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Praeses

January 07, 2023

Praeses (Latin pl. praesides) is a Latin word meaning "placed before" or "at the head".[1] In antiquity, notably under the Roman Dominate, it was used to refer to Roman governors; it continues to see some use for various modern positions.

Map of the Roman Empire c. 400 CE.

Roman governors

Praeses began to be used as a generic description for provincial governors—often through paraphrases, such as qui praeest ("he who presides")—already since the early Principate, but came in general use under the Nerva–Antonine dynasty.[1] The jurist Aemilius Macer, who wrote at the time of Caracalla (reigned 198–217), insists that the term was applied only to the governors who were also senators—thereby excluding the equestrian procuratores—but, while this may reflect earlier usage, it was certainly no longer the case by the time he wrote.[1] In the usage of the 2nd and 3rd centuries, the term appears originally to have been used as an honorific, affixed to the formal gubernatorial titles (legatus Augusti etc.), and even, occasionally, for legion commanders or fiscal procuratores. By the mid-3rd century, however, praeses had become an official term, including for equestrian officials.[1] The form [procurator] vice praesidis had also come into common use for equestrian procuratores entrusted with the governance of provinces in the absence of, or in lieu of, the regular (senatorial) governor. This marks a decisive step in the assumption of full provincial governorships by equestrians, with the first equestrian praesides provinciae appearing in the 270s.[1]

This evolution was formalized in the reforms of Diocletian (r. 284–305) and Constantine the Great (r. 306–337), when the term praeses came to designate a specific class of provincial governors, the lowest after the consulares and the correctores. In the East, however, they ranked between the two other classes, possibly because the few correctores there were instituted after the praesides.[1] The term praeses remained in general use for provincial governors, and was still used in legal parlance to designate all classes of provincial governors collectively. In common usage, the praesides were often also designated by more generic titles such as iudex ("judge"), rector or moderator, and sometimes archaically as praetor. In Greek, the term was rendered as ἡγεμὼν (hegemon).[1]

Most of the provinces created by Diocletian by splitting the larger older ones were entrusted to such praesides, and they form the most numerous group of governors in the late-4th century Notitia Dignitatum:[1]

in thirty-one provinces in the Western Roman Empire[1][2]
in forty provinces in the Eastern Roman Empire[1][3]

In the East, the staff (officium) of the praeses (attested for Thebais) comprised the same as that of a consularis, i.e. a princeps officii, cornicularius, commentariensis, adiutor, numerarius, ab actis, a libellis, subadiuva; finally unspecified exceptores and cohortalini (menial staff).[1][4] In the West (attested for Dalmatia), the officium was again the same as with the consulares and correctores, comprising the princeps officii, cornicularius, two tabularii, commentariensis, adiutor, ab actis, subadiuva, and the usual exceptores and cohortalini.[1][5]

The status of a praeses could also be awarded as a separate honour, ex praeside, attached to the rank of vir perfectissimus.[1]

German advisors

In German academia a doctoral advisor is called the Doktorvater. However, in the 18th century and before, the doctoral system was quite different. Instead of a Doktorvater as such, the candidate had a praeses to act as mentor and who would also head the oral viva voce exam. In the 18th century the praeses often chose the subject and compiled the theses and the candidate had only to defend. Sometimes there were several candidates at the same time defending the same thesis, in order to save time.

Modern uses

The chair of a student society in the Netherlands or Belgium may be called a praeses; in Dutch the official spelling has changed to "preses" but most student societies still observe the Latin spelling. Various minor offices may be designated by a compound title, e.g. dooppraeses in charge of initiation and associated hazing.

In Norway, the office of archbishop has been abolished. Instead, the Lutheran Church of Norway has a Bishops Conference which is presided over by a praeses.

The church bodies Evangelical Church in the Rhineland and Evangelical Church of Westphalia, in which the title and function of bishop are unknown, are also chaired by a praeses (German: Präses, plural: Präsides).

In other German church bodies the title usually refers to the president of the synod.

Roman Catholic monastic institutions, especially Franciscan ones, use the term to indicate the presiding officer of a collegial meeting of the order.

The official Scots title of the Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament is Preses o the Scots Pairlament.[citation needed]

The Polish word prezes, derived from Latin praeses means chairman.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Radke, Gerhard (1956). "Praeses". Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Vol. Supplementband VIII, Achaios–Valerius. col. 598–614.
  2. ^ Notitia Dignitatum, in partibus Occidentis, I
  3. ^ Notitia Dignitatum, in partibus Orientis, I
  4. ^ Notitia Dignitatum, in partibus Orientis, XLIV
  5. ^ Notitia Dignitatum, in partibus Occidentis, XLV

January 07, 2023
praeses, latin, praesides, latin, word, meaning, placed, before, head, antiquity, notably, under, roman, dominate, used, refer, roman, governors, continues, some, various, modern, positions, roman, empire, contents, roman, governors, german, advisors, modern, . Praeses Latin pl praesides is a Latin word meaning placed before or at the head 1 In antiquity notably under the Roman Dominate it was used to refer to Roman governors it continues to see some use for various modern positions Map of the Roman Empire c 400 CE Contents 1 Roman governors 2 German advisors 3 Modern uses 4 ReferencesRoman governors EditPraeses began to be used as a generic description for provincial governors often through paraphrases such as qui praeest he who presides already since the early Principate but came in general use under the Nerva Antonine dynasty 1 The jurist Aemilius Macer who wrote at the time of Caracalla reigned 198 217 insists that the term was applied only to the governors who were also senators thereby excluding the equestrian procuratores but while this may reflect earlier usage it was certainly no longer the case by the time he wrote 1 In the usage of the 2nd and 3rd centuries the term appears originally to have been used as an honorific affixed to the formal gubernatorial titles legatus Augusti etc and even occasionally for legion commanders or fiscal procuratores By the mid 3rd century however praeses had become an official term including for equestrian officials 1 The form procurator vice praesidis had also come into common use for equestrian procuratores entrusted with the governance of provinces in the absence of or in lieu of the regular senatorial governor This marks a decisive step in the assumption of full provincial governorships by equestrians with the first equestrian praesides provinciae appearing in the 270s 1 This evolution was formalized in the reforms of Diocletian r 284 305 and Constantine the Great r 306 337 when the term praeses came to designate a specific class of provincial governors the lowest after the consulares and the correctores In the East however they ranked between the two other classes possibly because the few correctores there were instituted after the praesides 1 The term praeses remained in general use for provincial governors and was still used in legal parlance to designate all classes of provincial governors collectively In common usage the praesides were often also designated by more generic titles such as iudex judge rector or moderator and sometimes archaically as praetor In Greek the term was rendered as ἡgemὼn hegemon 1 Most of the provinces created by Diocletian by splitting the larger older ones were entrusted to such praesides and they form the most numerous group of governors in the late 4th century Notitia Dignitatum 1 in thirty one provinces in the Western Roman Empire 1 2 four in the Diocese of Illyricum Dalmatia Pannonia Prima Noricum Mediterraneum Noricum Ripense seven in Italy Alpes Cottiae Rhaetia Prima and Secunda Samnium Valeria Corsica et Sardinia two in the Diocese of Africa Mauretania Sitifensis Tripolitana four in Diocese of the Spains Iberia and opposite African coast Tarraconensis Carthaginensis Insulae Baleares Mauretania Tingitana eleven in the Diocese of the Gauls Alpes Maritimae Alpes Poenninae et Graiae Maxima Sequanorum Aquitanica Prima and Secunda Novempopulania Narbonensis Prima and Secunda Lugdunensis Secunda Tertia and Senonica three in the Diocese of Britain Britannia Prima and Secunda Flavia Caesariensis in forty provinces in the Eastern Roman Empire 1 3 five in the Diocese of Egypt Libya Superior and Inferior Thebais AEgyptus Arcadia eight in the Diocese of the East Palaestina Salutaris and Secunda Phoenice Libanensis Euphratensis Syria Salutaris Osrhoene Mesopotamia Cilicia Secunda seven in the Diocese of Asia Pisidia Lycaonia Phrygia Pacatiana and Phrygia Salutaris Lycia Caria Insulae eight in the Diocese of Pontus Honorias Cappadocia Prima and Secunda Helenopontus Pontus Polemoniacus Armenia Prima and Armenia Secunda Galatia Salutaris four in the Diocese of Thrace Haemimontus Rhodope Moesia Secunda Scythia four in the Diocese of Dacia Dacia Ripensis Moesia Prima Praevalitana Dardania four in the Diocese of Macedonia Thessalia Epirus Vetus and Epirus Nova Macedonia Salutaris In the East the staff officium of the praeses attested for Thebais comprised the same as that of a consularis i e a princeps officii cornicularius commentariensis adiutor numerarius ab actis a libellis subadiuva finally unspecified exceptores and cohortalini menial staff 1 4 In the West attested for Dalmatia the officium was again the same as with the consulares and correctores comprising the princeps officii cornicularius two tabularii commentariensis adiutor ab actis subadiuva and the usual exceptores and cohortalini 1 5 The status of a praeses could also be awarded as a separate honour ex praeside attached to the rank of vir perfectissimus 1 German advisors EditIn German academia a doctoral advisor is called the Doktorvater However in the 18th century and before the doctoral system was quite different Instead of a Doktorvater as such the candidate had a praeses to act as mentor and who would also head the oral viva voce exam In the 18th century the praeses often chose the subject and compiled the theses and the candidate had only to defend Sometimes there were several candidates at the same time defending the same thesis in order to save time Modern uses EditThe chair of a student society in the Netherlands or Belgium may be called a praeses in Dutch the official spelling has changed to preses but most student societies still observe the Latin spelling Various minor offices may be designated by a compound title e g dooppraeses in charge of initiation and associated hazing In Norway the office of archbishop has been abolished Instead the Lutheran Church of Norway has a Bishops Conference which is presided over by a praeses The church bodies Evangelical Church in the Rhineland and Evangelical Church of Westphalia in which the title and function of bishop are unknown are also chaired by a praeses German Prases plural Prasides In other German church bodies the title usually refers to the president of the synod Roman Catholic monastic institutions especially Franciscan ones use the term to indicate the presiding officer of a collegial meeting of the order The official Scots title of the Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament is Preses o the Scots Pairlament citation needed The Polish word prezes derived from Latin praeses means chairman References Edit a b c d e f g h i j k l m Radke Gerhard 1956 Praeses Realencyclopadie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft Vol Supplementband VIII Achaios Valerius col 598 614 Notitia Dignitatum in partibus Occidentis I Notitia Dignitatum in partibus Orientis I Notitia Dignitatum in partibus Orientis XLIV Notitia Dignitatum in partibus Occidentis XLV Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Praeses amp oldid 1117158702, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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