fbpx
Wikipedia

Liliʻuokalani

April 07, 2023

Liliʻuokalani (Hawaiian pronunciation: [liˌliʔuokəˈlɐni]; Lydia Liliʻu Loloku Walania Kamakaʻeha; September 2, 1838 – November 11, 1917) was the only queen regnant and the last sovereign monarch of the Hawaiian Kingdom, ruling from January 29, 1891, until the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom on January 17, 1893. The composer of "Aloha ʻOe" and numerous other works, she wrote her autobiography Hawaiʻi's Story by Hawaiʻi's Queen during her imprisonment following the overthrow.

Liliʻuokalani
Queen of the Hawaiian Islands
(more...)
ReignJanuary 29, 1891 – January 17, 1893
PredecessorKalākaua
SuccessorMonarchy overthrown
Born(1838-09-02)September 2, 1838
Honolulu, Oʻahu, Hawaiian Kingdom
DiedNovember 11, 1917(1917-11-11) (aged 79)
Honolulu, Oʻahu, Territory of Hawaii
BurialNovember 18, 1917
Mauna ʻAla Royal Mausoleum
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1862; died 1891)​
Names
Liliʻu Loloku Walania Kamakaʻeha (given at birth)
Lydia Kamakaʻeha (name after baptism)
HouseKalākaua
FatherCaesar Kapaʻakea. Hānai adoptive father; Abner Pākī
MotherAnalea Keohokālole. Hānai adoptive mother; Laura Kōnia
ReligionProtestantism (more...)
Signature

Liliʻuokalani was born on September 2, 1838, in Honolulu, on the island of Oʻahu. While her natural parents were Analea Keohokālole and Caesar Kapaʻakea, she was hānai (informally adopted) at birth by Abner Pākī and Laura Kōnia and raised with their daughter Bernice Pauahi Bishop. Baptized as a Christian and educated at the Royal School, she and her siblings and cousins were proclaimed eligible for the throne by King Kamehameha III. She was married to American-born John Owen Dominis, who later became the Governor of Oʻahu. The couple had no biological children but adopted several. After the accession of her brother David Kalākaua to the throne in 1874, she and her siblings were given Western style titles of Prince and Princess. In 1877, after her younger brother Leleiohoku II's death, she was proclaimed as heir apparent to the throne. During the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria, she represented her brother as an official envoy to the United Kingdom.

Liliʻuokalani ascended to the throne on January 29, 1891, nine days after her brother's death. During her reign, she attempted to draft a new constitution which would restore the power of the monarchy and the voting rights of the economically disenfranchised. Threatened by her attempts to abrogate the Bayonet Constitution, pro-American elements in Hawaiʻi overthrew the monarchy on January 17, 1893. The overthrow was bolstered by the landing of US Marines under John L. Stevens to protect American interests, which rendered the monarchy unable to protect itself.

The coup d'état established the Republic of Hawaiʻi, but the ultimate goal was the annexation of the islands to the United States, which was temporarily blocked by President Grover Cleveland. After an unsuccessful uprising to restore the monarchy, the oligarchical government placed the former queen under house arrest at the ʻIolani Palace. On January 24, 1895, Liliʻuokalani was forced to abdicate the Hawaiian throne, officially ending the deposed monarchy. Attempts were made to restore the monarchy and oppose annexation, but with the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, the United States annexed Hawaiʻi. Living out the remainder of her later life as a private citizen, Liliʻuokalani died at her residence, Washington Place, in Honolulu on November 11, 1917.

Early life

Liliʻuokalani was born Lydia Liliʻu Loloku Walania Kamakaʻeha[1][note 1] on September 2, 1838, to Analea Keohokālole and Caesar Kapaʻakea. She was born in the large grass hut of her maternal grandfather, ʻAikanaka, at the base of Punchbowl Crater in Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu.[3][note 2] According to Hawaiian custom, she was named after an event linked to her birth. At the time she was born, Kuhina Nui (regent) Elizabeth Kīnaʻu had developed an eye infection. She named the child using the words; liliʻu (smarting), loloku (tearful), walania (a burning pain) and kamakaʻeha (sore eyes).[5][1] She was baptized by American missionary Reverend Levi Chamberlain on December 23, and given the Christian name Lydia.[6][7]

 
Liliʻuokalani in her youth, c. 1853

Her family were of the aliʻi class of the Hawaiian nobility and were collateral relations of the reigning House of Kamehameha, sharing common descent from the 18th-century aliʻi nui (supreme monarch) Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku. From her biological parents, she descended from Keaweaheulu and Kameʻeiamoku, two of the five royal counselors of Kamehameha I during his conquest of the Hawaiian Kingdom. Kameʻeiamoku, the grandfather of both her mother and father, was depicted, along with his royal twin Kamanawa, on the Hawaiian coat of arms.[8] Liliʻuokalani referred to her family line as the "Keawe-a-Heulu line" after her mother's line.[9] The third surviving child of a large family, her biological siblings included: James Kaliokalani, David Kalākaua, Anna Kaʻiulani, Kaʻiminaʻauao, Miriam Likelike and William Pitt Leleiohoku II.[10] She and her siblings were hānai (informally adopted) to other family members. The Hawaiian custom of hānai is an informal form of adoption between extended families practiced by Hawaiian royals and commoners alike.[11][12] She was given at birth to Abner Pākī and his wife Laura Kōnia and raised with their daughter Bernice Pauahi.[13][14]

In 1842, at the age of four, she began her education at the Chiefs' Children's School (later known as the Royal School). She, along with her classmates, had been formally proclaimed by Kamehameha III as eligible for the throne of the Hawaiian Kingdom.[15] Liliʻuokalani later noted that these "pupils were exclusively persons whose claims to the throne were acknowledged."[16] She, along with her two older brothers James Kaliokalani and David Kalākaua, as well as her thirteen royal cousins, were taught in English by American missionaries Amos Starr Cooke and his wife, Juliette Montague Cooke.[17] The children were taught reading, spelling, penmanship, arithmetic, geometry, algebra, physics, geography, history, bookkeeping, music and English composition by the missionary couple who had to maintain the moral and sexual development of their charges.[18] Liliʻuokalani was placed with the youngest pupils of the class along with Princess Victoria Kamāmalu, Mary Polly Paʻaʻāina, and John William Pitt Kīnaʻu.[19] In later life, Liliʻuokalani would look back unfavorably on her early education remembering being "sent hungry to bed" and the 1848 measles epidemic that claimed the life of a classmate Moses Kekūāiwa and her younger sister Kaʻiminaʻauao.[17] The boarding school run by the Cookes was discontinued around 1850, so she, along with her former classmate Victoria, was sent to the relocated day school (also called Royal School) run by Reverend Edward G. Beckwith.[20] On May 5, 1853, she finished third in her final class exams behind Victoria and Nancy Sumner.[21] In 1865, after her marriage, she informally attended Oʻahu College (modern day Punahou School) and received instruction under Susan Tolman Mills, who later cofounded Mills College in California.[22]

Courtship and married life

 
Haleʻākala, oil on canvas by D. Howard Hitchcock, 1899

After the boarding school was discontinued in 1850, Liliʻuokalani lived with her hānai parents at Haleʻākala, which she referred to in later life as her childhood home. Around this time, her hānai sister Pauahi married the American Charles Reed Bishop against the wishes of their parents but reconciled with them shortly before Pākī's death in 1855. Kōnia died two years afterward and Liliʻuokalani came under the Bishops' guardianship. During this period, Liliʻuokalani became a part of the young social elite under the reign of Kamehameha IV who ascended to the throne in 1855.[23] In 1856, Kamehameha IV announced his intent to marry Emma Rooke, one of their classmates. However, according to Liliʻuokalani, certain elements of the court argued "there is no other chief equal to you in birth and rank but the adopted daughter of Paki,"[24][note 3] which infuriated the King and brought the Queen to tears. Despite this upset, Liliʻuokalani was regarded as a close friend of the new Queen, and she served as a maid of honor during the royal wedding alongside Princess Victoria Kamāmalu and Mary Pitman.[26] At official state occasions, she served as an attendant and lady-in-waiting in Queen Emma's retinue. Visiting British dignitaries Lady Franklin and her niece Sophia Cracroft noted in 1861 that the "Honble. Lydia Paki" was "the highest unmarried woman in the Kingdom".[27]

Marriage consideration had begun early on for her. American merchant Gorham D. Gilman, a houseguest of the Pākīs, had courted her unsuccessfully when she was fifteen. Around the time of Kōnia's final illness in 1857, Liliʻuokalani was briefly engaged to William Charles Lunalilo. They shared an interest in music composition and had known each other from childhood. He had been betrothed from birth to Princess Victoria, the king's sister, but disagreements with her brothers prevented the marriage from materializing. Thus, Lunalilo proposed to Liliʻuokalani during a trip to Lahaina to be with Kōnia. A short-lived dual engagement occurred in which Liliʻuokalani was matched to Lunalilo and her brother Kalakaua to Princess Victoria. She ultimately broke off the engagement because of the urging of King Kamehameha IV and the opposition of the Bishops to the union.[28][note 4] Afterward, she became romantically involved with the American-born John Owen Dominis, a staff member for Prince Lot Kapuāiwa (the future Kamehameha V) and secretary to King Kamehameha IV. Dominis was the son of Captain John Dominis, of Trieste, and Mary Lambert Jones, of Boston. According to Liliʻuokalani's memoir, they had known each other from childhood when he watched the royal children from a school next to the Cookes'. During a court excursion, Dominis escorted her home despite falling from his horse and breaking his leg.[30]

 
John Owen Dominis, who later became Governor of Oʻahu

From 1860 to 1862, Liliʻuokalani and Dominis were engaged with the wedding set on her twenty-fourth birthday. This was postponed to September 16, 1862, out of respect for the death of Prince Albert Kamehameha, son of Kamehameha IV and Queen Emma. The wedding was held at Haleʻākala, the residence of the Bishops. The ceremony was officiated by Reverend Samuel Chenery Damon in the Anglican rites. Her bridemaids were her former classmates Elizabeth Kekaʻaniau and Martha Swinton. King Kamehameha IV and other members of the royal family were honored guests. The couple moved into the Dominises' residence, Washington Place in Honolulu. Through his wife and connections with the king, Dominis would later become Governor of Oʻahu and Maui.[31] The union was reportedly an unhappy one with much gossip about Dominis' infidelities and domestic strife between Liliʻuokalani and Dominis' mother Mary who disapproved of the marriage of her son with a Hawaiian.[32] They never had any children of their own, but, against the wish of her husband and brother, Liliʻuokalani adopted three hānai children: Lydia Kaʻonohiponiponiokalani Aholo, the daughter of a family friend; Joseph Kaiponohea ʻAeʻa, the son of a retainer; and John ʻAimoku Dominis, her husband's son.[33][note 5]

After her marriage, she retained her position in the court circle of Kamehameha IV and later his brother and successor Kamehameha V. She assisted Queen Emma and King Kamehameha IV in raising funds to build The Queen's Hospital. In 1864, she and Pauahi helped Princess Victoria establish the Kaʻahumanu Society, a female-led organization aimed at the relief of the elderly and the ill. At the request of Kamehameha V, she composed "He Mele Lāhui Hawaiʻi" in 1866 as the new Hawaiian national anthem. This was in use until replaced by her brother's composition "Hawaiʻi Ponoʻī". During the 1869 visit of Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and the Galatea, she entertained the British prince with a traditional Hawaiian luau at her Waikiki residence of Hamohamo.[35][4]

Heir apparent and regency

Elections of 1874

Main article: Honolulu Courthouse riot

When Kamehameha V died in 1872 with no heir, the 1864 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom called for the legislature to elect the next monarch. Following a non-binding referendum and subsequent unanimous vote in the legislature, Lunalilo became the first elected king of Hawaii.[36] Lunalilo died without an heir in 1874. In the election that followed, Liliʻuokalani's brother, David Kalākaua, ran against Emma, the dowager queen of Kamehameha IV.[37] The choice of Kalākaua by the legislature, and the subsequent announcement, caused a riot at the courthouse. US and British troops were landed, and some of Emma's supporters were arrested. The results of the election strained the relationship between Emma and the Kalākaua family.[38][note 6]

After his accession, Kalākaua gave royal titles and styles to his surviving siblings, his sisters, Princess Lydia Kamakaʻeha Dominis and Princess Miriam Likelike Cleghorn, as well as his brother William Pitt Leleiohoku, whom he named heir to the Hawaiian throne as Kalākaua and Queen Kapiʻolani had no children of their own.[note 7] Leleiohoku died without an heir in 1877.[42] Leleiohoku's hānai (adoptive) mother, Ruth Keʻelikōlani, wanted to be named heir, but the king's cabinet ministers objected as that would place Bernice Pauahi Bishop, Ruth's first cousin, next in line.[43] This would put the Kamehamehas back in succession to the throne again, which Kalākaua did not wish. On top of that, Kalākaua's court genealogists had already cast doubt on Ruth's direct lineage, and in doing so placed doubt on Bernice's.[44] At noon on April 10, Liliʻuokalani became the newly designated heir apparent to the throne of Hawaii.[45] It was at this time that Kalākaua had her name changed to Liliʻuokalani (the "smarting of the royal ones"), replacing her given name of Liliʻu and her baptismal name of Lydia.[46] In 1878, Liliʻuokalani and Dominis sailed to California for her health. They stayed in San Francisco and Sacramento where she visited the Crocker Art Museum.[47][48]

First regency

During Kalākaua's 1881 world tour, Liliʻuokalani served as Regent in his absence.[49] One of her first responsibilities was handling the smallpox epidemic of 1881 likely brought to the islands by Chinese contracted laborers. After meeting her with her brother's cabinet ministers, she closed all the ports, halted all passenger vessels out of Oʻahu, and initiated a quarantine of the affected. The measures kept the disease contained in Honolulu and Oʻahu with only a few cases on Kauaʻi. The disease mainly affected Native Hawaiians with the total number of cases at 789 with 289 fatalities, or a little over thirty-six percent.[50][51][52]

It was during this regency that Liliʻuokalani visited the Kalaupapa Leper Settlement on Molokaʻi in September.[53] She was too overcome to speak and John Makini Kapena, one of her brother's ministers, had to address the people on her behalf. After the visit, in the name of her brother, Liliʻuokalani made Father Damien a knight commander of the Royal Order of Kalākaua for his service to her subjects. She also convinced the governmental board of health to set aside land for a leprosy hospital at Kakaʻako.[54] She made a second visit to the settlement with Queen Kapiʻolani in 1884.[55]

Liliʻuokalani was active in philanthropy and the welfare of her people. In 1886, she founded a bank for women in Honolulu named Liliuokalani's Savings Bank and helped Isabella Chamberlain Lyman establish Kumukanawai o ka Liliuokalani Hui Hookuonoono, a money lending group for women in Hilo. In the same year, she also founded the Liliʻuokalani Educational Society, an organization "to interest the Hawaiian ladies in the proper training of young girls of their own race whose parents would be unable to give them advantages by which they would be prepared for the duties of life." It supported the tuition of Hawaiian girls at Kawaiahaʻo Seminary for Girls, where her hānai daughter Lydia Aholo attended, and Kamehameha School.[56][57][58]

Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria

 
Liliʻuokalani at Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee
Main articles: Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria and Bayonet Constitution

In April 1887, Kalākaua sent a delegation to attend the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria in London. It included his wife Queen Kapiʻolani, the Princess Liliʻuokalani and her husband, as well as Court Chamberlain Colonel Curtis P. Iaukea acting as the official envoy of the King and Colonel James Harbottle Boyd acting as aide-de-camp to the Queen.[59] The party landed in San Francisco and traveled across the United States visiting Washington, D.C., Boston and New York City, where they boarded a ship for the United Kingdom. While in the American capital, they were received by President Grover Cleveland and his wife Frances Cleveland.[60] In London, Kapiʻolani and Liliʻuokalani received an official audience with Queen Victoria at Buckingham Palace. Queen Victoria greeted both Hawaiian royals with affection, and recalled Kalākaua's visit in 1881. They attended the special Jubilee service at Westminster Abbey and were seated with other foreign royal guests, and with members of the Royal Household.[61] Shortly after the Jubilee celebrations, they learned of the Bayonet Constitution that Kalākaua had been forced to sign under the threat of death. They canceled their tour of Europe and returned to Hawaii.[62]

Liliʻuokalani was approached on December 20 and 23 by James I. Dowsett, Jr. and William R. Castle, members of the legislature's Reform (Missionary) Party, proposing her ascension to the throne if her brother Kalākaua were removed from power. Historian Ralph S. Kuykendall stated that she gave a conditional "if necessary" response; however, Liliʻuokalani's account was that she firmly turned down both men.[63] In 1889, a part Native Hawaiian officer Robert W Wilcox, who resided in Liliʻuokalani's Palama residence, instigated an unsuccessful rebellion to overthrow the Bayonet Constitution.[64]

Second regency and death of Kalākaua

Main article: Death and two state funerals of Kalākaua

Kalākaua arrived in California aboard the USS Charleston on November 25, 1890. There was uncertainty as to the purpose of the king's trip. Minister of Foreign Affairs John Adams Cummins reported that the trip was solely for the king's health and would not extend beyond California, while local newspapers and the British commissioner James Hay Wodehouse speculated that the king might go further east to Washington, D.C. to negotiate a treaty to extend the existing exclusive US access rights to Pearl Harbor, or the annexation of the kingdom. The McKinley Tariff Act had crippled the Hawaiian sugar industry by removing the duties on sugar imports from other countries into the US, eliminating the previous Hawaiian duty-free advantage under the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875.[65][66] After failing to persuade the king to stay, Liliʻuokalani wrote that he and Hawaiian ambassador to the United States Henry A. P. Carter planned to discuss the tariff situation in Washington.[67] In his absence, Liliʻuokalani was left in charge as regent for the second time. In her memoir, she wrote that "Nothing worthy of record transpired during the closing days of 1890, and the opening weeks of 1891."[68]

Upon arriving in California, Kalākaua, whose health had been declining, stayed in a suite at the Palace Hotel in San Francisco.[69][70] Traveling throughout Southern California and Northern Mexico, the monarch suffered a stroke in Santa Barbara[71] and was rushed back to San Francisco. Kalākaua fell into a coma in his suite on January 18, and died two days later on January 20.[69][72] The official cause of death was "Bright's disease with Uremic Blood Poisoning."[73] The news of Kalākaua's death did not reach Hawaii until January 29 when the Charleston returned to Honolulu with the remains of the king.[74]

Reign

On January 29, 1891, in the presence of the cabinet ministers and the supreme court justices, Liliʻuokalani took the oath of office to uphold the constitution, and became the first and only female monarch of the Hawaiian Kingdom.[75][76] The first few weeks of her reign were obscured by the funeral of her brother. After the end of the period of mourning, one of her first acts was to request the formal resignation of the holdover cabinet from her brother's reign. These ministers refused, and asked for a ruling by the Hawaii Supreme Court. All the justices but one ruled in favor of the Queen's decision, and the ministers resigned. Liliʻuokalani appointed Samuel Parker, Hermann A. Widemann, and William A. Whiting, and reappointed Charles N. Spencer (from the hold-over cabinet), as her new cabinet ministers. On March 9, with the approval of the House of Nobles, as required by the Hawaiian constitution, she named as successor her niece Kaʻiulani, the only daughter of Archibald Scott Cleghorn and her sister Princess Likelike, who had died in 1887.[77] [78][79] From April to July, Liliʻuokalani paid the customary visits to the main Hawaiian Islands, including a third visit to the leper settlement at Kalaupapa. Historian Ralph Simpson Kuykendall noted, "Everywhere she was accorded the homage traditionally paid by the Hawaiian people to their alii."[80][81][82]

 
Liliʻuokalani at Waipiʻo during her royal circuit of Oʻahu, 1891

Following her accession, John Owen Dominis was given the title Prince Consort and restored to the Governorship of Oʻahu, which had been abolished following the Bayonet Constitution of 1887.[83][84] Dominis' death on August 27, seven months into her reign, greatly affected the new Queen. Liliʻuokalani later wrote: "His death occurred at a time when his long experience in public life, his amiable qualities, and his universal popularity, would have made him an adviser to me for whom no substitute could possibly be found. I have often said that it pleased the Almighty Ruler of nations to take him away from me at precisely the time when I felt that I most needed his counsel and companionship."[85][86][87] Cleghorn, her sister's widower, was appointed to succeed Dominis as Governor of Oʻahu. In 1892, Liliʻuokalani would also restore the positions of governor for the other three main islands for her friends and supporters.[88][83]

From May 1892 to January 1893, the legislature of the Kingdom convened for an unprecedented 171 days, which later historians such as Albertine Loomis and Helena G. Allen dubbed the "Longest Legislature".[89][90] This session was dominated by political infighting between and within the four parties: National Reform, Reform, National Liberal and Independent; none were able to gain a majority. Debates heard on the floor of the houses concerned the popular demand for a new constitution and the passage of a lottery bill and an opium licensing bill, aimed at alleviating the economic crisis caused by the McKinley Tariff. The main issues of contention between the new monarch and the legislators were the retention of her cabinet ministers, since political division prevented Liliʻuokalani from appointing a balanced council and the 1887 constitution gave the legislature the power to vote for the dismissal of her cabinet. Seven resolutions of want of confidence were introduced during this session, and four of her self-appointed cabinets (the Widemann, Macfarlane, Cornwell, and Wilcox cabinets) were ousted by votes of the legislature. On January 13, 1893, after the legislature dismissed the George Norton Wilcox cabinet (which had political sympathies to the Reform Party), Liliʻuokalani appointed the new Parker cabinet consisting of Samuel Parker, as minister of foreign affairs; John F. Colburn, as minister of the interior; William H. Cornwell, as minister of finance; and Arthur P. Peterson, as attorney general.[91] She chose these men specifically to support her plan of promulgating a new constitution while the legislature was not in session.[92]

Promulgating a new constitution

Main article: Proposed 1893 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom

The precipitating event[93] leading to the 1893 overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom was the attempt by Queen Liliʻuokalani to promulgate a new constitution to regain powers for the monarchy and Native Hawaiians that had been lost under the Bayonet Constitution. Her opponents, who were led by two Hawaiian citizens Lorrin A. Thurston and W. O. Smith and included six Hawaiian citizens, five US citizens and one German citizen,[94] were outraged by her attempt to promulgate a new constitution and moved to depose the Queen, overthrow the monarchy, and seek Hawaii's annexation to the United States.[note 8][96]

Shortly after her accession, Liliʻuokalani began to receive petitions to re-write the Bayonet Constitution[note 9] through the two major political parties of the time, Hui Kālaiʻāina and the National Reform Party.[note 10] Supported by two-thirds of the registered voters,[99] she moved to abrogate the existing 1887 constitution, but her cabinet withheld their support, knowing what her opponents' likely response would be.[note 11]

The proposed constitution (co-written by the Queen and two legislators, Joseph Nāwahī and William Pūnohu White) would have restored the power to the monarchy, and voting rights to economically disenfranchised native Hawaiians and Asians.[100][101] Her ministers and closest friends were all opposed to this plan; they tried unsuccessfully to dissuade her from pursuing these initiatives, both of which came to be used against her in the brewing constitutional crisis.[102]

Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom

Main article: Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom
 
The USS Boston's landing force on duty at the Arlington Hotel, Honolulu

The political fallout led to citywide political rallies and meetings in Honolulu. Anti-monarchists, annexationists, and leading Reform Party politicians that included Lorrin A. Thurston, a grandson of American missionaries, and Kalākaua's former cabinet ministers under the Bayonet Constitution, formed the Committee of Safety in protest of the "revolutionary" action of the queen and conspired to depose her.[103] Thurston and the Committee of Safety derived their support primarily from the American and European business class residing in Hawaiʻi. Most of the leaders of the overthrow were American and European citizens who were also Kingdom subjects. They also included legislators, government officers, and a justice of the Hawaiian Supreme Court.[104][105]

In response, royalists and loyalists formed the Committee of Law and Order and met at the palace square on January 16, 1893. Nāwahī, White, Robert W. Wilcox, and other pro-monarchist leaders gave speeches in support for the queen and the government. To try to appease the instigators, the queen and her supporters abandoned attempts to unilaterally promulgate a constitution .[106][103]

The same day, the Marshal of the Kingdom, Charles Burnett Wilson, was tipped off by detectives to the imminent planned coup. Wilson requested warrants to arrest the 13-member council of the Committee of Safety, and put the Kingdom under martial law. Because the members had strong political ties to United States Minister to Hawaii John L. Stevens, the requests were repeatedly denied by the queen's cabinet, who feared that the arrests would escalate the situation. After a failed negotiation with Thurston,[107] Wilson began to collect his men for the confrontation. Wilson and captain of the Royal Household Guard Samuel Nowlein had rallied a force of 496 men who were kept at hand to protect the queen.[108] Marines from the USS Boston and two companies of US sailors landed and took up positions at the US Legation, the Consulate, and Arion Hall. The sailors and Marines did not enter the palace grounds or take over any buildings, and never fired a shot, but their presence served effectively in intimidating royalist defenders. Historian William Russ states, "the injunction to prevent fighting of any kind made it impossible for the monarchy to protect itself".[109]

The queen was deposed on January 17, and the provisional government established under pro-annexation leader Sanford B. Dole was officially recognized by Stevens as the de facto government.[110][111][112] She temporarily relinquished her throne to the United States, rather than the Dole-led government, in hopes that the United States would restore Hawaii's sovereignty to the rightful holder.[113][114] The government under Dole began using ʻIolani Palace as its executive building.[115][116] A delegation departed for Washington D.C. on January 19, to ask for immediate annexation by the United States.[117] At the request of the provisional government, Stevens proclaimed Hawaii a protectorate of the United States on February 1, to temporarily provide a buffer against domestic upheaval and interference by foreign governments.[118][119] The US flag was raised over the palace, and martial law was enforced. The annexation treaty presented to the US Senate contained a provision to grant Liliʻuokalani a $20,000 per annum lifetime pension, and Kaʻiulani a lump-sum payment of $150,000. The queen protested the proposed annexation in a January 19 letter to President Benjamin Harrison. She sent Prince David Kawānanakoa and Paul Neumann to represent her.[120]

Neumann delivered a letter from the queen to Grover Cleveland, who began his second non-consecutive term as president on March 4.[121] The Cleveland administration commissioned James Henderson Blount to investigate the overthrow. He interviewed those involved in the coup and wrote the Blount Report, and based on its findings, concluded that the overthrow of Liliʻuokalani was illegal, and that Stevens and American military troops had acted inappropriately in support of those who carried out the overthrow. On November 16, Cleveland sent his minister Albert S. Willis to propose a return of the throne to Liliʻuokalani if she granted amnesty to everyone responsible. Her first response was that Hawaiian law called for property confiscation and the death penalty for treason, and that only her cabinet ministers could put aside the law in favor of amnesty.[122][123][124][125] Liliuokalani's extreme position lost her the goodwill of the Cleveland administration.[126]

Cleveland sent the issue to the Congress, stating, "The Provisional Government has not assumed a republican, or other constitutional form, but has remained a mere executive council, or oligarchy, without the consent of the people".[127] The queen changed her position on the issue of amnesty, and on December 18, Willis demanded the provisional government reinstate her to the throne, but was refused. Congress responded with a US Senate investigation that resulted in the Morgan Report on February 26, 1894. It found Stevens and all parties except the queen "not guilty", absolving them of responsibility for the overthrow.[128] The provisional government formed the Republic of Hawaii on July 4 with Dole as its president, maintaining oligarchical control and a limited system of suffrage.[129]

Arrest and imprisonment

 
Liliʻuokalani being escorted up the steps of the palace, where she was imprisoned after the counter-revolution of 1895

At the beginning of January 1895, Robert W. Wilcox and Samuel Nowlein launched a rebellion against the forces of the Republic with the aim of restoring the queen and the monarchy. Its ultimate failure led to the arrest of many of the participants and other sympathizers of the monarchy. Liliʻuokalani was also arrested and imprisoned in an upstairs bedroom at the palace on January 16, several days after the failed rebellion, when firearms were found at her home of Washington Place after a tip from a prisoner.[130]

During her imprisonment, she abdicated her throne in return for the release (and commutation of the death sentences) of her jailed supporters; six had been sentenced to be hanged including Wilcox and Nowlein.[131] She signed the document of abdication on January 24. In 1898, Liliʻuokalani wrote:

For myself, I would have chosen death rather than to have signed it; but it was represented to me that by my signing this paper all the persons who had been arrested, all my people now in trouble by reason of their love and loyalty towards me, would be immediately released. Think of my position, – sick, a lone woman in prison, scarcely knowing who was my friend, or who listened to my words only to betray me, without legal advice or friendly counsel, and the stream of blood ready to flow unless it was stayed by my pen.

— Queen Liliʻuokalani, Hawaii's Story By Hawaii's Queen[132]

She was tried by the military commission of the Republic led by her former attorney general Whiting in the palace throne room on February 8. Defended at trial by another one of her former attorneys general Paul Neumann, she claimed ignorance but was sentenced to five years of hard labor in prison by the military tribunal and fined $5,000.[133][134][135] The sentence was commuted on September 4, to imprisonment in the palace, attended by her lady-in-waiting Eveline Townsend Wilson (aka Kitty), wife of Marshal Wilson.[136] In confinement she composed songs including "The Queen's Prayer" (Ke Aloha o Ka Haku – "The Grace of the Lord").[137]

On October 13, 1896, the Republic of Hawaii gave her a full pardon and restored her civil rights.[138] "Upon receiving my full release, I felt greatly inclined to go abroad," Liliʻuokalani wrote in her memoir.[139] From December 1896 through January 1897, she stayed in Brookline, Massachusetts, with her husband's cousins William Lee and Sara White Lee, of the Lee & Shepard publishing house.[140] During this period her long-time friend Julius A. Palmer Jr. became her secretary and stenographer, helping to write every letter, note, or publication. He was her literary support in the 1897 publication of the Kumulipo translation, and helped her in compiling a book of her songs. He assisted her as she wrote her memoir Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen.[141] Sara Lee edited the book published in 1898 by Lee & Shepard.[142]

Annexation

 
Liliʻuokalani in Washington, c. 1898

At the end of her visit in Massachusetts, Liliʻuokalani began to divide her time between Hawaii and Washington, D.C., where she worked to seek indemnity from the United States.[140]

She attended the inauguration of US President William McKinley on March 4, 1897, with a Republic of Hawaii passport personally issued to "Liliuokalani of Hawaii" by the republic's president Sanford B. Dole.[139] On June 16, McKinley presented the United States Senate with a new version of the annexation treaty, one that eliminated the monetary compensation for Liliʻuokalani and Kaʻiulani.[143] Liliʻuokalani filed an official protest with Secretary of State John Sherman the next day. The protest was witnessed by her agent and private secretary Joseph Heleluhe, Wekeki Heleluhe, and Captain Julius A. Palmer Jr., reported to be her American secretary.[144]

In June 1897 President McKinley signed the "Treaty for the Annexation for the Hawaiian Islands", but it failed to pass in the United States Senate after the Kūʻē Petitions were submitted by a commission of Native Hawaiian delegates consisting of James Keauiluna Kaulia, David Kalauokalani, William Auld, and John Richardson. Members of Hui Aloha ʻĀina collected over 21,000 signatures opposing an annexation treaty. Another 17,000 signatures were collected by members of Hui Kālaiʻāina but not submitted to the Senate because those signatures were also asking for restoration of the Queen. The petitions collectively were presented as evidence of the strong grassroots opposition of the Hawaiian community to annexation, and the treaty was defeated in the Senate— however, following its failure, Hawaii was annexed anyway via the Newlands Resolution, a joint resolution of Congress, in July 1898, shortly after the outbreak of the Spanish–American War.[145][146][147][148]

The annexation ceremony was held on August 12, 1898, at ʻIolani Palace, now being used as the executive building of the government. President Sanford B. Dole handed over "the sovereignty and public property of the Hawaiian Islands" to United States Minister Harold M. Sewall. The flag of the Republic of Hawaii was lowered and the flag of the United States was raised in its place.[149] Liliʻuokalani and her family members and retainers boycotted the event and shuttered themselves away at Washington Place. Many Native Hawaiians and royalists followed suit and refused to attend the ceremony.[150][151]

Crown Lands of Hawaii

Prior to the 1848 division of land known as the Great Māhele, during the reign of Kamehameha III, all land in Hawaii was owned by the monarchy. The Great Māhele subdivided the land among the monarchy, the government, and private ownership by tenants living on the land. What was reserved for the monarchy became known as the Crown Lands of Hawaii.[152] When Hawaii was annexed, the Crown Lands were seized by the United States government. The Queen gave George Macfarlane her power of attorney in 1898 as part of her legal defense team in seeking indemnity for the government's seizure of the Crown Lands. She filed a protest with the United States Senate on December 20, 1898, requesting their return and claiming the lands were seized without due process or recompense.[153]

That, the portion of the public domain heretofore known as Crown land is hereby declared to have been, on the twelfth day of August, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight, and prior thereto, the property of the Hawaiian government, and to be free and clear from any trust of or concerning the same, and from all claim of any nature what soever, upon the rents, issues, and profits thereof. It shall be subject to alienation and other uses as may be provided by law.

– Hawaiian Organic Act, Sec. 99[154]

On April 30, 1900, the US Congress passed the Hawaii Organic Act establishing a government for the Territory of Hawaii.[147] The territorial government took control of the Crown Lands,[147] which became the source of the "Ceded Lands" issue in Hawaii.[155] The San Francisco Call reported on May 31 that Macfarlane had informed them the Queen had exhausted her patience with Congress and intended to file a lawsuit against the government.[156] Former United States Minister to Hawaii Edward M. McCook said he believed that once President McKinley began his second term on March 1, 1901, that the government would negotiate a generous settlement with Liliʻuokalani.[157]

During a 1900 Congressional deadlock, she departed for Honolulu with her Washington, D.C. physician Charles H. English (sometimes referred to as John H. English). Newspapers speculated that the Queen, having been diagnosed with cancer, was going home to die.[158] Historian Helena G. Allen made the case that English intended to gain title to crown lands for himself. According to Allen, the Queen balked at his draft of a settlement letter to Senator George Frisbie Hoar that he wanted her to copy in her handwriting and sign.[159] The doctor was terminated "without cause" a month after her return and sued her.[160]

The Pacific Commercial Advertiser lamented in 1903, "There is something pathetic in the appearance of Queen Liliuokalani as a waiting claimant before Congress." It detailed her years-long residencies in the nation's capital seeking indemnity, while legislators offered empty promises, but nothing of substance.[161]

Liliʻuokalani v. the United States

In 1909, Liliʻuokalani brought an unsuccessful lawsuit against the United States under the Fifth Amendment seeking the return of the Hawaiian Crown Lands.[147] The US courts invoked an 1864 Kingdom Supreme Court decision over a case involving the Dowager Queen Emma and Kamehameha V, using it against her. In this decision the courts found that the Crown Lands were not necessarily the private possession of the monarch in the strictest sense of the term.[162]

Later life and death

 
Liliʻuokalani seated on the lanai of Washington Place in 1917

Although Liliʻuokalani was never successful in more than a decade of legal pursuits for recompense from the United States government for seized land, in 1911 she was finally granted a lifetime pension of $1,250 a month by the Territory of Hawaii. Historian Sydney Lehua Iaukea noted that the grant never addressed the question of the legality of the seizure itself, and the figure was greatly reduced from what she had requested for recompense.[163]

In April 1917, Liliʻuokalani raised the American flag at Washington Place in honor of five Hawaiian sailors who had perished in the sinking of the SS Aztec by German U-boats. Her act was interpreted by many as her symbolic support of the United States.[164] Subsequent historians have disputed the true meaning of her act; Neil Thomas Proto argued that "her gesture that day was intended to reflect the dignity with which she still held the right of her people to choose their own fate long after she was gone".[165]

By the end of that summer, the Honolulu Star-Bulletin reported that she was too frail to hold her birthday reception for the public, an annual tradition dating back to the days of the monarchy.[166] As one of her last public appearances in September, she officially became a member of the American Red Cross.[167] Following several months of deteriorating health that left her without the use of her lower limbs, as well as a diminished mental capacity rendering her incapable of recognizing her own house, her inner circle of friends and caregivers sat vigil for the last two weeks of her life knowing the end was near. In accordance with Hawaiian tradition, the royal kāhili fanned her as she lay in bed. On the morning of November 11, Liliʻuokalani died at the age of seventy-nine at her residence at Washington Place.[168]

 
Burial Vault of Queen Liliʻuokalani at the Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii

The bells of Saint Andrew Cathedral and Kawaiahaʻo Church announced her death, tolling 79 times to signify her age. In keeping with Hawaiian tradition regarding deceased royalty, her body was not removed from her home until nearly midnight.[169] Her body lay in state at Kawaiahaʻo Church for public viewing, after which she received a state funeral in the throne room of Iolani Palace, on November 18. Composer Charles E. King led a youth choir in "Aloha ʻOe" as her catafalque was moved from the palace up Nuuanu Avenue with 1,200-foot ropes pulled by 200 people, for entombment with her family members in the Kalākaua Crypt at the Royal Mausoleum of Mauna ʻAla. The song was picked up by the procession participants and the crowds of people along the route.[170] Films were taken of the funeral procession and later stored at ʻĀinahau, the former residence of her sister and niece. A fire on August 1, 1921, destroyed the home and all its contents, including the footage of the Queen's funeral.[171]

Religious beliefs

Educated by American Protestant missionaries from a young age, Liliʻuokalani became a devout Christian and adherent to the principles of Christianity. These missionaries were largely of Congregationalist and Presbyterian extractions, subscribing to Calvinist theology, and Liliʻuokalani considered herself a "regular attendant on the Presbyterian worship".[172] She was the first member of the royal family to consistently and regularly attend service at Kawaiahaʻo Church since King Kamehameha IV converted to Anglicanism. On Sundays, she played the organ and led the choir at Kawaiahaʻo. She also regularly attended service at Kaumakapili Church and held a special interest in the Liliʻuokalani Protestant Church, to which she donated the Queen Liliʻuokalani Clock in 1892.[173]

Historian Helena G. Allen noted that Liliʻuokalani and Kalākaua "believed all religions had their 'rights' and were entitled to equal treatment and opportunities". Throughout her life, Liliʻuokalani showed a broad interest in the different Christian faiths including Catholicism, Mormonism, Episcopalianism and other Protestant denominations.[174] In 1896, she became a regular member of the Hawaiian Congregation at St. Andrew's Cathedral associated with the Reformed Catholic (Anglican/Episcopal) Church of Hawaii, which King Kamehameha IV and Queen Emma had founded.[175] During the overthrow and her imprisonment, Bishop Alfred Willis of St. Andrew's Cathedral had openly supported the Queen while Reverend Henry Hodges Parker of Kawaiahaʻo had supported her opponents.[176] Bishop Willis visited and wrote to her during her imprisonment and sent her a copy of the Book of Common Prayer.[177] Shortly after her release on parole, the former queen was baptized and confirmed by Bishop Willis on May 18, 1896, in a private ceremony in the presence of the sisters of St. Andrew's Priory.[178] In her memoir, Liliʻuokalani stated:

That first night of my imprisonment was the longest night I have ever passed in my life; it seemed as though the dawn of day would never come. I found in my bag a small Book of Common Prayer according to the ritual of the Episcopal Church. It was a great comfort to me, and before retiring to rest Mrs. Clark and I spent a few minutes in the devotions appropriate to the evening. Here, perhaps, I may say, that although I had been a regular attendant on the Presbyterian worship since my childhood, a constant contributor to all the missionary societies, and had helped to build their churches and ornament the walls, giving my time and my musical ability freely to make their meetings attractive to my people, yet none of these pious church members or clergymen remembered me in my prison. To this (Christian ?) conduct I contrast that of the Anglican bishop, Rt. Rev. Alfred Willis, who visited me from time to time in my house, and in whose church I have since been confirmed as a communicant. But he was not allowed to see me at the palace.[179]

She traveled to Utah in 1901 for a visit with Mormon president Joseph F. Smith, a former missionary to the Hawaiian Island. There she joined in services at the Salt Lake Tabernacle, and was feted at a Beehive House reception, attended by many expatriate Native Hawaiians.[180] In 1906, Mormon newspapers reported she had been baptized into the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by Elder Abraham Kaleimahoe Fernandez.[181] However, many historians doubt this claim, since the Queen herself never announced it. In fact, Liliʻuokalani continued to refer to herself as an Episcopalian in secular newspapers published the same week of her supposed Mormon baptism.[182] The Queen's interest in Mormonism later waned.[183]

The Queen was also remembered for her support of Buddhist and Shinto priests in Hawaii and became one of the first Native Hawaiians to attend a Buddha's Birthday celebration of May 19, 1901, at the Honwangji mission. Her attendance in the celebration helped Buddhism and Shinto gain acceptance into Hawaiian society and prevented the possible banning of the two religions by the Territorial government. Her presence was also widely reported in Chinese and Japanese newspapers throughout the world, and earned her the respect of many Japanese people both in Hawaii and in Japan itself.[184]

Compositions

 
Cover of Aloha ʻOe, 1890  Play (help·info)
Main article: List of compositions and works by Liliuokalani

Liliʻuokalani was an accomplished author and songwriter. Her book Hawaiʻi's Story by Hawaiʻi's Queen gave her view of the history of her country and her overthrow. She is said to have played guitar, piano, organ, ʻukulele and zither, and also sang alto, performing Hawaiian and English sacred and secular music.[185][186] In her memoirs she wrote:

To compose was as natural to me as to breathe; and this gift of nature, never having been suffered to fall into disuse, remains a source of the greatest consolation to this day.[…] Hours of which it is not yet in place to speak, which I might have found long and lonely, passed quickly and cheerfully by, occupied and soothed by the expression of my thoughts in music.[187]

Liliʻuokalani helped preserve key elements of Hawaiʻi's traditional poetics while mixing in Western harmonies brought by the missionaries. A compilation of her works, titled The Queen's Songbook, was published in 1999 by the Queen Liliʻuokalani Trust.[185][188] Liliʻuokalani used her musical compositions as a way to express her feelings for her people, her country, and what was happening in the political realm in Hawaiʻi.[189] One example of the way her music reflected her political views is her translation of the Kumulipo, the Hawaiian creation chant passed down orally by her great grandmother Alapaiwahine. While under house arrest, Liliʻuokalani feared she would never leave the palace alive, so she translated the Kumulipo in hopes that the history and culture of her people would never be lost.[190] The ancient chants record her family's genealogy back to the origin story of Hawaiʻi.[191]

After Liliʻuokalani was imprisoned in the ʻIolani Palace, she was denied literature and newspapers, essentially cutting her off from her people, but she continued to compose music with paper and pencil while she was in confinement.[192] Another of her compositions was "Aloha ʻOe", a song she had written previously and transcribed during her confinement. In her writings, she says, "At first I had no instrument, and had to transcribe the notes by voice alone; but I found, notwithstanding disadvantages, great consolation in composing, and transcribed a number of songs. Three found their way from my prison to the city of Chicago, where they were printed, among them the 'Aloha ʻOe' or 'Farewell to Thee', which became a very popular song."[192] Originally written as a lover's good-bye, the song came to be regarded as a symbol of, and lament for, the loss of her country. Today, it is one of the most recognizable Hawaiian songs.[189][193][194]

Legacy

Captain Julius A. Palmer Jr. of Massachusetts was her friend for three decades, and became her spokesperson when she was in residence at Boston and Washington D.C., protesting the annexation of Hawaiʻi. In the nation's capital, he estimated that she had 5,000 visitors. When asked by an interviewer, "What are her most distinctive personal graces?", Palmer replied, "Above everything else she displayed a disposition of the most Christian forgiveness."[195] In covering her death and funeral, the mainstream newspapers in Hawaii that had supported the overthrow and annexation recognized that she had been held in great esteem around the world.[196] In March 2016, Hawaiʻi Magazine listed Liliʻuokalani as one of the most influential women in Hawaiian history.[193]

The Queen Liliʻuokalani Trust was established on December 2, 1909, for the care of orphaned and destitute children in Hawaii. Effective upon her death, the proceeds of her estate, with the exception of twelve individual inheritances specified therein, were to be used for the Trust.[197] The largest of these hereditary estates were willed to her hānai sons and their heirs: John ʻAimoku Dominis would receive Washington Place while Joseph Kaiponohea ʻAeʻa would receive Kealohilani, her residence at Waikiki. Both men predeceased the Queen.[198][199] Before and after her death, lawsuits were filed to overturn her will establishing the Trust. One notable litigant was Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole, the nephew of her brother Kalākaua and his wife Kapiʻolani and Liliʻuokalani's second cousin,[note 12] who brought a suit against the Trust on November 30, 1915, questioning the Queen's competency in executing the will and attempting to break the Trust. These lawsuits were resolved in 1923 and the will went into probate.[202][203] The Queen Liliʻuokalani Children's Center was created by the Trust.[204][205]

Liliʻuokalani and her siblings are recognized by the Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame as Na Lani ʻEhā (The Heavenly Four) for their patronage and enrichment of Hawaii's musical culture and history.[206][207] In 2007, Honolulu magazine rated "Aloha ʻOe" as the greatest song in the history of Hawaiian music.[194] Songwriter Charles E. King, known as the composer of "Ke Kali Nei Au", was tutored in music by her.[208] Entertainer Bina Mossman led the Bina Mossman Glee Club that rehearsed regularly at Washington Place, while Liliʻuokalani helped them with pronunciation of the Hawaiian language. At the queen's funeral, the glee club was part of the kahili bearers who stood watch over the coffin for two hours at a time, waving the kahilis and singing Liliʻuokalani's compositions.[209][210]

The annual Queen Liliʻuokalani Outrigger Canoe Race, which follows an 18-mile course from Kailua Bay to Honaunau Bay, was organized in 1972 as an endurance training course for men, in preparation for the traditional Molokaʻi to Oʻahu canoe races. Women canoe teams were added in 1974. The race is held over Labor Day Weekend each year to coincide with Liliʻuokalani's birthday on September 2.[211]

In the 2001 naming of the "Queen Liliʻuokalani Center for Student Services", on the University of Hawaii at Manoa campus, the Board of Regents noted, "As the last Hawaiian monarch, Queen Liliʻuokalani symbolizes an important link to traditional Hawaiian culture and society. Her influence is well understood, widely respected and has been a strong motivating factor in the widespread emergence of Hawaiian culture and the values embodied in it."[212]

In 2017, Edgy Lee researched and filmed Liliuokalani – Reflections of Our Queen, a documentary looking at the legacy of the queen in Hawaii. A showing at Washington Place fundraised for the museum.[58] Liliʻuokalani and the overthrow have been subject of documentaries including The American Experience: Hawaii's Last Queen (1994) and Conquest of Hawaii (2003).[213][214][215]

Numerous hula events are held to honor her memory, including the Queen Liliʻuokalani Keiki Hula Competition Honolulu, organized in 1976.[216] The County of Hawaii holds an annual He Hali'a Aloha no Lili'uokalani Festival, Queen's Birthday Celebration at Liliʻuokalani Park and Gardens in Hilo, in partnership with the Queen Lili'uokalani Trust. The event begins with several hundred dancers showered by 50,000 orchid blossoms.[217]

Titles, styles and arms

Titles and styles

  • 1838 – September 16, 1862: The Honorable Miss Lydia Kamakaʻeha Pākī[27][31][218]
  • September 16, 1862 – 1874: The Honorable Mrs. Lydia Kamakaʻeha Dominis[219]
  • 1874 – April 10, 1877: Her Royal Highness The Princess Lydia Kamakaʻeha Dominis[220][221][note 13]
  • April 10, 1877 – January 29, 1891: Her Royal Highness The Princess Liliʻuokalani, Heir Apparent[222][note 14]
  • January 20, 1881 – October 29, 1881 and November 25, 1890 – January 29, 1891: Her Royal Highness The Princess Regent[224]
  • January 29, 1891 – January 17, 1893: Her Majesty The Queen[225]

Regalia

     
Monogram of Queen Liliʻuokalani Coat of arms of the Kalākaua Dynasty Monogram of Queen Liliʻuokalani (variant)

Ancestry

Family tree

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Other source gives her the additional name of "Wewehi" which has no translation in relation to her birth.[2]
  2. ^ The area was traditionally referred to as Mana, Manamana, Honolulu and later became the site of The Queen's Hospital.[4]
  3. ^ According to American Commissioner to Hawaii, David L. Gregg, "Pakea [sic] was more unequivocal in his condemnation of the match. He expressed his opinion that his daughter Lydia Paki was more eligible, but declared that if neither the King nor any high chief thought proper to marry her, he would have her married to some good white man, which after all might be much more for her good."[25]
  4. ^ Historian Helena G. Allen noted that this "would undoubtedly been a disasterous [sic] marriage".[29]
  5. ^ John Dominis ʻAimoku formally changed his surname to Dominis in 1910.[34]
  6. ^ Historian George Kanahele noted that the rift was largely between Liliʻuokalani and Emma since her brother actively sought reconciliation with the dowager queen. During the coronation of Kalākaua, Queen Emma was given greater precedence over Liliʻuokalani and her husband, an action that infuriated Liliʻuokalani.[39]
  7. ^ Allen noted, "According to Thrum's Annual, two new princesses were designated: 'Princess Likelike and Princess Kamakaeha Dominis.' There is no evidence of an official act on the part of Kalakaua [at this time]."[40] On February 10, 1883, Kalākaua officially created her a Princess of the Kingdom by Letters Patent along with other members of his family who been using their courtesy titles for the years between 1873 and 1883.[41]
  8. ^ "W.D. Alexander (History of Later Years of the Hawaiian Monarchy and the Revolution of 1893, Alexander 1896, p. 37) gives the following as the wording of Thurston's motion [to launch the coup]: 'That preliminary steps be taken at once to form and declare a Provisional Government with a view to annexation to the United States.' Thurston later wrote that his motion was 'substantially as follows: "I move that it is the sense of this meeting that the solution of the present situation is annexation to the United States."'(Memoirs, p. 250) Lt. Lucien Young (The Boston at Hawaii, p. 175) gives the following version of the motion: 'Resolved, That it is the sense of this committee that in view of the present unsatisfactory state of affairs, the proper course to pursue is to abolish the monarchy and apply for annexation to the United States.'"[95]
  9. ^ The Bayonet Constitution was named because it had been signed by the previous monarch under threat of violence from a militia composed of armed American and Europeans calling themselves the "Honolulu Rifles".[97]
  10. ^ "She ... defended her act[ions] by showing that, out of a possible 9,500 native voters in 1892, 6,500 asked for a new Constitution."[98]
  11. ^ The Queen's new cabinet "had been in office less than a week, and whatever they thought about the need for a new constitution ... they knew enough about the temper of the queen's opponents to realize that they would endure the chance to challenge her, and no minister of the crown could look forward ... to that confrontation".[100]
  12. ^ Although Liliʻuokalani referred to Kūhiō as her second cousin, Kūhiō was actually her first cousin once removed.[200][201]
  13. ^ Information on Liliʻuokalani's titles and styles from 1874 to 1893 is from the yearly editions of the Hawaiian Almanac and Annual, all edited by Thomas G. Thrum and published by the Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Abbreviated citations are provided to indicate the specific editions used.
  14. ^ She was referred to as Crown Princess of Hawaii while in England.[223]

Citations

  1. ^ a b Haley 2014, p. 232; Allen 1982, p. 36; Siler 2012, p. 32
  2. ^ Morris 1993, p. x.
  3. ^ Liliuokalani 1898, pp. 1–4; Allen 1982, p. 33
  4. ^ a b Kanahele 1999, p. 105; "La Hanau o ke Kama Aliiwahine Liliu". Ka Nupepa Kuokoa. Vol. XIV, no. 36. Honolulu. September 4, 1875. p. 2. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
  5. ^ Pukui & Elbert 1986, pp. 38, 206, 211. 224, 381.
  6. ^ Allen 1982, p. 40; Cooke & Cooke 1937, p. 20
  7. ^ Chamberlain, Levi (October 1, 1838 – July 21, 1842). "Journal of Levi Chamberlain" (PDF). 23. Retrieved November 18, 2021. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ^ Liliuokalani 1898, pp. 1–2, 104–105, 399–409; Pratt 1920, pp. 34–36; Allen 1982, pp. 33–36; Haley 2014, p. 96; Gregg 1982, pp. 316–317, 528, 571, 581
  9. ^ Liliuokalani 1898, pp. 104–105; Kuykendall 1967, p. 262; Osorio 2002, p. 201; Van Dyke 2008, p. 96
  10. ^ Liliuokalani 1898, p. 399.
  11. ^ Kanahele 1999, pp. 1–4.
  12. ^ King & Roth 2006, p. 15.
  13. ^ Hodges 1918, p. 13.
  14. ^ Liliuokalani 1898, pp. 1–4.
  15. ^ "CALENDAR: Princes and Chiefs eligible to be Rulers". The Polynesian. Vol. 1, no. 9. Honolulu. July 20, 1844. p. 1, col. 3. from the original on March 11, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2017.; Cooke & Cooke 1937, pp. v–vi; Van Dyke 2008, p. 364; Pratt 1920, pp. 52–55
  16. ^ Liliuokalani 1898, p. 5
  17. ^ a b Liliuokalani 1898, pp. 5–9; Allen 1982, pp. 45–46
  18. ^ Kanahele 1999, pp. 23–39; Kanahele 2002, pp. 21–54; Liliuokalani 1898, pp. 5–9; Allen 1982, pp. 47–68
  19. ^ Kanahele 1999, pp. 30–34.
  20. ^ Liliuokalani 1898, p. 9; Allen 1982, p. 72
  21. ^ Topolinski 1975, pp. 32–34, 38.
  22. ^ Allen 1982, pp. 109–110.
  23. ^ Allen 1982, pp. 69–84; King & Roth 2006, p. 21; Taylor, Albert Pierce (June 12, 1910). "Court Beauties of Fifty Years Ago". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Vol. VII, no. 388. Honolulu. p. 13. from the original on January 9, 2017. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
  24. ^ Liliuokalani 1898, p. 12
  25. ^ Gregg 1982, pp. 316–317.
  26. ^ Allen 1982, pp. 81–84; Kanahele 1999, pp. 60–62; "His Majesty's Marriage". The Polynesian. Vol. XIII, no. 7. Honolulu. June 21, 1856. p. 2. from the original on February 2, 2017.; "Marriage Of His Majesty Kamehameha IV". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Vol. 1, no. 1. Honolulu. July 2, 1856. Image 2, col. 4. from the original on October 1, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  27. ^ a b Cracroft, Franklin & Queen Emma 1958, pp. 111–112
  28. ^ Allen 1982, pp. 77, 84–89; Haley 2014, p. 217; Liliuokalani 1898, pp. 14–15
  29. ^ Allen 1982, p. 89.
  30. ^ Allen 1982, pp. 52, 84–89; Liliuokalani 1898, pp. 11–13, 16
  31. ^ a b Allen 1982, pp. 84–89, 98–99, 103–104; Kanahele 2002, p. 97; "Notes of the Week". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Vol. VII, no. 12. Honolulu. September 18, 1862. Image 2, col. 5. from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.; "Marela". Ka Nupepa Kuokoa. Vol. I, no. 43. Honolulu. September 20, 1862. p. 3. Retrieved September 26, 2016.; "Na Mea Mare". Ka Hoku o ka Pakipika. Vol. II, no. 52. Honolulu. September 18, 1862. p. 2. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
  32. ^ Allen 1982, pp. 109–153, 159–161; Haley 2014, p. 200; Blount 1895, p. 996
  33. ^ Bonura & Witmer 2013, pp. 109–115.
  34. ^ Allen 1982, pp. 159–160.
  35. ^ Allen 1982, pp. 91–98–99, 116–117, 122–123; Smith 1956, pp. 8–10
  36. ^ Kuykendall 1953, pp. 239–245; "Death of the King". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Vol. XVII, no. 24. Honolulu. December 14, 1872. Image 2, col. 2. from the original on November 19, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.; "Meeting of the Assembly! Election of Prince Lunalilo As King! Immense Enthusiasm!". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Vol. XVII, no. 28. Honolulu. January 11, 1873. Image 4, col. 4. from the original on November 19, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.; "The Accession to the Throne". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Vol. XVII, no. 28. Honolulu. January 11, 1873. Image 3, Col. 4. from the original on November 19, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  37. ^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 3–16.
  38. ^ Kanahele 1999, pp. 315–319; Liliuokalani 1898, pp. 40–41, 45–49
  39. ^ Kanahele 1999, p. 318, 353–354.
  40. ^ Allen 1982, p. 138.
  41. ^ "By Authority". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu. February 17, 1883. Image 5. col. 1. from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  42. ^ Liliuokalani 1898, pp. 53–55.
  43. ^ Kanahele 1999, p. 318.
  44. ^ Kanahele 2002, pp. 151–152.
  45. ^ Liliuokalani 1898, pp. 53–55; Kanahele 2002, pp. 151–152; "The Heir Apparent". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Vol. XXI, no. 42. Honolulu. April 14, 1877. Image 2, col. 2. from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.; "Proclamation of the Heir Apparent". The Hawaiian Gazette. Vol. XIII, no. 16. Honolulu. April 18, 1877. p. 2. from the original on July 27, 2018. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  46. ^ Allen 1982, p. 147.
  47. ^ Liliuokalani 1898, pp. 61–68.
  48. ^ "The Hawaiian Princess". San Francisco Chronicle. San Francisco. April 13, 1878. p. 2. from the original on August 12, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  49. ^ Kuykendall 1967, p. 227; Liliuokalani 1898, p. 75–85; Middleton 2015, p. 530
  50. ^ Dye 1997, pp. 171–177.
  51. ^ Thrum 1882, p. 66.
  52. ^ Liliuokalani 1886, p. 79.
  53. ^ Inglis 2013, pp. 130; Law 2012, p. 125
  54. ^ Law 2012, p. 125
  55. ^ Inglis 2013, pp. 88–89; Liliuokalani 1886, pp. iii–xvii
  56. ^ Liliuokalani 1898, pp. 113–114.
  57. ^ Bonura & Witmer 2013, pp. 120–121.
  58. ^ a b Hawe, Jeff (August 7, 2018). "Ahead of Her Time". Hawaii Business Magazine. Honolulu. from the original on January 3, 2019. Retrieved January 2, 2019.
  59. ^ Iaukea 2012, p. 30; Kuykendall 1967, pp. 341
  60. ^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 340–343; Liliuokalani 1898, p. 116–176
  61. ^ Iaukea 2012, pp. 30–31
  62. ^ Liliuokalani 1898, p. 171–176; Kuykendall 1967, pp. 340–343
  63. ^ Kuykendall 1967, p. 415; Liliuokalani 1898, p. 186–188
  64. ^ Liliuokalani 1898, p. 191–201; Siler 2012, p. 176; Kuykendall 1967, pp. 424–432
  65. ^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 466–469.
  66. ^ Spickard, Rondilla & Wright 2002, p. 316.
  67. ^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 470–474; Krout 1898, p. 10; Thrum 1892, p. 126; Dando-Collins 2014, p. 42; Allen 1982, pp. 225–226; Liliuokalani 1898, pp. 206–207
  68. ^ Kuykendall 1967, p. 470; Allen 1982, pp. 225–229; Liliuokalani 1898, pp. 206–209
  69. ^ a b Dando-Collins 2014, p. 42.
  70. ^ Rego, Nilda (April 25, 2013). "Days Gone By: 1890: Hawaii's King Kalakaua visits San Francisco". The Mercury News. San Francisco. from the original on November 4, 2016. Retrieved November 3, 2016.
  71. ^ Kuykendall 1967, p. 472.
  72. ^ Vowell 2011, p. 91.
  73. ^ Mcdermott, Choy & Guerrero 2015, p. 59.
  74. ^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 473–474.
  75. ^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 474–76.
  76. ^ "By Authority". The Daily Bulletin. Vol. XV, no. 25. Honolulu. January 30, 1891. Image 2, col. 1. from the original on October 3, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  77. ^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 476–78.
  78. ^ Allen 1982, p. 245.
  79. ^ "The Succession Princess Kaiulani Proclaimed Successor to the Hawaiian Throne". The Daily Bulletin. Vol. XV, no. 57. Honolulu. March 9, 1891. Image 2, col. 2. from the original on October 3, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  80. ^ Kuykendall 1967, p. 484.
  81. ^ Allen 1982, pp. 246–53.
  82. ^ Inglis 2013, p. 136.
  83. ^ a b Newbury 2001, pp. 16, 29–30.
  84. ^ "By Authority". The Daily Bulletin. Vol. XV, no. 51. Honolulu. March 2, 1891. Image 2, col. 1. from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  85. ^ Allen 1982, pp. 255–58.
  86. ^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 486–86.
  87. ^ Liliuokalani 1898, pp. 29, 220–25.
  88. ^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 485–86.
  89. ^ Loomis 1963, pp. 7–27.
  90. ^ Allen 1982, pp. 269–70.
  91. ^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 562–563, 573–581; Allen 1982, p. 174–175; Moblo 1998, pp. 229–232; "A New Cabinet – Some New Ministers for the Public to Swallow". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Vol. XVII, no. 3277. Honolulu. January 14, 1893. p. 4. from the original on January 9, 2017. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
  92. ^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 581–583
  93. ^ Kuykendall 1967, p. 582.
  94. ^ Blount 1895, p. 588.
  95. ^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 587–588.
  96. ^ Russ 1959, p. 90.
  97. ^ Lee 1993, pp. 4–5.
  98. ^ Russ 1959, p. 67.
  99. ^ Lobo, Talbot & Carlston 2016, p. 122.
  100. ^ a b Daws 1968, p. 271.
  101. ^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 582–586.
  102. ^ Blount 1895, p. 496.
  103. ^ a b Kuykendall 1967, pp. 586–594; Alexander 1896, pp. 37–51
  104. ^ Twigg-Smith 1998, pp. 135–166.
  105. ^ Andrade 1996, p. 130.
  106. ^ "Popular Meeting – Over Two Thousand Person Assemble on Palace Square – They Pass a Resolution Upholding the Queen and the Government". The Daily Bulletin. Honolulu. January 17, 1893. p. 2. from the original on November 19, 2017.
  107. ^ Twombly 1900, p. 333.
  108. ^ Young 1899, p. 252.
  109. ^ Russ 1959, p. 350
  110. ^ Liliuokalani 1898, pp. 387–388.
  111. ^ Allen 1982, p. 294.
  112. ^ Alexander 1896, p. 65.
  113. ^ Tabrah 1984, p. 102.
  114. ^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 603.
  115. ^ Alexander 1896, p. 66.
  116. ^ Siler 2012, p. 250.
  117. ^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 605–610.
  118. ^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 599–605.
  119. ^ Alexander 1896, pp. 66–67.
  120. ^ Alexander 1896, pp. 71–76.
  121. ^ Alexander 1896, p. 74.
  122. ^ Calhoun 1988, p. 150.
  123. ^ Love 2005, p. 112.
  124. ^ Cleaver 2014, p. 29.
  125. ^ Kuykendall 1967, p. 642.
  126. ^ Warren Zimmermann (2004). First Great Triumph: How Five Americans Made Their Country a World Power. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 290. ISBN 9780374528935. from the original on August 22, 2018. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
  127. ^ "Hawaiian Situation: The President's Message to Congress". The National Tribune. Washington D.C. December 21, 1893. p. 8, col. 4. from the original on November 9, 2017. Retrieved October 19, 2017 – via Chronicling America.
  128. ^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 642–45.
  129. ^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 649–50.
  130. ^ "Queen Arrested". The Daily Bulletin. Vol. IX, no. 1238. Honolulu. January 16, 1895. Image 3. col. 1. from the original on October 2, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.; "She Plotted". The Hawaiian Star. Vol. III, no. 557. Honolulu. January 17, 1895. p. 3, col. 2. from the original on October 2, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  131. ^ Siler 2012, pp. 269–270.
  132. ^ Liliuokalani 1898, p. 274.
  133. ^ Proto 2009, pp. 93–112.
  134. ^ Siler 2012, p. 268.
  135. ^ Borch 2014, pp. 1–3.
  136. ^ Allen 1982, pp. 123, 147, 187, 344–345, 347; "Declines to Confess". The Daily Bulletin. Vol. IX, no. 1256. Honolulu. February 6, 1895. p. 5, col. 2. from the original on February 28, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.; "Five Years in Parlor". The Daily Bulletin. Vol. IX, no. 1274. Honolulu. February 27, 1895. p. 5, col. 2. from the original on February 28, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  137. ^ Siler 2012, p. 274.
  138. ^ Siler 2012, pp. 276–279.
  139. ^ a b Liliuokalani 1898, p. 305.
  140. ^ a b "A PACIFIC CABLE: Liliuokalani is in Boston". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Vol. XXV, no. 4507. Honolulu. January 15, 1897. Image 1, col. 2. from the original on November 25, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.; "PRIVATE AFFAIRS: Liliuokalani and Capt. Palmer to Work McKinley". Hawaiian Gazette. Vol. XXXII, no. 19. Honolulu. March 5, 1897. Image 1, col. 6. from the original on November 19, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  141. ^ "Julius A. Palmer's Story". The Independent (reprinted from The Boston Globe). September 29, 1897. Image 1, cols. 1–2; Image 4, cols. 3–5. from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2017 – via Chronicling America.
  142. ^ Allen 1982, p. 356–359.
  143. ^ "Treaty to Annex Hawaii". The Times. No. 1185. Washington, D.C. June 17, 1897. Image 1, col. 3. from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.; "Treaty to Annex Hawaii". The Times. No. 1185. Washington, D.C. June 17, 1897. Image 2, col. 4. from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  144. ^ "By the Ex-Queen: Protest Made to the Annexation of Hawaii. An Appeal for Restoration. Authority of Present Government Denied. Document Signed in Washington and 'Julius' Witnessed the Signature". Hawaiian Gazette. Vol. XXXII, no. 55. Honolulu. July 9, 1897. Image 1, Col. 6. from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.; "The Ex-Queen's Protest". The Times. No. 1186. Washington, D.C. June 18, 1897. Image 1, col. 7. from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  145. ^ Haley 2014, pp. 317–336.
  146. ^ Silva 2004, pp. 123–163; Silva, Noenoe K. (1998). . The Annexation Of Hawaii: A Collection Of Document. University of Hawaii at Manoa. Archived from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved December 19, 2016.
  147. ^ a b c d Parker 2007, p. 205.
  148. ^ Mehmed 1998, pp. 142–143.
  149. ^ Haley 2014, pp. 336.
  150. ^ Allen 1982, p. 365.
  151. ^ Mehmed 1998, pp. 141–144.
  152. ^ Linnekin 1983, p. 173.
  153. ^ "HAWAII'S EX-QUEEN: Protests Against the Seizure of Her Property". The Herald. Vol. 26, no. 82. Los Angeles. December 21, 1898. Image 1. col. 3. from the original on February 28, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  154. ^ Thorpe 1909, p. 903
  155. ^ Parker 2007, pp. 205–207.
  156. ^ Proto 2009, p. 132; "Hawaiian Queen Decides to Sue for Crown Lands". The San Francisco Call. Vol. LXXXVII, no. 192. San Francisco. May 31, 1900. Image 12, col. 1. from the original on October 8, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  157. ^ "Claims of Ex-Queen". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Vol. XXXII, no. 5589. Honolulu. July 5, 1903. p. 10, col. 2. from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  158. ^ "Ex-Queen Liliuokalani Is Here on Her Way to Hawaii". San Francisco Chronicle. Vol. LXXI, no. 125. San Francisco. May 20, 1900. p. 1, col. 1. from the original on January 8, 2018. Retrieved October 15, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.; "Ex-Queen Here Soon". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Vol. XXXI, no. 5559. Honolulu. May 31, 1900. p. 5, col. 3. from the original on November 9, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  159. ^ Allen 1982, pp. 330–361, 368–369
  160. ^ "Court Notes". The Independent. Vol. XI, no. 1586. Honolulu. August 16, 1900. p. 4. from the original on October 8, 2016. Retrieved October 2, 2016.; "Dr. English's Suit Against Liliuokalani". The Honolulu Republican. Vol. I, no. 71. Honolulu. September 5, 1900. Image 8, col. 3. from the original on November 9, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  161. ^ "Liliuokalani's Claim". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Vol. XXXVII, no. 6399. Honolulu. February 10, 1903. Image 4, col. 1. from the original on November 25, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  162. ^ Banner 2009, p. 161.
  163. ^ Iaukea 2012, pp. 86, 181; "Queen's Pension is Approved". Evening Bulletin. Honolulu. March 30, 1911. p. 2, col. 3. from the original on November 19, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  164. ^ Abbott, Lyman; Mabie, H. W., eds. (May 30, 1917). "An American Queen". The Outlook. Vol. 116, no. 5. New York. pp. 177–178. OCLC 5361126. from the original on April 23, 2017.; "Elima Keiki Hawaii i Make". Ke Aloha Aina. Vol. XXII, no. 14. Honolulu. April 6, 1917. p. 1. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
  165. ^ Proto 2009, p. 207
  166. ^ "Queen Not to Hold Reception". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Honolulu. August 29, 1917. p. 10, col. 5. from the original on November 9, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.; "The Queen's Birthday". The Daily Bulletin. Honolulu. September 3, 1892. Image 3, col. 2. from the original on November 19, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  167. ^ "Liliuokalani Becomes a Red Cross Member as Whistles Signify 8000 Mark is Reached". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Honolulu. September 29, 1917. p. 2, col. 2–5. from the original on November 9, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  168. ^ Hodges 1918, pp. 35–37; Allen 1982, p. 396
  169. ^ "Death Comes to Hawaii's Queen in Calm of Sabbath Morning". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Honolulu. November 12, 1917. p. 2 headline. from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  170. ^ Askman 2015, pp. 91–93; Allen 1982, pp. 396–400; Thrum 1918, pp. 102–109; Parker 2008, p. 36; "Funeral is Held in the Throne Room". The Hawaiian Gazette. Honolulu. November 20, 1917. p. 3, col. 1. from the original on September 20, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.; "Martial Pomp and Hawaiian Picturequeness in Funeral Cortege". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Honolulu. November 19, 1917. p. 3 headline. from the original on September 30, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.; ""Aloha ʻOe" of Queen's Own Song Goes With Her into Resting-Place". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Honolulu. November 19, 1917. p. 9 headline. from the original on February 28, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  171. ^ Allen 1982, p. 399; Gessler, Clifford F. (October 1921). "Honolulu Letter". The Step Ladder. Vol. III, no. 5. Chicago. pp. 76–77. from the original on April 23, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.; "ON THE OTHER ISLANDS: Ainahau Burns". The Maui News. Wailuku. August 5, 1921. p. 8, col. 4. from the original on May 28, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  172. ^ Allen 1982, pp. 69; Merry 2000, p. 63; Liliuokalani 1898, p. 269.
  173. ^ Kuykendall 1967, p. 479; Allen 1982, pp. 76–77.
  174. ^ Allen 1982, p. 241.
  175. ^ Kuykendall 1967, p. 479.
  176. ^ Kuykendall 1967, p. 479; Garrett 1992, p. 238.
  177. ^ Allen 1982, p. 346.
  178. ^ "Join St. Andrew's – Ex-queen Liliuokalani Confirmed by Bishop Willis". Hawaiian Gazette. Vol. XXXI, no. 40. Honolulu. May 19, 1896. p. 4, col. 6. from the original on October 1, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  179. ^ Liliuokalani 1898, p. 269.
  180. ^ "Queen at Salt Lake". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Vol. XXXIV, no. 6037. Honolulu. December 11, 1900. Image 9, col. 1. from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  181. ^ Walker 2007.
  182. ^ "Former Queen Renounces Her Claim to the Throne of the Hawaiian Islands. She and Her People Satisfied With the Government Given by the United States". San Francisco Call. Vol. 100, no. 34. July 4, 1906. p. 3. ISSN 1941-0719. OCLC 13146227. Retrieved March 20, 2020 – via California Digital Newspaper Collection.
  183. ^ Britsch 1986, pp. 137–138.
  184. ^ Koda 2006, p. 237.
  185. ^ a b Hawaii Magazine. Irvine, CA: Fancy Publications. 2004. pp. 56, 58. OCLC 27971891. from the original on January 13, 2018.
  186. ^ Garraty, Carnes & American Council of Learned Societies 1999, pp. 664–665.
  187. ^ Liliuokalani 1898, p. 31.
  188. ^ Silva 2004, p. 201.
  189. ^ a b Ducat, Vivian. "Hawaii's Last Queen". American Experience. PBS. from the original on August 28, 2011. Retrieved October 11, 2011.
  190. ^ "Her History". Queen Liliʻuokalani Trust. from the original on December 25, 2014. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  191. ^ Beckwith 1972, p. xiv.
  192. ^ a b Liliuokalani 1898, pp. 289–90.
  193. ^ a b Dekneef, Matthew (March 9, 2016). "14 extraordinary women in Hawaii history everyone should know". Hawaiʻi Magazine. Honolulu. from the original on June 1, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  194. ^ a b Bolante, Ronna; Keany, Michael (June 1, 2007). "50 Greatest Songs of Hawaii". Honolulu. Honolulu. from the original on February 13, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  195. ^ "Julius A. Palmer's Story". The Independent (reprinted from The Boston Globe). September 29, 1897. Image 4, col. 3. from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  196. ^ Askman 2015.
  197. ^ "Queen Liliʻuokalani Deed of Trust". Queen Liliʻuokalani Trust. from the original on October 6, 2016. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  198. ^ "J. Aimoku Dominis, Ward of Queen, Succumbs To Illness". Hawaiian Gazette. Honolulu. July 10, 1917. p. 5, col. 6. from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  199. ^ "Prominent Hawaiian Is Laid To Rest". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. November 16, 1914. p. 2, col. 2. from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  200. ^ Iaukea 2012, p. 90.
  201. ^ Kamae 1980, p. 41.
  202. ^ "The Queen's Estate: First of Two Parts". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. May 17, 2009. from the original on October 22, 2016. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  203. ^ "The Queen's Estate: Last of Two Parts". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. May 18, 2009. from the original on October 22, 2016. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  204. ^ . Queen Liliʻuokalani Trust. Archived from the original on October 8, 2016. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  205. ^ Lowe 1994, p. 91–93.
  206. ^ "About Us: Patron of Hawaiian Music Culture". Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame. from the original on October 22, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  207. ^ Scott, Marjorie J. (September 8, 1995). "Contributions of royal family recognized". The Honolulu Advertiser. Honolulu. p. 17.
  208. ^ "Charles E. King". Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame. from the original on March 18, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  209. ^ Mossman 1979
  210. ^ Thrum 1918
  211. ^ Barnes, Susan B. (September 18, 2017). "Alohas, sisterhood and grit: the Queen Liliʻuokalani Long Distance Canoe Race". espnW. from the original on September 30, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.; Club, Kai Opua Canoe. "Queen Liliʻuokalani Canoe Race – World's Largest Outrigger Canoe Race". Kai 'Opua Canoe Club. from the original on September 30, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  212. ^ University of Hawaii at Manoa Board of Regents (October 19, 2001). "Minutes of the Regular Meeting of the Board of Regents for October 19, 2001". Honolulu: University of Hawaii. from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  213. ^ Boylan, Daniel (2001). "Documentary Reviews of O Hawaiʻi: of Hawaiʻi from Settlement to Kingdom; Nation Within: the Story of America's Annexation of the Nation of Hawaiʻi; Hawaiʻi's Last Queen; 1946: the Great Hawaii Sugar Strike; the Great Hawaii Dock Strike; the 442nd: Duty, Honor, and Loyalty". Hawaiian Journal of History. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society. 35: 45. hdl:10524/540.
  214. ^ The American Experience" Hawaii's Last Queen (TV Episode 1997) at IMDb
  215. ^ Conquest of Hawaii (TV Movie 2003) at IMDb
  216. ^ "About Keiki Hula". Kalihi-Palama Culture & Arts Society, Inc. from the original on September 30, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.. University of Hawaii at Manoa Library. Archived from the original on October 5, 2016. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  217. ^ "2017 Queen Lili'uokalani Festival set for Saturday, September 9 in Hilo". Office of Mayor Harry Kim. County of Hawaii. August 24, 2017. from the original on September 17, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  218. ^ "The Court". The Polynesian. Vol. XIV, no. 31. Honolulu. December 5, 1857. p. 244, col. 1. from the original on November 19, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.; "List of Subscribers to the Honolulu Hospital up to April 29, 1859". The Polynesian. Vol. XV, no. 52. Honolulu. April 30, 1859. p. 2, col. 5. from the original on May 28, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  219. ^ "NOTES OF THE WEEK: Lithography". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Vol. XI, no. 42. Honolulu. April 20, 1867. Image 3, col. 5. from the original on November 9, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.; "HAWAIIAN SONG (advertisement) He Mele Lahui Hawaii". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Vol. XI, no. 2. Honolulu. July 13, 1867. Image 4, col. 7. from the original on November 9, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  220. ^ The Court, Hawaiian Almanac and Annual, 1875–1877
  221. ^ Bott 1997, p. 148.
  222. ^ The Court, Hawaiian Almanac and Annual, 1878–1891
  223. ^ Bott 1997, p. 155.
  224. ^ Fuld 2000, p. 94.
  225. ^ The Court, Hawaiian Almanac and Annual, 1892–1893
  226. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Liliuokalani 1898, pp. 399–400.
  227. ^ a b Liliuokalani 1898, p. 403.

References

  • Alexander, William DeWitt (1896). History of Later Years of the Hawaiian Monarchy and the Revolution of 1893. Honolulu: Hawaiian Gazette Company. OCLC 11843616.
  • Allen, Helena G. (1982). The Betrayal of Liliuokalani: Last Queen of Hawaii, 1838–1917. Glendale, CA: Arthur H. Clark Company. ISBN 978-0-87062-144-4. OCLC 9576325. from the original on January 13, 2018. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
  • Andrade, Ernest (1996). Unconquerable Rebel: Robert W. Wilcox and Hawaiian Politics, 1880–1903. Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado. ISBN 978-0-87081-417-4. OCLC 247224388.
  • Askman, Douglas V. (2015). "Remembering Liliʻuokalani: Coverage of the Death of the Last Queen of Hawaiʻi by Hawaiʻi's English-Language Establishment Press and American Newspapers". The Hawaiian Journal of History. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society. 49: 91–118. doi:10.1353/hjh.2015.0008. hdl:10524/56608. OCLC 60626541.
  • Banner, Stuart (2009). POSSESSING THE PACIFIC. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02052-8. from the original on February 15, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
  • Blount, James Henderson (1895). The Executive Documents of the House of Representatives for the Third Session of the Fifty-Third Congress, 1893–'94 in Thirty-Five Volumes. Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office. OCLC 191710879. from the original on April 23, 2017. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
  • Britsch, R. Lanier (1986). Unto the Islands of the Sea: A History of Latter-day Saints in the Pacific. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co. ISBN 978-0-87747-754-9. OCLC 12839930.
  • Bonura, Sandra; Witmer, Sally (2013). "Lydia K. Aholo – Her Story Recovering the Lost Voice". The Hawaiian Journal of History. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society. 47: 103–145. hdl:10524/36266. OCLC 60626541.
  • Borch, Fred L. (August 2014). "Lore of the Corps: The Trial by Military Commission of Queen Liliuokalani". The Army Lawyer. Charlottesville, VA: Judge Advocate General's School: 1–3.
  • Bott, Robin L. (1997). Homans, Margaret; Munich, Adrienne (eds.). "'I Know What is Due to Me': Self-Fashioning and Legitimization in Queen Liliuokalani's Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen". Remaking Queen Victoria. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 140–156. ISBN 978-0-521-57485-3. OCLC 185338494. from the original on April 23, 2017. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
  • Calhoun, Charles W. (1988). Gilded Age Cato: The Life of Walter Q. Gresham. Lexington, KT: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-6179-2. OCLC 900344816. from the original on April 23, 2017. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
  • Cleaver, Nick (2014). Grover Cleveland's New Foreign Policy: Arbitration, Neutrality, and the Dawn of American Empire. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-44849-1. OCLC 898473224. from the original on February 15, 2017. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
  • Cooke, Amos Starr; Cooke, Juliette Montague (1937). Richards, Mary Atherton (ed.). The Chiefs' Children School: A Record Compiled from the Diary and Letters of Amos Starr Cooke and Juliette Montague Cooke, by Their Granddaughter Mary Atherton Richards. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. OCLC 1972890. from the original on November 28, 2016. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
  • Cracroft, Sophia; Franklin, Jane; Queen Emma (1958). Korn, Alfons L. (ed.). The Victorian Visitors: An Account of the Hawaiian Kingdom, 1861–1866, Including the Journal Letters of Sophia Cracroft: Extracts from the Journals of Lady Franklin, and Diaries and Letters of Queen Emma of Hawaii (PDF). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. hdl:10125/39981. ISBN 978-0-87022-421-8. OCLC 8989368.
  • Dando-Collins, Stephen (2014). Taking Hawaii: How Thirteen Honolulu Businessmen Overthrew the Queen of Hawaii in 1893, With a Bluff. New York: Open Road Media. ISBN 978-1-4976-1429-1. OCLC 874921510. from the original on December 27, 2019. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
  • Daws, Gavan (1968). Shoal of Time: A History of the Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824803247. OCLC 45815755.
  • Dye, Bob (1997). Merchant Prince of the Sandalwood Mountains: Afong and the Chinese in Hawaiʻi. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1772-5. OCLC 247424976. from the original on February 24, 2019. Retrieved October 14, 2019.
  • Fuld, James J. (2000). The Book of World-famous Music: Classical, Popular, and Folk. Mineola, NY: Courier Corporation. ISBN 978-0-486-41475-1. OCLC 216592. from the original on April 24, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
  • Garraty, John Arthur; Carnes, Mark Christopher; American Council of Learned Societies (1999). American National Biography. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-520635-7. OCLC 39182280.
  • Garrett, John (1992). Footsteps in the Sea: Christianity in Oceania to World War II. Geneva: World Council of Churches; Suva: Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific. ISBN 978-982-02-0068-5. OCLC 26334630. from the original on April 24, 2017. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
  • Gregg, David L. (1982). King, Pauline (ed.). The Diaries of David Lawrence Gregg: An American Diplomat in Hawaii, 1853–1858. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society. ISBN 9780824808617. OCLC 8773139.
  • Haley, James L. (2014). Captive Paradise: A History of Hawaii. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-60065-5. OCLC 865158092. from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
  • Hodges, William C. Jr. (1918). The Passing of Liliuokalani. Honolulu: Honolulu Star Bulletin. OCLC 4564101. from the original on July 12, 2017. Retrieved November 20, 2016.
  • Iaukea, Sydney Lehua (2012). The Queen and I: A Story of Dispossessions and Reconnections in Hawaiʻi. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-95030-6. OCLC 763161035. from the original on April 12, 2020.
  • Inglis, Kerri A. (2013). Ma'i Lepera: A History of Leprosy in Nineteenth-Century Hawai'i. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-6579-5. from the original on October 26, 2016. Retrieved October 25, 2016 – via Project MUSE.
  • Kamae, Lori (1980). The Empty Throne. Honolulu: Topgallant Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-914916-44-4. OCLC 7080687.
  • Kanahele, George S. (1999). Emma: Hawaii's Remarkable Queen. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2240-8. OCLC 40890919. from the original on May 8, 2016. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
  • Kanahele, George S. (2002) [1986]. . Honolulu: Kamehameha Schools Press. ISBN 978-0-87336-005-0. OCLC 173653971. Archived from the original on September 27, 2015. Retrieved October 3, 2016.
  • King, Samuel P.; Roth, Randall W. (2006). Broken Trust: Greed, Mismanagement & Political Manipulation at America's Largest Charitable Trust (PDF). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 14, 21–22, 35, 78, 139. hdl:10125/48548. ISBN 978-0-8248-3014-4. OCLC 62326686. (PDF) from the original on July 19, 2018. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
  • Koda, Tara (Fall 2006). "Aloha with Gassho: Buddhism in the Hawaiian Plantations" (PDF). Pacific World. Mountain View, CA: Institute of Buddhist Studies. Third Series (5): 237–254. OCLC 607735135. (PDF) from the original on March 25, 2009. Retrieved January 3, 2009.
  • Krout, Mary Hannah (1898). Hawaii and a Revolution: The Personal Experiences of a Correspondent in the Sandwich Islands During the Crisis of 1893 and Subsequently. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company. ASIN B0011VJARG. OCLC 2012741.
  • Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson (1953). The Hawaiian Kingdom 1854–1874, Twenty Critical Years. Vol. 2. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-87022-432-4. OCLC 47010821. from the original on December 13, 2014. Retrieved October 3, 2016.
  • Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson (1967). The Hawaiian Kingdom 1874–1893, The Kalakaua Dynasty. Vol. 3. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-87022-433-1. OCLC 500374815. from the original on January 20, 2015. Retrieved June 15, 2014.
  • Lee, Anne Feder (1993). The Hawaii state constitution: a reference guide. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-27950-8. from the original on June 29, 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
  • Law, Anwei Skinsnes (2012). Kalaupapa: A Collective Memory (Ka Hokuwelowelo). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-6580-1. OCLC 830023588. from the original on October 26, 2016. Retrieved October 25, 2016 – via Project MUSE.
  • Liliuokalani (1898). Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen, Liliuokalani. Boston: Lee and Shepard. ISBN 978-0-548-22265-2. OCLC 2387226.
  • Liliuokalani (1972). The Kumulipo: A Hawaiian Creation Chant. Translated by Martha Warren Beckwith. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0771-9. OCLC 1253793. from the original on February 15, 2017. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
  • Liliuokalani (1886). Report of Her Majesty Queen Kapiolani's visit to Molokai, by H.R.H. Princess Liliuokalani, July 1884. Report of the Board of Health. Honolulu: Printed by the Hawaiian Gazette Company. pp. iii–xvii. OCLC 39817109. from the original on April 23, 2017. Retrieved November 11, 2016.
  • Linnekin, Jocelyn (June 1983). "The Hui Lands of Keanae: Hawaiian Land Tenure and the Great Mahele". The Journal of the Polynesian Society. Wellington: The Polynesian Society. 92 (2): 169–188. OCLC 882983804. from the original on February 12, 2018. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
  • Lobo, Susan; Talbot, Steve; Carlston, Traci Morris (2016). Native American Voices. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-68768-4. OCLC 429598254.
  • Loomis, Albertine (1963). "The Longest Legislature". Seventy-First Annual Report of the Hawaiian Historical Society for the Year 1962. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society. 71: 7–27. hdl:10524/35.
  • Love, Eric T. L. (2005). Race over Empire: Racism and U.S. Imperialism, 1865–1900. Chapel Hill, NC: Univ of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-7591-9. OCLC 62149408. from the original on April 24, 2017. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
  • Lowe, Ruby Hasegawa (1994). Liliʻuokalani. Honolulu: Kamehameha Schools Press. ISBN 978-0-87336-027-2. OCLC 30886367. from the original on May 23, 2006. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
  • Mcdermott, John F.; Choy, Zita Cup; Guerrero, Anthony P. S. (2015). "The Last Illness and Death of Hawaiʻi's King Kalākaua: A New Historical/Clinical Perspective Cover". The Hawaiian Journal of History. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society. 49: 59–72. doi:10.1353/hjh.2015.0002. OCLC 60626541.
  • Mehmed, Ali (1998). "Hoʻohuiʻaina Pala Ka Maiʻa: Remembering Annexation One Hundred Years Ago". The Hawaiian Journal of History. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society. 32: 141–154. hdl:10524/358. OCLC 60626541.
  • Merry, Sally Engle (2000). Colonizing Hawaiʻi: The Cultural Power of Law. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00932-5. OCLC 231845368. from the original on April 23, 2017. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
  • Middleton, John (2015). World Monarchies and Dynasties. Armonk, New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7656-8050-1. OCLC 53315305.
  • Moblo, Pennie (1998). "Institutionalising the Leper: Partisan Politics and the Evolution of Stigma in Post-Monarchy Hawaiʻi". The Journal of the Polynesian Society. Wellington: The Polynesian Society. 107 (3): 229–262. OCLC 6015242891. from the original on February 13, 2018. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
  • Morris, Aldyth (1993). Lili'uokalani. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1543-1. OCLC 27810351.
  • Mossman (1979). "Bina Nieper Mossman: Transcript of interview conducted Sept. 29, 1971 in Hawaii". Honolulu: Watumull Foundation Oral History Project. hdl:10524/48627. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • Newbury, Colin (2001). . Pacific Studies. Laie, HI: Brigham Young University, Hawaii Campus. 24 (1–2): 1–38. ISSN 0275-3596. OCLC 193272210. Archived from the original on April 15, 2012.
  • Osorio, Jon Kamakawiwoʻole (2002). Dismembering Lāhui: A History of the Hawaiian Nation to 1887. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-2549-7. OCLC 48579247. from the original on May 14, 2016. Retrieved October 21, 2016.
  • Parker, David "Kawika" (2008). (PDF). Tales of Our Hawaiʻi. Honolulu: Alu Like, Inc. OCLC 309392477. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 11, 2013.
  • Parker, Linda S. (2007). Fixico, Donald L. (ed.). Alaska, Hawaii, and Agreements. Treaties with American Indians: An Encyclopedia of Rights, Conflicts, and Sovereignty. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 199–208. ISBN 978-1-57607-881-5. OCLC 153598713. from the original on April 23, 2017. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
  • Pratt, Elizabeth Kekaaniauokalani Kalaninuiohilaukapu (1920). History of Keoua Kalanikupuapa-i-nui: Father of Hawaii Kings, and His Descendants, with Notes on Kamehameha I, First King of All Hawaii. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. OCLC 154181545. from the original on May 3, 2016. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
  • Proto, Neil Thomas (2009). The Rights of My People: Liliuokalani's Enduring Battle with the United States, 1893–1917. New York: Algora Publishing. ISBN 978-0-87586-720-5. OCLC 319248358. from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
  • Pukui, Mary Kawena; Elbert, Samuel H. (1986). Hawaiian Dictionary: Hawaiian-English, English-Hawaiian. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0703-0. OCLC 12751521. from the original on January 1, 2015. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
  • Russ, William Adam (1959). The Hawaiian Revolution (1893–94). Selinsgrove, PA: Susquehanna University Press. ISBN 978-0-945636-53-3. OCLC 24846595. from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
  • Siler, Julia Flynn (2012). Lost Kingdom: Hawaii's Last Queen, the Sugar Kings and America's First Imperial Adventure. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-9488-6. OCLC 881683650. from the original on April 23, 2017. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
April 07, 2023
liliʻuokalani, hawaiian, pronunciation, liˌliʔuokəˈlɐni, lydia, liliʻu, loloku, walania, kamakaʻeha, september, 1838, november, 1917, only, queen, regnant, last, sovereign, monarch, hawaiian, kingdom, ruling, from, january, 1891, until, overthrow, hawaiian, ki. Liliʻuokalani Hawaiian pronunciation liˌliʔuokeˈlɐni Lydia Liliʻu Loloku Walania Kamakaʻeha September 2 1838 November 11 1917 was the only queen regnant and the last sovereign monarch of the Hawaiian Kingdom ruling from January 29 1891 until the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom on January 17 1893 The composer of Aloha ʻOe and numerous other works she wrote her autobiography Hawaiʻi s Story by Hawaiʻi s Queen during her imprisonment following the overthrow LiliʻuokalaniQueen of the Hawaiian Islands more ReignJanuary 29 1891 January 17 1893PredecessorKalakauaSuccessorMonarchy overthrownBorn 1838 09 02 September 2 1838Honolulu Oʻahu Hawaiian KingdomDiedNovember 11 1917 1917 11 11 aged 79 Honolulu Oʻahu Territory of HawaiiBurialNovember 18 1917Mauna ʻAla Royal MausoleumSpouseJohn Owen Dominis m 1862 died 1891 wbr NamesLiliʻu Loloku Walania Kamakaʻeha given at birth Lydia Kamakaʻeha name after baptism HouseKalakauaFatherCaesar Kapaʻakea Hanai adoptive father Abner PakiMotherAnalea Keohokalole Hanai adoptive mother Laura KōniaReligionProtestantism more SignatureLiliʻuokalani was born on September 2 1838 in Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu While her natural parents were Analea Keohokalole and Caesar Kapaʻakea she was hanai informally adopted at birth by Abner Paki and Laura Kōnia and raised with their daughter Bernice Pauahi Bishop Baptized as a Christian and educated at the Royal School she and her siblings and cousins were proclaimed eligible for the throne by King Kamehameha III She was married to American born John Owen Dominis who later became the Governor of Oʻahu The couple had no biological children but adopted several After the accession of her brother David Kalakaua to the throne in 1874 she and her siblings were given Western style titles of Prince and Princess In 1877 after her younger brother Leleiohoku II s death she was proclaimed as heir apparent to the throne During the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria she represented her brother as an official envoy to the United Kingdom Liliʻuokalani ascended to the throne on January 29 1891 nine days after her brother s death During her reign she attempted to draft a new constitution which would restore the power of the monarchy and the voting rights of the economically disenfranchised Threatened by her attempts to abrogate the Bayonet Constitution pro American elements in Hawaiʻi overthrew the monarchy on January 17 1893 The overthrow was bolstered by the landing of US Marines under John L Stevens to protect American interests which rendered the monarchy unable to protect itself The coup d etat established the Republic of Hawaiʻi but the ultimate goal was the annexation of the islands to the United States which was temporarily blocked by President Grover Cleveland After an unsuccessful uprising to restore the monarchy the oligarchical government placed the former queen under house arrest at the ʻIolani Palace On January 24 1895 Liliʻuokalani was forced to abdicate the Hawaiian throne officially ending the deposed monarchy Attempts were made to restore the monarchy and oppose annexation but with the outbreak of the Spanish American War the United States annexed Hawaiʻi Living out the remainder of her later life as a private citizen Liliʻuokalani died at her residence Washington Place in Honolulu on November 11 1917 Contents 1 Early life 2 Courtship and married life 3 Heir apparent and regency 3 1 Elections of 1874 3 2 First regency 3 3 Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria 3 4 Second regency and death of Kalakaua 4 Reign 4 1 Promulgating a new constitution 4 2 Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom 5 Arrest and imprisonment 6 Annexation 7 Crown Lands of Hawaii 7 1 Liliʻuokalani v the United States 8 Later life and death 9 Religious beliefs 10 Compositions 11 Legacy 12 Titles styles and arms 12 1 Titles and styles 12 2 Regalia 13 Ancestry 13 1 Family tree 14 See also 15 Notes 16 Citations 17 References 18 Further reading 19 External linksEarly life EditLiliʻuokalani was born Lydia Liliʻu Loloku Walania Kamakaʻeha 1 note 1 on September 2 1838 to Analea Keohokalole and Caesar Kapaʻakea She was born in the large grass hut of her maternal grandfather ʻAikanaka at the base of Punchbowl Crater in Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu 3 note 2 According to Hawaiian custom she was named after an event linked to her birth At the time she was born Kuhina Nui regent Elizabeth Kinaʻu had developed an eye infection She named the child using the words liliʻu smarting loloku tearful walania a burning pain and kamakaʻeha sore eyes 5 1 She was baptized by American missionary Reverend Levi Chamberlain on December 23 and given the Christian name Lydia 6 7 Liliʻuokalani in her youth c 1853 Her family were of the aliʻi class of the Hawaiian nobility and were collateral relations of the reigning House of Kamehameha sharing common descent from the 18th century aliʻi nui supreme monarch Keaweʻikekahialiʻiokamoku From her biological parents she descended from Keaweaheulu and Kameʻeiamoku two of the five royal counselors of Kamehameha I during his conquest of the Hawaiian Kingdom Kameʻeiamoku the grandfather of both her mother and father was depicted along with his royal twin Kamanawa on the Hawaiian coat of arms 8 Liliʻuokalani referred to her family line as the Keawe a Heulu line after her mother s line 9 The third surviving child of a large family her biological siblings included James Kaliokalani David Kalakaua Anna Kaʻiulani Kaʻiminaʻauao Miriam Likelike and William Pitt Leleiohoku II 10 She and her siblings were hanai informally adopted to other family members The Hawaiian custom of hanai is an informal form of adoption between extended families practiced by Hawaiian royals and commoners alike 11 12 She was given at birth to Abner Paki and his wife Laura Kōnia and raised with their daughter Bernice Pauahi 13 14 In 1842 at the age of four she began her education at the Chiefs Children s School later known as the Royal School She along with her classmates had been formally proclaimed by Kamehameha III as eligible for the throne of the Hawaiian Kingdom 15 Liliʻuokalani later noted that these pupils were exclusively persons whose claims to the throne were acknowledged 16 She along with her two older brothers James Kaliokalani and David Kalakaua as well as her thirteen royal cousins were taught in English by American missionaries Amos Starr Cooke and his wife Juliette Montague Cooke 17 The children were taught reading spelling penmanship arithmetic geometry algebra physics geography history bookkeeping music and English composition by the missionary couple who had to maintain the moral and sexual development of their charges 18 Liliʻuokalani was placed with the youngest pupils of the class along with Princess Victoria Kamamalu Mary Polly Paʻaʻaina and John William Pitt Kinaʻu 19 In later life Liliʻuokalani would look back unfavorably on her early education remembering being sent hungry to bed and the 1848 measles epidemic that claimed the life of a classmate Moses Kekuaiwa and her younger sister Kaʻiminaʻauao 17 The boarding school run by the Cookes was discontinued around 1850 so she along with her former classmate Victoria was sent to the relocated day school also called Royal School run by Reverend Edward G Beckwith 20 On May 5 1853 she finished third in her final class exams behind Victoria and Nancy Sumner 21 In 1865 after her marriage she informally attended Oʻahu College modern day Punahou School and received instruction under Susan Tolman Mills who later cofounded Mills College in California 22 Courtship and married life Edit Haleʻakala oil on canvas by D Howard Hitchcock 1899 After the boarding school was discontinued in 1850 Liliʻuokalani lived with her hanai parents at Haleʻakala which she referred to in later life as her childhood home Around this time her hanai sister Pauahi married the American Charles Reed Bishop against the wishes of their parents but reconciled with them shortly before Paki s death in 1855 Kōnia died two years afterward and Liliʻuokalani came under the Bishops guardianship During this period Liliʻuokalani became a part of the young social elite under the reign of Kamehameha IV who ascended to the throne in 1855 23 In 1856 Kamehameha IV announced his intent to marry Emma Rooke one of their classmates However according to Liliʻuokalani certain elements of the court argued there is no other chief equal to you in birth and rank but the adopted daughter of Paki 24 note 3 which infuriated the King and brought the Queen to tears Despite this upset Liliʻuokalani was regarded as a close friend of the new Queen and she served as a maid of honor during the royal wedding alongside Princess Victoria Kamamalu and Mary Pitman 26 At official state occasions she served as an attendant and lady in waiting in Queen Emma s retinue Visiting British dignitaries Lady Franklin and her niece Sophia Cracroft noted in 1861 that the Honble Lydia Paki was the highest unmarried woman in the Kingdom 27 Marriage consideration had begun early on for her American merchant Gorham D Gilman a houseguest of the Pakis had courted her unsuccessfully when she was fifteen Around the time of Kōnia s final illness in 1857 Liliʻuokalani was briefly engaged to William Charles Lunalilo They shared an interest in music composition and had known each other from childhood He had been betrothed from birth to Princess Victoria the king s sister but disagreements with her brothers prevented the marriage from materializing Thus Lunalilo proposed to Liliʻuokalani during a trip to Lahaina to be with Kōnia A short lived dual engagement occurred in which Liliʻuokalani was matched to Lunalilo and her brother Kalakaua to Princess Victoria She ultimately broke off the engagement because of the urging of King Kamehameha IV and the opposition of the Bishops to the union 28 note 4 Afterward she became romantically involved with the American born John Owen Dominis a staff member for Prince Lot Kapuaiwa the future Kamehameha V and secretary to King Kamehameha IV Dominis was the son of Captain John Dominis of Trieste and Mary Lambert Jones of Boston According to Liliʻuokalani s memoir they had known each other from childhood when he watched the royal children from a school next to the Cookes During a court excursion Dominis escorted her home despite falling from his horse and breaking his leg 30 John Owen Dominis who later became Governor of Oʻahu From 1860 to 1862 Liliʻuokalani and Dominis were engaged with the wedding set on her twenty fourth birthday This was postponed to September 16 1862 out of respect for the death of Prince Albert Kamehameha son of Kamehameha IV and Queen Emma The wedding was held at Haleʻakala the residence of the Bishops The ceremony was officiated by Reverend Samuel Chenery Damon in the Anglican rites Her bridemaids were her former classmates Elizabeth Kekaʻaniau and Martha Swinton King Kamehameha IV and other members of the royal family were honored guests The couple moved into the Dominises residence Washington Place in Honolulu Through his wife and connections with the king Dominis would later become Governor of Oʻahu and Maui 31 The union was reportedly an unhappy one with much gossip about Dominis infidelities and domestic strife between Liliʻuokalani and Dominis mother Mary who disapproved of the marriage of her son with a Hawaiian 32 They never had any children of their own but against the wish of her husband and brother Liliʻuokalani adopted three hanai children Lydia Kaʻonohiponiponiokalani Aholo the daughter of a family friend Joseph Kaiponohea ʻAeʻa the son of a retainer and John ʻAimoku Dominis her husband s son 33 note 5 After her marriage she retained her position in the court circle of Kamehameha IV and later his brother and successor Kamehameha V She assisted Queen Emma and King Kamehameha IV in raising funds to build The Queen s Hospital In 1864 she and Pauahi helped Princess Victoria establish the Kaʻahumanu Society a female led organization aimed at the relief of the elderly and the ill At the request of Kamehameha V she composed He Mele Lahui Hawaiʻi in 1866 as the new Hawaiian national anthem This was in use until replaced by her brother s composition Hawaiʻi Ponoʻi During the 1869 visit of Alfred Duke of Edinburgh and the Galatea she entertained the British prince with a traditional Hawaiian luau at her Waikiki residence of Hamohamo 35 4 Heir apparent and regency EditElections of 1874 Edit Main article Honolulu Courthouse riot When Kamehameha V died in 1872 with no heir the 1864 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom called for the legislature to elect the next monarch Following a non binding referendum and subsequent unanimous vote in the legislature Lunalilo became the first elected king of Hawaii 36 Lunalilo died without an heir in 1874 In the election that followed Liliʻuokalani s brother David Kalakaua ran against Emma the dowager queen of Kamehameha IV 37 The choice of Kalakaua by the legislature and the subsequent announcement caused a riot at the courthouse US and British troops were landed and some of Emma s supporters were arrested The results of the election strained the relationship between Emma and the Kalakaua family 38 note 6 After his accession Kalakaua gave royal titles and styles to his surviving siblings his sisters Princess Lydia Kamakaʻeha Dominis and Princess Miriam Likelike Cleghorn as well as his brother William Pitt Leleiohoku whom he named heir to the Hawaiian throne as Kalakaua and Queen Kapiʻolani had no children of their own note 7 Leleiohoku died without an heir in 1877 42 Leleiohoku s hanai adoptive mother Ruth Keʻelikōlani wanted to be named heir but the king s cabinet ministers objected as that would place Bernice Pauahi Bishop Ruth s first cousin next in line 43 This would put the Kamehamehas back in succession to the throne again which Kalakaua did not wish On top of that Kalakaua s court genealogists had already cast doubt on Ruth s direct lineage and in doing so placed doubt on Bernice s 44 At noon on April 10 Liliʻuokalani became the newly designated heir apparent to the throne of Hawaii 45 It was at this time that Kalakaua had her name changed to Liliʻuokalani the smarting of the royal ones replacing her given name of Liliʻu and her baptismal name of Lydia 46 In 1878 Liliʻuokalani and Dominis sailed to California for her health They stayed in San Francisco and Sacramento where she visited the Crocker Art Museum 47 48 First regency Edit During Kalakaua s 1881 world tour Liliʻuokalani served as Regent in his absence 49 One of her first responsibilities was handling the smallpox epidemic of 1881 likely brought to the islands by Chinese contracted laborers After meeting her with her brother s cabinet ministers she closed all the ports halted all passenger vessels out of Oʻahu and initiated a quarantine of the affected The measures kept the disease contained in Honolulu and Oʻahu with only a few cases on Kauaʻi The disease mainly affected Native Hawaiians with the total number of cases at 789 with 289 fatalities or a little over thirty six percent 50 51 52 It was during this regency that Liliʻuokalani visited the Kalaupapa Leper Settlement on Molokaʻi in September 53 She was too overcome to speak and John Makini Kapena one of her brother s ministers had to address the people on her behalf After the visit in the name of her brother Liliʻuokalani made Father Damien a knight commander of the Royal Order of Kalakaua for his service to her subjects She also convinced the governmental board of health to set aside land for a leprosy hospital at Kakaʻako 54 She made a second visit to the settlement with Queen Kapiʻolani in 1884 55 Liliʻuokalani was active in philanthropy and the welfare of her people In 1886 she founded a bank for women in Honolulu named Liliuokalani s Savings Bank and helped Isabella Chamberlain Lyman establish Kumukanawai o ka Liliuokalani Hui Hookuonoono a money lending group for women in Hilo In the same year she also founded the Liliʻuokalani Educational Society an organization to interest the Hawaiian ladies in the proper training of young girls of their own race whose parents would be unable to give them advantages by which they would be prepared for the duties of life It supported the tuition of Hawaiian girls at Kawaiahaʻo Seminary for Girls where her hanai daughter Lydia Aholo attended and Kamehameha School 56 57 58 Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria Edit Liliʻuokalani at Queen Victoria s Golden Jubilee Main articles Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria and Bayonet Constitution In April 1887 Kalakaua sent a delegation to attend the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria in London It included his wife Queen Kapiʻolani the Princess Liliʻuokalani and her husband as well as Court Chamberlain Colonel Curtis P Iaukea acting as the official envoy of the King and Colonel James Harbottle Boyd acting as aide de camp to the Queen 59 The party landed in San Francisco and traveled across the United States visiting Washington D C Boston and New York City where they boarded a ship for the United Kingdom While in the American capital they were received by President Grover Cleveland and his wife Frances Cleveland 60 In London Kapiʻolani and Liliʻuokalani received an official audience with Queen Victoria at Buckingham Palace Queen Victoria greeted both Hawaiian royals with affection and recalled Kalakaua s visit in 1881 They attended the special Jubilee service at Westminster Abbey and were seated with other foreign royal guests and with members of the Royal Household 61 Shortly after the Jubilee celebrations they learned of the Bayonet Constitution that Kalakaua had been forced to sign under the threat of death They canceled their tour of Europe and returned to Hawaii 62 Liliʻuokalani was approached on December 20 and 23 by James I Dowsett Jr and William R Castle members of the legislature s Reform Missionary Party proposing her ascension to the throne if her brother Kalakaua were removed from power Historian Ralph S Kuykendall stated that she gave a conditional if necessary response however Liliʻuokalani s account was that she firmly turned down both men 63 In 1889 a part Native Hawaiian officer Robert W Wilcox who resided in Liliʻuokalani s Palama residence instigated an unsuccessful rebellion to overthrow the Bayonet Constitution 64 Second regency and death of Kalakaua Edit Main article Death and two state funerals of Kalakaua Kalakaua arrived in California aboard the USS Charleston on November 25 1890 There was uncertainty as to the purpose of the king s trip Minister of Foreign Affairs John Adams Cummins reported that the trip was solely for the king s health and would not extend beyond California while local newspapers and the British commissioner James Hay Wodehouse speculated that the king might go further east to Washington D C to negotiate a treaty to extend the existing exclusive US access rights to Pearl Harbor or the annexation of the kingdom The McKinley Tariff Act had crippled the Hawaiian sugar industry by removing the duties on sugar imports from other countries into the US eliminating the previous Hawaiian duty free advantage under the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 65 66 After failing to persuade the king to stay Liliʻuokalani wrote that he and Hawaiian ambassador to the United States Henry A P Carter planned to discuss the tariff situation in Washington 67 In his absence Liliʻuokalani was left in charge as regent for the second time In her memoir she wrote that Nothing worthy of record transpired during the closing days of 1890 and the opening weeks of 1891 68 Upon arriving in California Kalakaua whose health had been declining stayed in a suite at the Palace Hotel in San Francisco 69 70 Traveling throughout Southern California and Northern Mexico the monarch suffered a stroke in Santa Barbara 71 and was rushed back to San Francisco Kalakaua fell into a coma in his suite on January 18 and died two days later on January 20 69 72 The official cause of death was Bright s disease with Uremic Blood Poisoning 73 The news of Kalakaua s death did not reach Hawaii until January 29 when the Charleston returned to Honolulu with the remains of the king 74 Reign EditOn January 29 1891 in the presence of the cabinet ministers and the supreme court justices Liliʻuokalani took the oath of office to uphold the constitution and became the first and only female monarch of the Hawaiian Kingdom 75 76 The first few weeks of her reign were obscured by the funeral of her brother After the end of the period of mourning one of her first acts was to request the formal resignation of the holdover cabinet from her brother s reign These ministers refused and asked for a ruling by the Hawaii Supreme Court All the justices but one ruled in favor of the Queen s decision and the ministers resigned Liliʻuokalani appointed Samuel Parker Hermann A Widemann and William A Whiting and reappointed Charles N Spencer from the hold over cabinet as her new cabinet ministers On March 9 with the approval of the House of Nobles as required by the Hawaiian constitution she named as successor her niece Kaʻiulani the only daughter of Archibald Scott Cleghorn and her sister Princess Likelike who had died in 1887 77 78 79 From April to July Liliʻuokalani paid the customary visits to the main Hawaiian Islands including a third visit to the leper settlement at Kalaupapa Historian Ralph Simpson Kuykendall noted Everywhere she was accorded the homage traditionally paid by the Hawaiian people to their alii 80 81 82 Liliʻuokalani at Waipiʻo during her royal circuit of Oʻahu 1891 Following her accession John Owen Dominis was given the title Prince Consort and restored to the Governorship of Oʻahu which had been abolished following the Bayonet Constitution of 1887 83 84 Dominis death on August 27 seven months into her reign greatly affected the new Queen Liliʻuokalani later wrote His death occurred at a time when his long experience in public life his amiable qualities and his universal popularity would have made him an adviser to me for whom no substitute could possibly be found I have often said that it pleased the Almighty Ruler of nations to take him away from me at precisely the time when I felt that I most needed his counsel and companionship 85 86 87 Cleghorn her sister s widower was appointed to succeed Dominis as Governor of Oʻahu In 1892 Liliʻuokalani would also restore the positions of governor for the other three main islands for her friends and supporters 88 83 From May 1892 to January 1893 the legislature of the Kingdom convened for an unprecedented 171 days which later historians such as Albertine Loomis and Helena G Allen dubbed the Longest Legislature 89 90 This session was dominated by political infighting between and within the four parties National Reform Reform National Liberal and Independent none were able to gain a majority Debates heard on the floor of the houses concerned the popular demand for a new constitution and the passage of a lottery bill and an opium licensing bill aimed at alleviating the economic crisis caused by the McKinley Tariff The main issues of contention between the new monarch and the legislators were the retention of her cabinet ministers since political division prevented Liliʻuokalani from appointing a balanced council and the 1887 constitution gave the legislature the power to vote for the dismissal of her cabinet Seven resolutions of want of confidence were introduced during this session and four of her self appointed cabinets the Widemann Macfarlane Cornwell and Wilcox cabinets were ousted by votes of the legislature On January 13 1893 after the legislature dismissed the George Norton Wilcox cabinet which had political sympathies to the Reform Party Liliʻuokalani appointed the new Parker cabinet consisting of Samuel Parker as minister of foreign affairs John F Colburn as minister of the interior William H Cornwell as minister of finance and Arthur P Peterson as attorney general 91 She chose these men specifically to support her plan of promulgating a new constitution while the legislature was not in session 92 Promulgating a new constitution Edit Main article Proposed 1893 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom The precipitating event 93 leading to the 1893 overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom was the attempt by Queen Liliʻuokalani to promulgate a new constitution to regain powers for the monarchy and Native Hawaiians that had been lost under the Bayonet Constitution Her opponents who were led by two Hawaiian citizens Lorrin A Thurston and W O Smith and included six Hawaiian citizens five US citizens and one German citizen 94 were outraged by her attempt to promulgate a new constitution and moved to depose the Queen overthrow the monarchy and seek Hawaii s annexation to the United States note 8 96 Shortly after her accession Liliʻuokalani began to receive petitions to re write the Bayonet Constitution note 9 through the two major political parties of the time Hui Kalaiʻaina and the National Reform Party note 10 Supported by two thirds of the registered voters 99 she moved to abrogate the existing 1887 constitution but her cabinet withheld their support knowing what her opponents likely response would be note 11 The proposed constitution co written by the Queen and two legislators Joseph Nawahi and William Punohu White would have restored the power to the monarchy and voting rights to economically disenfranchised native Hawaiians and Asians 100 101 Her ministers and closest friends were all opposed to this plan they tried unsuccessfully to dissuade her from pursuing these initiatives both of which came to be used against her in the brewing constitutional crisis 102 Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom Edit Main article Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom The USS Boston s landing force on duty at the Arlington Hotel Honolulu The political fallout led to citywide political rallies and meetings in Honolulu Anti monarchists annexationists and leading Reform Party politicians that included Lorrin A Thurston a grandson of American missionaries and Kalakaua s former cabinet ministers under the Bayonet Constitution formed the Committee of Safety in protest of the revolutionary action of the queen and conspired to depose her 103 Thurston and the Committee of Safety derived their support primarily from the American and European business class residing in Hawaiʻi Most of the leaders of the overthrow were American and European citizens who were also Kingdom subjects They also included legislators government officers and a justice of the Hawaiian Supreme Court 104 105 In response royalists and loyalists formed the Committee of Law and Order and met at the palace square on January 16 1893 Nawahi White Robert W Wilcox and other pro monarchist leaders gave speeches in support for the queen and the government To try to appease the instigators the queen and her supporters abandoned attempts to unilaterally promulgate a constitution 106 103 The same day the Marshal of the Kingdom Charles Burnett Wilson was tipped off by detectives to the imminent planned coup Wilson requested warrants to arrest the 13 member council of the Committee of Safety and put the Kingdom under martial law Because the members had strong political ties to United States Minister to Hawaii John L Stevens the requests were repeatedly denied by the queen s cabinet who feared that the arrests would escalate the situation After a failed negotiation with Thurston 107 Wilson began to collect his men for the confrontation Wilson and captain of the Royal Household Guard Samuel Nowlein had rallied a force of 496 men who were kept at hand to protect the queen 108 Marines from the USS Boston and two companies of US sailors landed and took up positions at the US Legation the Consulate and Arion Hall The sailors and Marines did not enter the palace grounds or take over any buildings and never fired a shot but their presence served effectively in intimidating royalist defenders Historian William Russ states the injunction to prevent fighting of any kind made it impossible for the monarchy to protect itself 109 The queen was deposed on January 17 and the provisional government established under pro annexation leader Sanford B Dole was officially recognized by Stevens as the de facto government 110 111 112 She temporarily relinquished her throne to the United States rather than the Dole led government in hopes that the United States would restore Hawaii s sovereignty to the rightful holder 113 114 The government under Dole began using ʻIolani Palace as its executive building 115 116 A delegation departed for Washington D C on January 19 to ask for immediate annexation by the United States 117 At the request of the provisional government Stevens proclaimed Hawaii a protectorate of the United States on February 1 to temporarily provide a buffer against domestic upheaval and interference by foreign governments 118 119 The US flag was raised over the palace and martial law was enforced The annexation treaty presented to the US Senate contained a provision to grant Liliʻuokalani a 20 000 per annum lifetime pension and Kaʻiulani a lump sum payment of 150 000 The queen protested the proposed annexation in a January 19 letter to President Benjamin Harrison She sent Prince David Kawananakoa and Paul Neumann to represent her 120 Neumann delivered a letter from the queen to Grover Cleveland who began his second non consecutive term as president on March 4 121 The Cleveland administration commissioned James Henderson Blount to investigate the overthrow He interviewed those involved in the coup and wrote the Blount Report and based on its findings concluded that the overthrow of Liliʻuokalani was illegal and that Stevens and American military troops had acted inappropriately in support of those who carried out the overthrow On November 16 Cleveland sent his minister Albert S Willis to propose a return of the throne to Liliʻuokalani if she granted amnesty to everyone responsible Her first response was that Hawaiian law called for property confiscation and the death penalty for treason and that only her cabinet ministers could put aside the law in favor of amnesty 122 123 124 125 Liliuokalani s extreme position lost her the goodwill of the Cleveland administration 126 Cleveland sent the issue to the Congress stating The Provisional Government has not assumed a republican or other constitutional form but has remained a mere executive council or oligarchy without the consent of the people 127 The queen changed her position on the issue of amnesty and on December 18 Willis demanded the provisional government reinstate her to the throne but was refused Congress responded with a US Senate investigation that resulted in the Morgan Report on February 26 1894 It found Stevens and all parties except the queen not guilty absolving them of responsibility for the overthrow 128 The provisional government formed the Republic of Hawaii on July 4 with Dole as its president maintaining oligarchical control and a limited system of suffrage 129 Arrest and imprisonment Edit Liliʻuokalani being escorted up the steps of the palace where she was imprisoned after the counter revolution of 1895 At the beginning of January 1895 Robert W Wilcox and Samuel Nowlein launched a rebellion against the forces of the Republic with the aim of restoring the queen and the monarchy Its ultimate failure led to the arrest of many of the participants and other sympathizers of the monarchy Liliʻuokalani was also arrested and imprisoned in an upstairs bedroom at the palace on January 16 several days after the failed rebellion when firearms were found at her home of Washington Place after a tip from a prisoner 130 During her imprisonment she abdicated her throne in return for the release and commutation of the death sentences of her jailed supporters six had been sentenced to be hanged including Wilcox and Nowlein 131 She signed the document of abdication on January 24 In 1898 Liliʻuokalani wrote For myself I would have chosen death rather than to have signed it but it was represented to me that by my signing this paper all the persons who had been arrested all my people now in trouble by reason of their love and loyalty towards me would be immediately released Think of my position sick a lone woman in prison scarcely knowing who was my friend or who listened to my words only to betray me without legal advice or friendly counsel and the stream of blood ready to flow unless it was stayed by my pen Queen Liliʻuokalani Hawaii s Story By Hawaii s Queen 132 She was tried by the military commission of the Republic led by her former attorney general Whiting in the palace throne room on February 8 Defended at trial by another one of her former attorneys general Paul Neumann she claimed ignorance but was sentenced to five years of hard labor in prison by the military tribunal and fined 5 000 133 134 135 The sentence was commuted on September 4 to imprisonment in the palace attended by her lady in waiting Eveline Townsend Wilson aka Kitty wife of Marshal Wilson 136 In confinement she composed songs including The Queen s Prayer Ke Aloha o Ka Haku The Grace of the Lord 137 On October 13 1896 the Republic of Hawaii gave her a full pardon and restored her civil rights 138 Upon receiving my full release I felt greatly inclined to go abroad Liliʻuokalani wrote in her memoir 139 From December 1896 through January 1897 she stayed in Brookline Massachusetts with her husband s cousins William Lee and Sara White Lee of the Lee amp Shepard publishing house 140 During this period her long time friend Julius A Palmer Jr became her secretary and stenographer helping to write every letter note or publication He was her literary support in the 1897 publication of the Kumulipo translation and helped her in compiling a book of her songs He assisted her as she wrote her memoir Hawaii s Story by Hawaii s Queen 141 Sara Lee edited the book published in 1898 by Lee amp Shepard 142 Annexation Edit Liliʻuokalani in Washington c 1898 At the end of her visit in Massachusetts Liliʻuokalani began to divide her time between Hawaii and Washington D C where she worked to seek indemnity from the United States 140 She attended the inauguration of US President William McKinley on March 4 1897 with a Republic of Hawaii passport personally issued to Liliuokalani of Hawaii by the republic s president Sanford B Dole 139 On June 16 McKinley presented the United States Senate with a new version of the annexation treaty one that eliminated the monetary compensation for Liliʻuokalani and Kaʻiulani 143 Liliʻuokalani filed an official protest with Secretary of State John Sherman the next day The protest was witnessed by her agent and private secretary Joseph Heleluhe Wekeki Heleluhe and Captain Julius A Palmer Jr reported to be her American secretary 144 In June 1897 President McKinley signed the Treaty for the Annexation for the Hawaiian Islands but it failed to pass in the United States Senate after the Kuʻe Petitions were submitted by a commission of Native Hawaiian delegates consisting of James Keauiluna Kaulia David Kalauokalani William Auld and John Richardson Members of Hui Aloha ʻAina collected over 21 000 signatures opposing an annexation treaty Another 17 000 signatures were collected by members of Hui Kalaiʻaina but not submitted to the Senate because those signatures were also asking for restoration of the Queen The petitions collectively were presented as evidence of the strong grassroots opposition of the Hawaiian community to annexation and the treaty was defeated in the Senate however following its failure Hawaii was annexed anyway via the Newlands Resolution a joint resolution of Congress in July 1898 shortly after the outbreak of the Spanish American War 145 146 147 148 The annexation ceremony was held on August 12 1898 at ʻIolani Palace now being used as the executive building of the government President Sanford B Dole handed over the sovereignty and public property of the Hawaiian Islands to United States Minister Harold M Sewall The flag of the Republic of Hawaii was lowered and the flag of the United States was raised in its place 149 Liliʻuokalani and her family members and retainers boycotted the event and shuttered themselves away at Washington Place Many Native Hawaiians and royalists followed suit and refused to attend the ceremony 150 151 Crown Lands of Hawaii EditPrior to the 1848 division of land known as the Great Mahele during the reign of Kamehameha III all land in Hawaii was owned by the monarchy The Great Mahele subdivided the land among the monarchy the government and private ownership by tenants living on the land What was reserved for the monarchy became known as the Crown Lands of Hawaii 152 When Hawaii was annexed the Crown Lands were seized by the United States government The Queen gave George Macfarlane her power of attorney in 1898 as part of her legal defense team in seeking indemnity for the government s seizure of the Crown Lands She filed a protest with the United States Senate on December 20 1898 requesting their return and claiming the lands were seized without due process or recompense 153 That the portion of the public domain heretofore known as Crown land is hereby declared to have been on the twelfth day of August eighteen hundred and ninety eight and prior thereto the property of the Hawaiian government and to be free and clear from any trust of or concerning the same and from all claim of any nature what soever upon the rents issues and profits thereof It shall be subject to alienation and other uses as may be provided by law Hawaiian Organic Act Sec 99 154 On April 30 1900 the US Congress passed the Hawaii Organic Act establishing a government for the Territory of Hawaii 147 The territorial government took control of the Crown Lands 147 which became the source of the Ceded Lands issue in Hawaii 155 The San Francisco Call reported on May 31 that Macfarlane had informed them the Queen had exhausted her patience with Congress and intended to file a lawsuit against the government 156 Former United States Minister to Hawaii Edward M McCook said he believed that once President McKinley began his second term on March 1 1901 that the government would negotiate a generous settlement with Liliʻuokalani 157 During a 1900 Congressional deadlock she departed for Honolulu with her Washington D C physician Charles H English sometimes referred to as John H English Newspapers speculated that the Queen having been diagnosed with cancer was going home to die 158 Historian Helena G Allen made the case that English intended to gain title to crown lands for himself According to Allen the Queen balked at his draft of a settlement letter to Senator George Frisbie Hoar that he wanted her to copy in her handwriting and sign 159 The doctor was terminated without cause a month after her return and sued her 160 The Pacific Commercial Advertiser lamented in 1903 There is something pathetic in the appearance of Queen Liliuokalani as a waiting claimant before Congress It detailed her years long residencies in the nation s capital seeking indemnity while legislators offered empty promises but nothing of substance 161 Liliʻuokalani v the United States Edit In 1909 Liliʻuokalani brought an unsuccessful lawsuit against the United States under the Fifth Amendment seeking the return of the Hawaiian Crown Lands 147 The US courts invoked an 1864 Kingdom Supreme Court decision over a case involving the Dowager Queen Emma and Kamehameha V using it against her In this decision the courts found that the Crown Lands were not necessarily the private possession of the monarch in the strictest sense of the term 162 Later life and death Edit Liliʻuokalani seated on the lanai of Washington Place in 1917 Although Liliʻuokalani was never successful in more than a decade of legal pursuits for recompense from the United States government for seized land in 1911 she was finally granted a lifetime pension of 1 250 a month by the Territory of Hawaii Historian Sydney Lehua Iaukea noted that the grant never addressed the question of the legality of the seizure itself and the figure was greatly reduced from what she had requested for recompense 163 In April 1917 Liliʻuokalani raised the American flag at Washington Place in honor of five Hawaiian sailors who had perished in the sinking of the SS Aztec by German U boats Her act was interpreted by many as her symbolic support of the United States 164 Subsequent historians have disputed the true meaning of her act Neil Thomas Proto argued that her gesture that day was intended to reflect the dignity with which she still held the right of her people to choose their own fate long after she was gone 165 By the end of that summer the Honolulu Star Bulletin reported that she was too frail to hold her birthday reception for the public an annual tradition dating back to the days of the monarchy 166 As one of her last public appearances in September she officially became a member of the American Red Cross 167 Following several months of deteriorating health that left her without the use of her lower limbs as well as a diminished mental capacity rendering her incapable of recognizing her own house her inner circle of friends and caregivers sat vigil for the last two weeks of her life knowing the end was near In accordance with Hawaiian tradition the royal kahili fanned her as she lay in bed On the morning of November 11 Liliʻuokalani died at the age of seventy nine at her residence at Washington Place 168 Burial Vault of Queen Liliʻuokalani at the Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii The bells of Saint Andrew Cathedral and Kawaiahaʻo Church announced her death tolling 79 times to signify her age In keeping with Hawaiian tradition regarding deceased royalty her body was not removed from her home until nearly midnight 169 Her body lay in state at Kawaiahaʻo Church for public viewing after which she received a state funeral in the throne room of Iolani Palace on November 18 Composer Charles E King led a youth choir in Aloha ʻOe as her catafalque was moved from the palace up Nuuanu Avenue with 1 200 foot ropes pulled by 200 people for entombment with her family members in the Kalakaua Crypt at the Royal Mausoleum of Mauna ʻAla The song was picked up by the procession participants and the crowds of people along the route 170 Films were taken of the funeral procession and later stored at ʻAinahau the former residence of her sister and niece A fire on August 1 1921 destroyed the home and all its contents including the footage of the Queen s funeral 171 Religious beliefs EditEducated by American Protestant missionaries from a young age Liliʻuokalani became a devout Christian and adherent to the principles of Christianity These missionaries were largely of Congregationalist and Presbyterian extractions subscribing to Calvinist theology and Liliʻuokalani considered herself a regular attendant on the Presbyterian worship 172 She was the first member of the royal family to consistently and regularly attend service at Kawaiahaʻo Church since King Kamehameha IV converted to Anglicanism On Sundays she played the organ and led the choir at Kawaiahaʻo She also regularly attended service at Kaumakapili Church and held a special interest in the Liliʻuokalani Protestant Church to which she donated the Queen Liliʻuokalani Clock in 1892 173 Historian Helena G Allen noted that Liliʻuokalani and Kalakaua believed all religions had their rights and were entitled to equal treatment and opportunities Throughout her life Liliʻuokalani showed a broad interest in the different Christian faiths including Catholicism Mormonism Episcopalianism and other Protestant denominations 174 In 1896 she became a regular member of the Hawaiian Congregation at St Andrew s Cathedral associated with the Reformed Catholic Anglican Episcopal Church of Hawaii which King Kamehameha IV and Queen Emma had founded 175 During the overthrow and her imprisonment Bishop Alfred Willis of St Andrew s Cathedral had openly supported the Queen while Reverend Henry Hodges Parker of Kawaiahaʻo had supported her opponents 176 Bishop Willis visited and wrote to her during her imprisonment and sent her a copy of the Book of Common Prayer 177 Shortly after her release on parole the former queen was baptized and confirmed by Bishop Willis on May 18 1896 in a private ceremony in the presence of the sisters of St Andrew s Priory 178 In her memoir Liliʻuokalani stated That first night of my imprisonment was the longest night I have ever passed in my life it seemed as though the dawn of day would never come I found in my bag a small Book of Common Prayer according to the ritual of the Episcopal Church It was a great comfort to me and before retiring to rest Mrs Clark and I spent a few minutes in the devotions appropriate to the evening Here perhaps I may say that although I had been a regular attendant on the Presbyterian worship since my childhood a constant contributor to all the missionary societies and had helped to build their churches and ornament the walls giving my time and my musical ability freely to make their meetings attractive to my people yet none of these pious church members or clergymen remembered me in my prison To this Christian conduct I contrast that of the Anglican bishop Rt Rev Alfred Willis who visited me from time to time in my house and in whose church I have since been confirmed as a communicant But he was not allowed to see me at the palace 179 She traveled to Utah in 1901 for a visit with Mormon president Joseph F Smith a former missionary to the Hawaiian Island There she joined in services at the Salt Lake Tabernacle and was feted at a Beehive House reception attended by many expatriate Native Hawaiians 180 In 1906 Mormon newspapers reported she had been baptized into the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints by Elder Abraham Kaleimahoe Fernandez 181 However many historians doubt this claim since the Queen herself never announced it In fact Liliʻuokalani continued to refer to herself as an Episcopalian in secular newspapers published the same week of her supposed Mormon baptism 182 The Queen s interest in Mormonism later waned 183 The Queen was also remembered for her support of Buddhist and Shinto priests in Hawaii and became one of the first Native Hawaiians to attend a Buddha s Birthday celebration of May 19 1901 at the Honwangji mission Her attendance in the celebration helped Buddhism and Shinto gain acceptance into Hawaiian society and prevented the possible banning of the two religions by the Territorial government Her presence was also widely reported in Chinese and Japanese newspapers throughout the world and earned her the respect of many Japanese people both in Hawaii and in Japan itself 184 Compositions Edit Cover of Aloha ʻOe 1890 Play help info Main article List of compositions and works by Liliuokalani Liliʻuokalani was an accomplished author and songwriter Her book Hawaiʻi s Story by Hawaiʻi s Queen gave her view of the history of her country and her overthrow She is said to have played guitar piano organ ʻukulele and zither and also sang alto performing Hawaiian and English sacred and secular music 185 186 In her memoirs she wrote To compose was as natural to me as to breathe and this gift of nature never having been suffered to fall into disuse remains a source of the greatest consolation to this day Hours of which it is not yet in place to speak which I might have found long and lonely passed quickly and cheerfully by occupied and soothed by the expression of my thoughts in music 187 Liliʻuokalani helped preserve key elements of Hawaiʻi s traditional poetics while mixing in Western harmonies brought by the missionaries A compilation of her works titled The Queen s Songbook was published in 1999 by the Queen Liliʻuokalani Trust 185 188 Liliʻuokalani used her musical compositions as a way to express her feelings for her people her country and what was happening in the political realm in Hawaiʻi 189 One example of the way her music reflected her political views is her translation of the Kumulipo the Hawaiian creation chant passed down orally by her great grandmother Alapaiwahine While under house arrest Liliʻuokalani feared she would never leave the palace alive so she translated the Kumulipo in hopes that the history and culture of her people would never be lost 190 The ancient chants record her family s genealogy back to the origin story of Hawaiʻi 191 After Liliʻuokalani was imprisoned in the ʻIolani Palace she was denied literature and newspapers essentially cutting her off from her people but she continued to compose music with paper and pencil while she was in confinement 192 Another of her compositions was Aloha ʻOe a song she had written previously and transcribed during her confinement In her writings she says At first I had no instrument and had to transcribe the notes by voice alone but I found notwithstanding disadvantages great consolation in composing and transcribed a number of songs Three found their way from my prison to the city of Chicago where they were printed among them the Aloha ʻOe or Farewell to Thee which became a very popular song 192 Originally written as a lover s good bye the song came to be regarded as a symbol of and lament for the loss of her country Today it is one of the most recognizable Hawaiian songs 189 193 194 Legacy EditCaptain Julius A Palmer Jr of Massachusetts was her friend for three decades and became her spokesperson when she was in residence at Boston and Washington D C protesting the annexation of Hawaiʻi In the nation s capital he estimated that she had 5 000 visitors When asked by an interviewer What are her most distinctive personal graces Palmer replied Above everything else she displayed a disposition of the most Christian forgiveness 195 In covering her death and funeral the mainstream newspapers in Hawaii that had supported the overthrow and annexation recognized that she had been held in great esteem around the world 196 In March 2016 Hawaiʻi Magazine listed Liliʻuokalani as one of the most influential women in Hawaiian history 193 The Queen Liliʻuokalani Trust was established on December 2 1909 for the care of orphaned and destitute children in Hawaii Effective upon her death the proceeds of her estate with the exception of twelve individual inheritances specified therein were to be used for the Trust 197 The largest of these hereditary estates were willed to her hanai sons and their heirs John ʻAimoku Dominis would receive Washington Place while Joseph Kaiponohea ʻAeʻa would receive Kealohilani her residence at Waikiki Both men predeceased the Queen 198 199 Before and after her death lawsuits were filed to overturn her will establishing the Trust One notable litigant was Prince Jonah Kuhiō Kalanianaʻole the nephew of her brother Kalakaua and his wife Kapiʻolani and Liliʻuokalani s second cousin note 12 who brought a suit against the Trust on November 30 1915 questioning the Queen s competency in executing the will and attempting to break the Trust These lawsuits were resolved in 1923 and the will went into probate 202 203 The Queen Liliʻuokalani Children s Center was created by the Trust 204 205 Liliʻuokalani and her siblings are recognized by the Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame as Na Lani ʻEha The Heavenly Four for their patronage and enrichment of Hawaii s musical culture and history 206 207 In 2007 Honolulu magazine rated Aloha ʻOe as the greatest song in the history of Hawaiian music 194 Songwriter Charles E King known as the composer of Ke Kali Nei Au was tutored in music by her 208 Entertainer Bina Mossman led the Bina Mossman Glee Club that rehearsed regularly at Washington Place while Liliʻuokalani helped them with pronunciation of the Hawaiian language At the queen s funeral the glee club was part of the kahili bearers who stood watch over the coffin for two hours at a time waving the kahilis and singing Liliʻuokalani s compositions 209 210 The annual Queen Liliʻuokalani Outrigger Canoe Race which follows an 18 mile course from Kailua Bay to Honaunau Bay was organized in 1972 as an endurance training course for men in preparation for the traditional Molokaʻi to Oʻahu canoe races Women canoe teams were added in 1974 The race is held over Labor Day Weekend each year to coincide with Liliʻuokalani s birthday on September 2 211 In the 2001 naming of the Queen Liliʻuokalani Center for Student Services on the University of Hawaii at Manoa campus the Board of Regents noted As the last Hawaiian monarch Queen Liliʻuokalani symbolizes an important link to traditional Hawaiian culture and society Her influence is well understood widely respected and has been a strong motivating factor in the widespread emergence of Hawaiian culture and the values embodied in it 212 In 2017 Edgy Lee researched and filmed Liliuokalani Reflections of Our Queen a documentary looking at the legacy of the queen in Hawaii A showing at Washington Place fundraised for the museum 58 Liliʻuokalani and the overthrow have been subject of documentaries including The American Experience Hawaii s Last Queen 1994 and Conquest of Hawaii 2003 213 214 215 Numerous hula events are held to honor her memory including the Queen Liliʻuokalani Keiki Hula Competition Honolulu organized in 1976 216 The County of Hawaii holds an annual He Hali a Aloha no Lili uokalani Festival Queen s Birthday Celebration at Liliʻuokalani Park and Gardens in Hilo in partnership with the Queen Lili uokalani Trust The event begins with several hundred dancers showered by 50 000 orchid blossoms 217 Titles styles and arms EditTitles and styles Edit 1838 September 16 1862 The Honorable Miss Lydia Kamakaʻeha Paki 27 31 218 September 16 1862 1874 The Honorable Mrs Lydia Kamakaʻeha Dominis 219 1874 April 10 1877 Her Royal Highness The Princess Lydia Kamakaʻeha Dominis 220 221 note 13 April 10 1877 January 29 1891 Her Royal Highness The Princess Liliʻuokalani Heir Apparent 222 note 14 January 20 1881 October 29 1881 and November 25 1890 January 29 1891 Her Royal Highness The Princess Regent 224 January 29 1891 January 17 1893 Her Majesty The Queen 225 Regalia Edit Monogram of Queen Liliʻuokalani Coat of arms of the Kalakaua Dynasty Monogram of Queen Liliʻuokalani variant Ancestry EditAncestors of Liliʻuokalani16 High Chief Kameʻeiamoku 227 24 8 High Chief Kepoʻokalani 226 12 17 High Chiefess Kamakaʻeheikuli 227 25 4 High Chief Kamanawa II 226 18 High Chief Kalaninuiamamao of Kaʻu 226 9 High Chiefess Alapaʻiwahine 226 19 High Chiefess Kaolanialiʻi 226 2 High Chief Caesar Kapaʻakea20 High Chief Kaʻihelemoana citation needed 10 High Chief Kanepawale21 High Chiefess Kaʻopa citation needed 5 High Chiefess Kamokuiki 226 22 High Chief Kaʻehunuiamamaliʻi citation needed 11 High Chiefess Uaua23 High Chiefess Koʻi citation needed 1 Liliʻuokalani24 High Chief Kameʻeiamoku 16 12 High Chief Kepoʻokalani 226 8 25 High Chiefess Kamakaʻeheikuli 17 6 High Chief ʻAikanaka 226 26 High Chief Keaweaheulu of Waiʻanae 226 13 High Chiefess Keohohiwa 226 27 High Chiefess ʻUlulani of Hilo 226 3 High Chiefess Analea Keohokalole28 High Chief Makakaualiʻi citation needed 14 High Chief Kahoalani Eia29 High Chiefess Kapalaoa citation needed 7 High Chiefess Kamaʻeokalani 226 30 High Chief Ahaula citation needed 15 High Chiefess Keakaula31 High Chiefess Kawehe citation needed Family tree Edit vteLiliʻuokalani Family TreeKey k Kane male husband w wahine female wife Subjects with bold titles lavender highlighted bold box Direct bloodlineBold title bold grey box Aunts uncles cousins lineBold title bold white box European or American raised to aliʻi status by marriage or monarch s decree Regular name and box makaʻainana or untitled foreign subject Kaneikaiwilani k Kanaloakapulehu k Keakealani w Ahu a ʻI k Piʻilani w IIMoana k Lonoikahaupu k Kalanikauleleiaiwi w Kauauaʻamahi k Keawe II k Lonomaʻaikanaka w Kauhiahaki k Iliki a Moana w Keawepoepoe k Kanoena w Haʻaeamahi k Kekelakekeokalani w Alapainui k Keaka w Keeaumoku Nui k Kamakaimoku w Kaeamamao k i Kaolanialiʻi w i Kameʻeiamoku k Kamakaʻeheikuli w Keōua k Kahekili II k Kekuiapoiwa II w Ikuaʻana w Heulu k Moana w Keaweʻopala k Nohomualani k Keaweaheulu k Ululani w Hakau w Kanaʻina k Kauwa w Eia k Kepoʻokalani k i Alapai w i Keohohiwa w Keōpuolani w Kamehameha I Kalaniʻōpuʻu k Kanekapōlei w Kiʻilaweau k Nahiʻōleʻa k Kahoʻowaha II w Inaina w Hao K Kailipakalua w Kamanawa II k i Kamokuiki w i ʻAikanaka k Kamaeokalani w Kaōleioku k Keoua w Luahine w KalaʻimamahuKaheiheimalieKamehameha II Kamehameha III Kekuanaoʻa k KahalaiʻaLuanuʻu k Pauahi w Kinaʻu w Paki k Kōnia w Kanaʻina IIKaʻahumanu IIIKapaʻakea 1815 1866 i Keohokalole 1816 1869 i Keʻelikōlani w Kamehameha IV Kamehameha V Kaʻahumanu IV Pauahi Bishop w Bishop k Lunalilo k Kaliokalani 1835 1852 i Kalakaua 1836 1891 i Kapiʻolani 1834 1899 Liliʻuokalani 1838 1917 i Dominis 1832 1891 Kaʻiulani 1842 i Kaʻiminaʻauao 1844 1848 i Cleghorn 1835 1910 Likelike 1851 1887 i Leleiohoku II 1854 1877 i Kaʻiulani 1875 1899 i Notes a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Genealogy of Liliuokalani page 400 appendix B No 2 Queen of Hawaii Liliuokalani 1898 Hawaii s Story by Hawaii s Queen University of Hawaii Press p 400 Retrieved September 29 2016 Kapaakea genealogy See also Edit Biography portal Hawaii portal Monarchy portalKaulana Na Pua Liliʻuokalani s Cabinet Ministers Liliʻuokalani s Privy Council of State Opposition to the overthrow of the Hawaiian KingdomNotes Edit Other source gives her the additional name of Wewehi which has no translation in relation to her birth 2 The area was traditionally referred to as Mana Manamana Honolulu and later became the site of The Queen s Hospital 4 According to American Commissioner to Hawaii David L Gregg Pakea sic was more unequivocal in his condemnation of the match He expressed his opinion that his daughter Lydia Paki was more eligible but declared that if neither the King nor any high chief thought proper to marry her he would have her married to some good white man which after all might be much more for her good 25 Historian Helena G Allen noted that this would undoubtedly been a disasterous sic marriage 29 John Dominis ʻAimoku formally changed his surname to Dominis in 1910 34 Historian George Kanahele noted that the rift was largely between Liliʻuokalani and Emma since her brother actively sought reconciliation with the dowager queen During the coronation of Kalakaua Queen Emma was given greater precedence over Liliʻuokalani and her husband an action that infuriated Liliʻuokalani 39 Allen noted According to Thrum s Annual two new princesses were designated Princess Likelike and Princess Kamakaeha Dominis There is no evidence of an official act on the part of Kalakaua at this time 40 On February 10 1883 Kalakaua officially created her a Princess of the Kingdom by Letters Patent along with other members of his family who been using their courtesy titles for the years between 1873 and 1883 41 W D Alexander History of Later Years of the Hawaiian Monarchy and the Revolution of 1893 Alexander 1896 p 37 gives the following as the wording of Thurston s motion to launch the coup That preliminary steps be taken at once to form and declare a Provisional Government with a view to annexation to the United States Thurston later wrote that his motion was substantially as follows I move that it is the sense of this meeting that the solution of the present situation is annexation to the United States Memoirs p 250 Lt Lucien Young The Boston at Hawaii p 175 gives the following version of the motion Resolved That it is the sense of this committee that in view of the present unsatisfactory state of affairs the proper course to pursue is to abolish the monarchy and apply for annexation to the United States 95 The Bayonet Constitution was named because it had been signed by the previous monarch under threat of violence from a militia composed of armed American and Europeans calling themselves the Honolulu Rifles 97 She defended her act ions by showing that out of a possible 9 500 native voters in 1892 6 500 asked for a new Constitution 98 The Queen s new cabinet had been in office less than a week and whatever they thought about the need for a new constitution they knew enough about the temper of the queen s opponents to realize that they would endure the chance to challenge her and no minister of the crown could look forward to that confrontation 100 Although Liliʻuokalani referred to Kuhiō as her second cousin Kuhiō was actually her first cousin once removed 200 201 Information on Liliʻuokalani s titles and styles from 1874 to 1893 is from the yearly editions of the Hawaiian Almanac and Annual all edited by Thomas G Thrum and published by the Honolulu Star Bulletin Abbreviated citations are provided to indicate the specific editions used She was referred to as Crown Princess of Hawaii while in England 223 Citations Edit a b Haley 2014 p 232 Allen 1982 p 36 Siler 2012 p 32 Morris 1993 p x Liliuokalani 1898 pp 1 4 Allen 1982 p 33 a b Kanahele 1999 p 105 La Hanau o ke Kama Aliiwahine Liliu Ka Nupepa Kuokoa Vol XIV no 36 Honolulu September 4 1875 p 2 Retrieved September 26 2016 Pukui amp Elbert 1986 pp 38 206 211 224 381 Allen 1982 p 40 Cooke amp Cooke 1937 p 20 Chamberlain Levi October 1 1838 July 21 1842 Journal of Levi Chamberlain PDF 23 Retrieved November 18 2021 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Liliuokalani 1898 pp 1 2 104 105 399 409 Pratt 1920 pp 34 36 Allen 1982 pp 33 36 Haley 2014 p 96 Gregg 1982 pp 316 317 528 571 581 Liliuokalani 1898 pp 104 105 Kuykendall 1967 p 262 Osorio 2002 p 201 Van Dyke 2008 p 96 Liliuokalani 1898 p 399 Kanahele 1999 pp 1 4 King amp Roth 2006 p 15 Hodges 1918 p 13 Liliuokalani 1898 pp 1 4 CALENDAR Princes and Chiefs eligible to be Rulers The Polynesian Vol 1 no 9 Honolulu July 20 1844 p 1 col 3 Archived from the original on March 11 2017 Retrieved October 5 2017 Cooke amp Cooke 1937 pp v vi Van Dyke 2008 p 364 Pratt 1920 pp 52 55 Liliuokalani 1898 p 5 a b Liliuokalani 1898 pp 5 9 Allen 1982 pp 45 46 Kanahele 1999 pp 23 39 Kanahele 2002 pp 21 54 Liliuokalani 1898 pp 5 9 Allen 1982 pp 47 68 Kanahele 1999 pp 30 34 Liliuokalani 1898 p 9 Allen 1982 p 72 Topolinski 1975 pp 32 34 38 Allen 1982 pp 109 110 Allen 1982 pp 69 84 King amp Roth 2006 p 21 Taylor Albert Pierce June 12 1910 Court Beauties of Fifty Years Ago The Pacific Commercial Advertiser Vol VII no 388 Honolulu p 13 Archived from the original on January 9 2017 Retrieved September 26 2016 Liliuokalani 1898 p 12 Gregg 1982 pp 316 317 Allen 1982 pp 81 84 Kanahele 1999 pp 60 62 His Majesty s Marriage The Polynesian Vol XIII no 7 Honolulu June 21 1856 p 2 Archived from the original on February 2 2017 Marriage Of His Majesty Kamehameha IV The Pacific Commercial Advertiser Vol 1 no 1 Honolulu July 2 1856 Image 2 col 4 Archived from the original on October 1 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 a b Cracroft Franklin amp Queen Emma 1958 pp 111 112 Allen 1982 pp 77 84 89 Haley 2014 p 217 Liliuokalani 1898 pp 14 15 Allen 1982 p 89 Allen 1982 pp 52 84 89 Liliuokalani 1898 pp 11 13 16 a b Allen 1982 pp 84 89 98 99 103 104 Kanahele 2002 p 97 Notes of the Week The Pacific Commercial Advertiser Vol VII no 12 Honolulu September 18 1862 Image 2 col 5 Archived from the original on November 8 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Marela Ka Nupepa Kuokoa Vol I no 43 Honolulu September 20 1862 p 3 Retrieved September 26 2016 Na Mea Mare Ka Hoku o ka Pakipika Vol II no 52 Honolulu September 18 1862 p 2 Retrieved September 26 2016 Allen 1982 pp 109 153 159 161 Haley 2014 p 200 Blount 1895 p 996 Bonura amp Witmer 2013 pp 109 115 Allen 1982 pp 159 160 Allen 1982 pp 91 98 99 116 117 122 123 Smith 1956 pp 8 10 Kuykendall 1953 pp 239 245 Death of the King The Pacific Commercial Advertiser Vol XVII no 24 Honolulu December 14 1872 Image 2 col 2 Archived from the original on November 19 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Meeting of the Assembly Election of Prince Lunalilo As King Immense Enthusiasm The Pacific Commercial Advertiser Vol XVII no 28 Honolulu January 11 1873 Image 4 col 4 Archived from the original on November 19 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 The Accession to the Throne The Pacific Commercial Advertiser Vol XVII no 28 Honolulu January 11 1873 Image 3 Col 4 Archived from the original on November 19 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Kuykendall 1967 pp 3 16 Kanahele 1999 pp 315 319 Liliuokalani 1898 pp 40 41 45 49 Kanahele 1999 p 318 353 354 Allen 1982 p 138 By Authority The Pacific Commercial Advertiser Honolulu February 17 1883 Image 5 col 1 Archived from the original on November 8 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Liliuokalani 1898 pp 53 55 Kanahele 1999 p 318 Kanahele 2002 pp 151 152 Liliuokalani 1898 pp 53 55 Kanahele 2002 pp 151 152 The Heir Apparent The Pacific Commercial Advertiser Vol XXI no 42 Honolulu April 14 1877 Image 2 col 2 Archived from the original on November 8 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Proclamation of the Heir Apparent The Hawaiian Gazette Vol XIII no 16 Honolulu April 18 1877 p 2 Archived from the original on July 27 2018 Retrieved October 15 2017 Allen 1982 p 147 Liliuokalani 1898 pp 61 68 The Hawaiian Princess San Francisco Chronicle San Francisco April 13 1878 p 2 Archived from the original on August 12 2018 Retrieved August 11 2018 Kuykendall 1967 p 227 Liliuokalani 1898 p 75 85 Middleton 2015 p 530 Dye 1997 pp 171 177 Thrum 1882 p 66 Liliuokalani 1886 p 79 Inglis 2013 pp 130 Law 2012 p 125 Law 2012 p 125 Inglis 2013 pp 88 89 Liliuokalani 1886 pp iii xvii Liliuokalani 1898 pp 113 114 Bonura amp Witmer 2013 pp 120 121 a b Hawe Jeff August 7 2018 Ahead of Her Time Hawaii Business Magazine Honolulu Archived from the original on January 3 2019 Retrieved January 2 2019 Iaukea 2012 p 30 Kuykendall 1967 pp 341 Kuykendall 1967 pp 340 343 Liliuokalani 1898 p 116 176 Iaukea 2012 pp 30 31 Liliuokalani 1898 p 171 176 Kuykendall 1967 pp 340 343 Kuykendall 1967 p 415 Liliuokalani 1898 p 186 188 Liliuokalani 1898 p 191 201 Siler 2012 p 176 Kuykendall 1967 pp 424 432 Kuykendall 1967 pp 466 469 Spickard Rondilla amp Wright 2002 p 316 Kuykendall 1967 pp 470 474 Krout 1898 p 10 Thrum 1892 p 126 Dando Collins 2014 p 42 Allen 1982 pp 225 226 Liliuokalani 1898 pp 206 207 Kuykendall 1967 p 470 Allen 1982 pp 225 229 Liliuokalani 1898 pp 206 209 a b Dando Collins 2014 p 42 Rego Nilda April 25 2013 Days Gone By 1890 Hawaii s King Kalakaua visits San Francisco The Mercury News San Francisco Archived from the original on November 4 2016 Retrieved November 3 2016 Kuykendall 1967 p 472 Vowell 2011 p 91 Mcdermott Choy amp Guerrero 2015 p 59 Kuykendall 1967 pp 473 474 Kuykendall 1967 pp 474 76 By Authority The Daily Bulletin Vol XV no 25 Honolulu January 30 1891 Image 2 col 1 Archived from the original on October 3 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Kuykendall 1967 pp 476 78 Allen 1982 p 245 The Succession Princess Kaiulani Proclaimed Successor to the Hawaiian Throne The Daily Bulletin Vol XV no 57 Honolulu March 9 1891 Image 2 col 2 Archived from the original on October 3 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Kuykendall 1967 p 484 Allen 1982 pp 246 53 Inglis 2013 p 136 a b Newbury 2001 pp 16 29 30 By Authority The Daily Bulletin Vol XV no 51 Honolulu March 2 1891 Image 2 col 1 Archived from the original on November 8 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Allen 1982 pp 255 58 Kuykendall 1967 pp 486 86 Liliuokalani 1898 pp 29 220 25 Kuykendall 1967 pp 485 86 Loomis 1963 pp 7 27 Allen 1982 pp 269 70 Kuykendall 1967 pp 562 563 573 581 Allen 1982 p 174 175 Moblo 1998 pp 229 232 A New Cabinet Some New Ministers for the Public to Swallow The Pacific Commercial Advertiser Vol XVII no 3277 Honolulu January 14 1893 p 4 Archived from the original on January 9 2017 Retrieved November 12 2016 Kuykendall 1967 pp 581 583 Kuykendall 1967 p 582 Blount 1895 p 588 Kuykendall 1967 pp 587 588 Russ 1959 p 90 Lee 1993 pp 4 5 Russ 1959 p 67 Lobo Talbot amp Carlston 2016 p 122 a b Daws 1968 p 271 Kuykendall 1967 pp 582 586 Blount 1895 p 496 a b Kuykendall 1967 pp 586 594 Alexander 1896 pp 37 51 Twigg Smith 1998 pp 135 166 Andrade 1996 p 130 Popular Meeting Over Two Thousand Person Assemble on Palace Square They Pass a Resolution Upholding the Queen and the Government The Daily Bulletin Honolulu January 17 1893 p 2 Archived from the original on November 19 2017 Twombly 1900 p 333 Young 1899 p 252 Russ 1959 p 350 Liliuokalani 1898 pp 387 388 Allen 1982 p 294 Alexander 1896 p 65 Tabrah 1984 p 102 Kuykendall 1967 pp 603 Alexander 1896 p 66 Siler 2012 p 250 Kuykendall 1967 pp 605 610 Kuykendall 1967 pp 599 605 Alexander 1896 pp 66 67 Alexander 1896 pp 71 76 Alexander 1896 p 74 Calhoun 1988 p 150 Love 2005 p 112 Cleaver 2014 p 29 Kuykendall 1967 p 642 Warren Zimmermann 2004 First Great Triumph How Five Americans Made Their Country a World Power Farrar Straus and Giroux p 290 ISBN 9780374528935 Archived from the original on August 22 2018 Retrieved April 26 2018 Hawaiian Situation The President s Message to Congress The National Tribune Washington D C December 21 1893 p 8 col 4 Archived from the original on November 9 2017 Retrieved October 19 2017 via Chronicling America Kuykendall 1967 pp 642 45 Kuykendall 1967 pp 649 50 Queen Arrested The Daily Bulletin Vol IX no 1238 Honolulu January 16 1895 Image 3 col 1 Archived from the original on October 2 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 She Plotted The Hawaiian Star Vol III no 557 Honolulu January 17 1895 p 3 col 2 Archived from the original on October 2 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Siler 2012 pp 269 270 Liliuokalani 1898 p 274 Proto 2009 pp 93 112 Siler 2012 p 268 Borch 2014 pp 1 3 Allen 1982 pp 123 147 187 344 345 347 Declines to Confess The Daily Bulletin Vol IX no 1256 Honolulu February 6 1895 p 5 col 2 Archived from the original on February 28 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Five Years in Parlor The Daily Bulletin Vol IX no 1274 Honolulu February 27 1895 p 5 col 2 Archived from the original on February 28 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Siler 2012 p 274 Siler 2012 pp 276 279 a b Liliuokalani 1898 p 305 a b A PACIFIC CABLE Liliuokalani is in Boston The Pacific Commercial Advertiser Vol XXV no 4507 Honolulu January 15 1897 Image 1 col 2 Archived from the original on November 25 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 PRIVATE AFFAIRS Liliuokalani and Capt Palmer to Work McKinley Hawaiian Gazette Vol XXXII no 19 Honolulu March 5 1897 Image 1 col 6 Archived from the original on November 19 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Julius A Palmer s Story The Independent reprinted from The Boston Globe September 29 1897 Image 1 cols 1 2 Image 4 cols 3 5 Archived from the original on November 8 2017 Retrieved September 25 2017 via Chronicling America Allen 1982 p 356 359 Treaty to Annex Hawaii The Times No 1185 Washington D C June 17 1897 Image 1 col 3 Archived from the original on November 8 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Treaty to Annex Hawaii The Times No 1185 Washington D C June 17 1897 Image 2 col 4 Archived from the original on November 8 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 By the Ex Queen Protest Made to the Annexation of Hawaii An Appeal for Restoration Authority of Present Government Denied Document Signed in Washington and Julius Witnessed the Signature Hawaiian Gazette Vol XXXII no 55 Honolulu July 9 1897 Image 1 Col 6 Archived from the original on November 8 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 The Ex Queen s Protest The Times No 1186 Washington D C June 18 1897 Image 1 col 7 Archived from the original on November 8 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Haley 2014 pp 317 336 Silva 2004 pp 123 163 Silva Noenoe K 1998 The 1897 Petitions Protesting Annexation The Annexation Of Hawaii A Collection Of Document University of Hawaii at Manoa Archived from the original on December 30 2016 Retrieved December 19 2016 a b c d Parker 2007 p 205 Mehmed 1998 pp 142 143 Haley 2014 pp 336 Allen 1982 p 365 Mehmed 1998 pp 141 144 Linnekin 1983 p 173 HAWAII S EX QUEEN Protests Against the Seizure of Her Property The Herald Vol 26 no 82 Los Angeles December 21 1898 Image 1 col 3 Archived from the original on February 28 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Thorpe 1909 p 903 Parker 2007 pp 205 207 Proto 2009 p 132 Hawaiian Queen Decides to Sue for Crown Lands The San Francisco Call Vol LXXXVII no 192 San Francisco May 31 1900 Image 12 col 1 Archived from the original on October 8 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Claims of Ex Queen The Pacific Commercial Advertiser Vol XXXII no 5589 Honolulu July 5 1903 p 10 col 2 Archived from the original on November 8 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Ex Queen Liliuokalani Is Here on Her Way to Hawaii San Francisco Chronicle Vol LXXI no 125 San Francisco May 20 1900 p 1 col 1 Archived from the original on January 8 2018 Retrieved October 15 2017 via Newspapers com Ex Queen Here Soon The Pacific Commercial Advertiser Vol XXXI no 5559 Honolulu May 31 1900 p 5 col 3 Archived from the original on November 9 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Allen 1982 pp 330 361 368 369 Court Notes The Independent Vol XI no 1586 Honolulu August 16 1900 p 4 Archived from the original on October 8 2016 Retrieved October 2 2016 Dr English s Suit Against Liliuokalani The Honolulu Republican Vol I no 71 Honolulu September 5 1900 Image 8 col 3 Archived from the original on November 9 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Liliuokalani s Claim The Pacific Commercial Advertiser Vol XXXVII no 6399 Honolulu February 10 1903 Image 4 col 1 Archived from the original on November 25 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Banner 2009 p 161 Iaukea 2012 pp 86 181 Queen s Pension is Approved Evening Bulletin Honolulu March 30 1911 p 2 col 3 Archived from the original on November 19 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Abbott Lyman Mabie H W eds May 30 1917 An American Queen The Outlook Vol 116 no 5 New York pp 177 178 OCLC 5361126 Archived from the original on April 23 2017 Elima Keiki Hawaii i Make Ke Aloha Aina Vol XXII no 14 Honolulu April 6 1917 p 1 Retrieved September 26 2016 Proto 2009 p 207 Queen Not to Hold Reception Honolulu Star Bulletin Honolulu August 29 1917 p 10 col 5 Archived from the original on November 9 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 The Queen s Birthday The Daily Bulletin Honolulu September 3 1892 Image 3 col 2 Archived from the original on November 19 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Liliuokalani Becomes a Red Cross Member as Whistles Signify 8000 Mark is Reached Honolulu Star Bulletin Honolulu September 29 1917 p 2 col 2 5 Archived from the original on November 9 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Hodges 1918 pp 35 37 Allen 1982 p 396 Death Comes to Hawaii s Queen in Calm of Sabbath Morning Honolulu Star Bulletin Honolulu November 12 1917 p 2 headline Archived from the original on November 8 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Askman 2015 pp 91 93 Allen 1982 pp 396 400 Thrum 1918 pp 102 109 Parker 2008 p 36 Funeral is Held in the Throne Room The Hawaiian Gazette Honolulu November 20 1917 p 3 col 1 Archived from the original on September 20 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Martial Pomp and Hawaiian Picturequeness in Funeral Cortege Honolulu Star Bulletin Honolulu November 19 1917 p 3 headline Archived from the original on September 30 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Aloha ʻOe of Queen s Own Song Goes With Her into Resting Place Honolulu Star Bulletin Honolulu November 19 1917 p 9 headline Archived from the original on February 28 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Allen 1982 p 399 Gessler Clifford F October 1921 Honolulu Letter The Step Ladder Vol III no 5 Chicago pp 76 77 Archived from the original on April 23 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 ON THE OTHER ISLANDS Ainahau Burns The Maui News Wailuku August 5 1921 p 8 col 4 Archived from the original on May 28 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Allen 1982 pp 69 Merry 2000 p 63 Liliuokalani 1898 p 269 Kuykendall 1967 p 479 Allen 1982 pp 76 77 Allen 1982 p 241 Kuykendall 1967 p 479 Kuykendall 1967 p 479 Garrett 1992 p 238 Allen 1982 p 346 Join St Andrew s Ex queen Liliuokalani Confirmed by Bishop Willis Hawaiian Gazette Vol XXXI no 40 Honolulu May 19 1896 p 4 col 6 Archived from the original on October 1 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Liliuokalani 1898 p 269 Queen at Salt Lake The Pacific Commercial Advertiser Vol XXXIV no 6037 Honolulu December 11 1900 Image 9 col 1 Archived from the original on October 10 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Walker 2007 Former Queen Renounces Her Claim to the Throne of the Hawaiian Islands She and Her People Satisfied With the Government Given by the United States San Francisco Call Vol 100 no 34 July 4 1906 p 3 ISSN 1941 0719 OCLC 13146227 Retrieved March 20 2020 via California Digital Newspaper Collection Britsch 1986 pp 137 138 Koda 2006 p 237 a b Hawaii Magazine Irvine CA Fancy Publications 2004 pp 56 58 OCLC 27971891 Archived from the original on January 13 2018 Garraty Carnes amp American Council of Learned Societies 1999 pp 664 665 Liliuokalani 1898 p 31 Silva 2004 p 201 a b Ducat Vivian Hawaii s Last Queen American Experience PBS Archived from the original on August 28 2011 Retrieved October 11 2011 Her History Queen Liliʻuokalani Trust Archived from the original on December 25 2014 Retrieved October 12 2011 Beckwith 1972 p xiv a b Liliuokalani 1898 pp 289 90 a b Dekneef Matthew March 9 2016 14 extraordinary women in Hawaii history everyone should know Hawaiʻi Magazine Honolulu Archived from the original on June 1 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 a b Bolante Ronna Keany Michael June 1 2007 50 Greatest Songs of Hawaii Honolulu Honolulu Archived from the original on February 13 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Julius A Palmer s Story The Independent reprinted from The Boston Globe September 29 1897 Image 4 col 3 Archived from the original on November 8 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Askman 2015 Queen Liliʻuokalani Deed of Trust Queen Liliʻuokalani Trust Archived from the original on October 6 2016 Retrieved October 15 2017 J Aimoku Dominis Ward of Queen Succumbs To Illness Hawaiian Gazette Honolulu July 10 1917 p 5 col 6 Archived from the original on November 8 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Prominent Hawaiian Is Laid To Rest Honolulu Star Bulletin November 16 1914 p 2 col 2 Archived from the original on November 8 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Iaukea 2012 p 90 Kamae 1980 p 41 The Queen s Estate First of Two Parts Honolulu Star Bulletin May 17 2009 Archived from the original on October 22 2016 Retrieved October 15 2017 The Queen s Estate Last of Two Parts Honolulu Star Bulletin May 18 2009 Archived from the original on October 22 2016 Retrieved October 15 2017 The Children s Center Queen Liliʻuokalani Trust Archived from the original on October 8 2016 Retrieved October 15 2017 Lowe 1994 p 91 93 About Us Patron of Hawaiian Music Culture Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame Archived from the original on October 22 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Scott Marjorie J September 8 1995 Contributions of royal family recognized The Honolulu Advertiser Honolulu p 17 Charles E King Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame Archived from the original on March 18 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Mossman 1979 Thrum 1918 Barnes Susan B September 18 2017 Alohas sisterhood and grit the Queen Liliʻuokalani Long Distance Canoe Race espnW Archived from the original on September 30 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Club Kai Opua Canoe Queen Liliʻuokalani Canoe Race World s Largest Outrigger Canoe Race Kai Opua Canoe Club Archived from the original on September 30 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 University of Hawaii at Manoa Board of Regents October 19 2001 Minutes of the Regular Meeting of the Board of Regents for October 19 2001 Honolulu University of Hawaii Archived from the original on October 11 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Boylan Daniel 2001 Documentary Reviews of O Hawaiʻi of Hawaiʻi from Settlement to Kingdom Nation Within the Story of America s Annexation of the Nation of Hawaiʻi Hawaiʻi s Last Queen 1946 the Great Hawaii Sugar Strike the Great Hawaii Dock Strike the 442nd Duty Honor and Loyalty Hawaiian Journal of History Honolulu Hawaiian Historical Society 35 45 hdl 10524 540 The American Experience Hawaii s Last Queen TV Episode 1997 at IMDb Conquest of Hawaii TV Movie 2003 at IMDb About Keiki Hula Kalihi Palama Culture amp Arts Society Inc Archived from the original on September 30 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Sinclair Library Streaming Hawaiian Videos Keiki Hula University of Hawaii at Manoa Library Archived from the original on October 5 2016 Retrieved October 15 2017 2017 Queen Lili uokalani Festival set for Saturday September 9 in Hilo Office of Mayor Harry Kim County of Hawaii August 24 2017 Archived from the original on September 17 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 The Court The Polynesian Vol XIV no 31 Honolulu December 5 1857 p 244 col 1 Archived from the original on November 19 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 List of Subscribers to the Honolulu Hospital up to April 29 1859 The Polynesian Vol XV no 52 Honolulu April 30 1859 p 2 col 5 Archived from the original on May 28 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 NOTES OF THE WEEK Lithography The Pacific Commercial Advertiser Vol XI no 42 Honolulu April 20 1867 Image 3 col 5 Archived from the original on November 9 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 HAWAIIAN SONG advertisement He Mele Lahui Hawaii The Pacific Commercial Advertiser Vol XI no 2 Honolulu July 13 1867 Image 4 col 7 Archived from the original on November 9 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 The Court Hawaiian Almanac and Annual 1875 1877 Bott 1997 p 148 The Court Hawaiian Almanac and Annual 1878 1891 Bott 1997 p 155 Fuld 2000 p 94 The Court Hawaiian Almanac and Annual 1892 1893 a b c d e f g h i j k l Liliuokalani 1898 pp 399 400 a b Liliuokalani 1898 p 403 References EditAlexander William DeWitt 1896 History of Later Years of the Hawaiian Monarchy and the Revolution of 1893 Honolulu Hawaiian Gazette Company OCLC 11843616 Allen Helena G 1982 The Betrayal of Liliuokalani Last Queen of Hawaii 1838 1917 Glendale CA Arthur H Clark Company ISBN 978 0 87062 144 4 OCLC 9576325 Archived from the original on January 13 2018 Retrieved October 4 2016 Andrade Ernest 1996 Unconquerable Rebel Robert W Wilcox and Hawaiian Politics 1880 1903 Niwot CO University Press of Colorado ISBN 978 0 87081 417 4 OCLC 247224388 Askman Douglas V 2015 Remembering Liliʻuokalani Coverage of the Death of the Last Queen of Hawaiʻi by Hawaiʻi s English Language Establishment Press and American Newspapers The Hawaiian Journal of History Honolulu Hawaiian Historical Society 49 91 118 doi 10 1353 hjh 2015 0008 hdl 10524 56608 OCLC 60626541 Banner Stuart 2009 POSSESSING THE PACIFIC Cambridge MA Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0 674 02052 8 Archived from the original on February 15 2017 Retrieved October 15 2016 Blount James Henderson 1895 The Executive Documents of the House of Representatives for the Third Session of the Fifty Third Congress 1893 94 in Thirty Five Volumes Washington D C US Government Printing Office OCLC 191710879 Archived from the original on April 23 2017 Retrieved January 22 2017 Britsch R Lanier 1986 Unto the Islands of the Sea A History of Latter day Saints in the Pacific Salt Lake City Deseret Book Co ISBN 978 0 87747 754 9 OCLC 12839930 Bonura Sandra Witmer Sally 2013 Lydia K Aholo Her Story Recovering the Lost Voice The Hawaiian Journal of History Honolulu Hawaiian Historical Society 47 103 145 hdl 10524 36266 OCLC 60626541 Borch Fred L August 2014 Lore of the Corps The Trial by Military Commission of Queen Liliuokalani The Army Lawyer Charlottesville VA Judge Advocate General s School 1 3 Bott Robin L 1997 Homans Margaret Munich Adrienne eds I Know What is Due to Me Self Fashioning and Legitimization in Queen Liliuokalani s Hawaii s Story by Hawaii s Queen Remaking Queen Victoria Cambridge Cambridge University Press 140 156 ISBN 978 0 521 57485 3 OCLC 185338494 Archived from the original on April 23 2017 Retrieved October 4 2016 Calhoun Charles W 1988 Gilded Age Cato The Life of Walter Q Gresham Lexington KT University Press of Kentucky ISBN 978 0 8131 6179 2 OCLC 900344816 Archived from the original on April 23 2017 Retrieved October 4 2016 Cleaver Nick 2014 Grover Cleveland s New Foreign Policy Arbitration Neutrality and the Dawn of American Empire New York Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978 1 137 44849 1 OCLC 898473224 Archived from the original on February 15 2017 Retrieved October 4 2016 Cooke Amos Starr Cooke Juliette Montague 1937 Richards Mary Atherton ed The Chiefs Children School A Record Compiled from the Diary and Letters of Amos Starr Cooke and Juliette Montague Cooke by Their Granddaughter Mary Atherton Richards Honolulu Honolulu Star Bulletin OCLC 1972890 Archived from the original on November 28 2016 Retrieved November 27 2016 Cracroft Sophia Franklin Jane Queen Emma 1958 Korn Alfons L ed The Victorian Visitors An Account of the Hawaiian Kingdom 1861 1866 Including the Journal Letters of Sophia Cracroft Extracts from the Journals of Lady Franklin and Diaries and Letters of Queen Emma of Hawaii PDF Honolulu University of Hawaii Press hdl 10125 39981 ISBN 978 0 87022 421 8 OCLC 8989368 Dando Collins Stephen 2014 Taking Hawaii How Thirteen Honolulu Businessmen Overthrew the Queen of Hawaii in 1893 With a Bluff New York Open Road Media ISBN 978 1 4976 1429 1 OCLC 874921510 Archived from the original on December 27 2019 Retrieved October 4 2016 Daws Gavan 1968 Shoal of Time A History of the Hawaiian Islands Honolulu University of Hawaii Press ISBN 9780824803247 OCLC 45815755 Dye Bob 1997 Merchant Prince of the Sandalwood Mountains Afong and the Chinese in Hawaiʻi Honolulu University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 8248 1772 5 OCLC 247424976 Archived from the original on February 24 2019 Retrieved October 14 2019 Fuld James J 2000 The Book of World famous Music Classical Popular and Folk Mineola NY Courier Corporation ISBN 978 0 486 41475 1 OCLC 216592 Archived from the original on April 24 2017 Retrieved October 15 2016 Garraty John Arthur Carnes Mark Christopher American Council of Learned Societies 1999 American National Biography New York Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 520635 7 OCLC 39182280 Garrett John 1992 Footsteps in the Sea Christianity in Oceania to World War II Geneva World Council of Churches Suva Institute of Pacific Studies University of the South Pacific ISBN 978 982 02 0068 5 OCLC 26334630 Archived from the original on April 24 2017 Retrieved October 4 2016 Gregg David L 1982 King Pauline ed The Diaries of David Lawrence Gregg An American Diplomat in Hawaii 1853 1858 Honolulu Hawaiian Historical Society ISBN 9780824808617 OCLC 8773139 Haley James L 2014 Captive Paradise A History of Hawaii New York St Martin s Press ISBN 978 0 312 60065 5 OCLC 865158092 Archived from the original on June 13 2020 Retrieved October 4 2016 Hodges William C Jr 1918 The Passing of Liliuokalani Honolulu Honolulu Star Bulletin OCLC 4564101 Archived from the original on July 12 2017 Retrieved November 20 2016 Iaukea Sydney Lehua 2012 The Queen and I A Story of Dispossessions and Reconnections in Hawaiʻi Berkeley University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 95030 6 OCLC 763161035 Archived from the original on April 12 2020 Inglis Kerri A 2013 Ma i Lepera A History of Leprosy in Nineteenth Century Hawai i Honolulu HI University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 8248 6579 5 Archived from the original on October 26 2016 Retrieved October 25 2016 via Project MUSE Kamae Lori 1980 The Empty Throne Honolulu Topgallant Publishing Co ISBN 978 0 914916 44 4 OCLC 7080687 Kanahele George S 1999 Emma Hawaii s Remarkable Queen Honolulu University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 8248 2240 8 OCLC 40890919 Archived from the original on May 8 2016 Retrieved September 26 2016 Kanahele George S 2002 1986 Pauahi The Kamehameha Legacy Honolulu Kamehameha Schools Press ISBN 978 0 87336 005 0 OCLC 173653971 Archived from the original on September 27 2015 Retrieved October 3 2016 King Samuel P Roth Randall W 2006 Broken Trust Greed Mismanagement amp Political Manipulation at America s Largest Charitable Trust PDF Honolulu University of Hawaii Press pp 14 21 22 35 78 139 hdl 10125 48548 ISBN 978 0 8248 3014 4 OCLC 62326686 Archived PDF from the original on July 19 2018 Retrieved October 10 2017 Koda Tara Fall 2006 Aloha with Gassho Buddhism in the Hawaiian Plantations PDF Pacific World Mountain View CA Institute of Buddhist Studies Third Series 5 237 254 OCLC 607735135 Archived PDF from the original on March 25 2009 Retrieved January 3 2009 Krout Mary Hannah 1898 Hawaii and a Revolution The Personal Experiences of a Correspondent in the Sandwich Islands During the Crisis of 1893 and Subsequently New York Dodd Mead and Company ASIN B0011VJARG OCLC 2012741 Kuykendall Ralph Simpson 1953 The Hawaiian Kingdom 1854 1874 Twenty Critical Years Vol 2 Honolulu University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 87022 432 4 OCLC 47010821 Archived from the original on December 13 2014 Retrieved October 3 2016 Kuykendall Ralph Simpson 1967 The Hawaiian Kingdom 1874 1893 The Kalakaua Dynasty Vol 3 Honolulu University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 87022 433 1 OCLC 500374815 Archived from the original on January 20 2015 Retrieved June 15 2014 Lee Anne Feder 1993 The Hawaii state constitution a reference guide Westport CT Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN 978 0 313 27950 8 Archived from the original on June 29 2016 Retrieved October 1 2016 Law Anwei Skinsnes 2012 Kalaupapa A Collective Memory Ka Hokuwelowelo Honolulu University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 8248 6580 1 OCLC 830023588 Archived from the original on October 26 2016 Retrieved October 25 2016 via Project MUSE Liliuokalani 1898 Hawaii s Story by Hawaii s Queen Liliuokalani Boston Lee and Shepard ISBN 978 0 548 22265 2 OCLC 2387226 Liliuokalani 1972 The Kumulipo A Hawaiian Creation Chant Translated by Martha Warren Beckwith Honolulu University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 8248 0771 9 OCLC 1253793 Archived from the original on February 15 2017 Retrieved October 4 2016 Liliuokalani 1886 Report of Her Majesty Queen Kapiolani s visit to Molokai by H R H Princess Liliuokalani July 1884 Report of the Board of Health Honolulu Printed by the Hawaiian Gazette Company pp iii xvii OCLC 39817109 Archived from the original on April 23 2017 Retrieved November 11 2016 Linnekin Jocelyn June 1983 The Hui Lands of Keanae Hawaiian Land Tenure and the Great Mahele The Journal of the Polynesian Society Wellington The Polynesian Society 92 2 169 188 OCLC 882983804 Archived from the original on February 12 2018 Retrieved January 22 2017 Lobo Susan Talbot Steve Carlston Traci Morris 2016 Native American Voices Upper Saddle River NJ Routledge ISBN 978 1 138 68768 4 OCLC 429598254 Loomis Albertine 1963 The Longest Legislature Seventy First Annual Report of the Hawaiian Historical Society for the Year 1962 Honolulu Hawaiian Historical Society 71 7 27 hdl 10524 35 Love Eric T L 2005 Race over Empire Racism and U S Imperialism 1865 1900 Chapel Hill NC Univ of North Carolina Press ISBN 978 0 8078 7591 9 OCLC 62149408 Archived from the original on April 24 2017 Retrieved October 4 2016 Lowe Ruby Hasegawa 1994 Liliʻuokalani Honolulu Kamehameha Schools Press ISBN 978 0 87336 027 2 OCLC 30886367 Archived from the original on May 23 2006 Retrieved October 23 2016 Mcdermott John F Choy Zita Cup Guerrero Anthony P S 2015 The Last Illness and Death of Hawaiʻi s King Kalakaua A New Historical Clinical Perspective Cover The Hawaiian Journal of History Honolulu Hawaiian Historical Society 49 59 72 doi 10 1353 hjh 2015 0002 OCLC 60626541 Mehmed Ali 1998 Hoʻohuiʻaina Pala Ka Maiʻa Remembering Annexation One Hundred Years Ago The Hawaiian Journal of History Honolulu Hawaiian Historical Society 32 141 154 hdl 10524 358 OCLC 60626541 Merry Sally Engle 2000 Colonizing Hawaiʻi The Cultural Power of Law Princeton Princeton University Press ISBN 0 691 00932 5 OCLC 231845368 Archived from the original on April 23 2017 Retrieved October 4 2016 Middleton John 2015 World Monarchies and Dynasties Armonk New York Routledge ISBN 978 0 7656 8050 1 OCLC 53315305 Moblo Pennie 1998 Institutionalising the Leper Partisan Politics and the Evolution of Stigma in Post Monarchy Hawaiʻi The Journal of the Polynesian Society Wellington The Polynesian Society 107 3 229 262 OCLC 6015242891 Archived from the original on February 13 2018 Retrieved December 21 2016 Morris Aldyth 1993 Lili uokalani Honolulu University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 8248 1543 1 OCLC 27810351 Mossman 1979 Bina Nieper Mossman Transcript of interview conducted Sept 29 1971 in Hawaii Honolulu Watumull Foundation Oral History Project hdl 10524 48627 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Newbury Colin 2001 Patronage and Bureaucracy in the Hawaiian Kingdom 1840 1893 Pacific Studies Laie HI Brigham Young University Hawaii Campus 24 1 2 1 38 ISSN 0275 3596 OCLC 193272210 Archived from the original on April 15 2012 Osorio Jon Kamakawiwoʻole 2002 Dismembering Lahui A History of the Hawaiian Nation to 1887 Honolulu University of Hawaii Press ISBN 0 8248 2549 7 OCLC 48579247 Archived from the original on May 14 2016 Retrieved October 21 2016 Parker David Kawika 2008 Crypts of the Ali i The Last Refuge of the Hawaiian Royalty PDF Tales of Our Hawaiʻi Honolulu Alu Like Inc OCLC 309392477 Archived from the original PDF on November 11 2013 Parker Linda S 2007 Fixico Donald L ed Alaska Hawaii and Agreements Treaties with American Indians An Encyclopedia of Rights Conflicts and Sovereignty Santa Barbara CA ABC CLIO pp 199 208 ISBN 978 1 57607 881 5 OCLC 153598713 Archived from the original on April 23 2017 Retrieved October 4 2016 Pratt Elizabeth Kekaaniauokalani Kalaninuiohilaukapu 1920 History of Keoua Kalanikupuapa i nui Father of Hawaii Kings and His Descendants with Notes on Kamehameha I First King of All Hawaii Honolulu Honolulu Star Bulletin OCLC 154181545 Archived from the original on May 3 2016 Retrieved January 21 2020 Proto Neil Thomas 2009 The Rights of My People Liliuokalani s Enduring Battle with the United States 1893 1917 New York Algora Publishing ISBN 978 0 87586 720 5 OCLC 319248358 Archived from the original on July 16 2020 Retrieved October 4 2016 Pukui Mary Kawena Elbert Samuel H 1986 Hawaiian Dictionary Hawaiian English English Hawaiian Honolulu University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 8248 0703 0 OCLC 12751521 Archived from the original on January 1 2015 Retrieved January 22 2017 Russ William Adam 1959 The Hawaiian Revolution 1893 94 Selinsgrove PA Susquehanna University Press ISBN 978 0 945636 53 3 OCLC 24846595 Archived from the original on February 2 2017 Retrieved January 22 2017 Siler Julia Flynn 2012 Lost Kingdom Hawaii s Last Queen the Sugar Kings and America s First Imperial Adventure New York Atlantic Monthly Press ISBN 978 0 8021 9488 6 OCLC 881683650 Archived from the original on April 23 2017 Retrieved October 4 2016 link, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.