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Women in post-classical warfare

January 01, 1970

A variety of roles were played by women in post-classical warfare. Only women active in direct warfare, such as warriors, spies, and women who actively led armies are included in this list. James Illston says,

"the field of medieval gender studies is a growing one, and nowhere is this expansion more evident than the recent increase in studies which address the roles of medieval women in times of war....this change in research has been invaluable".

Illston provided an exhaustive bibliography of recent scholarly books and articles, most of them connected to the crusades.[1]

Timeline edit

 
Dihya
 
Lathgertha
 
Gülnar Hatun
 
Æthelflæd
 
Adelaide-Blanche of Anjou
 
Empress Xiao Yanyan
 
Matilda of Tuscany
 
Florine of Burgundy
 
Moremi Ajasoro
 
Tomoe Gozen
 
Hōjō Masako
 
Hangaku Gozen
 
Hulagu Khan with Doquz Khatun
 
Rudrama Devi
 
Joan I of Navarre
 
Joanna of Flanders
 
Isabella of France
 
Jadwiga of Poland
 
Philippa of England commands the defenders of Copenhagen (1428)
 
Joan of Arc
 
Margaret of Anjou
 
Jeanne Hachette
 
Caterina Sforza

The antiquity ended with the 5th century, and the list therefore starts with the 6th century.

6th century edit

7th century edit

8th century edit

9th century edit

10th century edit

11th century edit

12th century edit

13th century edit

14th century edit

15th century edit

See also edit

References edit

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Further reading edit

Surveys edit

  • De Pauw, Linda Grant. Battle Cries and Lullabies: Women in War from Prehistory to the Present (University of Oklahoma Press, 1998), popular history by a leading scholar
  • Fraser, Antonia. The Warrior Queens (Vintage Books, 1990)

Medieval edit

  • Bauer, Susan Wise (2010). The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade (illustrated ed.). W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393078176.
  • Blythe, James M. "Women in the Military: Scholastic Arguments and Medieval Images of Female Warriors," History of Political Thought (2001), v. 22 pp. 242–269.
  • Edgington, Susan B. and Sarah Lambert, eds. Gendering the Crusades (2002), 13 scholarly articles
  • Hacker, Barton C. "Women and Military Institutions in Early Modern Europe: A Reconnaissance," Signs (1981), v. 6 pp. 643–671.
  • Hay, David. "Canon Laws Regarding Female Military Commanders up to the Time of Gratian: Some Texts and their Historical Contexts", in A Great Effusion of Blood'? Interpreting Medieval Violence, eds. Mark D. Meyerson, et al. (University of Toronto Press, 2004), pp. 287–313.
  • Hay, David. The Military Leadership of Matilda of Canossa, 1046–1115 (Manchester University Press, 2008).
  • Hingley, Richard, and Unwin, Christina. Boudica: Iron Age Warrior Queen (2006).
  • Illston, James Michael. 'An Entirely Masculine Activity'? Women and War in the High and Late Middle Ages Reconsidered (MA thesis, University of Canterbury, 2009) full text online, with detailed review of the literature
  • Lourie, E. "Black women warriors in the Muslim army besieging Valencia and the Cid's victory: A problem of interpretation", Traditio 55 (2000), pp. 181–209
  • McLaughlin, Megan. "The Woman Warrior: Gender, Warfare and Society in Medieval Europe", Women's Studies 17 (1990), pp. 193–209.
  • Maier, C.T. "The roles of women in the crusade movement: a survey" Journal of medieval history (2004). 30#1 pp 61–82
  • McLaughlin, Megan. "The woman warrior: gender, warfare and society in medieval Europe" Women's Studies – an Interdisciplinary Journal 17 (1990), pp. 193–209.
  • Nicholson, Helen. "Women on the Third Crusade", Journal of Medieval History 23 (1997), pp. 335–449.
  • Solterer, Helen. "Figures of Female Militancy in Medieval France," Signs 16 (1991), pp. 522–549.
  • Tuotuo. Liaoshi [History of Liao]. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1974 (or Tuotuo, Liaoshi (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1974))
  • Verbruggen, J.F. "Women in Medieval Armies," Journal of Medieval Military History 4 (2006), pp. 119–136.

China edit

  • Jones, David E. (1997). Women Warriors: a History. Garden City, New York: Brassey's. ISBN 978-1574881066.
  • Keay, John (2010). China: A History. HarperCollins UK. ISBN 978-0007372089.
  • McMahon, Keith (2013). Women Shall Not Rule: Imperial Wives and Concubines in China from Han to Liao. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-1442222908.
  • Peterson, Barbara Bennett, ed. (2000). Notable Women of China: Shang Dynasty to the Early Twentieth Century (illustrated ed.). M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0765619297.
  • Toqto'a; et al. (1344). Liao Shi (宋史) [History of Liao] (in Chinese).
  • Van Derven, H. J., ed. (2000). Warfare in Chinese History. Sinica Leidensia. Vol. 47 (illustrated ed.). Brill. ISBN 978-9004117747.
  • Wang, Yuan-Kang (2013). Harmony and War: Confucian Culture and Chinese Power Politics (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0231522403.

External links edit

 
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January 01, 1970
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A variety of roles were played by women in post classical warfare Only women active in direct warfare such as warriors spies and women who actively led armies are included in this list James Illston says the field of medieval gender studies is a growing one and nowhere is this expansion more evident than the recent increase in studies which address the roles of medieval women in times of war this change in research has been invaluable Illston provided an exhaustive bibliography of recent scholarly books and articles most of them connected to the crusades 1 Contents 1 Timeline 1 1 6th century 1 2 7th century 1 3 8th century 1 4 9th century 1 5 10th century 1 6 11th century 1 7 12th century 1 8 13th century 1 9 14th century 1 10 15th century 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading 4 1 Surveys 4 2 Medieval 4 3 China 5 External linksTimeline edit nbsp Dihya nbsp Lathgertha nbsp Gulnar Hatun nbsp AEthelflaed nbsp Adelaide Blanche of Anjou nbsp Empress Xiao Yanyan nbsp Matilda of Tuscany nbsp Florine of Burgundy nbsp Moremi Ajasoro nbsp Tomoe Gozen nbsp Hōjō Masako nbsp Hangaku Gozen nbsp Hulagu Khan with Doquz Khatun nbsp Rudrama Devi nbsp Joan I of Navarre nbsp Joanna of Flanders nbsp Isabella of France nbsp Jadwiga of Poland nbsp Philippa of England commands the defenders of Copenhagen 1428 nbsp Joan of Arc nbsp Margaret of Anjou nbsp Jeanne Hachette nbsp Caterina Sforza The antiquity ended with the 5th century and the list therefore starts with the 6th century 6th century edit 6th century A Saxon woman is buried with a knife and a shield in Lincolnshire England 2 6th century Lady Xian personally leads her army in China 3 6th century Halima a Ghassanid princess assisted the warriors of her tribe in the battle of Yawm Halima 4 6th century Amalafrida leads a revolt 5 589 6 The royal nuns Basina daughter of Chilperic I and Clotilda rebel and take power in the city of Poitiers by the use of an army of criminals 7 7th century edit 7th century before 637 Life of Mo Chua of Balla The account of his life describe him as converting two violent Amazons named Bee and Lithben 8 617 618 Princess Pingyang of China helps overthrow the Sui dynasty by organizing an Army of the Lady 9 624 625 Battle of Badr Qurayshi Arab priestess Hind bint Utba leads her people against Muhammad in the fight Her father uncle and brother are killed 10 11 She was among fifteen women accompanying troops in a battle near Medina singing songs to inspire warriors She exults over the body of the man who killed her father chews his liver and makes jewelry from his skin and nails 12 625 Nusaybah bint Ka ab fights in the Battle of Uhud on behalf of Muhammad after converting to Islam 13 Hammanah bint Jahsh also participated in the Battle of Uhud and provided water to the needy and treated the wounded and injured 14 Umm Sulaym bint Milhan entered the battle carrying a dagger in the folds of her dress and tended to the wounded She also made attempts to defend Muhammad when the tide of the battle turned against him 15 627 Umm Sulaym bint Milhan participates in the Battle of the Trench carrying a dagger in her robes When Muhammad asked her what she was doing with it she informed him that she planned to use it to fight deserters 15 630s 16 Ghazala leads troops in battle 17 630s Khawla bint al Azwar participate actively in combat during the Battle of Adnajin dressed as a man along with several other women takes command of the Rashidun army at the Battle of Yarmouk against the Roman Byzantine Empire She was nearly beaten by a Byzantine Greek when one of her female companions Wafayra beheaded her opponent with one blow This act rallied the Arabs and they defeated the Greeks 18 632 Prophetess Sajah a contemporary of Muhammad led an army of 4 000 against Medina after his death but called off the attack when she learned of the defeat of Tulayha 19 634 Umm Hakim bint al Harith ibn Hisham single handedly disposed of seven Byzantine soldiers with a tent pole during the Battle of Marj al Saffar 20 640s 741 Wak Chanil Ajaw rules the Mayans She led military campaigns to conquer neighboring cities 21 651 Female Sasanian generals like Apranik Negan and Azedeh fight against the Muslim conquest of Persia 22 653 Chen Shuozhen leads a peasant rebellion in China declaring herself empress regnant of China 23 656 Aisha widow of Muhammad leads troops at the Battle of the Camel She is defeated 24 690s Kahina leads Berber resistance against the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb 25 8th century edit 8th to 11th century Viking Age Sagas and historical records tell of Viking Shield maiden like Lagertha participating in battles and raids 26 such as Veborg in the Battle of Bravellir in 750 27 28 In addition remains of a Birka Viking warrior were confirmed in 2017 by DNA analysis to be female 29 722 Queen AEthelburg of Wessex destroys the town of Taunton 30 730 A Khazar noblewoman named Parsbit commands an army against Armenia 31 738 According to legendary Czech history Valasca seized power and created a state ruled by women 32 She decreed that only women were to receive military training and that boys were to be maimed to render them unable to fight by removal of the right eye and thumb She supposedly distributed a potion to the women of Bohemia which protected them from men 33 769 Gulnar Hatun a semi legendary Turkish heroine is killed fighting the Abbasids 34 35 9th century edit 811 After suffering great losses Khan Krum mobilizes the women of the Bulgars who then take part in the Battle of Pliska 36 816 837 Banu wife of Babak Khorramdin resists against the Islamic Abbasid Caliphate 37 880 Ermengard of Italy conducts the defense of Vienne until forced to surrender in September 882 38 10th century edit 10th century A Birka female Viking warrior is buried in Birka Sweden she were confirmed in 2017 by DNA analysis to be female 29 10th century According to legend Saint Theodora of Vasta in Arcadia of Peloponnesus joined the army of Byzantine Empire in her father s stead dressed as a man to spare her father from conscription and had no brother who could take his place when refusing to marry a woman who claimed to have been made pregnant by her she is executed resulting in the discovery of the biological gender of her corpse and her status as a saint for the sacrifice she made for her father 39 900 A Viking woman is buried in Solor Norway with weapons 40 912 922 Reign of AEthelflaed queen of Mercia She commanded armies fortified towns and defeated the Danes She also defeated the Welsh and forced them to pay tribute to her 41 914 Queen Sugandha and her forces marched against the Tantrins She was defeated and deposed 42 916 Xochitl Toltec a Toltec queen fights in a civil war the erupted in the Toltec Empire She created and led a battalion made up entirely of women soldiers 43 960 Ethiopian queen Gudit laid waste to Axum and its countryside destroyed churches and monuments and attempted to exterminate the members of the ruling dynasty of the Kingdom of Aksum 44 45 971 Sviatoslav I attacked the Byzantine Empire in Bulgaria in 971 When the Varangians were defeated in the siege of Dorostolon the victors were stunned to discover shieldmaidens among the fallen warriors 46 975 Adelaide Blanche of Anjou acting for her sons Guy and Bertrand led an army to aid Guy a k a Guido II Count Bishop of le Puy in establishing the Peace and Truce of God in le Puy 47 986 The Khitan Dowager Regent Xiao Yanyan of the Khitan Liao state regnal title Chengtian assumes power at age 30 in 982 In 986 she personally led her own army against the Song dynasty and defeated them in battle 48 49 50 51 52 11th century edit Early 11th century Freydis Eiriksdottir a Viking woman sails to Vinland with Thorfinn Karlsefni When she faced hostile natives while pregnant she exposed her breasts and beat her chest with a sword This caused the natives to run away 53 11th century Great Saxon Revolt Adelaide of Savoy Duchess of Swabia remains in Swabia to defend her husband s lands 54 11th century Judith d Evreux is left in the care of Roger I of Sicily s garrison while he campaigns 55 1016 Adela of Hamaland defend the fortress Uplade in the Netherlands in the absence of her spouse and fills out the ranks of her defense force with women dressed as soldiers 56 11th century Sikelgaita commands troops in her own right 57 1047 Akkadevi an Indian princess besieges the fort of Gokage 58 1050 Norwegian noblewoman Bergljot Hakonsdatter raise an army to kill the king for murdering her spouse and son she takes the king s estate but by then the king had managed to escape her 59 1055 Defeat and execution of A Nong Zhuang ruler warrior and shamaness Alongside her son father and husband she led the Zhuang and Nung minorities of the Sino Vietnamese frontier against Vietnamese and Chinese foes 60 1058 1086 Sikelgaita of Salerno second wife of Robert Guiscard Duke of Apulia accompanies her husband on military campaigns and regularly puts on full armor and rides into battle at his side 61 October 14 1066 Edith the Fair according to folklore identifies Harold Godwinson s body after the Battle of Hastings 62 1071 Richilde Countess of Hainaut is captured fighting in the Battle of Cassel 63 1072 Urraca of Zamora Infanta of the Kingdom of Castile defends the city of Zamora against her brother Sancho 64 1087 Matilda of Tuscany personally leads a military expedition to Rome in an attempt to install Pope Victor but the strength of the imperial counterattack soon convinced the pope to retire from the city 65 1090 Norman woman Isabel of Conches rides on horseback armed 66 1097 Florine of Burgundy participates in the first crusade with her spouse and fell participating in actual combat by his side while their army was attacked and destroyed in Anatolia 67 12th century edit 12th century Moremi Ajasoro of the Yoruba is taken as a slave by the Igbo and married their ruler as his anointed queen After familiarizing herself with the secrets of her new husband s army she escaped to Ile Ife and revealed this to the Yorubas who were then able to subsequently defeat them in battle 68 12th century Yennenga of the Mossi people of Burkina Faso leads her own battalion 69 70 1101 Ida of Formbach Ratelnberg leads her own army in the Crusade of 1101 71 January 1108 or 1109 Bertha of Rheinfelden fought manfully in the Battle of Jedesheim 72 1119 Clementia of Burgundy raises an army 73 1121 Urraca of Leon fights her half sister Theresa Countess of Portugal when she refuses to surrender the city of Tui Pontevedra 74 1130 Female Chinese general Liang Hongyu wife of general Han Shizhong of the Song dynasty blocks the advance of the Jin army with her husband Her drumming invigorated the Song army and rallied them to defeat the Jin 75 1136 Welsh princess Gwenllian ferch Gruffydd leads an army against the Normans but is defeated and killed 76 1141 Matilda I Countess of Boulogne raises an army to continue the fight for the crown of England after her husband King Stephen is captured by the Empress Matilda 77 1145 Eleanor of Aquitaine accompanies her husband on the Second Crusade 78 1147 Fannu an Almoravid princess participate in the defense of the Almoravid dynasty capital s fortress in Marrakech dressed as a man during the conquest of the Almohad jihad 79 80 1150 Swedish nobleman Jon Jarl are killed by Baltic pirates who attacks his estate Askenos after his return from the First Swedish Crusade after which his widow the Lady of Askanas her name is not preserved flee to Hundhammar gather an army and return to kill the murderers of her spouse 81 1170 1176 Aoife MacMurrough conducts battles in Ireland on behalf of her consort Richard de Clare 2nd Earl of Pembroke and is sometimes known as Red Eva 82 1180 1185 Female Japanese warrior Tomoe Gozen fights in the Genpei War alongside men 83 1172 Aldruda Countess of Bertinoro commanded the army that fought to lift an imperial siege of the town of Aucona in 1172 84 1182 1199 Hōjō Masako rides with her spouse Minamoto no Yoritomo on his campaigns and was never defeated in battle 85 1178 Indian queen Naikidevi ruling on behalf of Mulraja II fights Muhammad Ghori in Mount Abu 1191 1217 Nicola de la Haye defended loyalist interests against rebel barons in Lincoln England 86 1198 Maud de Braose defends Plainscastle against Welsh attack 87 1199 Joan of England Queen of Sicily took arms against the lords of Saint Felix and laid siege to a castrum belonging to them known as Les Casses 88 Late 12th century Umadevi consort of King Veera Ballala II commanded Mysore armies against the rival Chalukyas on at least two occasions 89 allowing Bellala to concentrate on administrative matters and thus significantly contributing to the Hoysalas conquest 90 of the Chalkyua at Kalyani near present day Bidar 13th century edit 1201 Japanese archer Hangaku Gozen defends a fort until she is wounded by an arrow 91 1220s Yang Miaozhen acts as war leader in China 92 93 1221 The ruler of Maragha Sulafa Khatun successfully commands the citadel of Ru in Diz during the Mongol siege of Maragha 94 1226 Yesui one of the wives of Genghis Khan accompanies her husband as he set out on a punitive expedition to the Tangut kingdom 95 1236 1239 Reign of Razia Sultana 96 She led her troops in battle 97 January 1229 Blanche of Castile led her forces to attack Mauclerc 98 1249 Magistra Hersend accompanied Louis IX of France on the Seventh Crusade 99 1258 Doquz Khatun accompanies her husband Hulagu on campaigns At the Sack of Baghdad in 1258 the Mongols massacred tens of thousands of inhabitants but by the order of Doquz the Christians were spared 100 1261 1289 Reign of Indian queen Rudrama Devi She leads her troops in battle and may have been killed in battle in 1289 101 1264 Eleanor of Provence raises troops in France for her husband during the Baron s War 102 1270 Eleanor of Castile accompanies her husband on his crusade According to legend she saved his life by sucking poison from his wound when he was injured 103 1271 Isabella of Aragon Queen of France dies at Cosenza on the way back from the Crusades 104 August 1282 Dina and Clarenza assist in repelling a siege of Messina 105 1285 Mercadera dressed as a man wounds and captures a French knight during the French siege of the Aragonese city of Peralada 106 1290 Royal Armouries Ms I 33 is written It depicts fighters An illustration of a woman named Walpurgis training in sword and buckler techniques is in the manuscript among others 107 1296 Bertha van Heukelom defends Castle IJsselstein against Hubrecht van Vianen of Culemborg 108 1297 Joan I of Navarre Countess of Champagne leads an army against the Count of Bar when he invaded her domain of Champagne 109 Late 13th century Khutulun a relative of Kublai Khan is described as a superb warrior and accompanies her father Khaidu on military campaigns 110 14th century edit 14th century Urduja a Filipino princess takes part in several battles Many historians believe that she was mythical however 111 14th century Women of the Mississippian culture in the Central Illinois River Valley Region participated in warfare defending their camp if needed while men were out hunting 112 1326 Isabella of France invades England with Roger de Mortimer and overthrows Edward II of England replacing him with her son Edward III of England with her and de Mortimer acting as regents 113 1335 During the Second War of Scottish Independence Christina Bruce commanded the garrison of Kildrummy Castle and successfully held the castle against pro Baliol forces led by David III Strathbogie 114 1335 The Scots defeat a company led by the Count of Namur Amongst the Count s casualties was a female lancer who had killed her opponent Richard Shaw at the same moment that he had killed her Her gender was only discovered when the bodies were being stripped of their armor at the end of the engagement The chronicler Bower seems to have been at least as impressed by the rarity of two mounted soldiers simultaneously transfixing one another with their lances as with the fact that one of them was a woman 115 1338 Agnes Countess of Dunbar successfully defends her castle against a siege by England s earl of Salisbury 116 1342 1343 Joanna of Flanders conquers the city of Redon and defends the city of Hennebont during the Breton war 117 1341 1347 Empress Irene Asanina commands the garrison of Didymoteicho and defend the city during the Byzantine civil war of 1341 1347 118 1347 Philippa of Hainault persuaded the King to spare the lives of the Burghers of Calais This popularity helped maintain peace in England throughout their long reign 119 1348 Empress Irene Asanina organize the defense of Constantinople against the Genoese 118 1351 1363 Han E serves as a soldier in the Chinese army as a man under the name Han Guanbao and is promoted to lieutenant 120 1351 1357 Cia Ordelaffi nee Marzia degli Ubaldini an Italian noblewoman from Forli came in help of Lodovico Ordelaffi during the battle of Dovadola part of the Guelphs and Ghibellines war In 1357 she took part in the defense of Cesena during the Forlivesi crusade induced by Pope Innocent VI 121 1353 Empress Irene Asanina organize the defense of Constantinople against the army of John V 118 1354 Ibn Battuta reports seeing female warriors in Southeast Asia 122 1358 Richardis of Schwerin Duchess of Schleswig defends Sonderborg Castle on Als against Valdemar IV of Denmark 123 1364 1405 Timur uses female archers to defend baggage trains 122 1387 Queen Jadwiga of Poland leads two military campaigns 124 1389 Frisian regent Foelke Kampana leads armies to assist her spouse Ocko Kenisna tom Brok chief of Auricherland after finding him dead on the battlefield she returns to Aurich and upon finding it taken by an enemy during her absence she retakes it by military force 125 1395 Agnes Hotot takes part in a lance duel while dressed as a man only revealing her gender once the fight is won 126 127 128 15th century edit 15th century Qutlugh Nigar Khanum accompanies her son on military expeditions 129 1419 Margaret of Bavaria defends French Burgundy against John IV Count of Armagnac 130 1420 Tang Sai er starts a rebellion against the emperor of China and take two cities with her rebel army before she is defeated 23 1428 Cecilia Rozgonyi commanded her own ship in battle toward the Ottoman Empire under Sigismund of Hungary at Golubac fortress 131 1428 Philippa of England Queen of Denmark successfully organized the defence of Copenhagen against the Hanseatic League a heroic feat later recounted by Hans Christian Andersen in Godfather s Picture Book 1868 132 1429 Joan of Arc asserts that God has sent her to drive the English out of France and is given a position in the French Royal army 133 She is supported by Yolande of Aragon mother of Queen Marie d Anjou wife of King Charles VII 134 1430s Jeanne des Armoises was a soldier in Italy 135 1430 Aldonca de Bellera defends her barony of Rialp in Catalonia against Count Arnau Roger of IV Pallars 136 1433 Ida Konigsmarck legendary defense her fief Kastelholm Castle on Aland in Swedish Finland during the Engelbrekt rebellion 137 1450s Zaydi Yemeni chieftain Sharifa Fatima conquers San a 138 1451 1452 Brita Tott serves as a spy in the war between Sweden and Denmark 139 1455 Elise Eskilsdotter leads a war against the German merchant class of Bergen in Norway as revenge for the murder of her spouse by means of her pirate fleet 140 1461 Alice Knyvet defends Buckingham Castle at Norfolk against Sir Gilbert of Debenhem 141 1466 Pomellina Fregoso stages and supports a rebellion against Lambert in the provinces of Menton and Roquebrunem 142 1467 olof Loftsdottir personally leads a war against British traders working in Iceland 143 1471 Queen Margaret of Anjou personally leads her troops in the Battle of Tewkesbury 144 1472 Onorata Rodiani from Cremona Italy is mortally wounded in battle She had disguised herself as a man to become a soldier 145 1472 Jeanne Hachette rips down the flag of the invading Burgundians at Beauvais inspiring the garrison to win the fight 146 1474 Caterina d Ortafa participate in the defense of Canet en Roussillon during the French invasion of Roussilon following the Catalan Civil War 147 1480 Margareta of Celje defends the city of Glogow against the forces of the duke of Sagan who lay siege to the town 1480s Mandukhai takes command of the Mongol army and defeats the Oirats 148 1481 Dutch noblewoman Swob Sjaarda defends her castle during a siege in the Netherlands 149 1487 Katarina Nipertz defends Raseborg Castle in Finland the fief of her late spouse against the troops of the new vassal appointed by the regent for several weeks 150 1494 Ats Bonninga defends her fort in Friesland 151 1495 Beatrice d Este supervised and animated the troops to move against the Duke of Orleans in place of her husband thus managing to avoid the French conquest of the Duchy of Milan 152 1496 Bauck Poppema defends her fort in Friesland 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Cambridge Cambridge University Press p 225 ISBN 978 1107604742 Diccionari Biografic de Dones Mercadera na Bachmann Dieter 2003 I 33 Archived from the original on 13 May 2011 Retrieved 20 June 2008 djr 20 March 2017 Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland www inghist nl Woodacre Elena 2013 The Queens Regnant of Navarre Succession Politics and Partnership 1274 1512 Palgrave Macmillan p 21 ISBN 978 1137339157 Retrieved 9 January 2015 Rossabi Morris 1989 Khubilai Khan His Life and Times University of California Press pp 104 105 ISBN 978 0520067400 Apeles Teena 2004 Women Warriors Adventures from History s Greatest Female Fighters Seal Press p 65 ISBN 978 1580051118 Bengtson J O Gorman J 6 June 2016 Women s Participation in Prehistoric Warfare A Central Illinois River Valley Case Study International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 27 2 230 244 doi 10 1002 oa 2532 ISSN 1047 482X American Heritage Dictionary 2005 The Riverside Dictionary of Biography Editors Houghton Mifflin Reference Books p 410 ISBN 978 0618493371 A History of the County of Renfrew from the Earliest Times by William Musham Metcalfe pp 69 70 Brown Chris 2006 The Second Scottish Wars of Independence Tempus Publishing p 60 ISBN 978 0752438122 Lawson John Parker 1849 Historical Tales of the Wars of Scotland and of the Border Raids Forays and Conflicts Edinburgh p 1 89 Butler Pierce Women of Medieval France Chapter IX Barrie London 1907 a b c Lynda Garland Byzantine Empresses Women and Power in Byzantium AD 527 1204 Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Philippa of Hainaut Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 21 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 390 Han E the Hua Mulan of Sichuan Province Colorq org Archived from the original on 24 December 2010 Retrieved 3 June 2008 Degli Ubaldini Cia in Italian Archived from the original on 21 August 2016 Retrieved 4 August 2016 a b Svinth Joseph R Women s Martial Arts A Chronological History 479 BCE 1896 CE Electronic Journals of Martial Arts and Sciences Guelph School of Japanese Sword Arts July 2003 Archived from the original on 15 December 2010 Retrieved 27 June 2008 86 Dansk biografisk Lexikon XIV Bind Resen Saxtrup runeberg org Halecki Oscar 1991 Jadwiga of Anjou and the Rise of East Central Europe Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America ISBN 0880332069 Kampana Foelke ca 1355 1417 1419 Collins Arthur 1741 The English Baronetage Containing a Genealogical and Historical Account of All the English Baronets Now Existing Printed for Thomas Wotton London Dobson Susanna Dawson 1795 Historical anecdotes of heraldry and chivalry tending to shew the origin of many English and foreign coats of arms circumstances and customs Printed by Hall and Brandish p 229 Frankel Valerie Estelle 2014 Women in Game of Thrones Power Conformity and Resistance McFarland pp 44 45 ISBN 978 1476615547 Beveridge Annette Susannah 2006 Babur Nama Journal of Emperor Babur 1 publ ed Penguin Books pp 13 25 ISBN 978 0144001491 djr 20 March 2017 Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland inghist nl Zollner Anton 1991 Die Burgen Sankt Ladislaus und Golubatsch Mittelalterliche Burgen auf dem Gebiet des rumanischen Banats in German Hans Christian Andersen Godfather s Picture Book andersen sdu dk Pernoud Regine 1982 Joan of Arc By Herself And Her Witnesses Scarborough House Berents p 32 Quest for the past Pleasantville Reader s Digest Association 1984 p 298 ISBN 978 0895771704 Diccionari Biografic de Dones Aldonca de Bellera Engelbrecht Engelbrechtssons historia Eric Tundeld 1784 Mernissi Fatima 1997 The Forgotten Queens of Islam Translated by Mary Jo Lakeland University of Minnesota Press p 20 ISBN 978 0816624393 Wilhelmina Stalberg Anteqningar om Svenska kvinnor Notes on Swedish women Swedish Svensk uppslagsbok Malmo 1931 The Secret History of Women Sunday Mirror 2 January 2000 Retrieved 20 June 2008 Saige Gustave 1897 Monaco Ses Origines et Son Histoire Imprimerie de Monaco Retrieved 8 April 2019 olof rika a Skardi Sunnudagsblad Timans 28 juni 1964 The British Monarchy For Dummies By Philip Wilkinson p 358 Waters Clara Erskine Clement 1886 Stories of Art and Artists Ticknor and company pp 86 87 Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Hachette Jeanne Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 12 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 793 Diccionari Biografic de Dones Caterina d Ortafa Davis Kimball Jeannine 2002 Warrior Women An Archaeologist s Search for History s Hidden Heroines Warner Books Inc pp 226 228 ISBN 978 0446525466 djr 20 March 2017 Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland inghist nl Suomen kansallisbiografia National Biography of Finland djr 20 March 2017 Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland inghist nl Rene Maulde La Claviere 1891 Histoire de Loius XII ptie Louis d Orleans Vol 3 pp 221 224 djr 20 March 2017 Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland inghist nl Brogi Cecilia 1996 Caterina Sforza in Italian Arezzo Alberti amp C Editori Further reading editSurveys edit De Pauw Linda Grant Battle Cries and Lullabies Women in War from Prehistory to the Present University of Oklahoma Press 1998 popular history by a leading scholar Fraser Antonia The Warrior Queens Vintage Books 1990 Medieval edit Bauer Susan Wise 2010 The History of the Medieval World From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade illustrated ed W W Norton ISBN 978 0393078176 Blythe James M Women in the Military Scholastic Arguments and Medieval Images of Female Warriors History of Political Thought 2001 v 22 pp 242 269 Edgington Susan B and Sarah Lambert eds Gendering the Crusades 2002 13 scholarly articles Hacker Barton C Women and Military Institutions in Early Modern Europe A Reconnaissance Signs 1981 v 6 pp 643 671 Hay David Canon Laws Regarding Female Military Commanders up to the Time of Gratian Some Texts and their Historical Contexts in A Great Effusion of Blood Interpreting Medieval Violence eds Mark D Meyerson et al University of Toronto Press 2004 pp 287 313 Hay David The Military Leadership of Matilda of Canossa 1046 1115 Manchester University Press 2008 Hingley Richard and Unwin Christina Boudica Iron Age Warrior Queen 2006 Illston James Michael An Entirely Masculine Activity Women and War in the High and Late Middle Ages Reconsidered MA thesis University of Canterbury 2009 full text online with detailed review of the literature Lourie E Black women warriors in the Muslim army besieging Valencia and the Cid s victory A problem of interpretation Traditio 55 2000 pp 181 209 McLaughlin Megan The Woman Warrior Gender Warfare and Society in Medieval Europe Women s Studies 17 1990 pp 193 209 Maier C T The roles of women in the crusade movement a survey Journal of medieval history 2004 30 1 pp 61 82 McLaughlin Megan The woman warrior gender warfare and society in medieval Europe Women s Studies an Interdisciplinary Journal 17 1990 pp 193 209 Nicholson Helen Women on the Third Crusade Journal of Medieval History 23 1997 pp 335 449 Solterer Helen Figures of Female Militancy in Medieval France Signs 16 1991 pp 522 549 Tuotuo Liaoshi History of Liao Beijing Zhonghua shuju 1974 or Tuotuo Liaoshi Beijing Zhonghua shuju 1974 Verbruggen J F Women in Medieval Armies Journal of Medieval Military History 4 2006 pp 119 136 China edit Jones David E 1997 Women Warriors a History Garden City New York Brassey s ISBN 978 1574881066 Keay John 2010 China A History HarperCollins UK ISBN 978 0007372089 McMahon Keith 2013 Women Shall Not Rule Imperial Wives and Concubines in China from Han to Liao Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers ISBN 978 1442222908 Peterson Barbara Bennett ed 2000 Notable Women of China Shang Dynasty to the Early Twentieth Century illustrated ed M E Sharpe ISBN 978 0765619297 Toqto a et al 1344 Liao Shi 宋史 History of Liao in Chinese Van Derven H J ed 2000 Warfare in Chinese History Sinica Leidensia Vol 47 illustrated ed Brill ISBN 978 9004117747 Wang Yuan Kang 2013 Harmony and War Confucian Culture and Chinese Power Politics illustrated ed Columbia University Press ISBN 978 0231522403 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related 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