Bidar

This article is about the City. For its eponymous district, see Bidar district. For Taluka (Tehsil), see Bidar taluk.

See also: Bidar (disambiguation)

Bidar (/biːd̪ər/) is a city in the north-eastern part of Karnataka state in India. It is the headquarters of Bidar district, which borders Maharashtra and Telangana. It is a rapidly urbanising city in the wider Bidar Metropolitan area. The city is well known for its many sites of architectural, historical and religious importance. Bidar City have a population of more than 2 lakh and are likely to get upgraded to municipal corporation in the next 5 years.

Bidar
City
(clockwise from top) Bidar Fort; One of the Barid Shahi tombs; Guru Nanak Jhira Sahib; Ruins of the Mahmud Gawan Madrasa
Etymology: Viduranagara (Mahabharata)
Nickname(s):  The City of Whispering Monuments and Crown Town
Bidar Location of Bidar in Karnataka Show map of Karnataka Bidar Bidar (India) Show map of India
Coordinates (Bidar): 17°54′43″N 77°31′12″E / 17.912°N 77.520°E / 17.912; 77.520
Country	India
State	Karnataka
Division	Kalaburagi Division
Region	Kalyana-Karnataka
District	Bidar
Taluka	Bidar
Named for	Bidri
Government
• Type	Municipal Council
• Body	Bidar City Municipal Council Bidar Urban Development Authority (BUDA)
Area ^[1]
• City	43 km^2 (17 sq mi)
Elevation ^[3]	710 m (2,330 ft)
Population  (2011)^[1]
• City	216,020
• Estimate  (2021)^[4]	260,201
• Rank	13
• Density	5,000/km^2 (13,000/sq mi)
• Metro	400,000^[2]
• Males	111,470
• Males density	2,592/km^2 (6,710/sq mi)
• Females	104,550
• Females density	2,432/km^2 (6,300/sq mi)
Demonym	"Bidri"
Sex Ratio ^[5]
• per 1000 males	937 females
• in the age, 0-6	914 f / 1000 m
Literacy Rate ^[5]
• Average	87.65%
• Male	92.88%
• Female	82.08%
Time zone	UTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN	585 401/02/03
Telephone code	91-(0)8482-XXXXXX
Vehicle registration	KA-38
Official language	Kannada
Website	bidarcity.mrc.gov.in

Being located at the farthest of around 744 km (462 mi) from the state capital Bangalore, it has been neglected by the state government for a long time. However, owing to its rich heritage, the city has a prominent place on the Archaeological Map of India. Picturesquely perched on the Deccan plateau, the Bidar fort is more than 500 years old and still standing strong.^[6] According to the book "Bidar Heritage" published by the state Department of Archaeology, Museums and Heritage, of the 61 monuments listed by the department, about 30 are tombs located in and around Bidar city.,^[7] explaining its nickname, "City of Whispering Monuments". The heritage sites in and around Bidar have become the major attraction for film shooting in recent years, with Bollywood making visits apart from Kannada film industry^[8]

Bidar is home for the second biggest Indian Air Force training centre in the country. The IAF Station Bidar is used for advanced jet training of prospective fighter pilots on BAe Hawk aircraft.^[9]

Bidar city is known for its Bidri handicraft products, and its rich history. Bidar is also considered one of the holiest place for Sikh pilgrimage. Unlike other places in the region, Bidar is the coldest and wettest place in north Karnataka. For the year 2009–10, Bidar was ranked 22nd among the cleanest cities in India, and 5th cleanest in Karnataka.^[10] SH4 passes through Bidar and the whole city is integrated with 4 lane road.

Etymology

The name Bidar appears to be derived from ‘bidiru’, which means bamboo.^[11] It was also referred as Bhadrakot.^[12]

Legend has associated Bidar with the ancient kingdom of Vidarbha, to which references are found in early Hindu literature like Malavikagnimitra, Mahabharata, the Harivamsa, Bhagavata, and a few other Puranas.^[13]: 3 Its association can be seen apparently on account of the similarity in names Bidar and Vidarbha. This has been mentioned in Firishta's writings.

The traditional tales reveal that Vidura lived here; hence the place was earlier called Viduranagara and also as the place where Nala and Damayanti (Daughter of Raja Bhima, the King of Vidharba) were meeting.^[14]

Bidar under the rule of the Bahmani Sultanate was known as Muhammadabad.

History

Main article: History of Bidar

The recorded History of the city goes back to the third century B.C. when it was a part of the Mauryan Empire. After the Mauryas, Satavahanas, Kadambasand Chalukyas of Badami and later the Rashtrakutas reigned over Bidar territory. The Chalukyas of Kalyana and Kalachuris of Kalyanis also regained the area. For a short period after Kalyani Chalukyas the area of Bidar was under the Seunas of Devagiri and Kakatiyas of Warangal.

Bahamani Sultanate

Main article: Bahamani Sultanate

The Delhi Sultanate invaded the area first by Allauddin Khilji, and later, Muhammed-bin-Tughluq took control of entire Deccan including Bidar. In the middle of the 14th century, the Sultan of Delhi's officers that were stationed in Deccan rebelled and this resulted in the establishment of Bahmanid Dynasty in 1347 A.D. at Gulbarga/Hasanabad (present Kalaburagi). There was frequent warfare between the Bahmanids and the Vijaynagar Kingdom.^[15]

The history of the present fort at Bidar is attributed to the sultan Ahmed Shah Wali Bahmani, the sultan of the Bahmani dynasty till 1427, when he shifted his capital from Gulbarga to Bidar since it had better climatic conditions and was also a fertile and fruit-bearing land. The earliest recorded history of its existence as a small and strong fort is also traced to prince Ulugh Khan in 1322, whereafter it came under the reign of the Tughlaq dynasty.^[16]

With the establishment of the Bahmanid dynasty (1347), Bidar was occupied by Sultan Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah Bahmani. During the rule of Ahmad Shah I (1422–1486), Bidar was made the capital city of Bahmani Kingdom.^[17][18] The old fort was rebuilt and madrasas, mosques, palaces, and gardens were raised. Mahmud Gawan, who became the prime minister in 1466, was a notable figure in the history of Bidar. Bidar remained under the Barid Shahi dynasty until conquest by the Bijapur Sultanate in 1619. Aurangzeb came to Bidar after his father, Padshah (emperor) Shah Jahan, appointed him the Prince of Deccan. He wrested the Bidar Fort from the Adil Shahis after a 21-day war in 1656. With this, Bidar became a part of the Mughal dynasty for the second time.^[19][20] Bidar was made a subah (imperial top-level province) in 1656, which Telangana Subah was merged into the next year.^[21]

In 1724, Bidar became a part of the Asaf Jahi Kingdom of the Nizams. Third son of Asaf jah l ( Nizam l ) Mir Sa'id Muhammad Khan, Salabat Jang ruled from Bidar fort from 1751 to 1762, till his brother Mir Nizam Ali Khan Asaf Jah III imprisoned him in this fort, and was killed in Bidar fort on 16 September 1763. Mohammedabad old name of Bidar is also on his name. It was connected to Hyderabad by rail in the early 20th century.^[22] After India's independence, in 1956 all Kannada speaking areas were merged to form the Mysore State and Bidar became part of the new Mysore (now Karnataka) state.^[20][23][24]

Karez System

Main article: Qanat

Ancient Karez System in the city have been recently discovered. The Karez (Qanat) is an underground network of aqueducts for water supply. The Bidar Karez, built in the 15th century, is more than 3 km (1.9 mi) long with 21 air vents.^[25] Underground canals, built to connect underground water streams, were meant to provide drinking water to civilian settlements and the garrison inside the Bidar fort. This was necessary in a city where the soil was rocky and drilling wells was difficult.^[26] The Bidar karez systems, believed to be the earliest ones in India, were constructed during the Bahmani period. According to Gulam Yazdani's documentation, Bidar has three karez systems: Naubad, Shukla Theerth, and Jamna Mori. Among these, Shukla Theerth stands out as the longest karez system in Bidar. The origin well of this karez was found near Gornalli Kere, a historic embankment. Jamna Mori, on the other hand, primarily served as a distribution system within the old city, with numerous channels intersecting the city streets.^[27]

Restoration efforts began in 2014, focusing on the desilting and excavation of the Naubad Karez.^[28] In 2015, this initiative led to the discovery of 27 vertical shafts connected to the Karez. The rejuvenation of these systems has had a significant positive impact on Bidar, a city facing water scarcity. Additionally, in 2016, during a sewage line excavation, a seventh line of the system was uncovered.^[29]

Geography

Bidar is located at 17°54′N 77°30′E / 17.9°N 77.5°E / 17.9; 77.5,^[30] lies at a central position in Deccan, a plateau at an elevation of 2300 ft from the sea level. It has common boundaries with Maharashtra and Telangana which is, with the districts of Nizamabad and Medak in Telangana on the East and the districts of Latur, Nanded and Osmanabad in Maharashtra on the west. On the south lies the district Gulbarga of Karnataka.^[31]

Geology

 

Laterite under the Top soil Layer

The upper crust of the plateau is of laterite, a soft porous rock with limonitic surface. This crust varies in depth from 100 ft (30 m) to 500 ft (150 m) and rests on a bed of trap, which is of much harder texture and less pervious to water. The volume of water filtered during the monsoons through the laterite stratum is arrested by the trappean bed, and a nursery of springs is formed whose natural level of effluence is the line of contact of the two strata along the base of the cliffs of the plateau. The water in course of time frets out for itself an orifice and macerates and loosens portions of its rocky channel till a rift is produced. The rift gradually dilates into a ravine, and the ravine expands into a vale.

The Karez System is built along a geological fracture. Such fractures are formed at the intersection of laterite and basalt rocks and form lineaments or springs that yield water.^[32]

See also: Bidar district § Laterite

Soil

Bidar soils are deep (>100 cm), well-drained gravelly red clayey soils developed on plateaus of laterites. They are slightly acid to neutral (pH 6.6) in reaction with low cation exchange capacity. They are highly gravelly soils with gravel content (60 to 10%) that decrease with depth.^[33]

Climate

The winter season is from November to middle of February. Bidar is one of the coldest cities (by southern standards) in Karnataka as the minimum temperature during winter nights regularly hovers around 11-12 during December, which is the coldest month with mean daily maximum temperature of 27.3 C and mean daily minimum of 13.4 C. From the middle of the February, both day and night temperatures begin to rise rapidly. May is the hottest month with mean daily maximum temperature of 38.8 C and mean daily minimum of 25.9 C. With the withdrawal of southwest monsoon in the first week of October, there is slight increase in day temperature but night temperature decreases steadily. After October, both day and night temperatures decreases progressively. The highest maximum temperature recorded at Bidar was on 8-5-1931(43.3-degree C) and the lowest minimum was on 5-1-1901(2.9-degree C, the lowest temperature ever recorded in Karnataka).^[34]

Present day Bidar covers an expanse of 5448 square kilometres of land and lies between 17°35' and 18°25' North latitudes and 76°42' and 77°39' east longitudes.

Climate data for Bidar (1981–2010, extremes 1901–2011)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	35.2 (95.4)	38.8 (101.8)	41.7 (107.1)	42.8 (109.0)	43.6 (110.5)	44.0 (111.2)	36.7 (98.1)	36.1 (97.0)	36.7 (98.1)	36.7 (98.1)	36.1 (97.0)	32.8 (91.0)	44.0 (111.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	29.1 (84.4)	32.2 (90.0)	35.8 (96.4)	38.1 (100.6)	38.9 (102.0)	33.7 (92.7)	29.9 (85.8)	28.9 (84.0)	30.0 (86.0)	30.2 (86.4)	29.0 (84.2)	28.0 (82.4)	32.0 (89.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	16.3 (61.3)	18.4 (65.1)	21.9 (71.4)	24.4 (75.9)	25.3 (77.5)	22.9 (73.2)	21.7 (71.1)	21.3 (70.3)	21.4 (70.5)	20.4 (68.7)	17.9 (64.2)	15.8 (60.4)	20.6 (69.1)
Record low °C (°F)	2.8 (37.0)	6.4 (43.5)	10.2 (50.4)	12.6 (54.7)	14.2 (57.6)	17.2 (63.0)	15.0 (59.0)	18.3 (64.9)	16.7 (62.1)	15.0 (59.0)	11.1 (52.0)	10.0 (50.0)	6.2 (43.2)
Average rainfall mm (inches)	12.2 (0.48)	2.5 (0.10)	11.4 (0.45)	22.8 (0.90)	21.1 (0.83)	132.8 (5.23)	193.1 (7.60)	211.9 (8.34)	152.5 (6.00)	116.5 (4.59)	29.9 (1.18)	5.0 (0.20)	911.6 (35.89)
Average rainy days	0.5	0.3	0.8	2.0	2.7	7.9	10.9	12.0	8.8	5.5	1.5	0.4	53.4
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST)	45	36	36	36	41	59	68	71	67	58	52	49	52
Source: India Meteorological Department^[35]^[36]

Demographics

Religions in Bidar City (2011)^[37]
Religion			Percent
Hinduism			54.63%
Islam			34.53%
Christianity			6.68%
Buddhism			2.10%
Other or not stated			2.06%
Distribution of religions

At the time of the 2011 census, Bidar had a population of 216,020. Bidar city has a sex ratio of 938 females to males and a literacy rate of 85.90%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 14.11% and 4.73% of the population respectively.^[38]

Languages of Bidar city (2011)^[39]

  Kannada (52.23%)

  Urdu (33.32%)

  Marathi (5.54%)

  Hindi (3.67%)

  Telugu (3.33%)

  Others (1.91%)

At the time of the 2011 census, 52.23% of the population spoke Kannada, 33.32% Urdu, 5.54% Marathi, 3.67% Hindi and 3.33% Telugu as their first language.^[39]

Economy

Once a home to many cottage industries, such as cotton and oil-ginning mills,^[40] there are now few industries that draw on local raw materials or skills. Even the well known form of local articrafts, bidri ware, is in a state of decline. Increasing prices of materials, especially silver, and declining sales have meant that many of the hereditary artisans are no longer employed in the production of such ware.^[41] Bidar city has a large industrial area known as Kolhar industrial area.^[42][43]

Tourism

 

 

Bidar

 

Hyderabad 140 km (87 mi)

 

Bangalore 700 km (430 mi)

 

Mumbai 600 km (370 mi)

 

Chennai 788 km (490 mi)

class=notpageimage|

Distance from major Metropolitan cities near to Bidar.

Bidar is symbolically described as City of Whispering Monuments.^[44] The mountaintop city that served as the capital of medieval Deccan, has 98 monuments of which four national monuments are protected by the Archaeological Survey of India and 14 by the State Archaeology Department, Karnataka.

Bidar earned a place on the World Monument Watchlist 2014.^[45] Of the 741 proposals received from 166 countries, 67 sites from 41 countries were finally selected which were announced by WMF president Bonnie Burnham in New York on 8 October 2013.^[46] Along with "the historic city of Bidar", two other sites in India to figure in the list were the house of Sheikh Salim Chisti in Fatehpur Sikri and Juna Mahal in Rajasthan.

The WMF in its current watch site for "the historic city of Bidar" says ″challenges to the site include a lack of integrated conservation and maintenance, environmental pollution, and the construction of new developments and roadways that encroach on the historic fabric. Current land use regulations also threaten the economic livelihood of many of the city's residents, and it is hoped that revised, context-specific planning policies would both protect Bidar's historic assets while also supporting the future of its local population. It is hoped that Watch-listing will spur documentation and analysis of the city's conditions, followed by policy development and applied conservation interventions that will reveal and maintain Bidar's rich heritage, as well as support a robust and sustainable tourist industry.″^[47]

Mahmud Gawan Madrasa

Main article: Mahmud Gawan Madrasa

This grandiose madrasa was built by the prime-minister of the Bahmani empire, Mahmud Gawan in the late 15th century. Its only the most imposing building of the Bahmani period, but in its plan and in the general style of its architecture it is a unique monument of its kind in India. The Madrasa, a multi-disciplinary university he set up, which had a library of around 3,000 valuable manuscripts, was severely damaged when gunpowder stored inside the rooms went off during a 27-day siege of the city by Mughal king Aurangazeb in 1656. The Mahmud Gawan Madrasa is protected by the Archaeological Survey of India.^[48]

Bidar Fort

Main article: Bidar Fort

Bidar Fort is considered one of the most formidable forts of the country. Bidar city was distinctly planned and built. The main citadel complex housed the royal places. Mahals and Mosque. Adjoining to this on the southern side, the city was built for the people. Both the citadel complex and city had separate forts for protection the plan of the Bidar city fortification is pentagonal. There are five gateways for entry into the city fort. It is main citadel complex fort which is stronger. It is built on the brink of the plateau. Engineers and architecture of various countries were employed on its design and construction. A Museum is preset there having old armor, old sculptures. including many of the ancient stones,^{[49][50][51][52]}

 

museum inside Bidar fort

• Rangeen Mahal, situated in the fort, near Gumbad Darwaza, is unique because of its decoration with coloured tiles and other art work. Wood carving done there is not only precious but also unique. The walls of Mahal are adorned with mother-of-pearl of the finest quality in laid in jet-black stone. Floral patterns and calligraphic text are also depicted here. Stone carving, stucco art are other attractions of this monument. It was rebuilt during Barid Shahi period. The design of this monument represents a blend of both Hindu and Muslim architecture. There are rooms in the basement of the Rangin Mahal.^[53]
• Tarkash Mahal is said to have been built for Turkish wife of the sultan. From the remains of the decorative work found in the ornamentation of the walls, it can be said that the Mahal was built or extended by the Barid Shahi Sultans who had kept large harem with ladies from different nationalities.The rooms were decorated with stucco work.^[54]
• Gagan Mahal was originally built by the Bahamani kings and some alterations and additions were made by the Barid Shahi rulers. It has two courts. The outer court was used by the male staff and guards. The inner court also, there are rooms on either side of the covered passage for the accommodation of the guards. The main building of the palace was for the use of the sultan and his harem.^[55]
• Takht Mahal, The Royal Palace, was built by Ahemd shah. It was the royal residence. The place was fully decorated with coloured titles and stone carvings part of which can be seen even today. It had two side royal pavilions with lofty arches and a spacious hall at the back of which was the sultan's room. The building had stately dimensions and exquisite surface decoration. The coronations of several Bahamanis and Barid Shahi sultans were held there. From the royal pavilion which is situated behind throne palace one can view the valley and low land below.
• Solah Khamba Mosque (Solah Sutoon Ki Masjid) was built by Qubil Sultani between 1423 and 1424. The mosque derives its name from the 16 pillars that are lined in the front of the structure. Popularly known as the Zanana Masjid, this mosque is about 90 metres long and 24 metres wide. Behind the southern wall of this mosque, there is a large well. Characterised by columns, arches and domes, this mosque is one of the largest in India.^[56]

Other monuments

Apart from the fort Bidar houses several historical structures consisting of a couple of tomb complexes, a madrasa, a tower and a few gateways along with the fortification wall topped with battlements.^[57]

• Chaubara is a tall tower, facing in four directions. This is an old cylindrical tower of 22 meters, height is situated in the centre of Bidar city. It was used as a watchtower, commanding a fine view of the entire plateau from the top. A winding staircase of eight steps leads to the top of the tower, a clock is being placed on top of the tower, can be viewed from all the four directions .^[58]
• Jama Masjid, a large mosque with no minarets, located near Chaubara.^[59]
• Bahmani Tombs called as "Ashtur"
• Chaukhandi of Hazrat Khalil Ullah^[60]
• Barid Shahi Tombs^[61]
• Chaukhandi of Hazrat Khalil Ullah^[62]

Religious places

Main article: Gurudwara Nanak Jhira Sahib

Gurudwara Nanak Jhira Saheb is known to be one of Holiest Place For Sikh Devotees in India and is believed that first sikh Guru Shri Guru Nanak Dev ji visited the place during famine in this region.^[63]

Art

 

The Karnataka tableau depicting Bidriware Handicraft from Bidar passes through the Rajpath during the Republic Day Parade 2011.

Bidri wares

Main article: Bidriware

Bidriware, one of the rarest and most intricate art forms is now unique to the city.^[64] This native art form has obtained Geographical Indications (GI) registry.^[65] The various art forms created by artists from Bidar city centuries ago are now major attractions in museums such as Victoria and Albert Museum, London, the National Museum in New Delhi and Indian Museum in Kolkata.^[64]

The Karnataka tableau at the 2011 Republic Day Parade at Rajpath in New Delhi featured Bidriware and Bidri artisans from Bidar.

Rehaman Patel did an extensive research in Bidri Art from Gulbarga University. His book in Kannada version (2012) and English version (2017) also published on Bidri Art.

All the dignitaries & guests of XIX Commonwealth Games 2010 were presented with mementos hand crafted in Bidri art. This art form is the Union government's choice for souvenirs at the World Economic Forum in Davos. The Kingfisher company owner Vijay Mallya has a bidri dining table with floral designs made of nearly 3.5kg silver.^[66]

Transport

 

Distance from major cities of Karnataka to Bidar

Rail

Bidar has connectivity with Bangalore, Hyderabad, Sainagar Shirdi, Parbhani Jn, Aurangabad, Latur, Nanded, Manmad, Mumbai, Visakhapatnam, Machilipatnam, Vijayawada and Renigunta (according to railway budget 2014-15) Construction of the Gulbarga-Bidar link is completed which was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.^[67][68] Bidar-Hyderabad inter-city train service became operative in September 2012.^[69] A Bidar-Yeshwantpur (Daily) express train^[70] and Bidar-LTT Mumbai express train^[71] service has been started recently. Another train starting from Bidar through Latur to Mumbai started, which runs on Thursday, Saturday and Sunday.

Air

Bidar Airport, also known as Bidar Air Force Station, (IATA: IXX, ICAO: VOBR) is a military airbase cum Domestic Airport in Bidar, Karnataka, India.^[72]

The city is home to an air force station. Star Air operates 3 days a week flight between Bidar (IXX) and Bangalore (BLR).

Road

Frequent KSRTC buses to Kalaburgi (Gulbarga), Hyderabad, Latur, Udgir, Nanded, Solapur. Also Volvo services to Bengaluru, Hubli, Belgavi, Davangere, Mumbai, Mangalore and Pune.

Education institutions

• Bidar Institute of Medical Sciences (BRIMS)^[73]
• Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University^[74][75]
• Shaheen Group of Institutions, Bidar^[76]
• Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Bidar^[77]

Gallery

•  
  Fort Garden Bidar
•  
  Bidar Fort (inside view garden)
•  
  Bidar Fort (inside view)
•  
  Guru Nanak Jhira Sahib
•  
  Mahmud Gawan Madrasa
•  
  Ashtur Tombs
•  
  Papnash Temple

References

Citations

1. . Bidar City Municipal Council, ಬೀದರ ನಗರಸಭೆ. Archived from the original on 22 February 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
2. "Bidar - Population Trends and Demographics - CityFacts".
3. Elevation of the CITY is not to be confused with that of TALUKA, which averages to 664m (2178ft)
4. Directorate of Economics and Statistics, B'luru, 2013
5. "Bidar City Census 2011 data". census2011.co.in. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
6. "Bidar fort stands the test of time". Deccan Herald. 4 January 2010. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
7. "Bidar has 30 tombs of former kings". The Hindu. 6 August 2008. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
8. "Holding fort at Bidar". The Hindu. 16 September 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
9. "Two Hawks will land in Bidar on November 12". The Hindu. 11 November 2007. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
10. "India's cleanest: Where does your city stand?". News.rediff.com. 13 May 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
11. "About Bidar District | Bidar District, Government of Karnataka | India". Retrieved 20 April 2022.
12. Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (1970). "A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanate, A.D. 1206-1526". People's Publishing House. p. 465.
13. Yazdani, 1947, pp. 3.
14. Karnataka Gazetteer (Second ed.). Govt. of Karnataka. 1 January 1983.
15. . Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
16. "Heritage Areas".
17. Yazdani, 1947, pp. 5.
18. Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 106–108. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
19. Desai, Rishikesh Bahadur (3 March 2011). "An occasion to recall Aurangazeb's association with this historic city". The Hindu. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
20. "Geography and travel". Encyclopædia Britannica. from the original on 4 December 2009. Retrieved 8 November 2009.
21. Haig, 1907, pp. 102.
22. Yazdani, 1947, pp. 20.
23. Sherwani, Haroon Khan (1969). Cultural trends in medieval India: architecture, painting, literature & language. Asia Pub. House. pp. 14–16. ISBN 9780210981436. Retrieved 7 November 2009.
24. "Gulbarga Fort". British Library On Line gallery. Retrieved 7 November 2009.
25. "Picnic spot of Barid Shahi kings discovered in Bidar". The Hindu. 17 December 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
26. "About Bidar District | Bidar District, Government of Karnataka | India". Retrieved 12 March 2022.
27. Yazdani, G. (1 October 1995). Bidar: Its History and Monuments (1st Indian ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1071-6.
28. "Resurrecting the Karez". Deccan Herald. 14 December 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
29. "New 'surang bavi' line found in Bidar". The Hindu. 29 June 2016. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
30. "Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Bidar". Fallingrain.com. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
31. "Map of District". Bidar District Website - Government of Karnataka.
32. "A thrilling walk through medieval waterways". The Hindu. 2 November 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
33. Characterisation of sugarcane soils of Karnataka L.C.K. Naidu, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning. Regional Centre. Hebbal. Bangalore 560024.
34. "Bidar District Website". Bidar.nic.in. 21 October 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
35. (PDF). Climatological Normals 1981–2010. India Meteorological Department. January 2015. pp. 147–148. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
36. (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M91. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
37. "Table C-01 Population by Religion: Karnataka". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.
38. "District Census Handbook: Bidar" (PDF). censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.
39. "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue (Town): Karnataka". www.censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
40. Bidar District Gazetteer, Govt. Printing Press, Bangalore, 1977.
41. Agrarian Distress in Bidar, A report by NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED STUDIES, 1999
42. "Brief Industrial Profile of BIDAR District" (PDF). Ministry of MSME, Govt. of India. MSME-Development Institute.
43. "Bidar District Map- Talukas" (PDF). Government of Karnataka - Bidar District.
44. "Bidar Utsav from February 18". No. Bidar [HY–GB]. Kasturi & Sons Ltd. The Hindu. 6 February 2011.
45. "Urgent need to promote tourism in Bidar". No. Bidar [HY–GB]. Kasturi & Sons Ltd. The Hindu. 21 January 2015.
46. "Bidar only South Indian monument to figure in latest World Monuments Fund list". No. Bidar [HY–GB]. Kasturi Sons & Ltd. The Hindu. 10 October 2013.
47. "Historic City of Bidar". World Monuments Fund.
48. Yazdani, 1947, pp. 91–93.
49. "Bidar Fort | Bidar District, Government of Karnataka | India". Retrieved 22 May 2023.
50. "Bidar Fort | Karnataka, India | Attractions". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
51. "The Glorious Bidar Fort". INDIAN CULTURE. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
52. Datta, Rangan (6 June 2023). "Bidar Fort in Karnataka: A treasure trove of south Indian heritage". The Telegraph. My Kolkata. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
53. . Archived from the original on 27 April 2014. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
54. . Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
55. . Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
56. "Solah Khamba Mosque Place of Worship in Bidar - Video Reviews, Photos, History".
57. Datta, Rangan (7 June 2023). "Ruined tombs, madrasa, royal gateways: Whispering monuments beyond Bidar Fort in Karnataka". The Telegraph. My Kolkata. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
58. . Archived from the original on 1 February 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
59. "Jama-Musjid, Beder - Lala Deen Dayal". Google Arts & Culture. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
60. Bhat, Kirana (23 April 2023). "The Ashtur Necropolis". Kirana Bhat. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
61. Haig, 1907, pp. 103–104.
62. "A tomb that resonates with spiritual minds". Deccan Herald. 10 August 2019. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
63. "Gurudwara Nanak Jhira Sahib Bidar, Karnataka, India | Indian Religious Temples". Gurudwara Nanak Jhira Sahib Bidar, Karnataka, India | Indian Religious Temples. 20 December 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
64. "Tracing the history of Bidriware". The Hindu. 24 January 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
65. "Innovative designs help revive Bidriware". The Hindu. 26 March 2008. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
66. "A Bidri dining table for the Mallya family". The Hindu. 16 February 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
67. "PM Modi to inaugurate Bidar-Kalaburgi railway line".
68. . Infrastructure Today, January 2012. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
69. . Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
70. "Frequency of Bidar-Y'pur Train to be Increased". The New Indian Express. 23 December 2014.
71. "First Bidar-Mumbai train to be flagged off today". The Hindu. Kasturi & Sons Ltd. 10 February 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
72. "Bidar Airforce Station".
73. "brims-bidar.in". brims-bidar.in. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
74. "Colleges / Universities | Bidar District, Government of Karnataka | India". Retrieved 12 March 2022.
75. "Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries University". www.kvafsu.edu.in. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
76. "The Hindu Career Counseling". The Hindu. 18 September 2021.
77. "Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College Bidar Karnataka". gndecb.ac.in. Retrieved 12 March 2022.

  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

Bibliography

• Haig, Major T. W. (1907). Historic Landmarks of the Deccan. Pioneer Press, Allahabad.
• Yazdani, Ghulam (1947). Bidar, Its History and Monuments. Oxford University Press.

External links

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bidar.

 

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Bidar.

• Official website
• Official Website of the District
• Bidar Tourism website
• Bidar Information 16 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine