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Mare (folklore)

October 12, 2023

A mare (Old English: mære, Old Dutch: mare, Proto-Slavic *mara; mara in Old High German, Old Norse, and Swedish) is a malicious entity in Germanic and Slavic folklore that walks on people's chests while they sleep, bringing on nightmares.[1]

The Nightmare, by Henry Fuseli, 1781

Etymology Edit

The word mare comes (through Middle English mare) from the Old English feminine noun mære (which had numerous variant forms, including mare, mere, and mær).[2] These in turn come from Proto-Germanic *marōn. *Marōn is the source of Old Norse: mara, from which are derived Swedish: mara; Icelandic: mara; Faroese: marra; Danish: mare; Norwegian: mare/mara, Dutch: (nacht)merrie, and German: (Nacht)mahr. The -mar in French cauchemar ('nightmare') is borrowed from the Germanic through Old French mare.[1]

Most scholars trace the word back to the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European root *mer-, associated with crushing, pressing and oppressing.[3][4][5] or according to other sources 'to rub away' or 'to harm'.[6] However, other etymologies have been suggested. For example, Éva Pócs saw the term as being cognate with the Greek μόρος (Indo-European *móros), meaning 'doom'.[7][8][9] There is no definite answer among historians about the time of origin of the word. According to the philologist Yeleazar Meletinsky, the Proto-Slavonic root mara passed into the Germanic language no later than the 1st century BC.[10]

In Norwegian and Danish, the words for 'nightmare' are mareritt and mareridt respectively, which can be directly translated as 'mare-ride'. The Icelandic word martröð has the same meaning (-tröð from the verb troða, 'trample', 'stamp on', related to tread), whereas the Swedish mardröm translates as 'mare-dream'.

Beliefs Edit

The mare was believed to ride horses, which left them exhausted and covered in sweat by the morning. She could also entangle the hair of the sleeping man or beast, resulting in "marelocks", called marflätor ('mare-braids') or martovor ('mare-tangles') in Swedish or marefletter and marefloker in Norwegian. The belief probably originated as an explanation to the Polish plait phenomenon, a hair disease.

Even trees were thought to be ridden by the mare, resulting in branches being entangled. The undersized, twisted pine-trees growing on coastal rocks and on wet grounds are known in Sweden as martallar ('mare-pines') or in German as Alptraum-Kiefer ('nightmare pine').

According to Paul Devereux, mares included witches who took on the form of animals when their spirits went out and about while they were in trance (see the Icelandic example of Geirrid, below). These included animals such as frogs, cats, horses, hares, dogs, oxen, birds and often bees and wasps.[8]

By region Edit

Scandinavia Edit

The mare is attested as early as in the Norse Ynglinga saga from the 13th century.[11] Here, King Vanlandi Sveigðisson of Uppsala lost his life to a nightmare (mara) conjured by the Finnish sorceress Huld or Hulda, hired by the king's abandoned wife Drífa. The king had broken his promise to return within three years, and after ten years had elapsed the wife engaged the sorceress to either lure the king back to her, or failing that, to assassinate him. Vanlandi had scarcely gone to sleep when he complained that the nightmare "rode him"; when the men held the king's head it "trod on his legs" on the point of breaking, and when the retinue then "seized his feet", the creature fatally "pressed down on his head".[12] In Sámi mythology, there is an evil elf called Deattán, who transforms into a bird or other animal and sits on the chests of sleeping people, giving nightmares.[13]

According to the Vatnsdæla saga, Thorkel Silver (Þorkell Silfri) has a dream about riding a red horse that barely touched ground, which he interpreted as a positive omen, but his wife disagreed, explaining that a mare signified a man's fetch (fylgja), and that the red color boded bloodiness. This association of the nightmare with fetch is thought to be of late origin, an interpolation in the text dating to circa 1300, with the text exhibiting a "confounding of the words marr and mara."[14]

Another possible example is the account in the Eyrbyggja saga of the sorceress Geirrid accused of assuming the shape of a "night-rider" or "ride-by-night" (marlíðendr or kveldriða) and causing serious trampling bruises on Gunnlaug Thorbjornsson. The marlíðendr mentioned here has been equated to the mara by commentators.[15][16][17]

Germany Edit

In Germany, they were known as Mara, Mahr, or Mare.

German Folklorist Franz Felix Adalbert Kuhn records a Westphalian charm or prayer used to ward off mares, from Wilhelmsburg near Paderborn:

Such charms are preceded by the example of the Münchener Nachtsegen of the fourteenth century (See Elf under §Medieval and early modern German texts). Its texts demonstrates that certainly by the Late Middle Ages, the distinction between the Mare, the Alp, and the Trute (Drude) was being blurred, the Mare being described as the Alp's mother.[22]

Slavic Edit

Poland Edit

 
Mare from Polish folklore – graphics by Kasia Walentynowicz

Etymologically, Polish zmora/mara is connected to Mara/Marzanna, a demon/goddess of winter.[23][page needed] It could be a soul of a person (alive or dead) such as a sinful woman, someone wronged or someone who died without confession. Other signs of someone being a mare could be: being the seventh daughter, having one's name pronounced in a wrong way while being baptised, having multicoloured eyes or a unibrow (exclusive to the Kalisz region, Poland). If a woman was promised to marry a man, but then he married another, the rejected one could also become a mare at night. A very common belief was that one would become a mare if they mispronounced a prayer – e.g. Zmoraś Mario instead of Zdrowaś Mario (an inverted version of Hail Mary[23]). The mare can turn into animals and objects, such as cats, frogs, yarn, straw or apples.[24] People believed that the mare drained people – as well as cattle and horses – of energy and/or blood at night.

Protection practices included:

  • drinking coffee before sleeping,
  • taking the mare's hat,
  • throwing a piece of a noose at the demon,
  • sleeping with a leather, wedding belt or a scythe,
  • inviting the mare for breakfast,[25]
  • changing one's sleeping position,
  • smearing feces on the front door,
  • leaving a bundle of hay in one's bed and going to sleep in another room.

To protect livestock, some people hung mirrors over the manger (to scare the mare with its own face) or affixed dead birds of prey to the stable doors. Sometimes the horses were given red ribbons, or covered in a stinking substance.

Other Edit

A Czech můra denotes a kind of elf or spirit as well as a sphinx moth or "night butterfly".[26] Other Slavic languages with cognates that have the double meaning of moth are: Kashubian mòra,[27] and Slovak mora.[28]

In the northwest and south Russian traditions, the mara is a female character, similar to kikimora. Usually invisible, it can take the form of a black woman with long shaggy hair, which she combs, sitting on a yarn.[clarification needed]

In Croatian, mora refers to a 'nightmare'. Mora or Mara is one of the spirits from ancient Slav mythology, a dark one who becomes a beautiful woman to visit men in their dreams, torturing them with desire before killing them. In Serbia, a mare is called mora, or noćnik/noćnica ('night creature', masculine and feminine respectively).[29] In Romania they were known as Moroi.

Some believe that a mora enters the room through the keyhole, sits on the chest of the sleeper and tries to strangle them (hence moriti, 'to torture', 'to bother', 'to strangle', umoriti, 'to tire', 'to kill', umor, 'tiredness' and umoran, 'tired'). To repel moras, children are advised to look at the window or to turn the pillow and make the sign of the cross on it (prekrstiti jastuk); in the early 19th century, Vuk Karadžić mentions that people would repel moras by leaving a broom upside down behind their doors, or putting their belt on top of their sheets, or saying an elaborate prayer poem before they go to sleep.[30]

See also Edit

Fiction:

  • Paranormal Entity, a 2009 found-footage film featuring a mare named Maron as the antagonist
  • Marianne, a 2011 Swedish horror film featuring mares
  • Borgman, a 2013 Dutch thriller film featuring mares
  • Outlast, a 2013 video game featuring Mares/Alps
  • Hilda, a 2018 TV series. Episode 6 "The Nightmare Spirit" focuses on one
  • Mara, a 2018 American horror film
  • Phasmophobia, a 2020 video game featuring Mares

Notes Edit

  1. ^ a b Bjorvand and Lindeman (2007), pp. 719–720.
  2. ^ Alaric Hall, 'The Evidence for Maran, the Anglo-Saxon "Nightmares"', Neophilologus, 91 (2007), 299–317, doi:10.1007/s11061-005-4256-8.
  3. ^ Julius Pokorny, Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. 2 vols. Bern: Francke, 1959. s.v. 5. mer-.
  4. ^ Jan de Vries. Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Leiden: Brill, 1961. s.vv. mara, mǫrn.
  5. ^ C. Lecouteux, 'Mara–Ephialtes–Incubus: Le couchemar chez les peuples germaniques.' Études germaniques 42: 1–24 (pp. 4–5).
  6. ^ "mer- 2005-09-10 at the Wayback Machine" in Pickett et al. (2000). Retrieved on 2008-11-22.
  7. ^ Pócs 1999, p. 32
  8. ^ a b Devereux (2001), Haunted Land, p.78
  9. ^ μόρος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
  10. ^ Yeleazar Meletinsky, ed. (1990). Mythological dictionary (in Russian). Stuttgart: Moscow: Soviet encyclopedia. ISBN 5-85270-032-0.
  11. ^ Ynglinga saga, chapter 13 (and quoted stanza from Ynglingatal), in Hødnebø and Magerøy (1979), p. 12
  12. ^ Snorri Sturluson (2010) [1964]. Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway. Translated by Hollander, Lee M. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0292786967.
  13. ^ Siida – Staalon ja maahisten maa – Kertojien perilliset (in Finnish)
  14. ^ Kelchner, Georgia Dunham (2013) [1935]. Dreams in Old Norse Literature and their Affinities in Folklore. Cambridge University Press. pp. 20–22. ISBN 978-1107620223.
  15. ^ Morris, William; Magnússon, Eiríkr (1892), The Story of the Ere-dwellers (Eyrbyggja Saga), B. Quaritch, pp. 29–, 274, 348
  16. ^ Du Chaillu, Paul Belloni (1890), "The Viking Age: The Early History, Manners, and Customs of the ancestors of the English-speaking Nations", Nature, Scribner's Sons, 1 (1052): 433, Bibcode:1889Natur..41..173F, doi:10.1038/041173a0, hdl:2027/hvd.hn4ttf, S2CID 11662165
  17. ^ Ármann Jakobsson (2009), "The Fearless Vampire Killers: A Note about the Icelandic Draugr and Demonic Contamination in Grettis Saga", Folklore, 120 (3): 307–316, doi:10.1080/00155870903219771, S2CID 162338244
  18. ^ Kuhn, Adalbert (1864). "Indische und germanische Segenssprüche". Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Sprachforschung. 13: 12.
  19. ^ Last line supplied from "541. Mahrsegen" Kuhn 1859, vol. 2, p.191
  20. ^ Mahr, August C. (1935). "A Pennsylvania Dutch 'Hexzettel'". Monatshefte für Deutschen Unterricht. 27 (6): 215–225. JSTOR 30169065.
  21. ^ Last line of translation supplied by Ashliman, D. L. "Night-Mares". Folklore and Mythology Electronic Texts. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
  22. ^ Hall, Alaric (2007). Elves in Anglo-Saxon England: Matters of Belief, Health, Gender and Identity. Boydell Press. pp. 125–126. ISBN 978-1843832942.
  23. ^ a b Michael, Ostling (2011). Between the devil and the host : imagining witchcraft in early modern Poland. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199587902. OCLC 751748759.
  24. ^ Kolberg, Oskar (1865). The People. Their Customs, Way of Life, Language... Poland.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  25. ^ Gołębiowski, Łukasz (1884). Lud polski, jego zwyczaje, zabobony... Poland.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  26. ^ Grimm 1883, TM 2, 464, note2
  27. ^ Bernard Sychta. Słownik gwar kaszubskich na tle kultury ludowej, Ossolineum, Wrocław - Warszawa - Kraków 1969, tom III, pp. 102-105
  28. ^ "Slovenské slovníky". slovnik.juls.savba.sk. Retrieved 2021-02-06.
  29. ^ Pócs 1999, p. 33 gives the feminine form.
  30. ^ Karadžić, Vuk (1898) [1818], Srpski rječnik, ISBN 9789639116184

General references Edit

  • Bjordvand, Harald and Lindeman, Fredrik Otto (2007). Våre arveord. Novus. ISBN 978-82-7099-467-0.
  • Devereux, Paul (2001). Haunted Land: Investigations into Ancient Mysteries and Modern Day Phenomena, Piatkus Publishers.[unreliable source?]
  • Grimm, Jacob (1883), "XVII. Wights and Elves", Teutonic Mythology, vol. 2, James Steven Stallybrass (tr.), W. Swan Sonnenschein & Allen, pp. 439–517
  • Hødnebø, Finn and Magerøy, Hallvard (eds.) (1979). Snorres kongesagaer 1, 2nd ed. Gyldendal Norsk Forlag. ISBN 82-05-22184-7.
  • Kuhn, Adalbert (1859). Sagen, Gebräuche und Märchen aus Westfalen und einigen andern, besonders den angrenzenden Gegenden Norddeutschlands. Brockhaus. pp. 18–22, 191.
  • Pickett, Joseph P. et al. (eds.) (2000). , 4th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-82517-2.
  • Pócs, Éva (1999). Between the living and the dead: a perspective on witches and seers in the early modern age. Central European University Press. ISBN 978-9639116184.

Further reading Edit

  • Barešin, Sandra (2013). "Mora kao nadnaravno biće tradicijske kulture" [Mare as Supernatural Being of Traditional Culture]. Ethnologica Dalmatica. 20: 39–68.
  • Batten, Caroline R. (2021). "Dark Riders: Disease, Sexual Violence, and Gender Performance in the Old English Mære and Old Norse Mara". The Journal of English and Germanic Philology. 120 (3): 352–80. JSTOR 10.5406/jenglgermphil.120.3.0352.
  • Pieńczak, Agnieszka; Povetkina, Polina (2023). "The Polish Nightmare Being (Zmora) and the Problem with Defining the Category of Supernatural Double-Souled Beings". Folklore. 134 (1): 73–90. doi:10.1080/0015587X.2022.2088957.

October 12, 2023
mare, folklore, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, mare, folklore, news, newspapers, books, scholar, js. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Mare folklore news newspapers books scholar JSTOR January 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message A mare Old English maere Old Dutch mare Proto Slavic mara mara in Old High German Old Norse and Swedish is a malicious entity in Germanic and Slavic folklore that walks on people s chests while they sleep bringing on nightmares 1 The Nightmare by Henry Fuseli 1781 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Beliefs 3 By region 3 1 Scandinavia 3 2 Germany 3 3 Slavic 3 3 1 Poland 3 3 2 Other 4 See also 5 Notes 6 General references 7 Further readingEtymology EditThe word mare comes through Middle English mare from the Old English feminine noun maere which had numerous variant forms including mare mere and maer 2 These in turn come from Proto Germanic marōn Marōn is the source of Old Norse mara from which are derived Swedish mara Icelandic mara Faroese marra Danish mare Norwegian mare mara Dutch nacht merrie and German Nacht mahr The mar in French cauchemar nightmare is borrowed from the Germanic through Old French mare 1 Most scholars trace the word back to the reconstructed Proto Indo European root mer associated with crushing pressing and oppressing 3 4 5 or according to other sources to rub away or to harm 6 However other etymologies have been suggested For example Eva Pocs saw the term as being cognate with the Greek moros Indo European moros meaning doom 7 8 9 There is no definite answer among historians about the time of origin of the word According to the philologist Yeleazar Meletinsky the Proto Slavonic root mara passed into the Germanic language no later than the 1st century BC 10 In Norwegian and Danish the words for nightmare are mareritt and mareridt respectively which can be directly translated as mare ride The Icelandic word martrod has the same meaning trod from the verb troda trample stamp on related to tread whereas the Swedish mardrom translates as mare dream Beliefs EditThe mare was believed to ride horses which left them exhausted and covered in sweat by the morning She could also entangle the hair of the sleeping man or beast resulting in marelocks called marflator mare braids or martovor mare tangles in Swedish or marefletter and marefloker in Norwegian The belief probably originated as an explanation to the Polish plait phenomenon a hair disease Even trees were thought to be ridden by the mare resulting in branches being entangled The undersized twisted pine trees growing on coastal rocks and on wet grounds are known in Sweden as martallar mare pines or in German as Alptraum Kiefer nightmare pine According to Paul Devereux mares included witches who took on the form of animals when their spirits went out and about while they were in trance see the Icelandic example of Geirrid below These included animals such as frogs cats horses hares dogs oxen birds and often bees and wasps 8 By region EditScandinavia Edit The mare is attested as early as in the Norse Ynglinga saga from the 13th century 11 Here King Vanlandi Sveigdisson of Uppsala lost his life to a nightmare mara conjured by the Finnish sorceress Huld or Hulda hired by the king s abandoned wife Drifa The king had broken his promise to return within three years and after ten years had elapsed the wife engaged the sorceress to either lure the king back to her or failing that to assassinate him Vanlandi had scarcely gone to sleep when he complained that the nightmare rode him when the men held the king s head it trod on his legs on the point of breaking and when the retinue then seized his feet the creature fatally pressed down on his head 12 In Sami mythology there is an evil elf called Deattan who transforms into a bird or other animal and sits on the chests of sleeping people giving nightmares 13 According to the Vatnsdaela saga Thorkel Silver THorkell Silfri has a dream about riding a red horse that barely touched ground which he interpreted as a positive omen but his wife disagreed explaining that a mare signified a man s fetch fylgja and that the red color boded bloodiness This association of the nightmare with fetch is thought to be of late origin an interpolation in the text dating to circa 1300 with the text exhibiting a confounding of the words marr and mara 14 Another possible example is the account in the Eyrbyggja saga of the sorceress Geirrid accused of assuming the shape of a night rider or ride by night marlidendr or kveldrida and causing serious trampling bruises on Gunnlaug Thorbjornsson The marlidendr mentioned here has been equated to the mara by commentators 15 16 17 Germany Edit In Germany they were known as Mara Mahr or Mare German Folklorist Franz Felix Adalbert Kuhn records a Westphalian charm or prayer used to ward off mares from Wilhelmsburg near Paderborn Hier leg ich mich schlafen Keine Nachtmahr soll mich plagen Bis sie schwemmen alle Wasser Die auf Erden fliessen Und tellet alle Sterne Die am Firmament erscheinen 18 Dazu helfe mir Gott Vater Sohn und heiliger Geist Amen 19 Here I am lying down to sleep No night mare shall plague me until they have swum through all the waters that flow upon the earth and counted all stars that appear in the firmament 20 Thus help me God Father Son and Holy Ghost Amen 21 Such charms are preceded by the example of the Munchener Nachtsegen of the fourteenth century See Elf under Medieval and early modern German texts Its texts demonstrates that certainly by the Late Middle Ages the distinction between the Mare the Alp and the Trute Drude was being blurred the Mare being described as the Alp s mother 22 Slavic Edit Poland Edit nbsp Mare from Polish folklore graphics by Kasia WalentynowiczEtymologically Polish zmora mara is connected to Mara Marzanna a demon goddess of winter 23 page needed It could be a soul of a person alive or dead such as a sinful woman someone wronged or someone who died without confession Other signs of someone being a mare could be being the seventh daughter having one s name pronounced in a wrong way while being baptised having multicoloured eyes or a unibrow exclusive to the Kalisz region Poland If a woman was promised to marry a man but then he married another the rejected one could also become a mare at night A very common belief was that one would become a mare if they mispronounced a prayer e g Zmoras Mario instead of Zdrowas Mario an inverted version of Hail Mary 23 The mare can turn into animals and objects such as cats frogs yarn straw or apples 24 People believed that the mare drained people as well as cattle and horses of energy and or blood at night Protection practices included drinking coffee before sleeping taking the mare s hat throwing a piece of a noose at the demon sleeping with a leather wedding belt or a scythe inviting the mare for breakfast 25 changing one s sleeping position smearing feces on the front door leaving a bundle of hay in one s bed and going to sleep in another room To protect livestock some people hung mirrors over the manger to scare the mare with its own face or affixed dead birds of prey to the stable doors Sometimes the horses were given red ribbons or covered in a stinking substance Other Edit A Czech mura denotes a kind of elf or spirit as well as a sphinx moth or night butterfly 26 Other Slavic languages with cognates that have the double meaning of moth are Kashubian mora 27 and Slovak mora 28 In the northwest and south Russian traditions the mara is a female character similar to kikimora Usually invisible it can take the form of a black woman with long shaggy hair which she combs sitting on a yarn clarification needed In Croatian mora refers to a nightmare Mora or Mara is one of the spirits from ancient Slav mythology a dark one who becomes a beautiful woman to visit men in their dreams torturing them with desire before killing them In Serbia a mare is called mora or nocnik nocnica night creature masculine and feminine respectively 29 In Romania they were known as Moroi Some believe that a mora enters the room through the keyhole sits on the chest of the sleeper and tries to strangle them hence moriti to torture to bother to strangle umoriti to tire to kill umor tiredness and umoran tired To repel mora s children are advised to look at the window or to turn the pillow and make the sign of the cross on it prekrstiti jastuk in the early 19th century Vuk Karadzic mentions that people would repel mora s by leaving a broom upside down behind their doors or putting their belt on top of their sheets or saying an elaborate prayer poem before they go to sleep 30 See also EditAlp folklore Basty Batibat Enchanted Moura Ghosts in Thai culture Incubus Lietuvens Madam Koi Koi Mara demon Mara Hindu goddess Marzanna Slavic goddess of death and winter Maya illusion Moroi Moros Mouros Night hag Nightmare Pesanta Sleep paralysis medical term for the condition the mare is thought to originate from Slavic fairies SuccubusFiction Paranormal Entity a 2009 found footage film featuring a mare named Maron as the antagonist Marianne a 2011 Swedish horror film featuring mares Borgman a 2013 Dutch thriller film featuring mares Outlast a 2013 video game featuring Mares Alps Hilda a 2018 TV series Episode 6 The Nightmare Spirit focuses on one Mara a 2018 American horror film Phasmophobia a 2020 video game featuring MaresNotes Edit a b Bjorvand and Lindeman 2007 pp 719 720 Alaric Hall The Evidence for Maran the Anglo Saxon Nightmares Neophilologus 91 2007 299 317 doi 10 1007 s11061 005 4256 8 Julius Pokorny Indogermanisches etymologisches Worterbuch 2 vols Bern Francke 1959 s v 5 mer Jan de Vries Altnordisches etymologisches Worterbuch Leiden Brill 1961 s vv mara mǫrn C Lecouteux Mara Ephialtes Incubus Le couchemar chez les peuples germaniques Etudes germaniques 42 1 24 pp 4 5 mer Archived 2005 09 10 at the Wayback Machine in Pickett et al 2000 Retrieved on 2008 11 22 Pocs 1999 p 32 a b Devereux 2001 Haunted Land p 78 moros Liddell Henry George Scott Robert A Greek English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Yeleazar Meletinsky ed 1990 Mythological dictionary in Russian Stuttgart Moscow Soviet encyclopedia ISBN 5 85270 032 0 Ynglinga saga chapter 13 and quoted stanza from Ynglingatal in Hodnebo and Mageroy 1979 p 12 Snorri Sturluson 2010 1964 Heimskringla History of the Kings of Norway Translated by Hollander Lee M University of Texas Press ISBN 978 0292786967 Siida Staalon ja maahisten maa Kertojien perilliset in Finnish Kelchner Georgia Dunham 2013 1935 Dreams in Old Norse Literature and their Affinities in Folklore Cambridge University Press pp 20 22 ISBN 978 1107620223 Morris William Magnusson Eirikr 1892 The Story of the Ere dwellers Eyrbyggja Saga B Quaritch pp 29 274 348 Du Chaillu Paul Belloni 1890 The Viking Age The Early History Manners and Customs of the ancestors of the English speaking Nations Nature Scribner s Sons 1 1052 433 Bibcode 1889Natur 41 173F doi 10 1038 041173a0 hdl 2027 hvd hn4ttf S2CID 11662165 Armann Jakobsson 2009 The Fearless Vampire Killers A Note about the Icelandic Draugr and Demonic Contamination in Grettis Saga Folklore 120 3 307 316 doi 10 1080 00155870903219771 S2CID 162338244 Kuhn Adalbert 1864 Indische und germanische Segensspruche Zeitschrift fur Vergleichende Sprachforschung 13 12 Last line supplied from 541 Mahrsegen Kuhn 1859 vol 2 p 191 Mahr August C 1935 A Pennsylvania Dutch Hexzettel Monatshefte fur Deutschen Unterricht 27 6 215 225 JSTOR 30169065 Last line of translation supplied by Ashliman D L Night Mares Folklore and Mythology Electronic Texts Retrieved 23 May 2013 Hall Alaric 2007 Elves in Anglo Saxon England Matters of Belief Health Gender and Identity Boydell Press pp 125 126 ISBN 978 1843832942 a b Michael Ostling 2011 Between the devil and the host imagining witchcraft in early modern Poland Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0199587902 OCLC 751748759 Kolberg Oskar 1865 The People Their Customs Way of Life Language Poland a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Golebiowski Lukasz 1884 Lud polski jego zwyczaje zabobony Poland a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Grimm 1883 TM 2 464 note2 Bernard Sychta Slownik gwar kaszubskich na tle kultury ludowej Ossolineum Wroclaw Warszawa Krakow 1969 tom III pp 102 105 Slovenske slovniky slovnik juls savba sk Retrieved 2021 02 06 Pocs 1999 p 33 gives the feminine form Karadzic Vuk 1898 1818 Srpski rjecnik ISBN 9789639116184General references EditBjordvand Harald and Lindeman Fredrik Otto 2007 Vare arveord Novus ISBN 978 82 7099 467 0 Devereux Paul 2001 Haunted Land Investigations into Ancient Mysteries and Modern Day Phenomena Piatkus Publishers unreliable source Grimm Jacob 1883 XVII Wights and Elves Teutonic Mythology vol 2 James Steven Stallybrass tr W Swan Sonnenschein amp Allen pp 439 517 Hodnebo Finn and Mageroy Hallvard eds 1979 Snorres kongesagaer 1 2nd ed Gyldendal Norsk Forlag ISBN 82 05 22184 7 Kuhn Adalbert 1859 Sagen Gebrauche und Marchen aus Westfalen und einigen andern besonders den angrenzenden Gegenden Norddeutschlands Brockhaus pp 18 22 191 Pickett Joseph P et al eds 2000 The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 4th ed Boston Houghton Mifflin ISBN 0 395 82517 2 Pocs Eva 1999 Between the living and the dead a perspective on witches and seers in the early modern age Central European University Press ISBN 978 9639116184 Further reading EditBaresin Sandra 2013 Mora kao nadnaravno bice tradicijske kulture Mare as Supernatural Being of Traditional Culture Ethnologica Dalmatica 20 39 68 Batten Caroline R 2021 Dark Riders Disease Sexual Violence and Gender Performance in the Old English Maere and Old Norse Mara The Journal of English and Germanic Philology 120 3 352 80 JSTOR 10 5406 jenglgermphil 120 3 0352 Pienczak Agnieszka Povetkina Polina 2023 The Polish Nightmare Being Zmora and the Problem with Defining the Category of Supernatural Double Souled Beings Folklore 134 1 73 90 doi 10 1080 0015587X 2022 2088957 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mare folklore amp oldid 1171295880, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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