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List of countries by public sector size

January 01, 1970

This is a list of countries by public sector size, calculated as the number of public sector employees as a percentage of the total workforce. Information is based mainly on data from the OECD[1][2][3] and the ILO.[4] If a source has figures for more than one year, only the most recent figure is used (with notes for exceptional circumstances).

In the former Eastern Bloc countries, the public sector in 1989 accounted for between 70% and over 90% of total employment.[5] In China a full 78.3% of the urban labor force were employed in the public sector by 1978, the year the Chinese economic reform was launched, after which the rates dropped. Jin Zeng estimates the numbers were 56.4% in 1995 and 32.8% in 2003,[6] while other estimates are higher.[7][8][9]

In OECD countries, the average public sector employment rate was 21.3% in 2013.[1]

List edit

Country OECD (%)[1][2][3] ILO (%)[4][10][11][12] Other estimates (%)
  Afghanistan 8.3 (2021)
  Angola 14.6 (2014)
  Albania 14.4 (2019)
  American Samoa 25.0 (2012)
  Argentina 17.8 (2022)
  Armenia 19.3 (2020) 19.4 (2020)
  Australia 20.4 (2012) 28.9 (2020)
  Austria 15.2 (2014) 8.0 (2022)
  Azerbaijan 21.9 (2022) 21.7 (World Bank publication, 2009)[13]
  Bahamas 33.7 (2009)
  Bangladesh 3.1 (2017)
  Bahrain 9.6 (2012 8.4*[a] (Baldwin-Edwards, 2010)[14]
  Barbados 17.1 (2019)
  Belarus 39.3 (2015) 72.0 (World Bank publication, 2010),[5] 40.1 (BelStat, 2017)[15]
  Belgium 21.5 (2013) 21.1 (2019)
  Bermuda 12.1 (2012)
  Bhutan 25.0 (2022)
  Bolivia 7.7 (2022)
  Bosnia and Herzegovina 24.5 (2022)
  Botswana 18.0 (2022)
  Brazil 12.1 (2013) 12.1 (2022)
  Bulgaria 21.1 (2019)
  Cameroon 9.8 (2014)
  Canada 22.4 (2013) 21.2 (2022)
  Chile 14.0 (2013) 9.4 (2022)
  China 28.0 (2012) 7.89 (Chinese Government, 2021)[16]
  Colombia 10.0 (2013) 4.2 (2022) 5.3*[b] (2017, Public Spending and Investment Commission),[17] 6.8 (2017, Colombian Insurers Federation)[18]
  Costa Rica 12.4 (2022)
  Croatia 29.8 (2020)
  Czech Republic 18.0 (2013) 15.4 (2015)
  Cuba 77.0 (2010) 72.0 (2014, Third World Quarterly)[19] 72.8 (2018, Statistical Yearbook of Cuba)[20] 65.0 (2022, OIEI) [21]
  Denmark 32.9 (2011) 30.2 (2020)
  Dominican Republic 13.8 (2022)
  Ecuador 7.0 (2022)
  Egypt 21.2 (2020)
  El Salvador 8.1 (2022)
  Estonia 22.0 (2013) 23.8 (2019)
  Ethiopia 6.6 (2021)
  Finland 27.0 (2013) 26.1 (2019)
  France 28.0 (2013) 20.0 (2022)
  Gambia 8.0 (2023)
  Georgia 17.7 (2019) 21.1 (World Bank publication, 2009)[13]
  Ghana 6.4 (2017)
  Germany 15.3 (2012) 12.9 (2013)
  Greece 14.6 (2012) 21.3 (2019)
  Greenland 40.2 (2015)
  Guatemala 6.1 (2022)
  Guinea 6.8 (2018)
  Haiti 9.0 (2012)
  Hong Kong 7.1 (2014)
  Hungary 24.8 (2012) 30.4 (2018)
  India 3.80 (2014) 4.7*[c] (2002)[22] 3.80 (World Bank Data and Reserve Bank of India Data, 2012)[23][24]
  Indonesia 8.7 (2022)
  Iran 14.9 (2020)
  Iraq 37.4 (2021)
  Ireland 19.5 (2014) 21.9 (2019)
  Israel 20.7 (2007) 31.4 (2021)
  Italy 18.3 (2013) 16.0 (2013)
  Japan 12.9 (2014) 7.7 (2019)
  Jordan 24.3 (2019)
  Kazakhstan 23.3 (2012) 20.8 (World Bank publication, 2009)[13]
  Kosovo 27.8 (2020) 20.8 (World Bank publication, 2009)[13]
  Kuwait 18.6 (2016) 18.5*[a] (Baldwin-Edwards, 2008)[14]
  Kyrgyzstan 17.0 (2021) 15.1 (World Bank publication, 2009)[13]
  Laos 11.4 (2017)
  Latvia 31.2 (2013) 29.0 (2020)
  Liberia 40.3 (2017)
  Liechtenstein 7.1 (2015)
  Lithuania 26.9 (2019) 24.0 (World Bank publication, 2010)[5]
  Luxembourg 22.1 (2011) 11.7 (2018)
  Macau 6.5 (2014)
  Madagascar 4.0 (2015)
  Malaysia 15.1 (2019)
  Mali 2.38 (2020)
  Mauritius 18.1 (2019)
  Mexico 13.8 (2013) 11.8 (2022)
  Moldova 16.2 (2022) 41.0 (World Bank publication, 2010)[5]
  Mongolia 36.6 (2022)
  Montenegro 32.2 (2021)[25][26]
  Morocco 8.4 (2022)
  New Zealand 13.4 (2011) 11.5 (2011)
  Nicaragua 8.1 (2012)
  Nigeria 3.6 (2022)
  Netherlands 17.3 (2013) 19.9 (2019)
  North Macedonia 25.6 (2022)
  Norway 35.6 (2013) 32.2 (2020)
OECD 21.3*[d] (2013)
  Oman 78.7 (2020) 14.0*[a] (Baldwin-Edwards, 2008)[14]
  Pakistan 7.3 (2021)
  Palestine 20.9 (2022)
  Panama 16.1 (2022)
  Paraguay 10.5 (2022)
  Peru 8.2 (2022)
  Philippines 9.1 (2019)
  Poland 25.2 (2013) 23.6 (2019) 16.0 (World Bank publication, 2010)[5]
  Portugal 18.4 (2014) 14.7 (2014)
  Qatar 11.3 (2022) 12.1*[a] (Baldwin-Edwards, 2009)[14]
  Romania 16.0 (2019) 15.3 (INS, 2015)[27]
  Russia 40.6 (2011) 31.0 (2016, IMF)[28]
  Rwanda 5.6 (2022)
  Saint Lucia 17.6 (2022)
  San Marino 23.4 (2022)
  Saudi Arabia 35.3 35.3*[a] (Baldwin-Edwards, 2008)[14]
  Senegal 6.3 (2019)
  Serbia 23.3 (2022)
  Seychelles 44.3 (2020)
  Singapore 9.9 (2022)
  Slovakia 18.2 (2013) 28.0 (2022)
  Slovenia 20.9 (2012) 20.9 (2012)
  South Africa 17.4 (2013) 15.7 (2022)
  South Korea 11.6 (2013) 10.3 (2014)
  Spain 17.9 (2014) 16.3 (2019)
  Sri Lanka 14.8 (2019)
  Sweden 29.9 (2013) 29.3 (2020)
   Switzerland 18.0 (2014) 15.3 (2022)
  Tajikistan 33.0 (World Bank publication, 2010)[5]
  Tanzania 4.6 (2020)
  Thailand 9.6 (2022)
  Trinidad and Tobago 22.9 (2021)
  Turkey 15.9 (2011) 15.0 (2022)
  Uganda 4.1 (2017)
  Ukraine 26.7 (2012) 26.5 (2013)
  United Arab Emirates 10.2 (2021)
  United Kingdom 21.5 (2013) 22.5 (2020) 16.7 (House of Commons Library, 2020)[29]
  United States 17.6 [not included in dataset] (2013) 13.4 (2022) 19.2 (Mercatus publication, 2013)[30]
  Uruguay 15.7 (2022)
  Uzbekistan 18.2 (2019)
  Venezuela 24.3 (2020)
  Vietnam 7.6 (2022)
  Yemen 19.3 (2014)
  Zambia 6.7 (2019)
  Zimbabwe 12.1 (2019)
  1. ^ a b c d e GCC estimates by Baldwin-Edwards are state employment as a proportion of total employment. The employment of nationals is primarily in the state sector, with migrant workers dominating the private sector.
  2. ^ The number of employees in Colombia's public sector is underestimated because subcontracting and outsourcing are common in many government agencies.
  3. ^ India's public sector still accounted for 69% of the country's organised workforce.
  4. ^ OECD average for 2013 does not include Australia, Czech Republic, Germany, South Korea, Ireland and Portugal.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c OECD (2015). "Employment in the public sector". Government at a Glance 2015. Paris: OECD Publishing. doi:10.1787/g2224992d2-en. S2CID 242295583. Retrieved June 16, 2018.
  2. ^ a b OECD (2013). "Employment in general government and public corporations". Government at a Glance 2013. Paris: OECD Publishing.
  3. ^ a b OECD (2011). "Employment in General Government and Public Corporations". Government at a Glance 2011. Paris: OECD Publishing.
  4. ^ a b "Share of employment in the public sector by sex (%)". International Labour Organization. Retrieved 20 October 2015. [dead link]
  5. ^ a b c d e f Omar S. Arias; Carolina Sánchez-Páramo; María E. Dávalos; Indhira Santos; Erwin R. Tiongson; Carola Gruen; Natasha de Andrade Falcão; Gady Saiovici; Cesar A. Cancho (2014). Back to Work: Growing with Jobs in Europe and Central Asia. World Bank Publications. pp. 86, 101. ISBN 978-0-8213-9911-8.
  6. ^ Zeng, Jin (2013). State-Led Privatization in China: The Politics of Economic Reform. Routledge. pp. 52–53. ISBN 978-1-134-46489-0.
  7. ^ http://www.xf.gov.cn/zxzx/gjj/202001/t20200123_2016545.shtml
  8. ^ "国家统计局局长就2019年全年国民经济运行情况答记者问".
  9. ^ "CHART OF THE DAY: Guess Which Country Has The Highest Percentage Of Workers Employed By The Government". Business Insider. Retrieved 2017-02-09.
  10. ^ "Home - ILOSTAT - the leading source of labour statistics".
  11. ^ "Home - ILOSTAT - the leading source of labour statistics".
  12. ^ "ILO Data Explorer".
  13. ^ a b c d e Indermit S. Gill; Ivailo Izvorski; Willem van Eeghen; Donato De Rosa (2014). Diversified Development: Making the Most of Natural Resources in Eurasia. World Bank Publications. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-4648-0120-4.
  14. ^ a b c d e Baldwin-Edwards, Martin (2011). "Labour immigration and labour markets in the GCC countries: national patterns and trends". Kuwait Programme on Development, Governance and Globalisation in the Gulf States. 15. London: The London School of Economics and Political Science: 15.
  15. ^ National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus, "Численность занятого населения по формам собственности"
  16. ^ https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=C01
  17. ^ "La austeridad de Duque: ¿es posible reducir la burocracia?". 19 November 2018.
  18. ^ "¿Cuántos empleados públicos?".
  19. ^ Torres, Ricardo (2 June 2016). "Economic transformations in Cuba: a review". Third World Quarterly. 37 (9): 1683–1697. doi:10.1080/01436597.2016.1177454. S2CID 156099431.
  20. ^ "El establecimiento de PYMES en Cuba pudiera aumentar el Producto Interno Bruto entre 1,5 y 1,7%". 28 April 2020.
  21. ^ https://horizontecubano.law.columbia.edu/news/precarious-work-cuba-introduction#:~:text=Although%20the%20Cuban%20Government%20has,work%20in%20the%20private%20sector
  22. ^ Kumar, Rajiv (2008). India and the Global Economy. Academic Foundation. p. 246. ISBN 978-81-7188-661-6.
  23. ^ "Labor force, total - India | Data".
  24. ^ "Reserve Bank of India - Publications".
  25. ^ "Mjesečni statistički pregled" (PDF). Monstat (in Montenegrin). 2021-05-16.
  26. ^ "Na državnim jaslama preko 50.000 zaposlenih". Investitor.me (in Montenegrin). Retrieved 2021-05-16.
  27. ^ "84 pct of Romania's employed population work in the private sector, says INS". Business Review. 30 April 2015.
  28. ^ "The Russian State's Size and its Footprint: Have They Increased?". 2 June 2016. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  29. ^ Foley, Niamh (2 December 2020). "Briefing paper: Public sector employment by parliamentary constituency" (PDF). UK Parliament. House of Commons Library. (PDF) from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  30. ^ "Government-Financed Employment and the Real Private Sector in the 50 States". Mercatus Center. 2013-11-25. Retrieved 2018-10-24.

January 01, 1970
list, countries, public, sector, size, this, article, uses, bare, urls, which, uninformative, vulnerable, link, please, consider, converting, them, full, citations, ensure, article, remains, verifiable, maintains, consistent, citation, style, several, template. This article uses bare URLs which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting such as reFill documentation and Citation bot documentation August 2022 Learn how and when to remove this message This is a list of countries by public sector size calculated as the number of public sector employees as a percentage of the total workforce Information is based mainly on data from the OECD 1 2 3 and the ILO 4 If a source has figures for more than one year only the most recent figure is used with notes for exceptional circumstances In the former Eastern Bloc countries the public sector in 1989 accounted for between 70 and over 90 of total employment 5 In China a full 78 3 of the urban labor force were employed in the public sector by 1978 the year the Chinese economic reform was launched after which the rates dropped Jin Zeng estimates the numbers were 56 4 in 1995 and 32 8 in 2003 6 while other estimates are higher 7 8 9 In OECD countries the average public sector employment rate was 21 3 in 2013 1 List editCountry OECD 1 2 3 ILO 4 10 11 12 Other estimates nbsp Afghanistan 8 3 2021 nbsp Angola 14 6 2014 nbsp Albania 14 4 2019 nbsp American Samoa 25 0 2012 nbsp Argentina 17 8 2022 nbsp Armenia 19 3 2020 19 4 2020 nbsp Australia 20 4 2012 28 9 2020 nbsp Austria 15 2 2014 8 0 2022 nbsp Azerbaijan 21 9 2022 21 7 World Bank publication 2009 13 nbsp Bahamas 33 7 2009 nbsp Bangladesh 3 1 2017 nbsp Bahrain 9 6 2012 8 4 a Baldwin Edwards 2010 14 nbsp Barbados 17 1 2019 nbsp Belarus 39 3 2015 72 0 World Bank publication 2010 5 40 1 BelStat 2017 15 nbsp Belgium 21 5 2013 21 1 2019 nbsp Bermuda 12 1 2012 nbsp Bhutan 25 0 2022 nbsp Bolivia 7 7 2022 nbsp Bosnia and Herzegovina 24 5 2022 nbsp Botswana 18 0 2022 nbsp Brazil 12 1 2013 12 1 2022 nbsp Bulgaria 21 1 2019 nbsp Cameroon 9 8 2014 nbsp Canada 22 4 2013 21 2 2022 nbsp Chile 14 0 2013 9 4 2022 nbsp China 28 0 2012 7 89 Chinese Government 2021 16 nbsp Colombia 10 0 2013 4 2 2022 5 3 b 2017 Public Spending and Investment Commission 17 6 8 2017 Colombian Insurers Federation 18 nbsp Costa Rica 12 4 2022 nbsp Croatia 29 8 2020 nbsp Czech Republic 18 0 2013 15 4 2015 nbsp Cuba 77 0 2010 72 0 2014 Third World Quarterly 19 72 8 2018 Statistical Yearbook of Cuba 20 65 0 2022 OIEI 21 nbsp Denmark 32 9 2011 30 2 2020 nbsp Dominican Republic 13 8 2022 nbsp Ecuador 7 0 2022 nbsp Egypt 21 2 2020 nbsp El Salvador 8 1 2022 nbsp Estonia 22 0 2013 23 8 2019 nbsp Ethiopia 6 6 2021 nbsp Finland 27 0 2013 26 1 2019 nbsp France 28 0 2013 20 0 2022 nbsp Gambia 8 0 2023 nbsp Georgia 17 7 2019 21 1 World Bank publication 2009 13 nbsp Ghana 6 4 2017 nbsp Germany 15 3 2012 12 9 2013 nbsp Greece 14 6 2012 21 3 2019 nbsp Greenland 40 2 2015 nbsp Guatemala 6 1 2022 nbsp Guinea 6 8 2018 nbsp Haiti 9 0 2012 nbsp Hong Kong 7 1 2014 nbsp Hungary 24 8 2012 30 4 2018 nbsp India 3 80 2014 4 7 c 2002 22 3 80 World Bank Data and Reserve Bank of India Data 2012 23 24 nbsp Indonesia 8 7 2022 nbsp Iran 14 9 2020 nbsp Iraq 37 4 2021 nbsp Ireland 19 5 2014 21 9 2019 nbsp Israel 20 7 2007 31 4 2021 nbsp Italy 18 3 2013 16 0 2013 nbsp Japan 12 9 2014 7 7 2019 nbsp Jordan 24 3 2019 nbsp Kazakhstan 23 3 2012 20 8 World Bank publication 2009 13 nbsp Kosovo 27 8 2020 20 8 World Bank publication 2009 13 nbsp Kuwait 18 6 2016 18 5 a Baldwin Edwards 2008 14 nbsp Kyrgyzstan 17 0 2021 15 1 World Bank publication 2009 13 nbsp Laos 11 4 2017 nbsp Latvia 31 2 2013 29 0 2020 nbsp Liberia 40 3 2017 nbsp Liechtenstein 7 1 2015 nbsp Lithuania 26 9 2019 24 0 World Bank publication 2010 5 nbsp Luxembourg 22 1 2011 11 7 2018 nbsp Macau 6 5 2014 nbsp Madagascar 4 0 2015 nbsp Malaysia 15 1 2019 nbsp Mali 2 38 2020 nbsp Mauritius 18 1 2019 nbsp Mexico 13 8 2013 11 8 2022 nbsp Moldova 16 2 2022 41 0 World Bank publication 2010 5 nbsp Mongolia 36 6 2022 nbsp Montenegro 32 2 2021 25 26 nbsp Morocco 8 4 2022 nbsp New Zealand 13 4 2011 11 5 2011 nbsp Nicaragua 8 1 2012 nbsp Nigeria 3 6 2022 nbsp Netherlands 17 3 2013 19 9 2019 nbsp North Macedonia 25 6 2022 nbsp Norway 35 6 2013 32 2 2020 OECD 21 3 d 2013 nbsp Oman 78 7 2020 14 0 a Baldwin Edwards 2008 14 nbsp Pakistan 7 3 2021 nbsp Palestine 20 9 2022 nbsp Panama 16 1 2022 nbsp Paraguay 10 5 2022 nbsp Peru 8 2 2022 nbsp Philippines 9 1 2019 nbsp Poland 25 2 2013 23 6 2019 16 0 World Bank publication 2010 5 nbsp Portugal 18 4 2014 14 7 2014 nbsp Qatar 11 3 2022 12 1 a Baldwin Edwards 2009 14 nbsp Romania 16 0 2019 15 3 INS 2015 27 nbsp Russia 40 6 2011 31 0 2016 IMF 28 nbsp Rwanda 5 6 2022 nbsp Saint Lucia 17 6 2022 nbsp San Marino 23 4 2022 nbsp Saudi Arabia 35 3 35 3 a Baldwin Edwards 2008 14 nbsp Senegal 6 3 2019 nbsp Serbia 23 3 2022 nbsp Seychelles 44 3 2020 nbsp Singapore 9 9 2022 nbsp Slovakia 18 2 2013 28 0 2022 nbsp Slovenia 20 9 2012 20 9 2012 nbsp South Africa 17 4 2013 15 7 2022 nbsp South Korea 11 6 2013 10 3 2014 nbsp Spain 17 9 2014 16 3 2019 nbsp Sri Lanka 14 8 2019 nbsp Sweden 29 9 2013 29 3 2020 nbsp Switzerland 18 0 2014 15 3 2022 nbsp Tajikistan 33 0 World Bank publication 2010 5 nbsp Tanzania 4 6 2020 nbsp Thailand 9 6 2022 nbsp Trinidad and Tobago 22 9 2021 nbsp Turkey 15 9 2011 15 0 2022 nbsp Uganda 4 1 2017 nbsp Ukraine 26 7 2012 26 5 2013 nbsp United Arab Emirates 10 2 2021 nbsp United Kingdom 21 5 2013 22 5 2020 16 7 House of Commons Library 2020 29 nbsp United States 17 6 not included in dataset 2013 13 4 2022 19 2 Mercatus publication 2013 30 nbsp Uruguay 15 7 2022 nbsp Uzbekistan 18 2 2019 nbsp Venezuela 24 3 2020 nbsp Vietnam 7 6 2022 nbsp Yemen 19 3 2014 nbsp Zambia 6 7 2019 nbsp Zimbabwe 12 1 2019 a b c d e GCC estimates by Baldwin Edwards are state employment as a proportion of total employment The employment of nationals is primarily in the state sector with migrant workers dominating the private sector The number of employees in Colombia s public sector is underestimated because subcontracting and outsourcing are common in many government agencies India s public sector still accounted for 69 of the country s organised workforce OECD average for 2013 does not include Australia Czech Republic Germany South Korea Ireland and Portugal See also editList of countries by employment rate List of countries by government spending as percentage of GDP List of countries by labour force Public sectorReferences edit a b c OECD 2015 Employment in the public sector Government at a Glance 2015 Paris OECD Publishing doi 10 1787 g2224992d2 en S2CID 242295583 Retrieved June 16 2018 a b OECD 2013 Employment in general government and public corporations Government at a Glance 2013 Paris OECD Publishing a b OECD 2011 Employment in General Government and Public Corporations Government at a Glance 2011 Paris OECD Publishing a b Share of employment in the public sector by sex International Labour Organization Retrieved 20 October 2015 dead link a b c d e f Omar S Arias Carolina Sanchez Paramo Maria E Davalos Indhira Santos Erwin R Tiongson Carola Gruen Natasha de Andrade Falcao Gady Saiovici Cesar A Cancho 2014 Back to Work Growing with Jobs in Europe and Central Asia World Bank Publications pp 86 101 ISBN 978 0 8213 9911 8 Zeng Jin 2013 State Led Privatization in China The Politics of Economic Reform Routledge pp 52 53 ISBN 978 1 134 46489 0 http www xf gov cn zxzx gjj 202001 t20200123 2016545 shtml 国家统计局局长就2019年全年国民经济运行情况答记者问 CHART OF THE DAY Guess Which Country Has The Highest Percentage Of Workers Employed By The Government Business Insider Retrieved 2017 02 09 Home ILOSTAT the leading source of labour statistics Home ILOSTAT the leading source of labour statistics ILO Data Explorer a b c d e Indermit S Gill Ivailo Izvorski Willem van Eeghen Donato De Rosa 2014 Diversified Development Making the Most of Natural Resources in Eurasia World Bank Publications p 164 ISBN 978 1 4648 0120 4 a b c d e Baldwin Edwards Martin 2011 Labour immigration and labour markets in the GCC countries national patterns and trends Kuwait Programme on Development Governance and Globalisation in the Gulf States 15 London The London School of Economics and Political Science 15 National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus Chislennost zanyatogo naseleniya po formam sobstvennosti https data stats gov cn english easyquery htm cn C01 La austeridad de Duque es posible reducir la burocracia 19 November 2018 Cuantos empleados publicos Torres Ricardo 2 June 2016 Economic transformations in Cuba a review Third World Quarterly 37 9 1683 1697 doi 10 1080 01436597 2016 1177454 S2CID 156099431 El establecimiento de PYMES en Cuba pudiera aumentar el Producto Interno Bruto entre 1 5 y 1 7 28 April 2020 https horizontecubano law columbia edu news precarious work cuba introduction text Although 20the 20Cuban 20Government 20has work 20in 20the 20private 20sector Kumar Rajiv 2008 India and the Global Economy Academic Foundation p 246 ISBN 978 81 7188 661 6 Labor force total India Data Reserve Bank of India Publications Mjesecni statisticki pregled PDF Monstat in Montenegrin 2021 05 16 Na drzavnim jaslama preko 50 000 zaposlenih Investitor me in Montenegrin Retrieved 2021 05 16 84 pct of Romania s employed population work in the private sector says INS Business Review 30 April 2015 The Russian State s Size and its Footprint Have They Increased 2 June 2016 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Foley Niamh 2 December 2020 Briefing paper Public sector employment by parliamentary constituency PDF UK Parliament House of Commons Library Archived PDF from the original on 16 May 2021 Retrieved 5 June 2023 Government Financed Employment and the Real Private Sector in the 50 States Mercatus Center 2013 11 25 Retrieved 2018 10 24 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of countries by public sector size amp oldid 1198806591, 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