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Luís I of Portugal

January 01, 1970

Dom Luís I (Portuguese pronunciation: [luˈiʃ]; Louis; 31 October 1838 – 19 October 1889), known as the Popular (Portuguese: o Popular) was King of Portugal from 1861 to 1889. The second son of Queen Maria II and her consort, King Ferdinand, he acceded to the throne upon the death of his elder brother King Pedro V. He was a member of the ruling House of Braganza.[1]

Luís I
Photograph by Augusto Bobone c. 1880s
King of Portugal
Reign11 November 1861 –
19 October 1889
Acclamation22 December 1861
PredecessorPedro V
SuccessorCarlos I
Prime Ministers
See list
Born(1838-10-31)31 October 1838
Necessidades Palace, Lisbon, Portugal
Died19 October 1889(1889-10-19) (aged 50)
Citadel Palace, Cascais, Portugal
Burial
Pantheon of the Braganzas
Spouse
​
(m. 1862)​
Issue
HouseBraganza[1]
FatherFerdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
MotherMaria II of Portugal
ReligionRoman Catholicism
Signature

Reign edit

 
Luís I and Maria Pia of Savoy at a masquerade ball, 1865.

Luís was a cultured man who wrote vernacular poetry, but had no distinguishing gifts in the politics into which he was thrust by the death of his older brother Pedro V in 1861. Luís's domestic reign was a series of transitional governments called Rotativism formed at various times by the Progressistas (Liberals) and the Regeneradores (Conservatives), the party generally favoured by King Luís, who secured their long term in office after 1881. Despite a flirtation with the Spanish succession prior to the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, Luís's reign was otherwise one of domestic stagnation as Portugal fell ever farther behind the nations of western Europe in terms of public education, political stability, technological progress and economic prosperity. In colonial affairs, Delagoa Bay was confirmed as a Portuguese possession in 1875, whilst Belgian activities in the Congo and the 1890 British Ultimatum prevented the Portuguese from colonizing modern-day Botswana in order to establish a link between Portuguese Angola and Portuguese Mozambique at the peak of the Scramble for Africa.[citation needed]

Personal interests edit

Luís was also very keen with literature, not only with books in Portuguese but also in English. He was the first to bring fully translated Shakespearean works to Portugal, such as The Merchant of Venice, Richard III and Othello, the Moor of Venice. His best-known work in Portugal was his translation of Hamlet.

Marriage and descendants edit

 
Photograph of Luís I, c. 1869

In June 1862, Luís asked Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (1845–1927), a daughter of Archduke Albert, Duke of Teschen and Princess Hildegard of Bavaria, to marry him in a letter sent to her father. It was urgent for him to get married as his older brother, King Pedro V, had died in November 1861, without issue and two of his younger brothers, João and Fernando, followed him shortly after, which left the Braganza dynasty almost without heirs. Luís had already selected a number of brides including Princess Marie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1845-1912), sister of his late sister-in-law Stephanie, Duchess Sophie Charlotte in Bavaria (1847-1897), Princess Maria Pia of Savoy (1847-1911) and also considered some Austrian archduchesses, Maria Theresa being one of them, but didn't know which one to choose. So he sent letters to his cousin, Queen Victoria, and his great-uncle, King Leopold I of Belgium, to ask for their advice. Both agreed that the best choice was Maria Theresa. Thus, King Luís sent his letter. However, his wish was not fulfilled as her father, Archduke Albert, thought she was too young at the time (she was one month away from turning 17) and needed to finish her education. Two weeks after, Luís asked for the hand of Princess Maria Pia of Savoy and, this time, was accepted, even though Maria Pia, born in 1847, was even younger than Maria Theresa.[2]

 
Portuguese coin minted during Luís I's reign, c. 1879

Luís married Maria Pia, the daughter of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy and Maria Adelaide of Austria, on 6 October 1862. They both had a deep love at first, but Luís's countless mistresses led Maria Pia to depression. Together they had two sons:[3]

Illness and death edit

Luís was a lifelong womanizer. He had a series of extra-marital affairs, the more notorious one with actress Rosa Damasceno.[4] Queen Maria Pia was displeased at first, but later tolerated her husband's infidelities, ending up having her own affairs when she traveled abroad.[5]

Sometime in his adult life, Luís contracted syphilis. The infection remained dormant for several years but in 1887 it became persistently manifest, taking its toll. Within two years it had evolved to neurosyphilis, killing the patient after prolonged and excrutiating suffering, on October 19, 1889, at 11:00 a.m.[6]

Honours edit

He received the following orders:[7]

Ancestry edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Portuguese: Ordem Nacional do Cruzeiro do Sul – Grande Colar
  2. ^ French: Légion d'honneur - Grand-croix
  3. ^ Presented by the Sultan

References edit

  1. ^ a b "While remaining patrilineal dynasts of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha according to pp. 88, 116 of the 1944 Almanach de Gotha, Title 1, Chapter 1, Article 5 of the 1838 Portuguese constitution declared, with respect to Ferdinand II of Portugal's issue by his first wife, that 'the Most Serene House of Braganza is the reigning house of Portugal and continues through the Person of the Lady Queen Maria II'. Thus their mutual descendants constitute the Coburg line of the House of Braganza"
  2. ^ Lopes, Maria Antónia (2013). Rainhas Que o Povo Amou - Estefânia de Hohenzollern e Maria Pia de Sabóia. Temas e Debates. p. 121.
  3. ^ Lencastre, Isabel (2012). Bastardos Reais: Os filhos ilegítimos dos Reis de Portugal. Oficina do Livro. p. 149.
  4. ^ Saraiva, José António (2024). O Homem que Mandou Matar o Rei D. Carlos: os Bastidores de um Crime (1st ed.). Lisboa: Gradiva. pp. 74–75. ISBN 978-989-785-265-7.
  5. ^ Saraiva (2024), pp. 57-60, 147-148.
  6. ^ Martins, Rocha (1926). D. Carlos: História do seu Reinado (in Portuguese). Author's edition. pp. 149–156.
  7. ^ Albano da Silveira Pinto (1883). "Serenissima Casa de Bragança". Resenha das Familias Titulares e Grandes des Portugal (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Empreza Editora de Francisco Arthur Da Silva. p. xiv.
  8. ^ "A Szent István Rend tagjai" 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Baden (1888), "Großherzogliche Orden", pp. 62, 74
  10. ^ Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern: 1877. Landesamt. 1877. p. 8.
  11. ^ Ferdinand Veldekens (1858). Le livre d'or de l'ordre de Léopold et de la croix de fer. lelong. p. 207.
  12. ^ Jørgen Pedersen (2009). Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009 (in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 272. ISBN 978-87-7674-434-2.
  13. ^ Staatshandbücher für das Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (1884), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" p. 29
  14. ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Hannover (1865), "Königliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen" p. 38, 73
  15. ^ King Kalakaua's Tour Round the World (Honolulu, 1881) p. 74
  16. ^ Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Hessen und bei Rhein (1879), "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen ", p. 12
  17. ^ 刑部芳則 (2017). 明治時代の勲章外交儀礼 (PDF) (in Japanese). 明治聖徳記念学会紀要. p. 143.
  18. ^ "Seccion IV: Ordenes del Imperio", Almanaque imperial para el año 1866 (in Spanish), 1866, pp. 214–236, 242–243, retrieved 29 April 2020
  19. ^ "Schwarzer Adler-orden", Königlich Preussische Ordensliste (in German), vol. 1, Berlin: R. v. Deder, 1877, p. 10
  20. ^ Cibrario, Luigi (1869). Notizia storica del nobilissimo ordine supremo della santissima Annunziata. Sunto degli statuti, catalogo dei cavalieri (in Italian). Eredi Botta. p. 115. Retrieved 2019-03-04.
  21. ^ Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach 2019-08-22 at the Wayback Machine (1859), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 13
  22. ^ Staatshandbuch für den Freistaat Sachsen (1867) (in German), "Königliche Ritter-Orden", p. 4
  23. ^ "Caballeros de la insigne orden del Toison de Oro", Guóa Oficial de España (in Spanish), 1875, p. 102, retrieved 4 March 2019
  24. ^ "Caballeros Grandes Cruces de la Orden del Mérito Naval", Guóa Oficial de España (in Spanish), 1887, p. 579, retrieved 26 April 2020
  25. ^ Sveriges statskalender (in Swedish), 1881, p. 377, retrieved 2019-02-20 – via runeberg.org
  26. ^ (in Norwegian), 1886, p. 234, archived from the original on 2020-07-26, retrieved 2019-02-20 – via genealogi.no
  27. ^ Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, p. 62
  28. ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg (1866), "Königliche Orden" p. 31
Luís I of Portugal
Cadet branch of the House of Aviz
Born: 31 October 1838 Died: 19 October 1889
Regnal titles
Preceded by King of Portugal
1861–1889 		Succeeded by
Portuguese royalty
Preceded by Duke of Porto
1838–1861 		Succeeded by

January 01, 1970
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You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Portuguese January 2012 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the Portuguese article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 1 523 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Portuguese Wikipedia article at pt Luis I de Portugal see its history for attribution You may also add the template Translated pt Luis I de Portugal to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Luis I of Portugal news newspapers books scholar JSTOR September 2015 Learn how and when to remove this message Dom Luis I Portuguese pronunciation luˈiʃ Louis 31 October 1838 19 October 1889 known as the Popular Portuguese o Popular was King of Portugal from 1861 to 1889 The second son of Queen Maria II and her consort King Ferdinand he acceded to the throne upon the death of his elder brother King Pedro V He was a member of the ruling House of Braganza 1 Luis IPhotograph by Augusto Bobone c 1880sKing of PortugalReign11 November 1861 19 October 1889Acclamation22 December 1861PredecessorPedro VSuccessorCarlos IPrime MinistersSee list The Duke of LouleThe Marquis of Sa da BandeiraJoaquim Antonio de AguiarThe Duke of Avila and BolamaThe Duke of SaldanhaFontes Pereira de MeloAnselmo Jose BraamcampAntonio Rodrigues SampaioJose Luciano de CastroBorn 1838 10 31 31 October 1838Necessidades Palace Lisbon PortugalDied19 October 1889 1889 10 19 aged 50 Citadel Palace Cascais PortugalBurialPantheon of the BraganzasSpouseMaria Pia of Savoy m 1862 wbr IssueCarlos I of Portugal Infante Afonso Duke of PortoHouseBraganza 1 FatherFerdinand of Saxe Coburg and GothaMotherMaria II of PortugalReligionRoman CatholicismSignature Contents 1 Reign 2 Personal interests 3 Marriage and descendants 4 Illness and death 5 Honours 6 Ancestry 7 Notes 8 ReferencesReign edit nbsp Luis I and Maria Pia of Savoy at a masquerade ball 1865 Luis was a cultured man who wrote vernacular poetry but had no distinguishing gifts in the politics into which he was thrust by the death of his older brother Pedro V in 1861 Luis s domestic reign was a series of transitional governments called Rotativism formed at various times by the Progressistas Liberals and the Regeneradores Conservatives the party generally favoured by King Luis who secured their long term in office after 1881 Despite a flirtation with the Spanish succession prior to the Franco Prussian War of 1870 71 Luis s reign was otherwise one of domestic stagnation as Portugal fell ever farther behind the nations of western Europe in terms of public education political stability technological progress and economic prosperity In colonial affairs Delagoa Bay was confirmed as a Portuguese possession in 1875 whilst Belgian activities in the Congo and the 1890 British Ultimatum prevented the Portuguese from colonizing modern day Botswana in order to establish a link between Portuguese Angola and Portuguese Mozambique at the peak of the Scramble for Africa citation needed Personal interests editLuis was also very keen with literature not only with books in Portuguese but also in English He was the first to bring fully translated Shakespearean works to Portugal such as The Merchant of Venice Richard III and Othello the Moor of Venice His best known work in Portugal was his translation of Hamlet Marriage and descendants edit nbsp Photograph of Luis I c 1869 In June 1862 Luis asked Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria 1845 1927 a daughter of Archduke Albert Duke of Teschen and Princess Hildegard of Bavaria to marry him in a letter sent to her father It was urgent for him to get married as his older brother King Pedro V had died in November 1861 without issue and two of his younger brothers Joao and Fernando followed him shortly after which left the Braganza dynasty almost without heirs Luis had already selected a number of brides including Princess Marie of Hohenzollern Sigmaringen 1845 1912 sister of his late sister in law Stephanie Duchess Sophie Charlotte in Bavaria 1847 1897 Princess Maria Pia of Savoy 1847 1911 and also considered some Austrian archduchesses Maria Theresa being one of them but didn t know which one to choose So he sent letters to his cousin Queen Victoria and his great uncle King Leopold I of Belgium to ask for their advice Both agreed that the best choice was Maria Theresa Thus King Luis sent his letter However his wish was not fulfilled as her father Archduke Albert thought she was too young at the time she was one month away from turning 17 and needed to finish her education Two weeks after Luis asked for the hand of Princess Maria Pia of Savoy and this time was accepted even though Maria Pia born in 1847 was even younger than Maria Theresa 2 nbsp Portuguese coin minted during Luis I s reign c 1879 Luis married Maria Pia the daughter of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy and Maria Adelaide of Austria on 6 October 1862 They both had a deep love at first but Luis s countless mistresses led Maria Pia to depression Together they had two sons 3 Dom Carlos Prince Royal of Portugal 28 September 1863 1 February 1908 successor as King Carlos I murdered by the Carbonaria Dom Afonso Prince Royal of Portugal 31 July 1865 21 February 1920 Infante of Portugal Duke of Porto Viceroy of India and after 1908 Prince Royal Illness and death editLuis was a lifelong womanizer He had a series of extra marital affairs the more notorious one with actress Rosa Damasceno 4 Queen Maria Pia was displeased at first but later tolerated her husband s infidelities ending up having her own affairs when she traveled abroad 5 Sometime in his adult life Luis contracted syphilis The infection remained dormant for several years but in 1887 it became persistently manifest taking its toll Within two years it had evolved to neurosyphilis killing the patient after prolonged and excrutiating suffering on October 19 1889 at 11 00 a m 6 Honours editHe received the following orders 7 nbsp Austria Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St Stephen 1854 8 nbsp Baden 9 Knight of the House Order of Fidelity 1885 Knight of the Order of Berthold the First 1885 nbsp Bavaria Knight of St Hubert 1867 10 nbsp Belgium nbsp Order of Leoopold Grand Cordon Belgium 9 July 1854 11 nbsp Brazil nbsp National Order of the Southern Cross Grand Collar a Brazil 1861 Grand Cross of the Rose with Collar Grand Cross of the Order of Pedro I with Collar nbsp Denmark Knight of the Elephant 18 April 1864 12 nbsp nbsp nbsp Ernestine duchies Grand Cross of the Saxe Ernestine House Order 1854 13 nbsp France nbsp Legion of Honour Grand Cross b France Military Medal nbsp Greece Grand Cross of the Redeemer nbsp Hanover 14 Knight of St George 1861 Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order nbsp Hawaii Grand Cross of the Order of Kamehameha I 19 August 1881 15 nbsp Hesse and by Rhine Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order 7 December 1865 16 nbsp Japan Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum 20 April 1883 17 nbsp Liberia Grand Cross of the Order of African Redemption nbsp Mecklenburg Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown with Crown in Ore and Collar nbsp Mexico Grand Cross of the Mexican Eagle with Collar 1865 18 nbsp Monaco Grand Cross of St Charles nbsp Netherlands Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion nbsp Ottoman Empire nbsp Order of the Medjidie Class I Gold c Ottoman Empire 1st Class in Diamonds nbsp Tunisia Grand Cordon of the Order of Glory in Diamonds nbsp Prussia Knight of the Black Eagle 24 July 1854 with Collar 1862 19 nbsp Romania Grand Cross of the Crown of Romania Grand Cross of the Star of Romania nbsp Russia Knight of St Andrew with Collar Knight of St Alexander Nevsky Knight of the White Eagle Knight of St Anna 1st Class nbsp San Marino Grand Cross of San Marino nbsp Sardinia Knight of the Annunciation 15 July 1855 20 Grand Cross of Saints Maurice and Lazarus 15 July 1855 nbsp Sovereign Military Order of Malta Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion nbsp Saxe Weimar Eisenach Grand Cross of the White Falcon 1 August 1854 21 nbsp Saxony Knight of the Rue Crown 1854 22 nbsp Serbia Grand Cross of the Cross of Takovo nbsp Siam Knight of the Nine Gems nbsp Spain Knight of the Golden Fleece 28 November 1861 23 Grand Cross of Naval Merit with Red Decoration 1877 24 Grand Cross of the Military Order of St Ferdinand Grand Cross of Military Merit nbsp nbsp Sweden Norway Knight of the Seraphim 27 November 1861 25 Grand Cross of St Olav 28 December 1872 26 nbsp United Kingdom Stranger Knight of the Garter 17 June 1865 27 nbsp Wurttemberg Grand Cross of the Wurttemberg Crown 1865 28 Ancestry editAncestors of Luis I of Portugal8 Francis Duke of Saxe Coburg Saalfeld4 Ferdinand Prince of Saxe Coburg and Gotha Kohary9 Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf2 Fernando II of Portugal10 Ferenc Jozsef Prince Kohary de Csabrag et Szitnya5 Princess Maria Antonia Kohary de Csabrag et Szitnya11 Countess Maria Antonia von Waldstein1 Luis I of Portugal12 Joao VI of Portugal6 Pedro I of Brazil and IV of Portugal13 Infanta Carlota Joaquina of Spain3 Maria II of Portugal14 Francis II Holy Roman Emperor7 Archduchess Leopoldina of Austria15 Princess Maria Theresa of Naples and SicilyNotes edit Portuguese Ordem Nacional do Cruzeiro do Sul Grande Colar French Legion d honneur Grand croix Presented by the SultanReferences edit a b While remaining patrilineal dynasts of the House of Saxe Coburg and Gotha according to pp 88 116 of the 1944 Almanach de Gotha Title 1 Chapter 1 Article 5 of the 1838 Portuguese constitution declared with respect to Ferdinand II of Portugal s issue by his first wife that the Most Serene House of Braganza is the reigning house of Portugal and continues through the Person of the Lady Queen Maria II Thus their mutual descendants constitute the Coburg line of the House of Braganza Lopes Maria Antonia 2013 Rainhas Que o Povo Amou Estefania de Hohenzollern e Maria Pia de Saboia Temas e Debates p 121 Lencastre Isabel 2012 Bastardos Reais Os filhos ilegitimos dos Reis de Portugal Oficina do Livro p 149 Saraiva Jose Antonio 2024 O Homem que Mandou Matar o Rei D Carlos os Bastidores de um Crime 1st ed Lisboa Gradiva pp 74 75 ISBN 978 989 785 265 7 Saraiva 2024 pp 57 60 147 148 Martins Rocha 1926 D Carlos Historia do seu Reinado in Portuguese Author s edition pp 149 156 Albano da Silveira Pinto 1883 Serenissima Casa de Braganca Resenha das Familias Titulares e Grandes des Portugal in Portuguese Lisbon Empreza Editora de Francisco Arthur Da Silva p xiv A Szent Istvan Rend tagjai Archived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine Staatshandbuch fur das Grossherzogtum Baden 1888 Grossherzogliche Orden pp 62 74 Hof und Staatshandbuch des Konigreichs Bayern 1877 Landesamt 1877 p 8 Ferdinand Veldekens 1858 Le livre d or de l ordre de Leopold et de la croix de fer lelong p 207 Jorgen Pedersen 2009 Riddere af Elefantordenen 1559 2009 in Danish Syddansk Universitetsforlag p 272 ISBN 978 87 7674 434 2 Staatshandbucher fur das Herzogtum Sachsen Coburg und Gotha 1884 Herzogliche Sachsen Ernestinischer Hausorden p 29 Hof und Staats Handbuch des Konigreich Hannover 1865 Konigliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen p 38 73 King Kalakaua s Tour Round the World Honolulu 1881 p 74 Staatshandbuch fur das Grossherzogtum Hessen und bei Rhein 1879 Grossherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen p 12 刑部芳則 2017 明治時代の勲章外交儀礼 PDF in Japanese 明治聖徳記念学会紀要 p 143 Seccion IV Ordenes del Imperio Almanaque imperial para el ano 1866 in Spanish 1866 pp 214 236 242 243 retrieved 29 April 2020 Schwarzer Adler orden Koniglich Preussische Ordensliste in German vol 1 Berlin R v Deder 1877 p 10 Cibrario Luigi 1869 Notizia storica del nobilissimo ordine supremo della santissima Annunziata Sunto degli statuti catalogo dei cavalieri in Italian Eredi Botta p 115 Retrieved 2019 03 04 Staatshandbuch fur das Grossherzogtum Sachsen Sachsen Weimar Eisenach Archived 2019 08 22 at the Wayback Machine 1859 Grossherzogliche Hausorden p 13 Staatshandbuch fur den Freistaat Sachsen 1867 in German Konigliche Ritter Orden p 4 Caballeros de la insigne orden del Toison de Oro Guoa Oficial de Espana in Spanish 1875 p 102 retrieved 4 March 2019 Caballeros Grandes Cruces de la Orden del Merito Naval Guoa Oficial de Espana in Spanish 1887 p 579 retrieved 26 April 2020 Sveriges statskalender in Swedish 1881 p 377 retrieved 2019 02 20 via runeberg org Norges statskalender in Norwegian 1886 p 234 archived from the original on 2020 07 26 retrieved 2019 02 20 via genealogi no Shaw Wm A 1906 The Knights of England I London p 62 Hof und Staats Handbuch des Konigreich Wurttemberg 1866 Konigliche Orden p 31 Luis I of PortugalHouse of BraganzaCadet branch of the House of AvizBorn 31 October 1838 Died 19 October 1889 Regnal titles Preceded byPedro V King of Portugal1861 1889 Succeeded byCarlos I Portuguese royalty Preceded byMaria II Duke of Porto1838 1861 Succeeded byAfonso Henriques Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Luis I of Portugal amp oldid 1222354492, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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