawla Navin Touch the Poor article in India Today dated 15 September 1997 Touch the Poor Chawla Navin The path to Sainthood article in The Hindu dated Saturday 4 October 2003 The path to Sainthood Usurped Chawla Navin In the shadow of a saint article in The Indian Express dated 5 September 2007 In 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Theory Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion Vol 37 No 2 Jun 1998 pp 205 221 in French Larivee Serge Universite de Montreal Carole Senechal University of Ottawa and Genevieve Chenard Universite de Montreal Les cotes tenebreux de Mere Teresa Studies in Religion Sciences Religieuses September 2013 vol 42 no 3 pp 319 345 Published online before print 15 January 2013 doi 10 1177 0008429812469894 Available at SAGE Journals Le Joly Edward Mother Teresa of Calcutta San Francisco Harper amp Row 1983 ISBN 0 06 065217 9 Livermore Colette Hope Endures Leaving Mother Teresa Losing Faith and Searching for Meaning Free Press 2008 ISBN 1 4165 9361 6 Macpherson C 2009 Undertreating pain violates ethical principles Journal of Medical Ethics Vol 35 No 10 October 2009 pp 603 606 McCarthy Colman The Washington Post 6 September 1997 Nobel Winner Aided the Poorest accessed 2 February 2014 Mehta amp Veerendra Raj amp Vimla Mother Teresa Inspiring Incidents Publications division Ministry of I amp B Govt of India 2004 ISBN 81 230 1167 9 Muggeridge Malcolm Something Beautiful for God London Collins 1971 ISBN 0 06 066043 0 Muntaykkal T T Blessed Mother Teresa Her Journey to Your Heart ISBN 1 903650 61 5 ISBN 0 7648 1110 X Book Review Archived from the original on 9 February 2006 Panke Joan T 2002 Not a Sad Place The American Journal of Nursing Vol 102 No 9 Sep 2002 p 13 Raghu Rai and Navin Chawla Faith and Compassion The Life and Work of Mother Teresa Element Books Ltd 1996 ISBN 978 1 85230 912 1 Translated also into Dutch and Spanish Rajagopal MR Joranson DE and Gilson AM 2001 Medical use misuse and diversion of opioids in India The Lancet Vol 358 14 July 2001 pp 139 143 Rajagopal MR and Joranson DE 2007 India Opioid availability An update The Journal of Pain Symptom Management Vol 33 615 622 Rajagopal MR 2011 interview with the UN Office on Drugs and Crime April 2011 India The principle of balance to make opioids accessible for palliative care Archived 23 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine Scott David A Revolution of Love The Meaning of Mother Teresa Chicago Loyola Press 2005 ISBN 0 8294 2031 2 Sebba Anne Mother Teresa Beyond the Image New York Doubleday 1997 ISBN 0 385 48952 8 Slavicek Louise Mother Teresa New York Infobase Publishing 2007 ISBN 0 7910 9433 2 Smoker Barbara 1 February 1980 Mother Teresa Sacred Cow The Freethinker Archived from the original on 5 September 2014 Retrieved 5 September 2014 Spink Kathryn Mother Teresa A Complete Authorized Biography New York HarperCollins 1997 ISBN 0 06 250825 3 Teresa Mother et al Mother Teresa In My Own Words Gramercy Books 1997 ISBN 0 517 20169 0 Teresa Mother Mother Teresa Come Be My Light The Private Writings of the Saint of Calcutta edited with commentary by Brian Kolodiejchuk New York Doubleday 2007 ISBN 0 385 52037 9 Teresa Mother Where There Is Love There Is God edited and with an introduction by Brian Kolodiejchuk New York Doubleday 2010 ISBN 0 385 53178 8 Williams Paul Mother Teresa Indianapolis Alpha Books 2002 ISBN 0 02 864278 3 Wullenweber Walter Nehmen ist seliger denn geben Mutter Teresa wo sind ihre Millionen Stern illustrated German weekly 10 September 1998 English translation External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mother Teresa Wikiquote has quotations related to Mother Teresa Official website Mother Teresa memorial with gallery in Russian Mother Teresa on Nobelprize org Mother Teresa collected news and commentary at The New York Times Appearances on C SPAN Mother Teresa at Missionaries of Charity Fathers Whatsoever You Do Speech at National Prayer Breakfast Washington D C Priests for Life 3 February 1994 Noonan Peggy February 1998 Still Small Voice Crisis 16 2 12 17 Archived from the original on 11 September 2016 Retrieved 5 March 2015 Mother Teresa broke almost all the rules of good speech writing during her National Prayer Breakfast address in 1994 but delivered an enormously powerful and deeply memorable speech Parenti Michael 22 October 2007 Mother Teresa John Paul II and the Fast Track Saints Common Dreams Mother Teresa contrasts Van Biema David 23 August 2007 Mother Teresa s Crisis of Faith Time Jesus has a very special love for you But as for me The silence and the emptiness is so great that I look and do not see Listen and do not hear From Sister to Mother to Saint The journey of Mother Teresa News Karnataka 31 August 2016 By blood I am Albanian By citizenship an Indian By faith I am a Catholic nun As to my calling I belong to the world As to my heart I belong entirely to the Heart of Jesus Catholic Church titlesNew creation Superior General of the Missionaries of Charity1950 1997 Succeeded bySister Nirmala Joshi M C AwardsPreceded byGenevieve Caulfield Ramon Magsaysay Award1962 Succeeded byPeace CorpsNew award Templeton Prize1973 Succeeded byFrere RogerPreceded byAnwar El Sadat Menachem Begin Nobel Peace Prize1979 Succeeded byAdolfo Perez EsquivelPreceded byK Kamaraj Bharat Ratna1980 Succeeded byVinoba Bhave Retrieved from 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