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Kaʻiulani

December 02, 2023

"Princess Kaiulani" redirects here. For the film, see Princess Kaiulani (film).

Kaʻiulani (Hawaiian pronunciation: [kə'ʔi.u.'lɐni]; Victoria Kawēkiu Kaʻiulani Lunalilo Kalaninuiahilapalapa Cleghorn; October 16, 1875 – March 6, 1899) was the only child of Princess Miriam Likelike, and the last heir apparent to the throne of the Hawaiian Kingdom. She was the niece of King Kalākaua and Queen Liliʻuokalani. After the death of her mother, Princess Kaʻiulani was sent to Europe at age 13 to complete her education under the guardianship of British businessman and Hawaiian sugar investor Theo H. Davies. She had not yet reached her eighteenth birthday when the 1893 overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom altered her life. The Committee of Safety rejected proposals from both her father Archibald Scott Cleghorn, and provisional president Sanford B. Dole, to seat Kaʻiulani on the throne, conditional upon the abdication of Liliʻuokalani. The Queen thought the Kingdom's best chance at justice was to relinquish her power temporarily to the United States.

Kaʻiulani
Princess of the Hawaiian Islands
Kaʻiulani, 1897
Born(1875-10-16)October 16, 1875
Honolulu, Oʻahu, Hawaiian Kingdom (Hawaii)
DiedMarch 6, 1899(1899-03-06) (aged 23)
ʻĀinahau, Honolulu, Oʻahu, Territory of Hawaii (Hawaii)
BurialMarch 12, 1899
Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii,  U.S.
Names
Victoria Kawēkiu Kaʻiulani Lunalilo Kalaninuiahilapalapa Cleghorn
HouseKalākaua
FatherArchibald Scott Cleghorn
MotherPrincess Miriam Likelike
ReligionChurch of Hawaii (Anglicanism)
Signature

Davies and Kaʻiulani visited the United States to urge the Kingdom's restoration; she made speeches and public appearances denouncing the overthrow of her government and the injustice toward her people. While in Washington, D.C., she paid an informal visit to President Grover Cleveland and First Lady Frances Cleveland, but her efforts were in vain. The situation put both Kaʻiulani and her father in dire financial straits. Her annual government stipend ceased, and her father's income as a government employee came to an end. Father and daughter spent the years 1893–1897 drifting among the European aristocracy, relatives and family friends in England, Wales, Scotland and Paris, before finally returning to Hawaii.

After arriving back in Hawaii in 1897, Kaʻiulani settled into life as a private citizen and busied herself with social engagements. She and Liliʻuokalani boycotted the 1898 annexation ceremony and mourned the loss of Hawaiian independence. However, she later hosted the American congressional delegation in charge of formalizing the Hawaiian Organic Act. She suffered from chronic health problems throughout the 1890s and died at her home at ʻĀinahau in 1899.

Name edit

Kaʻiulani was born at Honolulu, on the island of Oʻahu, in the Hawaiian Kingdom. At her christening, she was named Victoria Kawēkiu Kaʻiulani Lunalilo Kalaninuiahilapalapa Cleghorn.[1] In 1898, her aunt Liliʻuokalani wrote it as Victoria Kaʻiulani, Kalaninuiahilapalapa, Kawēkiu i Lunalilo[2] or Victoria Kawēkiu Lunalilo Kalaninuiahilapalapa Kaʻiulani Cleghorn in her memoir Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen.[3] Kaʻiulani was named after her maternal aunt Anna Kaʻiulani who died young, and Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, whose help restored the sovereignty and independence of the Hawaiian Kingdom during the reign of Kamehameha III.[4][5] Her primary Hawaiian name comes from ka ʻiu lani which means "the highest point of heaven" or "the royal sacred one" in the Hawaiian language.[6] Kawēkiu means "the highest rank or station".[7] At the request of Charles Kanaʻina, she was also given the name Lunalilo, translated as Luna (high) lilo (lost) or "so high up as to be lost to sight",[8] after Kanaʻina's son and her uncle King Kalākaua's predecessor King Lunalilo (r. 1873–74) to strengthen her eligibility for the throne.[9][10] The name Kalaninuiahilapalapa signified her association with the royal house of Keawe (traditional rulers of the island of Hawaii) and the flames of the torch that burns at midday, a symbol of kapu, used by the House of Kalākaua from their ancestor Iwikauikaua.[11][12]

Early life and family: 1875–1887 edit

 
Kaʻiulani as a little girl, c. 1881

Kaʻiulani was the only child of Princess Miriam Likelike and Scottish businessman Archibald Scott Cleghorn. She was born in a downstairs bedroom of her parents' Emma Street mansion in Honolulu, on October 16, 1875, during the reign of her uncle King Kalākaua.[13][14] Her birth was announced by gun salutes and the ringing of all of the bells in the city's churches.[15][16] At the time of her birth, she became fourth in line of succession to the throne, moving to third in the line of succession upon the death of her uncle Leleiohoku II in 1877.[17][18] She had three older half-sisters: Rose Kaipuala, Helen Maniʻiailehua, and Annie Pauahi, from her father's previous union with a Hawaiian woman.[19][20]

Through her mother, she descended from Keaweaheulu and Kameʻeiamoku, the royal counselors of Kamehameha I during his conquest of the Hawaiian Islands from 1780 to 1795. Kameʻeiamoku was one of the royal twins along with Kamanawa depicted flanking the Hawaiian coat of arms, and his son Kepoʻokalani was the first cousin of the conqueror on the side of Kamehameha's mother Kekuʻiapoiwa II. Their family were collateral relations of the House of Kamehameha and ascended to the throne in 1874 upon the election of her uncle Kalākaua as King of the Hawaiian Islands.[21][22][23] Her mother was a younger sister to Kalākaua and Liliʻuokalani. Kaʻiulani's father was a Scottish financier from Edinburgh; he served as Collector General of Customs from 1887 to 1893 and as the final Governor of Oahu from 1891 until the office was abolished by the Provisional Government of Hawaii after the 1893 overthrow of the monarchy.[24][25]

She was christened by Bishop Alfred Willis, at 1:00 p.m. on December 25, 1875, at the Pro-Cathedral of St. Andrew's Anglican Cathedral in Honolulu. This was the first christening of a Hawaiian princess since the birth of Victoria Kamāmalu in 1838. The baby Kaʻiulani, clad in a "cashmere robe, embroidered with silk", was reported to have "behaved with the utmost respect" and did "not utter a sound during the service".[1][26] Kalākaua, his wife Queen Kapiʻolani, and Princess Ruth Keʻelikōlani, stood as her godparents.[15] A later reference in a 1916 issue of the Honolulu Star-Bulletin stated Hawaiian judge Emma Nakuina was also her godmother.[27] Diplomatic representatives from the United States, Britain and France and members of the consular corps in Honolulu were among the spectators.[28] The royal family held a reception and afternoon dinner at ʻIolani Palace for the guests of the ceremony during which Kaʻiulani was present and attended by her nurse.[1] The Royal Hawaiian Band played at the reception. Captain Henri Berger, the leader of the band, composed the "Kaʻiulani March" in her honor.[15][28]

Princess Ruth gifted Kaʻiulani with land at Waikiki, 4 miles (6.4 km) from Honolulu, which combined with adjacent lands previously purchased in 1872 by Cleghorn to form ʻĀinahau.[29][note 1] Her mother Likelike named it ʻĀinahau (cool place)[note 2] after the cool winds blowing down from the Manoa Valley. Her father relocated the family to the country estate in 1878 when Kaʻiulani was three years old. Cleghorn planted a large botanical garden on the grounds of the estate, including a banyan tree, known as Kaʻiulani's banyan.[35][36][37] Kaʻiulani's mother Princess Likelike died at age 36 on February 2, 1887, officially of unknown causes. Her doctors had believed in vain that she could have been cured with proper nourishment.[38] Upon the death of her mother, when Kaʻiulani was eleven years old, she inherited the estate.[39]

Education and unrest in Hawaii 1879–1893 edit

From a young age, governesses and private tutors educated Kaʻiulani starting with a British woman, Marion Barnes, from 1879 until her early death of pneumonia in 1884,[40] and then an American woman, Gertrude Gardinier, who became her favorite governess.[24][41] After Gardinier's marriage in 1887, her governesses included a French woman, Catalina de Alcala or D'Acala, and a German woman, Miss Reiseberg, with whom Kaʻiulani did not develop as strong a bond.[42] Her governesses taught her reading, writing letters (often to relatives), music practices and social training. She also read biographies about her namesake, Queen Victoria.[41] She would become fluent in the Hawaiian, English, French and German languages.[43][44]

Kalākaua championed future Hawaiian leaders attaining a broader education with his 1880 Hawaiian Youths Abroad program. His niece Kaʻiulani was not the first Hawaiian royal to study abroad. The Hawaiian government sent her cousins[note 3] David Kawānanakoa (known as Koa), Edward Abnel Keliʻiahonui and Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole to attend Saint Matthew's School in the United States in 1885.[47] Keliʻiahonui died young in 1887 while Kawānanakoa and Kūhiō traveled to England in 1890 to finish their education a few months after Kaʻiulani's own departure for an education abroad.[48][49]

Months after the death of Kaʻiulani's mother, Likelike, political unrest gripped Hawaii. Local businessmen accused Kalākaua's cabinet under Prime Minister Walter Murray Gibson of influence peddling in elections and manipulation of legislative governance. Although the Gibson cabinet was replaced by the Reform Cabinet, the business community remained dissatisfied. The Committee of Thirteen businessmen under the leadership of Lorrin A. Thurston, drafted what became known as the Bayonet Constitution, codifying the legislature as the supreme authority over the monarchy's actions. Thurston is believed to have been the principal author of the new constitution.[50] Presented to Kalākaua for his signature on July 6, 1887, it limited the power of the monarchy and increased the influence of Euro-American interests in the government.[51][52]

Abroad in England, 1889–1893 edit

 
Kaʻiulani at Great Harrowden Hall, c. 1892

Upon the death of her mother, Likelike, Kaʻiulani became second in line to the throne, following her aunt Liliʻuokalani. She would become the heir apparent after the death of her uncle Kalākaua and the accession of Liliʻuokalani. In 1889, it was deemed appropriate to send Kaʻiulani to England for a proper education and remove her from the intrigues and unrest between Kalākaua and his political opponents.[53] Cleghorn, Kalākaua and allegedly Lorrin A. Thurston, who served as Minister of the Interior, made the plans to send Kaʻiulani abroad. Thurston later denied involvement in the decision.[54][55]

Leaving Honolulu on May 10, 1889, the travel party included her half-sister Annie, and Mary Matilda Walker, wife of the British vice-consul to Hawaii Thomas R. Walker, as their chaperone. Cleghorn accompanied his daughters to San Francisco before returning to Hawaii. They traveled across the United States by train, stopping briefly at Chicago and New York before sailing to England. They landed in Liverpool on June 17, after a month-long journey.[56][57][58] After Mrs. Walker returned to Hawaii, Kaʻiulani and Annie were placed under the guardianship of Theo H. Davies and his wife Mary Ellen. Davies was a British citizen and owner of Theo H. Davies & Co., one of the Big Five leading sugar firms operating in Hawaii. During school holidays, Kaʻiulani stayed at Sundown, the Davies' residence in Hesketh Park, Southport.[59][60][61]

By September, Kaʻiulani and Annie were sent to Northamptonshire and enrolled at Great Harrowden Hall, a boarding school for young girls, under the elderly schoolmistress Caroline Sharp. After the first academic year, Annie returned to Hawaii to marry leaving Kaʻiulani alone at the school.[62][63][64] Sharp noted that Kaʻiulani continued "making good progress in her studies" despite the separation.[65] Kaʻiulani proudly wrote home that she was third in her French class.[66] The Bishop of Leicester confirmed her in the Anglican faith in May 1890.[67][66] In the summer of 1891, her father visited her, and they toured the British Isles and visited the Cleghorns' ancestral land in Scotland.[68]

Davies persuaded her family to remove Kaʻiulani from Great Harrowden Hall in early 1892[69][note 4] to attend a finishing school to prepare her for society. By February, Kaʻiulani moved to Hove, Brighton, where she was placed in the care of Phebe Rooke who set up private tutors and a curriculum that included German, French, English, literature, history, music[note 5] and singing.[74][75] This village by the sea pleased her, and she holidayed in late April and early May at Saint Helier in the Channel Island of Jersey with her host.[76]

The prospect of returning to Hawaii renewed her enthusiasm for her studies. Plans were made for her return to Hawaii by the end of 1893, with the Hawaiian legislature appropriating $4,000 for her travel expenses.[77][78] This trip would mark her entrance in society as the heir-apparent to the throne. There were arrangements for an audience with Queen Victoria, followed by a tour of Europe and a possible visit to the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago.[78][79] In anticipation, Kaʻiulani wrote to her aunt Liliʻuokalani, "I am looking forward to my return next year. I am beginning to feel very homesick."[80] However, following the overthrow on January 17, 1893, these plans were cancelled.[81][82]

Overthrow 1891–1893 edit

Main article: Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom

During her absence, much turmoil occurred back in Hawaii. Kalākaua died in San Francisco on January 20, 1891.[83][84] Kaʻiulani learned of her uncle's death by the next day through the Transatlantic telegraph cables while news did not reach Hawaii until January 29, when the Charleston returned to Honolulu with the king's remains.[85][86] Liliʻuokalani ascended immediately to the throne.[87] On March 9, with the approval of the House of Nobles, and as required by the Hawaiian constitution, Liliʻuokalani appointed her niece Kaʻiulani as her heir apparent and eventual successor to the throne.[88] The Queen's staff then rode through the streets of Honolulu announcing the proclamation, while gun salutes were fired from both the artillery battery and the American vessels Mohican and Iroquois in Honolulu Harbor.[89][90]

As heir apparent, Kaʻiulani had influence with the queen on political issues. In the fall of 1891, she wrote to Liliʻuokalani requesting the appointment of her father, instead of Prince David Kawānanakoa,[note 6] to the recently vacated governorship of Oahu caused by the death of Liliʻuokalani's husband John Owen Dominis.[92] The queen acceded to her request, and made the appointment of Cleghorn on November 11.[93] The princess also received approval for her father to retain his post as collector general after she explained, "we cannot do without his salary for that, as the salary of Governor is only half the other."[94][95] Kaʻiulani, looking forward to her return, promised, "When I come home I shall try to help you as much as I can, tho [sic] it will not be much as I don't understand State Affairs."[95]

 
Archibald Scott Cleghorn tried in vain to secure Kaʻiulani's right to the throne during the overthrow

The Committee of Safety, under the leadership of Thurston, met for two days in the final planning of the overthrow, and unanimously selected Sanford B. Dole to lead the coup and organize a provisional government. Dole put forth what he believed was a more reasonable immediate plan of action, a possible outcome that had been discussed by others in the kingdom, "...that the Queen be deposed and Princess Kaʻiulani be installed as queen, and that a regency be established to govern the country during her minority..."[96][note 7] In fact, Cleghorn had also directly approached Thurston the morning before the overthrow, with the exact same proposition.[97] Thurston reiterated what he had already told Cleghorn, that the committee had no interest in dealing with a future monarchy in any form, and rejected the plan outright.[98][99][note 8] The monarchy was overthrown and the Provisional Government of Hawaii was proclaimed by President Sanford B. Dole on January 17, 1893.[100][101]

Liliʻuokalani relinquished her power to the United States temporarily, rather than the Dole-led government, in hopes that the United States would recognize the monarchical government as the lawful power, and thereby restore Hawaii's sovereignty.[102] Cleghorn lost his governorship position as of February 28. He blamed Liliʻuokalani's political inaction for the overthrow and believed that the monarchy would have been preserved had she abdicated in favor of Kaʻiulani. He met privately with Thurston and requested that he respect Ka'iulani's claim to the throne, which Thurston tersely refused to consider.[103][97] Cleghorn later took an oath to the Provisional Government under protest in order to retain his position in the custom house, but resigned on April 15.[104][105]

The Provisional Government's ultimate goal was annexation by the United States. Thurston headed a delegation to Washington, DC, to negotiate with President Benjamin Harrison, while the queen sent her attorney Paul Neumann and Prince Kawānanakoa to represent her case to Harrison and President-elect Grover Cleveland. Cleghorn paid for the travel expenses of Edward C. Macfarlane, another of the queen's envoys, to protect the rights of Kaʻiulani.[100][106][107] The annexation treaty would have offered Liliʻuokalani a lifetime pension of $20,000 annually, and compensated Kaʻiulani with a one-time settlement of $150,000, if they would subordinate themselves to the United States government, and to local governance of the Islands. The queen never saw that as a viable option.[108]

Visit to the United States, 1893 edit

 
Kaʻiulani and Theo H. Davies in Boston, 1893

Many factions in Hawaii and abroad preferred restoring Kaʻiulani to the Hawaiian throne in place of Liliʻuokalani under a more restricted form of constitutional monarchy.[109][110] James Hay Wodehouse, the British commissioner to Hawaii, reported to his superior in London that the natives would support and welcome Kaʻiulani as queen.[111][112] Charles Reed Bishop, the widower of the High Chiefess Bernice Pauahi Bishop, wrote that, "the better class of the British prefer her, and they would help to control her and make as good a government as possible".[109][113] Dole, the leader of the Provisional Government, had stated that it would have been "far more tactful" to "hold the power of the throne" through a "regency in the name of the young Princess Kaʻiulani until she reaches her majority".[114]

Kaʻiulani learned of the overthrow via a short telegram received by Davies on January 30, "'Queen Deposed', 'Monarchy Abrogated', 'Break News to Princess'".[94] In the weeks after the overthrow, Davies wrote to the Hawaiian Minister to the United States John Mott-Smith in Washington suggesting that the Hawaiian electorate vote on a revised constitution for the abdication of the queen and for the placing Kaʻiulani under a council of regency headed by Dole. Davies reiterated this stance in a later address.[115] Davies advised Kaʻiulani to take her case directly to the American people.[116]

Kaʻiulani, accompanied by Mr. and Mrs. Davies, their daughter Alice Davies, Annie Whartoff, as her lady-in-waiting and a chaperone, and a maid of Mrs. Davies, traveled from Southampton to New York, arriving on March 1.[116] Macfarlane and Mott-Smith met the party on their ship. Upon landing on the pier, Kaʻiulani delivered to the assembled press and curious onlookers a speech written by Davies:[117][118]

Seventy years ago, Christian America sent over Christian men and women to give religion and civilization to Hawaii. Today, three of the sons of those missionaries are at your capitol asking you to undo their father's work. Who sent them? Who gave them the authority to break the Constitution which they swore they would uphold? Today, I, a poor weak girl with not one of my people with me and all these 'Hawaiian' statesmen against me, have strength to stand up for the rights of my people. Even now I can hear their wail in my heart and it gives me strength and courage and I am strong – strong in the faith of God, strong in the knowledge that I am right, strong in the strength of seventy million people who in this free land will hear my cry and will refuse to let their flag cover dishonor to mine!"[119]

During her first two days, Kaʻiulani and the Davies toured New York and received callers, including her cousin Kawānanakoa, although he was only allowed to speak to her briefly.[120] Dissent developed between Davies and Liliʻuokalani's representatives in the United States over his influence over Kaʻiulani. Kawānanakoa along with Neumann, Macfarlane and Mott-Smith voiced criticism at Davies' action in bringing Kaʻiulani to the United States without the consent of Cleghorn or the queen. They felt Davies' public statements supporting a regency in place of the queen undermined the cause against annexation and created the impression of a "three-cornered fight".[111][121][122] Macfarlane, himself of British descent, stated to the press, "Her coming will do no good, especially when she is under the wing of an ultra-Britisher."[115][123]

From March 3 to March 7, Kaʻiulani visited Boston while Cleveland waited to be sworn in as President. She attended various social events, many in her honor, and toured the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (where the Davies' son Clive attended) and Wellesley College. Arriving in Washington, DC, on March 8, Kawānanakoa greeted her at the train station with a floral lei. She stayed at Arlington Hotel where she awaited the chance to meet with the President.[124] In the meantime, Cleveland, who espoused anti-imperialist views, withdrew the treaty of annexation on March 9 and appointed James Henderson Blount on March 11 as special commissioner to investigate the overthrow.[125] On March 13, President and First Lady Frances Cleveland received Kaʻiulani at the White House. Her traveling companion Alice recalled, "We were received by President and Mrs. Cleveland and we had a short interview where all references to our mission were carefully avoided."[126]

Politics remained uncertain as Hawaii waited for the conclusion of the Blount Report. Macfarlane wanted Kaʻiulani to return to Honolulu while Davies wanted her to accompany him back to England. Macfarlane believed that going back narrowed her perspective in favor of the British, which might affect her policy making should she become queen. On April 8, Cleghorn wrote to Kaʻiulani, "I think for the present you are better not here, much as I would like to have you home. ... [T]hings must be settled soon and then we will know what to do."[127]

Establishing life in Europe 1893–1897 edit

 
Kaʻiulani on the Isle of Jersey, c. 1896–1897

Prior to the 1893 overthrow, Kaʻiulani had been allocated an annual pension by the Hawaiian government. As a member of the royal family, she had received $5,000 annually from the civil list between 1882 and 1888, $4,800 between 1888 and 1892 and $10,000 as heir apparent to the throne in 1892.[128][129][77] Archibald Cleghorn had also been supported from the Hawaiian civil list through his governmental positions. These sources of income ended after the overthrow.[130][94][95]

The unsettled political situation in Hawaii prevented Kaʻiulani from returning home, and her father arranged for her to remain with the Davies family in England. The press releases under her name were in reality created by Davies who, in the beginning, did not ask for her input. It is unclear whether any of the public statements were at her request, but he did eventually give her the opportunity to approve the final product before it went to the news media of the day. The teenage Kaʻiulani spent her summer of 1893 with the Davies family in Killiney, Ireland, where she and her friends played cricket and enjoyed tea.[131]

That winter, Mary Ellen Davies sent her daughter Alice to Wiesbaden, Germany, with Kaʻiulani, and three other women of the same age. Traveling with a chaperone, they were primarily there to learn the German language.[132] Alice later said, " .. I forget just about everything about that journey except that she made many conquests among the susceptible German officers we met."[133] Family friend Lillian Kennedy remembered a very fun-loving young lady who engaged in pillow fights and played hide-and-seek games. Politics in Hawaii began to seem far away and less important to her. She was beginning to enjoy life abroad, so much so that she resisted returning to the Davies' home to once again become a political asset.[134]

Accustomed to the life of a Victorian society woman, Kaʻiulani preferred her new life. Writing to her father on June 10, 1894, she expressed her sadness at the change in Hawaii and asked him to consider a life abroad in Europe.[135] After the 1895 royalist counter-revolution, he agreed. While they were abroad, the news of the March 6, 1897, death of her half-sister Annie impacted both Kaʻiulani and Cleghorn.[136][137]

From August 1895 to October 1897, she and her father assumed the lives of itinerant aristocrats traveling across Europe and the British Isles. They stayed in the French Riviera, Paris, and on the island of Jersey, as well as England, and Scotland.[138][139][140] Kaʻiulani was treated as royalty in the French Riviera where they wintered each year and made friends, including Nevinson William (Toby) de Courcy, a British aristocrat who corresponded with her over the next three years and saved her letters until his death.[141][142]

During these years, Kaʻiulani began to have recurring illnesses, writing her aunt Liliʻuokalani that she'd had "the grip" (influenza) seven times while living abroad. She also complained of headaches, weight loss, eye problems and fainting spells.[143] A migraine episode in Paris on May 4, 1897, prevented her from attending the Bazar de la Charité, which caught fire and killed a number of French noble women including the Duchess of Alençon.[144][145] Growing expenses also exacerbated Cleghorn's drained financial status, and he wrote to Liliʻuokalani, asking for assistance.[146]

Kaʻiulani knew little about financial management and had no means to repay her benefactors. As her funding ran out, she wondered if the Provisional Government would give her an allowance. Her father had no means to support her, so both were dependent upon the generosity of others. Davies was a hard-nosed businessman who had risen from working-class parents, to make a fortune in Hawaii's sugar plantation business. While he agreed to assist with the finances, he took the princess to task for her careless spending in 1894, "I am disappointed in what you say about money matters because I have always been disagreeably plain about them ... You have the chance to be a heroine but unless you exercise resolution and self control ... we shall all fail".[130] He cautioned that any funding from the Provisional Government obligated her to support their cause. He tried to get Kaʻiulani to re-focus on the goal ahead regarding Hawaii, but she wanted to be in charge of her own destiny. Stress from her financial situation had an adverse effect on her mental and physical health, and she fell into an emotional drift.[147]

Return to Hawaii, 1897 edit

Kaʻiulani felt duty-bound to her family in Hawaii, especially her ailing aunt, the Dowager Queen Kapiʻolani. However, the princess was wary of her uncertain future as a former royal and was reluctant to accept the prospect of an arranged marriage back home. She was also growing accustomed to life abroad. Despite her misgivings, the changing political situation in Hawaii called her home in 1897.[148][149] On June 16, Cleveland's successor President William McKinley presented the United States Senate with a new version of the annexation treaty to incorporate the Republic of Hawaii into the United States. Liliʻuokalani filed an official protest with Secretary of State John Sherman. Hawaiians against annexation coalesced, including the political entity Hui Kālaiʻāina which ran petition drives to oppose annexation.[150][151][152]

Between 1896 and 1897, she divulged her plans to return to Hawaii in two candid letters written to her friend Toby de Courcy.[153] In the first letter, written in the fall of 1896 from Rozel, Jersey, she confided in him that a secret engagement was arranged and she was expected to return in April of the following year.[154][155][156] In a subsequent letter dated July 4 from Tunbridge Wells, she explained to Toby that she would visit her aunt Liliʻuokalani in the United States. The decision to return to Hawaii was still undecided at this point. Kaʻiulani added that, "If I went over to see my Aunt I would only stay about Three [sic] weeks there and return again here (Europe)", although Davies "may think it advisable for me to return home the end of this winter".[154][157] By August and September, Kaʻiulani and her father were making farewell calls to friends, hiring an Irish maid, Mary O'Donell,[158][159] to assist her and preparing for their return to Hawaii.[149]

 
Kaʻiulani in San Francisco on her way home to Hawaii, 1897

Kaʻiulani and her father Cleghorn sailed from Southampton to New York on October 9, 1897. After a brief stay at the Albemarle Hotel in New York, the two traveled to Washington, DC, to pay their respects to Queen Liliʻuokalani, who was staying at Ebbett House in the US capital to lobby against annexation. Afterward, Kaʻiulani and Cleghorn took a train heading west and reached San Francisco on October 29 where they stayed at the Occidental Hotel.[160][161][162] During her travels across the United States, many journalists interviewed her, although her father made sure to shield her from topics of politics. Many detractors of the monarchy had painted a negative image of Hawaiians, especially of Kaʻiulani and her aunt Liliʻuokalani. However, interviews with the Hawaiian princess dispelled these rumors.[160][161] A journalist of San Francisco's The Examiner wrote, "A barbarian princess? Not a bit of it ..Rather the very flower — an exotic — of civilization. The Princess Kaʻiulani is a charming, fascinating individual."[163][164] According to historian Andrea Feeser, the contemporary portrayals of Kaʻiulani were "shaped by race and gender stereotypes, and although they aimed to be favorable, they granted her no authority" with emphasis placed on her Caucasian features, Victorian manners, feminine fragility and exoticism.[165]

Kaʻiulani and her father sailed from San Francisco on November 2 and arrived in Honolulu on the morning of November 9. Thousands of well-wishers, including her cousin Kawānanakoa, greeted her at the harbor in Honolulu and showered her with garlands of lei and flowers. They returned to ʻĀinahau where Kaʻiulani was to assume the life of a private citizen.[166][167] Her father had built a two-storied new Victorian-style mansion designed by architect Clinton Briggs Ripley next to the bungalow which had been her childhood home in the intervening years when she was abroad.[30][31] Despite her lack of political status, she continued to receive visitors and made public appearances at events hosted by both monarchists and supporters of the Republic.[166][168]

The Hawaiian Red Cross Society was formed in June 1898, with Mrs. Harold M. Sewall as its president. Her husband was the United States Minister to the Republic. First Lady of the Republic Anna Prentice Cate Dole was selected as first vice-president, and Kaʻiulani was second vice-president. It is unclear if the princess had given her consent to be named as part of the committee, but she did not attend the subsequent meeting of the officers.[169]

In the United States Senate, McKinley's annexation treaty failed to pass after months without a vote. However, following the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, Hawaii was annexed in any event via the Newlands Resolution, a joint resolution of Congress, on July 4, 1898.[152] With the impending annexation of Hawaii only weeks away and Liliʻuokalani still in Washington, DC, Hawaii wanted to show its support of US troops heading to the Pacific theater of the war. If nothing else, the harbor traffic meant income for the local businesses. Cleghorn and Kaʻiulani issued an open invitation for visiting American troops to stay at ʻĀinahau, although it was more likely solely her father's idea. She wrote to Liliʻuokalani, "I am sure you would be disgusted if you could see the way the town is decorated for the American troops. Honolulu is making a fool of itself and I only hope we won't be ridiculed."[170]

 
Kaʻiulani and Liliʻuokalani at Washington Place, boycotting the annexation ceremony, 1898

The annexation ceremony was held on August 12, 1898, at the former ʻIolani Palace, now being used as the executive building of the government. President Dole handed over "the sovereignty and public property of the Hawaiian Islands" to United States minister Harold M. Sewall. The flag of the Republic of Hawaii was lowered, and the flag of the United States was raised in its place.[171] "When the news of Annexation came it was bitterer than death to me," Kaʻiulani told the San Francisco Chronicle. "It was bad enough to lose the throne, but infinitely worse to have the flag go down ...".[172] Liliʻuokalani with Kaʻiulani, their family members and retainers boycotted the event and shuttered themselves away at Washington Place in mourning. Many Native Hawaiians and royalists followed suit and refused to attend the ceremony.[173][174] The Republican government attempted to invite her to the Annexation Ball, and she responded by saying, "Why don't you ask me if I am going to pull down Hawaii's flag for them?"[175]

On September 7, 1898, Kaʻiulani hosted the United States Congressional commission party and more than 120 guests with a grand luau at ʻĀinahau. The commissioners: the new Territorial Governor Dole, Senators Shelby M. Cullom of Illinois and John T. Morgan of Alabama, Representative Robert R. Hitt of Illinois, and Hawaii associate justice and the later Territorial Governor Walter F. Frear were tasked with forming a new territorial government. Kaʻiulani arranged the event to highlight the importance of Hawaiian culture and started the luau by dipping her finger in the poi.[176][177][178] The luau at ʻĀinahau for the congressional party was portrayed in the 2009 film as a fight for Hawaiian suffrage, which was ensured in the 1900 Hawaiian Organic Act.[179][180]

Personal life edit

Surfing edit

Kaʻiulani had always been an athletic young woman, who enjoyed equestrianism, surfing, swimming, croquet, and canoeing.[181][182] In an 1897 interview for The Sun newspaper in New York, she stated, "I love riding, driving, swimming, dancing and cycling. Really, I'm sure I was a seal in another world because I am so fond of the water… My mother taught me to swim almost before I knew how to walk."[183] An avid surfer on the shores of Waikiki, her 7 feet, 4 inch alaia surfboard made of koa (acacia koa) is preserved at the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum.[184] Acquired by the museum in 1922 from her deceased father’s estate, it is one of the few surviving examples of 19th-century Hawaiian surfboards.[185]

According to popular belief, she may have been the first female surfer in the British Isles.[186] However, the Museum of British Surfing states "the only tangible evidence – so far – is a letter in which she wrote that she enjoyed ‘being on the water again’ at Brighton."[187][188] Her three cousins Kawananakoa, Kuhio and Keliʻiahonui pioneered surfing in California in 1885.[189] Kawananakoa and Kūhiō became the first male surfers in the British Isles in 1890 when they went surf riding with their tutor John Wrightson at Bridlington in northern England. The swimming attire for Victorian-minded Hawaiian royals would have been full-body swimwear made of wool or cotton.[187][188]

Robert Louis Stevenson edit

 
Poppies, oil on canvas painting by Kaʻiulani, 1890

Kaʻiulani was a painter who enjoyed the company of other artists. While under Davies' guardianship, she sent some of her paintings of England home to Hawaii. When Kalakaua was ill in his final year, she sent a painting to cheer him up.[66] Her few surviving paintings are found in Hawaii.[190][191] She was acquainted with Joseph Dwight Strong, a landscape painter in the court of Kalākaua, and Isobel Osbourne Strong, a lady-in-waiting to Likelike. Isobel's stepfather was Scottish writer Robert Louis Stevenson.[191] In June 1888, Stevenson chartered the yacht Casco and set sail with his family from San Francisco. The poet spent nearly three years in the eastern and central Pacific, stopping for extended stays at the Hawaiian Islands, where he became a good friend of King Kalākaua and Ka'iulani. Stevenson and the princess often strolled at ʻĀinahau and sat beneath its banyan tree. Prior to her departure, Stevenson composed a poem for her.[192][193] He later wrote to his friend Will Hicok Low, "If you want to cease to be Republican, see my little Kaiulani, as she goes through [the United States]."[194] Historian A. Grove Day noted, "Of all his island friendships, the platonic affair with the half-Scottish princess has most persisted in the imagination of lovers of Hawaiiana."[195]

Forth from her land to mine she goes,
The island maid, the island rose,
Light of heart and bright of face,
The daughter of a double race ...
But our Scots islands far away
Shall glitter with unwonted day,
And cast for once their tempest by
To smile in Kaiulani's eye.

— Robert Louis Stevenson, 1889, "Ka'iulani", [196]

Matchmaking and engagement rumors edit

 
Kaʻiulani wearing a traditional Japanese kimono

During his 1881 world tour, Kalākaua held a secret meeting with Emperor Meiji and proposed to unite the two nations in an alliance with an arranged marriage between his 5-year-old niece Kaʻiulani and the 13-year-old Prince Yamashina Sadamaro.[note 9] From extant letters to the king, both by Prince Sadamaro, upon the advice of his father, and by Japanese foreign minister Inoue Kaoru declined the proposal on behalf of the government of Japan.[199] In February 1893, the Japanese Imperial Navy gunboat Naniwa was docked at Pearl Harbor with the Japanese prince on board. Rumors circulated in the American press that the Japanese considered intervening militarily.[200]

From 1893 until her death, rumors of whom Kaʻiulani would wed circulated in the American and Hawaiian press, and on one occasion she was pressured by Queen Liliʻuokalani to marry.[45] When Clive Davies, son of Kaʻiulani's guardian Theo H. Davies, was a student at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1893, he was rumored to be Kaʻiulani's fiancé. Although the princess had stayed with the family occasionally while she was in England, her father said there was no engagement between the two young people and the rumors were "absurd and preposterous".[201] In spite of the denial, the rumors persisted for a time.[202] However, Clive was engaged to Edith Fox, daughter of civil engineer Francis Fox, between 1896 and 1898 while he resided in Honolulu and handled his father's business.[203] Another rumor, which circulated after Kaʻiulani's return to Hawaii, said she was to marry Clive's brother George Davies. Members of Kaʻiulani's household denied this.[204]

On January 29, 1894, when Kaʻiulani was nineteen, Liliʻuokalani wrote asking her to consider marrying either Prince David Kawānanakoa, Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole, or an unnamed Japanese prince (then studying in London). She reminded her, "To you then depends the hope of the Nation and unfortunately we cannot always do as we like."[45] It took five months for Kaʻiulani to respond to Liliʻuokalani's suggestion. In a June 22, 1894, letter Kaʻiulani asserted that she would prefer to marry for love unless it was necessary stating, "I feel it would be wrong if I married a man I did not love."[45] Based on personal letters and letters by her friends, many suitors courted Kaʻiulani while she resided in England and Europe.[205] Prior to her return to Hawaii in November 1897, Kaʻiulani confided in her friend Toby de Courcy that she would have to end her courtship with one of her "young men" because there was an arranged marriage waiting for her in Hawaii. She further hinted that the union, approved by her father and Theo H. Davies, was being kept secret for political reasons. She lamented, "I must have been born under an unlucky star as I seem to have my life planned out for me in such a way that I cannot alter it."[206] Historian Marilyn Stassen-McLaughlin and biographer Sharon Linnea could not identify the gentleman behind the secret union from the primary sources, but conjectured it was Kawānanakoa because he was the only likely candidate for a political union after Kūhiō had married in 1896.[206][155]

 
"Betrothal of Royal Hawaiians", published in The San Francisco Call, 1898.

Records indicate that there may have been a written agreement of betrothal with Kawānanakoa, that was quickly aborted. An unsubstantiated announcement dated February 3, 1898, was printed in The San Francisco Call and later reprinted in newspapers across the United States. According to the report, the betrothal was dependent upon the finalization of deeds to a sizeable real estate holding, transferred from Queen Kapiʻolani to both Kawānanakoa and Kalanianaʻole.[207][208] On February 19, a denial of betrothal from Kawānanakoa was printed in the newspapers.[209] Kapiʻolani did deed all her property, real and personal, to the brothers on February 10, with the express stipulation that the documentation not be executed until she was ready. Kapiʻolani wanted to hold off the transfer until she was too old to manage the property herself, and/or otherwise would believe she was close to death. She last saw the document with her notary Carlos A. Long, with her instructions to have changes made in the wording. Instead, the brothers had the deed executed immediately, without her knowledge.[207][210][note 10]

Family lore also conflicts over the exact nature of her relationship with Kawānanakoa. Kaʻiulani's niece Mabel Robertson Lucas (daughter of her sister Rose) said that the two cousins were close but only like siblings.[211][212] Nancy and Jean Francis Webb's 1962 biography of Kaʻiulani says that Kawānanakoa's eventual wife, Abigail Campbell Kawānanakoa, told an unnamed biographer or close friend that "of course I never could have married David if Kaʻiulani had lived".[213] The Bishop Museum collection has a number of jewels owned by Kaʻiulani, including a diamond and aquamarine necklace given to her by Queen Kapiʻolani in 1897, in honor of her engagement to an unnamed suitor. Kaʻiulani replaced the chain attaching the gems with strands of small pearls.[214]

According to a letter written to Liliʻuokalani dated to June 22, 1894, in which she declined an arranged marriage, she mentioned that she had rejected a proposal by an "enormously rich German Count".[215] She was connected in the press to two other suitors in 1898: Captain Putnam Bradlee Strong, an American officer en route to fight in the Spanish–American War in Manilla and son of New York City Mayor William Lafayette Strong, and Andrew Adams, a New England-born journalist for The Pacific Commercial Advertiser whom her father favored.[216] In 1895, The Evening Republican reported a rumor that Kaʻiulani was to marry Rudolph Spreckels, the son of sugar magnate Claus Spreckels.[217] A posthumous report in The Butte Daily Post, after Kaʻiulani's death, connected her to James G. Blaine, Jr, son of former United States Secretary of State James G. Blaine.[218]

Death and burial, 1898–1899 edit

Kaʻiulani traveled to the Parker Ranch at Waimea, on the island of Hawaii on December 6, 1898.[219] The ranch owner, Samuel Parker, had served on Kalākaua's privy council, and was Liliʻuokalani's minister of foreign affairs when the monarchy was overthrown. Kaʻiulani attended the December 14 wedding of Parker's daughter, who was her childhood friend Eva, to Frank Woods,[220] and stayed for Christmas festivities. The celebrations and activities went on for weeks. In mid-January 1899, Kaʻiulani and a number of other guests mounted horses and rode out for a picnic. What started out as pleasant weather soon turned into a windy rainstorm. While others on the ride donned raincoats, Kaʻiulani was gleefully galloping through the rain without a coat. It was not until later, when they were back on the ranch, that she began feeling ill.[221] Upon learning of her situation on January 24, her father sailed immediately to the island on the steamship Kinau. Their family physician, "Doctor Walters" (Saint David G. Walters), accompanied him.[222] After medical treatment, the public was told two weeks later that she was on the mend.[221]

However, Kaʻiulani was still frail, and her illness lingered. A petition to President William McKinley and Congress, urging the United States to grant the princess a pension, was being circulated for signatures.[223] In reality, she was still gravely ill, and Cleghorn brought her back to ʻĀinahau on February 9, on the steamship Mauna Loa. She was so ill she had to be carried on a stretcher. Walters said it was "inflammatory rheumatism". He later added that she also had an exophthalmic goitre.[223]

Kaʻiulani died of inflammatory rheumatism, at her home at ʻĀinahau, on Monday, March 6, 1899, at the age of 23. Later, George W. Macfarlane, a family friend and King Kalākaua's chamberlain, told a reporter from the San Francisco Call that the princess possibly died of a broken heart.[224] Kaʻiulani had loved peacocks, growing up around a flock originally belonging to her mother at ʻĀinahau. She would sometimes be called the "Peacock Princess".[225] Her beloved peacocks could be heard screaming in the night when she died. It was later determined that the late-night activities and lights likely agitated the birds, but others still believed that the peacocks were mourning her death.[226] Native Hawaiian protocol dictated that the body of an aliʻi (royal) could only be moved after midnight following death and had to be interred on the sabbath. She lay in her own home until Saturday, March 11, when her body was moved just after midnight.[227] The route from ʻĀinahau to the lying in state at Kawaiahaʻo Church became a growing funeral procession as native Hawaiians fell in line with lit torches and wailed mournfully.[228]

 
 
Kaʻiulani lying in state at Kawaiahaʻo Church and her funeral procession through Honolulu, 1899

The Republic of Hawaii government put all its resources at the family's disposal and gave her a state funeral on March 12.[229] She lay in state at Kawaiahaʻo Church until her final service. Hundreds of individuals and organizations made up the procession. The Pacific Commercial Advertiser estimated that 20,000 spectators lined the streets.[230] The most-recent (1896) census had shown only 29,000 residents in all of Honolulu.[231] Her remains were brought to the Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii at ʻMauna Ala in the Nuʻuanu Valley for burial. She was interred in the main chapel of the mausoleum, joining her mother Likelike and the other deceased members of the royal houses of Kalākaua and Kamehameha.[232][233]

In a ceremony officiated by Liliʻuokalani on June 24, 1910, the family's remains were transferred for a final time to the underground Kalākaua Crypt after the main mausoleum building had been converted into a chapel. Her father was also interred in the crypt after his death on November 1, 1910.[234]

Cultural impact and legacy edit

When Kaʻiulani was born, kerosene lamps provided Honolulu's street lighting. During Kalākaua's 1881 world tour, he visited Thomas Edison who gave him a demonstration of electric light bulbs.[235] ʻIolani Palace led the way in and installed the first electric lighting in Hawaii in 1886. The public was invited to attend the first-night lighting ceremonies. The Royal Hawaiian Band entertained, refreshments were served, and the king, on horseback, paraded his troops around the grounds.[236] When Honolulu finally electrified all its street lighting, the honor of throwing the switch at the Nuʻuanu generators to light up the city fell to 12-year-old Kaʻiulani on Friday, March 23, 1888.[237]

 
The Kaʻiulani statue in Waikiki

In the fall of 2007, British filmmaker Marc Forby began production on a $9 million film titled Barbarian Princess based on the princess' attempts to restore her nation's independence. Princess Kaʻiulani was played by 12-year-old Kaimana Paʻaluhi of Oahu and by Q'Orianka Kilcher. Barry Pepper, Will Patton, and Shaun Evans co-star. In March 2008, scenes were filmed on location at the ʻIolani Palace. The film's world premiere was held at the Hawaii Theatre in Honolulu, Hawaii, on Friday, October 16, 2009, as part of the Hawaii International Film Festival. The film's title provoked controversy, and the film opened with mixed reviews.[238] However, demand to see the film was high and the film festival scheduled several additional screenings. The movie's title has since been changed to Princess Kaʻiulani. Roadside Attractions acquired the movie's United States rights and scheduled it for theatrical release on May 14, 2010.[239][240]

Forby's film is not the first project to bring the Princess to the screen: Kaʻiulani biographer Kristin Zambucka produced a docudrama called A Cry of Peacocks for Hawaiian television, broadcast in 1994 by Green Glass Productions and KITV. Princess Kaʻiulani was played by Heather Kuʻupuaohelomakamae Marsh.[241][242]

In 1999, the Outrigger Hotels commissioned a statue of Kaʻiulani at Waikiki. An annual keiki (children) hula festival is held in her honor in October at the Sheraton Princess Kaiulani Hotel (built on the former grounds of ʻĀinahau).[243] In March 2017, Hawaiʻi Magazine ranked her on a list of the most influential women in Hawaiian history.[244]

The Kaʻiulani Project edit

The Kaʻiulani Project began in 2007 after completion of five years of research on the life of the princess.[245] Members of the project, which was founded by Jennifer Fahrni, include descendants of the princess's family, Hawaiian cultural leaders, kumu hula and Hawaiian educators. The goal of the project was to make Kaʻiulani's dual culture and her legacy for the Hawaiian people more widely known and ultimately taught in Hawaiian schools.[246] In 2007 the project began work with Hawaiian educators as well as cultural and performing arts organizations, producing presentations and play readings throughout the state.[247]

On October 16, 2010, The Kaʻiulani Project, in co-ordination with the Royal Guards of Hawaii produced the Lahaina Royal Hoʻike where official Hawaiian protocols were performed for the first time in honor of Kaʻiulani in over 100 years.[248] Delegations from all islands took part in the event on the sacred grounds of Mokuʻula and Waiola Church. This was first time since Kaʻiulani’s passing that her family participated in official Hawaiian celebrations of her life. Hoʻokupu offerings were presented to and received by Kaʻiulani’s grand-niece in honor of the princess’s 135th birthday. Numerous civic and cultural organizations in Hawaii including the Royal Order of Kamehameha I participate in the event. Entertainment was provided by the Royal Hawaiian Band and other performers.[249] The story of the princess's life was also presented with selected scenes from the original script “Ka’iulani, The Island Rose”.[250]

The Kaʻiulani Project includes Kaʻiulani: The Island Rose,[251][252] a fact-based screenplay and stage play researched and written since 2003 by Fahrni and Carol Harvie-Yamaguchi, and a biography Princess Kaʻiulani – Her Life and Times.[253] The script was first performed as a public reading on April 12, 2008, in Kahului, Hawaii, on Maui.[254]

ʻĀinahau and her banyan tree edit

Archibald Cleghorn willed the estate of ʻĀinahau to the Territory of Hawaii for a park to honor Ka'iulani after his death in 1910. However, the territorial legislature refused the gift. The property was subdivided and sold with the Victorian mansion at ʻĀinahau becoming a hotel and then a rental property before it burned down on August 2, 1921.[30][31] The Daughters of Hawaii, an organization founded in 1903 to preserve the islands' historic legacy, was given responsibility for the care of Ka'iulani's banyan tree. On October 16, 1930, the Daughters of Hawaii installed a bronze plaque near the tree to honor the memory of Ka'iulani and her friendship with Robert Louis Stevenson. However, the mounting cost of annual pruning, and concerns about the health of the tree, led to it being cut down in 1949.[255]

Kaʻiulani Elementary School edit

Kaʻiulani Elementary School was founded in the Kapālama neighborhood of Honolulu on April 25, 1899. During Arbor Day of 1900, the school principal planted a cutting from her banyan tree at ʻĀinahau, given to the school by Archibald Cleghorn. Local efforts prevented the tree from being cut down in the 1950s and the tree survives to the present. The bronze plaque from the original banyan tree was later moved to this site. Other cuttings from the original banyan were planted in other parts of Hawaii.[256]

Ancestry edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ The specific land make up of ʻĀinahau was 6 acres (2.4 ha) purchased by Archibald Cleghorn in 1872, 3.9 acres (1.6 ha) from Princess Ruth in 1875, an additional 1.3 acres (0.53 ha) from Princess Ruth at a later date.[30][31]
  2. ^ Other sources including Hawaiian linguist Mary Kawena Pukui claimed that the name means "hau tree land" or "land of the hau tree", after the hau trees (Hibiscus tiliaceus) which gave shade to the estate.[32][33] The confusion is because hau means both cool and the hibiscus tree in Hawaiian.[34]
  3. ^ These three brothers were the biological sons of David Kahalepouli Piʻikoi and Victoria Kinoiki Kekaulike, a younger sister of Queen Kapiʻolani. Edward Keliʻiahonui was hānai (informally adopted) by Princess Poʻomaikelani while Kawānanakoa and Kūhiō were hānai by Kalākaua and Kapiʻolani.[45][46]
  4. ^ Historian Marilyn Stassen-McLaughlin claimed that the elderly schoolmistress Caroline Sharp had announced the closure of Great Harrowden Hall around this time.[70]
  5. ^ In relation to her music lessons, Kaʻiulani proudly wrote to her aunt on March 20, 1892. "I have such a nice lady for a singing mistress. She has taught me such a lot, and she says that I have a very sweet soprano voice. I think that I must have inherited it from you. I am getting on pretty well with my music, and I am so fond of it."[71][72] Her mother Likelike, her aunt Liliʻuokalani and her uncles Kalākaua and Leleiohoku were honored as Na Lani ʻEhā (The Heavenly Four) for their impact, patronage and enrichment of Hawaii's musical culture and history.[73]
  6. ^ Kalākaua granted the title of Prince to both Kawānanakoa and his brothers Edward Abnel Keliʻiahonui and Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole, on February 10, 1883.[91]
  7. ^ Sanford B. Dole recounted his initial meeting with the Committee of Safety in the evening of January 16, 1893, in his memoir:

    I found the meeting unanimously in favor of setting aside the monarchy and establishing a republican form of government with the view of eventual annexation to the United States. I suggested, instead of such a scheme, that the Queen be deposed and Princess Kaiulani be installed as queen, and that a regency be established to govern the country during her minority, but I was informed very positively that the supporters of the movement were unanimous in the feeling that no more trial should be accorded to the Kalakaua family or any of its members, and that such a scheme would receive no support and was wholly impracticable. After some further discussion, I told them that I would consider their proposition overnight, and give my decision in the morning to the executive committee, which had been created by the Committee of Safety.[96]
  8. ^ Lorrin A. Thurston recounted his meeting with Archibald Scott Cleghorn in the morning of January 16, 1893, writing in his memoir:

    Shortly after Mr. Wilson's departure, another knock came at the door; opening it, I found Mr. Archibald Cleghorn. He was the brother-in-law of Queen Liliuokalani, the husband of the Queen's sister, Likelike, and father of Princess Kaiulani. The old gentleman said: “I would like to speak to you a few minutes, Mr. Thurston;" and drew me into the hall. There he went on: "I do not blame you for what you are proposing to do to Liliuokalani, Mr. Thurston, but I wish to submit, for the consideration of the committee of safety, whether it is necessary to overturn the Monarchy entirely, and to have you take into consideration the claim of Princess Kaiulani. If you remove Liliuokalani from the throne, why not appoint, who is now the heir apparent, to be queen? You can appoint a board of regents to act during her minority, and I assure you that the community will have a very different state of affairs to deal with from that which Kalakaua and Liliuokalani have presented.” “You know my regard for Kaiulani, Mr. Cleghorn, " I replied. “I think very highly of her. If conditions were different, I should be very glad to help promote your suggestion; but matters have proceeded too far for your plan to be an adequate answer to this situation. We are going to abrogate the Monarchy entirely, and nothing can be done to stop us, so far as I can see! ” Mr. Cleghorn looked as though he were about to weep. He bowed his head in silence, and retreated down the stairway. I returned to the office and informed the committee of my interviews with Messrs . Wilson and Cleghorn; and the committee approved both of my replies.[99]
  9. ^ Also known as Prince Fushimi Sadamaro, Prince Komatsu or finally Prince Higashifushimi Yorihito due to his various adoption into different ōke cadet branches of the Japanese imperial house.[197][198]
  10. ^ The personal writings of Curtis P. Iaukea, a royal courtier who served as chamberlain to King Kalākaua and later secretary to Queen Liliʻuokalani, notes: "On arriving at New York on our way home from the Jubilee, where I got the Honolulu papers, staring me in the face was the news that the Queen had deeded her property to her two Nephews, with some reservation for the payment of her outstanding liabilites [sic]. Curious to know what led the Queen to dispense with her estate in the way she did, I learned from one of the parties concerned in the transaction, whom I knew well and intimately, that in her anxiety that the older of the two Boys, David Kawananakoa, should marry Princess Kaʻiulani, a union that she had set her heart on, she executed the deed as a means of overcoming the reflection and representations made to her, that unless she did so, Kaʻiulani would not entertain or consent to marry David as he had no visible means of supporting a wife. That Princess Kaʻiulani ever entertained this proposition, I doubt. At all events, the union did not materialize, much to the Queen's disappointment. She then tried to recover the property, but proved unavailing. She died not long after."[207]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c The Hawaiian Gazette, December 29, 1875
  2. ^ Liliʻuokalani 1898, p. 219.
  3. ^ Liliʻuokalani 1898, p. 400.
  4. ^ Webb & Webb 1998, p. 28.
  5. ^ Kuykendall 1965, pp. 208–30.
  6. ^ Pukui & Elbert 1986, p. 104.
  7. ^ Teves 2018, p. 127.
  8. ^ Judd & Hawaiian Historical Society 1936, pp. 36–37.
  9. ^ Kaeo & Queen Emma 1976, pp. 292–93.
  10. ^ Kuykendall 1953, pp. 239–62.
  11. ^ Kapiikauinamoku 1955.
  12. ^ Kamehiro 2009, p. 43.
  13. ^ Waldron 1967, pp. 101–105.
  14. ^ Peterson 1984, pp. 180.
  15. ^ a b c Webb & Webb 1998, p. 5.
  16. ^ Zambucka 1998, p. 8.
  17. ^ Webb & Webb 1998, pp. xxi, 5.
  18. ^ Liliʻuokalani 1898, p. 55.
  19. ^ Cleghorn et al. 1979, pp. 68–69.
  20. ^ Askman 2008, p. 182.
  21. ^ Webb & Webb 1998, pp. xx–xxi.
  22. ^ Liliʻuokalani 1898, pp. 1–2, 52, 399–409.
  23. ^ Allen 1982, pp. 33–36.
  24. ^ a b Peterson 1984, pp. 180–184.
  25. ^ Kaeo & Queen Emma 1976, p. 61.
  26. ^ Kuykendall 1967, p. 477.
  27. ^ Honolulu Star-Bulletin, October 16, 1916
  28. ^ a b The Pacific Commercial Advertiser, January 1, 1876
  29. ^ Kanahele 1995, pp. 133–134, 137.
  30. ^ a b c Mitchell et al. 2009, pp. 27–33.
  31. ^ a b c Runyon et al. 2009, pp. 30–36.
  32. ^ Pukui, Elbert & Mookini 1974, p. 7.
  33. ^ Environmental Impact Statement 2009, pp. 8, 43.
  34. ^ Pukui & Elbert 1986, p. 66.
  35. ^ Webb & Webb 1998, p. 6.
  36. ^ Linnea 1999, pp. 18–21.
  37. ^ Kam 2011, pp. 49–68.
  38. ^ Webb & Webb 1998, pp. 45–53.
  39. ^ Webb & Webb 1998, p. 53.
  40. ^ The Pacific Commercial Advertiser, March 8, 1884
  41. ^ a b Webb & Webb 1998, pp. 23–44.
  42. ^ Webb & Webb 1998, pp. 55, 58, 60.
  43. ^ Requilman 2002, p. 216.
  44. ^ Schweizer 1982, p. 174.
  45. ^ a b c d Stassen-McLaughlin 1999, pp. 46–48.
  46. ^ Webb & Webb 1998, pp. 24–25.
  47. ^ Quigg 1988, pp. 170–208.
  48. ^ Webb & Webb 1998, pp. 55, 58, 78, 82.
  49. ^ Quigg 1988, pp. 171, 177, 199, 205.
  50. ^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 367–370
  51. ^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 344–372; Van Dyke 2008, pp. 120–124
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  54. ^ Davies 1893, p. 608.
  55. ^ The Nebraska State Journal, February 21, 1893
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  65. ^ Stassen-McLaughlin 1999, p. 24.
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  90. ^ The Daily Bulletin, March 9, 1891
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  118. ^ The Boston Globe, March 2, 1893
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  121. ^ Evening Bulletin, March 10, 1893
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  159. ^ Cleghorn et al. 1979, pp. 1–2, 5–6.
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  172. ^ Tighe 1998
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  214. ^ Leong 2009
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  222. ^ Honolulu Star-Bulletin, August 23, 1932
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Bibliography edit

Books and journals edit

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  • Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1909). "New Kalākaua Dynasty Tomb". All About Hawaii: The Recognized Book of Authentic Information on Hawaii. Vol. 36. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. pp. 105–110. from the original on June 26, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
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Newspapers and online sources edit

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  • "Birthday Of Late Princess Kaiulani Observed By Pupils". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Honolulu. October 16, 1916. p. 1. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
  • Britton, Easkey (December 27, 2014). "Womens Surfing Roots". Sports International Magazine.
  • Burlingame, Burl (October 20, 2009). "Missed opportunities abound in 'Princess' film". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Honolulu. p. 30. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
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  • Dekneef, Matthew (March 8, 2017). "15 extraordinary Hawaii women who inspire us all. We can all learn something from these historic figures". Hawaiʻi Magazine. Honolulu. from the original on March 8, 2017. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
  • "Dr. Walters is Dead on Coast". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. August 23, 1932. from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
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  • Farrell, Joseph (May 7, 2009). "The story of Robert Louis Stevenson and a Hawaiian princess". The National. from the original on July 3, 2020. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
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  • "Hawaiian Matters – Princess Kaʻiulani Is Going to Be Married Soon". The Sacramento Bee. Sacramento. November 17, 1897. p. 1. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
  • "Her Only Plaint". The San Francisco Call. San Francisco. March 2, 1893. p. 1. from the original on July 3, 2020. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
  • "H.R.H. Princess Kaʻiulani Proclaimed Successor to the Throne of Hawaii". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. March 10, 1891. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
  • Hulstrand, Janet (May 8, 2009). "Kaʻiulani: Hawaii's Island Rose". Smithsonian Magazine. Smithsonian Institution. from the original on November 18, 2018. Retrieved November 18, 2018.
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  • "Kaʻiulani alleged engagement to – her father denies it". The Hawaiian Gazette. May 2, 1893. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
  • "Kaʻiulani's Appeal". The Boston Globe. March 2, 1893. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
  • "Kaiulani's Gay Chatter". The Sun. New York. October 24, 1897. p. 5. Retrieved December 2, 2020.
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  • Kapiikauinamoku (December 11, 1955). "Chiefess Recognizes Exalted Birth of Kaʻiulani – Song of Eternity". The Honolulu Advertiser. Honolulu. p. 60. Retrieved July 4, 2018.
  • Kay, Jeremy (February 9, 2010). "Roadside drawn to Hawaiian biopic Princess Kaʻiulani: Roadside Attractions has acquired all US rights to Marc Forby's Hawaiian historical biopic Princess Kaʻiulani". Screen Daily. from the original on June 28, 2010. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
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  • Martin, Andy (April 9, 2012). "Britain's original beach boys". The Times. London. Retrieved December 2, 2020.
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  • "Not In A Hurry". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu. March 11, 1893. p. 4. from the original on July 3, 2020. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
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  • "Relief Is Ready – Honolulu Ladies Quickly Form Red Cross Corps". The Hawaiian Gazette. Honolulu. June 7, 1898. p. 5. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
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  • "Was Not Ready". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. June 28, 1898. p. 3. from the original on June 19, 2020. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
  • Wood, Ben (September 27, 2008). "Kaiulani surfed while studying in England". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Honolulu. p. 35. Retrieved December 2, 2020.
  • "Wood-Parker – Two Prominent Hawaiians Joined in Wedlock – Gay Festivities at Mana-i-ka-Uhiwai". The Independent. December 19, 1898. from the original on June 26, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.

Further reading edit

  • Askman, Douglas V. (2013). "Royal Standards of the Kingdom of Hawai'i, 1837–1893" (PDF). The Hawaiian Journal of History. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society. 47: 61–86. hdl:10524/36268. OCLC 60626541. (PDF) from the original on June 26, 2020. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
  • Baker, Ray Jerome (1954). Princess Kaʻiulani: A Brief Biographical Sketch of Hawaii's Beloved Princess, Together with a Series of Portraits Showing Her from Childhood to Adult Life. Honolulu: R.J. Baker. OCLC 16333147.
  • Grant, Glen (1996). Waikīkī Yesteryear. Honolulu: Mutual Publishing. ISBN 978-1-56647-107-7. OCLC 36485480.
  • Lightner, Richard, ed. (2004). Hawaiian History: An Annotated Bibliography. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 105–106. ISBN 978-0-313-28233-1. OCLC 470482092. from the original on November 19, 2018. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
  • Loomis, Albertine (1976). For Whom Are the Stars? An Informal History of the Overthrow of the Hawaiian Monarchy in 1893 and the Ill-Fated Counterrevolution It Evoked. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii and Friends of the Library of Hawaii. ISBN 978-0-8248-0416-9. OCLC 2213370. from the original on April 24, 2017. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
  • Mrantz, Maxine (1980). Hawaii's Tragic Princess: Kaʻiulani, the Girl who Never Got to Rule. Honolulu: Aloha Graphics and Sales. ISBN 9780941351041. OCLC 8422094.
  • Powell, Ruth Bancroft (1954). Princess Kaʻiulani: The Hope of Hawaii. Honolulu. OCLC 16333159.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Schmitt, Robert C. (1985). "Two Centuries of Eye Care in Hawaiʻi". Hawaiian Journal of History. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society. 19: 171–174. hdl:10524/401. PMID 11617038.
  • Siler, Julia Flynn (2012). Lost Kingdom: Hawaii's Last Queen, the Sugar Kings and America's First Imperial Adventure. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-9488-6. OCLC 881683650. from the original on April 23, 2017. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
  • Silva, Noenoe K. (1998). . The Annexation Of Hawaii: A Collection Of Document. University of Hawaii at Manoa. Archived from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved December 19, 2016.
  • Silva, Noenoe K. (2004). Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism. Durham: Duke University Press. pp. 165, 185–186, 200, 202. doi:10.2307/j.ctv11smzsz. ISBN 0-8223-8622-4. JSTOR j.ctv11smzsz. OCLC 191222123. from the original on June 26, 2020. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
  • Stanley, Fay (2001). The Last Princess: The Story of Princess Ka'iulani of Hawai'i. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-688-18020-1. OCLC 44039887.
  • Teves, Stephanie Nohelani (Fall 2019). "Ka'iulani Haunts Empire in Waikīkī". Humanities. 40 (4). Retrieved May 26, 2020.[dead link]
  • White, Ellen Emerson (2001). Kaʻiulani: The People's Princess. New York: Scholastic Inc. ISBN 978-0-439-12909-1. OCLC 45058618.
  • Woodrum, Dorothea (1964). Governor Cleghorn, Princess Kaʻiulani and Ainahau: Recollections of a Gracious Era in Hawaii's History. Honolulu: Island Development Corporation. OCLC 15498409. from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
  • Zambucka, Kristin (1982). Princess Kaʻiulani: The Last Hope of Hawaii's Monarchy. Honolulu: Mana Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-935038-02-6. OCLC 317985311. from the original on June 25, 2020. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
  • Zambucka, Kristin (1998). Princess Ka'iulani of Hawaiʻi: The Monarchy's Last Hope. Honolulu: Green Glass Production, Inc. ISBN 978-0-931897-07-8. from the original on July 9, 2020. Retrieved July 22, 2020.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kaʻiulani.
  • Fahrni, Jennifer (2006–2009). "Princess Kaʻiulani: Her Life and Times". The Kaʻiulani Project. Lahaina. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
  • "Princess Kaʻiulani Touring the U.S. Mainland". Hawaiʻi Digital Newspaper Project. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
  • "Princess Kaʻiulani in U.S. Mainland Newspapers". Hawaiʻi Digital Newspaper Project. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
  • "Princess Kaʻiulani's Engagement Rumors". Hawaiʻi Digital Newspaper Project. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
  • Reid, Mindi. "Women in History of Scots Descent: Princess Kaʻiulani". Electric Scotland. from the original on April 27, 2004. Retrieved March 28, 2004.
  • Reid, Mindi (2000). . Urban Mozaik Magazine. Archived from the original on February 17, 2004. Retrieved February 27, 2004.
  • Shimizu, Yucca. . 2003 Spring Semester Project by Yucca Shimizu, MMC 5015 Survey of Electronic Publishing, Prof. David E. Carlson, College of Journalism and Communications, University of Florida. Archived from the original on July 28, 2012. Retrieved July 28, 2012.
  • Kaʻiulani at Find a Grave

December 02, 2023
kaʻiulani, princess, kaiulani, redirects, here, film, princess, kaiulani, film, hawaiian, pronunciation, lɐni, victoria, kawēkiu, lunalilo, kalaninuiahilapalapa, cleghorn, october, 1875, march, 1899, only, child, princess, miriam, likelike, last, heir, apparen. Princess Kaiulani redirects here For the film see Princess Kaiulani film Kaʻiulani Hawaiian pronunciation ke ʔi u lɐni Victoria Kawekiu Kaʻiulani Lunalilo Kalaninuiahilapalapa Cleghorn October 16 1875 March 6 1899 was the only child of Princess Miriam Likelike and the last heir apparent to the throne of the Hawaiian Kingdom She was the niece of King Kalakaua and Queen Liliʻuokalani After the death of her mother Princess Kaʻiulani was sent to Europe at age 13 to complete her education under the guardianship of British businessman and Hawaiian sugar investor Theo H Davies She had not yet reached her eighteenth birthday when the 1893 overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom altered her life The Committee of Safety rejected proposals from both her father Archibald Scott Cleghorn and provisional president Sanford B Dole to seat Kaʻiulani on the throne conditional upon the abdication of Liliʻuokalani The Queen thought the Kingdom s best chance at justice was to relinquish her power temporarily to the United States KaʻiulaniPrincess of the Hawaiian IslandsKaʻiulani 1897Born 1875 10 16 October 16 1875Honolulu Oʻahu Hawaiian Kingdom Hawaii DiedMarch 6 1899 1899 03 06 aged 23 ʻAinahau Honolulu Oʻahu Territory of Hawaii Hawaii BurialMarch 12 1899Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii Honolulu Hawaii U S NamesVictoria Kawekiu Kaʻiulani Lunalilo Kalaninuiahilapalapa CleghornHouseKalakauaFatherArchibald Scott CleghornMotherPrincess Miriam LikelikeReligionChurch of Hawaii Anglicanism SignatureDavies and Kaʻiulani visited the United States to urge the Kingdom s restoration she made speeches and public appearances denouncing the overthrow of her government and the injustice toward her people While in Washington D C she paid an informal visit to President Grover Cleveland and First Lady Frances Cleveland but her efforts were in vain The situation put both Kaʻiulani and her father in dire financial straits Her annual government stipend ceased and her father s income as a government employee came to an end Father and daughter spent the years 1893 1897 drifting among the European aristocracy relatives and family friends in England Wales Scotland and Paris before finally returning to Hawaii After arriving back in Hawaii in 1897 Kaʻiulani settled into life as a private citizen and busied herself with social engagements She and Liliʻuokalani boycotted the 1898 annexation ceremony and mourned the loss of Hawaiian independence However she later hosted the American congressional delegation in charge of formalizing the Hawaiian Organic Act She suffered from chronic health problems throughout the 1890s and died at her home at ʻAinahau in 1899 Contents 1 Name 2 Early life and family 1875 1887 3 Education and unrest in Hawaii 1879 1893 3 1 Abroad in England 1889 1893 4 Overthrow 1891 1893 4 1 Visit to the United States 1893 5 Establishing life in Europe 1893 1897 6 Return to Hawaii 1897 7 Personal life 7 1 Surfing 7 2 Robert Louis Stevenson 7 3 Matchmaking and engagement rumors 8 Death and burial 1898 1899 9 Cultural impact and legacy 9 1 The Kaʻiulani Project 9 2 ʻAinahau and her banyan tree 9 3 Kaʻiulani Elementary School 10 Ancestry 11 Notes 12 References 13 Bibliography 13 1 Books and journals 13 2 Newspapers and online sources 14 Further reading 15 External linksName editKaʻiulani was born at Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu in the Hawaiian Kingdom At her christening she was named Victoria Kawekiu Kaʻiulani Lunalilo Kalaninuiahilapalapa Cleghorn 1 In 1898 her aunt Liliʻuokalani wrote it as Victoria Kaʻiulani Kalaninuiahilapalapa Kawekiu i Lunalilo 2 or Victoria Kawekiu Lunalilo Kalaninuiahilapalapa Kaʻiulani Cleghorn in her memoir Hawaii s Story by Hawaii s Queen 3 Kaʻiulani was named after her maternal aunt Anna Kaʻiulani who died young and Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom whose help restored the sovereignty and independence of the Hawaiian Kingdom during the reign of Kamehameha III 4 5 Her primary Hawaiian name comes from ka ʻiu lani which means the highest point of heaven or the royal sacred one in the Hawaiian language 6 Kawekiu means the highest rank or station 7 At the request of Charles Kanaʻina she was also given the name Lunalilo translated as Luna high lilo lost or so high up as to be lost to sight 8 after Kanaʻina s son and her uncle King Kalakaua s predecessor King Lunalilo r 1873 74 to strengthen her eligibility for the throne 9 10 The name Kalaninuiahilapalapa signified her association with the royal house of Keawe traditional rulers of the island of Hawaii and the flames of the torch that burns at midday a symbol of kapu used by the House of Kalakaua from their ancestor Iwikauikaua 11 12 Early life and family 1875 1887 edit nbsp Kaʻiulani as a little girl c 1881Kaʻiulani was the only child of Princess Miriam Likelike and Scottish businessman Archibald Scott Cleghorn She was born in a downstairs bedroom of her parents Emma Street mansion in Honolulu on October 16 1875 during the reign of her uncle King Kalakaua 13 14 Her birth was announced by gun salutes and the ringing of all of the bells in the city s churches 15 16 At the time of her birth she became fourth in line of succession to the throne moving to third in the line of succession upon the death of her uncle Leleiohoku II in 1877 17 18 She had three older half sisters Rose Kaipuala Helen Maniʻiailehua and Annie Pauahi from her father s previous union with a Hawaiian woman 19 20 Through her mother she descended from Keaweaheulu and Kameʻeiamoku the royal counselors of Kamehameha I during his conquest of the Hawaiian Islands from 1780 to 1795 Kameʻeiamoku was one of the royal twins along with Kamanawa depicted flanking the Hawaiian coat of arms and his son Kepoʻokalani was the first cousin of the conqueror on the side of Kamehameha s mother Kekuʻiapoiwa II Their family were collateral relations of the House of Kamehameha and ascended to the throne in 1874 upon the election of her uncle Kalakaua as King of the Hawaiian Islands 21 22 23 Her mother was a younger sister to Kalakaua and Liliʻuokalani Kaʻiulani s father was a Scottish financier from Edinburgh he served as Collector General of Customs from 1887 to 1893 and as the final Governor of Oahu from 1891 until the office was abolished by the Provisional Government of Hawaii after the 1893 overthrow of the monarchy 24 25 She was christened by Bishop Alfred Willis at 1 00 p m on December 25 1875 at the Pro Cathedral of St Andrew s Anglican Cathedral in Honolulu This was the first christening of a Hawaiian princess since the birth of Victoria Kamamalu in 1838 The baby Kaʻiulani clad in a cashmere robe embroidered with silk was reported to have behaved with the utmost respect and did not utter a sound during the service 1 26 Kalakaua his wife Queen Kapiʻolani and Princess Ruth Keʻelikōlani stood as her godparents 15 A later reference in a 1916 issue of the Honolulu Star Bulletin stated Hawaiian judge Emma Nakuina was also her godmother 27 Diplomatic representatives from the United States Britain and France and members of the consular corps in Honolulu were among the spectators 28 The royal family held a reception and afternoon dinner at ʻIolani Palace for the guests of the ceremony during which Kaʻiulani was present and attended by her nurse 1 The Royal Hawaiian Band played at the reception Captain Henri Berger the leader of the band composed the Kaʻiulani March in her honor 15 28 Princess Ruth gifted Kaʻiulani with land at Waikiki 4 miles 6 4 km from Honolulu which combined with adjacent lands previously purchased in 1872 by Cleghorn to form ʻAinahau 29 note 1 Her mother Likelike named it ʻAinahau cool place note 2 after the cool winds blowing down from the Manoa Valley Her father relocated the family to the country estate in 1878 when Kaʻiulani was three years old Cleghorn planted a large botanical garden on the grounds of the estate including a banyan tree known as Kaʻiulani s banyan 35 36 37 Kaʻiulani s mother Princess Likelike died at age 36 on February 2 1887 officially of unknown causes Her doctors had believed in vain that she could have been cured with proper nourishment 38 Upon the death of her mother when Kaʻiulani was eleven years old she inherited the estate 39 Education and unrest in Hawaii 1879 1893 editFrom a young age governesses and private tutors educated Kaʻiulani starting with a British woman Marion Barnes from 1879 until her early death of pneumonia in 1884 40 and then an American woman Gertrude Gardinier who became her favorite governess 24 41 After Gardinier s marriage in 1887 her governesses included a French woman Catalina de Alcala or D Acala and a German woman Miss Reiseberg with whom Kaʻiulani did not develop as strong a bond 42 Her governesses taught her reading writing letters often to relatives music practices and social training She also read biographies about her namesake Queen Victoria 41 She would become fluent in the Hawaiian English French and German languages 43 44 Kalakaua championed future Hawaiian leaders attaining a broader education with his 1880 Hawaiian Youths Abroad program His niece Kaʻiulani was not the first Hawaiian royal to study abroad The Hawaiian government sent her cousins note 3 David Kawananakoa known as Koa Edward Abnel Keliʻiahonui and Jonah Kuhiō Kalanianaʻole to attend Saint Matthew s School in the United States in 1885 47 Keliʻiahonui died young in 1887 while Kawananakoa and Kuhiō traveled to England in 1890 to finish their education a few months after Kaʻiulani s own departure for an education abroad 48 49 Months after the death of Kaʻiulani s mother Likelike political unrest gripped Hawaii Local businessmen accused Kalakaua s cabinet under Prime Minister Walter Murray Gibson of influence peddling in elections and manipulation of legislative governance Although the Gibson cabinet was replaced by the Reform Cabinet the business community remained dissatisfied The Committee of Thirteen businessmen under the leadership of Lorrin A Thurston drafted what became known as the Bayonet Constitution codifying the legislature as the supreme authority over the monarchy s actions Thurston is believed to have been the principal author of the new constitution 50 Presented to Kalakaua for his signature on July 6 1887 it limited the power of the monarchy and increased the influence of Euro American interests in the government 51 52 Abroad in England 1889 1893 edit nbsp Kaʻiulani at Great Harrowden Hall c 1892Upon the death of her mother Likelike Kaʻiulani became second in line to the throne following her aunt Liliʻuokalani She would become the heir apparent after the death of her uncle Kalakaua and the accession of Liliʻuokalani In 1889 it was deemed appropriate to send Kaʻiulani to England for a proper education and remove her from the intrigues and unrest between Kalakaua and his political opponents 53 Cleghorn Kalakaua and allegedly Lorrin A Thurston who served as Minister of the Interior made the plans to send Kaʻiulani abroad Thurston later denied involvement in the decision 54 55 Leaving Honolulu on May 10 1889 the travel party included her half sister Annie and Mary Matilda Walker wife of the British vice consul to Hawaii Thomas R Walker as their chaperone Cleghorn accompanied his daughters to San Francisco before returning to Hawaii They traveled across the United States by train stopping briefly at Chicago and New York before sailing to England They landed in Liverpool on June 17 after a month long journey 56 57 58 After Mrs Walker returned to Hawaii Kaʻiulani and Annie were placed under the guardianship of Theo H Davies and his wife Mary Ellen Davies was a British citizen and owner of Theo H Davies amp Co one of the Big Five leading sugar firms operating in Hawaii During school holidays Kaʻiulani stayed at Sundown the Davies residence in Hesketh Park Southport 59 60 61 By September Kaʻiulani and Annie were sent to Northamptonshire and enrolled at Great Harrowden Hall a boarding school for young girls under the elderly schoolmistress Caroline Sharp After the first academic year Annie returned to Hawaii to marry leaving Kaʻiulani alone at the school 62 63 64 Sharp noted that Kaʻiulani continued making good progress in her studies despite the separation 65 Kaʻiulani proudly wrote home that she was third in her French class 66 The Bishop of Leicester confirmed her in the Anglican faith in May 1890 67 66 In the summer of 1891 her father visited her and they toured the British Isles and visited the Cleghorns ancestral land in Scotland 68 Davies persuaded her family to remove Kaʻiulani from Great Harrowden Hall in early 1892 69 note 4 to attend a finishing school to prepare her for society By February Kaʻiulani moved to Hove Brighton where she was placed in the care of Phebe Rooke who set up private tutors and a curriculum that included German French English literature history music note 5 and singing 74 75 This village by the sea pleased her and she holidayed in late April and early May at Saint Helier in the Channel Island of Jersey with her host 76 The prospect of returning to Hawaii renewed her enthusiasm for her studies Plans were made for her return to Hawaii by the end of 1893 with the Hawaiian legislature appropriating 4 000 for her travel expenses 77 78 This trip would mark her entrance in society as the heir apparent to the throne There were arrangements for an audience with Queen Victoria followed by a tour of Europe and a possible visit to the World s Columbian Exposition in Chicago 78 79 In anticipation Kaʻiulani wrote to her aunt Liliʻuokalani I am looking forward to my return next year I am beginning to feel very homesick 80 However following the overthrow on January 17 1893 these plans were cancelled 81 82 Overthrow 1891 1893 editMain article Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom During her absence much turmoil occurred back in Hawaii Kalakaua died in San Francisco on January 20 1891 83 84 Kaʻiulani learned of her uncle s death by the next day through the Transatlantic telegraph cables while news did not reach Hawaii until January 29 when the Charleston returned to Honolulu with the king s remains 85 86 Liliʻuokalani ascended immediately to the throne 87 On March 9 with the approval of the House of Nobles and as required by the Hawaiian constitution Liliʻuokalani appointed her niece Kaʻiulani as her heir apparent and eventual successor to the throne 88 The Queen s staff then rode through the streets of Honolulu announcing the proclamation while gun salutes were fired from both the artillery battery and the American vessels Mohican and Iroquois in Honolulu Harbor 89 90 As heir apparent Kaʻiulani had influence with the queen on political issues In the fall of 1891 she wrote to Liliʻuokalani requesting the appointment of her father instead of Prince David Kawananakoa note 6 to the recently vacated governorship of Oahu caused by the death of Liliʻuokalani s husband John Owen Dominis 92 The queen acceded to her request and made the appointment of Cleghorn on November 11 93 The princess also received approval for her father to retain his post as collector general after she explained we cannot do without his salary for that as the salary of Governor is only half the other 94 95 Kaʻiulani looking forward to her return promised When I come home I shall try to help you as much as I can tho sic it will not be much as I don t understand State Affairs 95 nbsp Archibald Scott Cleghorn tried in vain to secure Kaʻiulani s right to the throne during the overthrowThe Committee of Safety under the leadership of Thurston met for two days in the final planning of the overthrow and unanimously selected Sanford B Dole to lead the coup and organize a provisional government Dole put forth what he believed was a more reasonable immediate plan of action a possible outcome that had been discussed by others in the kingdom that the Queen be deposed and Princess Kaʻiulani be installed as queen and that a regency be established to govern the country during her minority 96 note 7 In fact Cleghorn had also directly approached Thurston the morning before the overthrow with the exact same proposition 97 Thurston reiterated what he had already told Cleghorn that the committee had no interest in dealing with a future monarchy in any form and rejected the plan outright 98 99 note 8 The monarchy was overthrown and the Provisional Government of Hawaii was proclaimed by President Sanford B Dole on January 17 1893 100 101 Liliʻuokalani relinquished her power to the United States temporarily rather than the Dole led government in hopes that the United States would recognize the monarchical government as the lawful power and thereby restore Hawaii s sovereignty 102 Cleghorn lost his governorship position as of February 28 He blamed Liliʻuokalani s political inaction for the overthrow and believed that the monarchy would have been preserved had she abdicated in favor of Kaʻiulani He met privately with Thurston and requested that he respect Ka iulani s claim to the throne which Thurston tersely refused to consider 103 97 Cleghorn later took an oath to the Provisional Government under protest in order to retain his position in the custom house but resigned on April 15 104 105 The Provisional Government s ultimate goal was annexation by the United States Thurston headed a delegation to Washington DC to negotiate with President Benjamin Harrison while the queen sent her attorney Paul Neumann and Prince Kawananakoa to represent her case to Harrison and President elect Grover Cleveland Cleghorn paid for the travel expenses of Edward C Macfarlane another of the queen s envoys to protect the rights of Kaʻiulani 100 106 107 The annexation treaty would have offered Liliʻuokalani a lifetime pension of 20 000 annually and compensated Kaʻiulani with a one time settlement of 150 000 if they would subordinate themselves to the United States government and to local governance of the Islands The queen never saw that as a viable option 108 Visit to the United States 1893 edit nbsp Kaʻiulani and Theo H Davies in Boston 1893Many factions in Hawaii and abroad preferred restoring Kaʻiulani to the Hawaiian throne in place of Liliʻuokalani under a more restricted form of constitutional monarchy 109 110 James Hay Wodehouse the British commissioner to Hawaii reported to his superior in London that the natives would support and welcome Kaʻiulani as queen 111 112 Charles Reed Bishop the widower of the High Chiefess Bernice Pauahi Bishop wrote that the better class of the British prefer her and they would help to control her and make as good a government as possible 109 113 Dole the leader of the Provisional Government had stated that it would have been far more tactful to hold the power of the throne through a regency in the name of the young Princess Kaʻiulani until she reaches her majority 114 Kaʻiulani learned of the overthrow via a short telegram received by Davies on January 30 Queen Deposed Monarchy Abrogated Break News to Princess 94 In the weeks after the overthrow Davies wrote to the Hawaiian Minister to the United States John Mott Smith in Washington suggesting that the Hawaiian electorate vote on a revised constitution for the abdication of the queen and for the placing Kaʻiulani under a council of regency headed by Dole Davies reiterated this stance in a later address 115 Davies advised Kaʻiulani to take her case directly to the American people 116 Kaʻiulani accompanied by Mr and Mrs Davies their daughter Alice Davies Annie Whartoff as her lady in waiting and a chaperone and a maid of Mrs Davies traveled from Southampton to New York arriving on March 1 116 Macfarlane and Mott Smith met the party on their ship Upon landing on the pier Kaʻiulani delivered to the assembled press and curious onlookers a speech written by Davies 117 118 Seventy years ago Christian America sent over Christian men and women to give religion and civilization to Hawaii Today three of the sons of those missionaries are at your capitol asking you to undo their father s work Who sent them Who gave them the authority to break the Constitution which they swore they would uphold Today I a poor weak girl with not one of my people with me and all these Hawaiian statesmen against me have strength to stand up for the rights of my people Even now I can hear their wail in my heart and it gives me strength and courage and I am strong strong in the faith of God strong in the knowledge that I am right strong in the strength of seventy million people who in this free land will hear my cry and will refuse to let their flag cover dishonor to mine 119 During her first two days Kaʻiulani and the Davies toured New York and received callers including her cousin Kawananakoa although he was only allowed to speak to her briefly 120 Dissent developed between Davies and Liliʻuokalani s representatives in the United States over his influence over Kaʻiulani Kawananakoa along with Neumann Macfarlane and Mott Smith voiced criticism at Davies action in bringing Kaʻiulani to the United States without the consent of Cleghorn or the queen They felt Davies public statements supporting a regency in place of the queen undermined the cause against annexation and created the impression of a three cornered fight 111 121 122 Macfarlane himself of British descent stated to the press Her coming will do no good especially when she is under the wing of an ultra Britisher 115 123 From March 3 to March 7 Kaʻiulani visited Boston while Cleveland waited to be sworn in as President She attended various social events many in her honor and toured the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where the Davies son Clive attended and Wellesley College Arriving in Washington DC on March 8 Kawananakoa greeted her at the train station with a floral lei She stayed at Arlington Hotel where she awaited the chance to meet with the President 124 In the meantime Cleveland who espoused anti imperialist views withdrew the treaty of annexation on March 9 and appointed James Henderson Blount on March 11 as special commissioner to investigate the overthrow 125 On March 13 President and First Lady Frances Cleveland received Kaʻiulani at the White House Her traveling companion Alice recalled We were received by President and Mrs Cleveland and we had a short interview where all references to our mission were carefully avoided 126 Politics remained uncertain as Hawaii waited for the conclusion of the Blount Report Macfarlane wanted Kaʻiulani to return to Honolulu while Davies wanted her to accompany him back to England Macfarlane believed that going back narrowed her perspective in favor of the British which might affect her policy making should she become queen On April 8 Cleghorn wrote to Kaʻiulani I think for the present you are better not here much as I would like to have you home T hings must be settled soon and then we will know what to do 127 Establishing life in Europe 1893 1897 edit nbsp Kaʻiulani on the Isle of Jersey c 1896 1897Prior to the 1893 overthrow Kaʻiulani had been allocated an annual pension by the Hawaiian government As a member of the royal family she had received 5 000 annually from the civil list between 1882 and 1888 4 800 between 1888 and 1892 and 10 000 as heir apparent to the throne in 1892 128 129 77 Archibald Cleghorn had also been supported from the Hawaiian civil list through his governmental positions These sources of income ended after the overthrow 130 94 95 The unsettled political situation in Hawaii prevented Kaʻiulani from returning home and her father arranged for her to remain with the Davies family in England The press releases under her name were in reality created by Davies who in the beginning did not ask for her input It is unclear whether any of the public statements were at her request but he did eventually give her the opportunity to approve the final product before it went to the news media of the day The teenage Kaʻiulani spent her summer of 1893 with the Davies family in Killiney Ireland where she and her friends played cricket and enjoyed tea 131 That winter Mary Ellen Davies sent her daughter Alice to Wiesbaden Germany with Kaʻiulani and three other women of the same age Traveling with a chaperone they were primarily there to learn the German language 132 Alice later said I forget just about everything about that journey except that she made many conquests among the susceptible German officers we met 133 Family friend Lillian Kennedy remembered a very fun loving young lady who engaged in pillow fights and played hide and seek games Politics in Hawaii began to seem far away and less important to her She was beginning to enjoy life abroad so much so that she resisted returning to the Davies home to once again become a political asset 134 Accustomed to the life of a Victorian society woman Kaʻiulani preferred her new life Writing to her father on June 10 1894 she expressed her sadness at the change in Hawaii and asked him to consider a life abroad in Europe 135 After the 1895 royalist counter revolution he agreed While they were abroad the news of the March 6 1897 death of her half sister Annie impacted both Kaʻiulani and Cleghorn 136 137 From August 1895 to October 1897 she and her father assumed the lives of itinerant aristocrats traveling across Europe and the British Isles They stayed in the French Riviera Paris and on the island of Jersey as well as England and Scotland 138 139 140 Kaʻiulani was treated as royalty in the French Riviera where they wintered each year and made friends including Nevinson William Toby de Courcy a British aristocrat who corresponded with her over the next three years and saved her letters until his death 141 142 During these years Kaʻiulani began to have recurring illnesses writing her aunt Liliʻuokalani that she d had the grip influenza seven times while living abroad She also complained of headaches weight loss eye problems and fainting spells 143 A migraine episode in Paris on May 4 1897 prevented her from attending the Bazar de la Charite which caught fire and killed a number of French noble women including the Duchess of Alencon 144 145 Growing expenses also exacerbated Cleghorn s drained financial status and he wrote to Liliʻuokalani asking for assistance 146 Kaʻiulani knew little about financial management and had no means to repay her benefactors As her funding ran out she wondered if the Provisional Government would give her an allowance Her father had no means to support her so both were dependent upon the generosity of others Davies was a hard nosed businessman who had risen from working class parents to make a fortune in Hawaii s sugar plantation business While he agreed to assist with the finances he took the princess to task for her careless spending in 1894 I am disappointed in what you say about money matters because I have always been disagreeably plain about them You have the chance to be a heroine but unless you exercise resolution and self control we shall all fail 130 He cautioned that any funding from the Provisional Government obligated her to support their cause He tried to get Kaʻiulani to re focus on the goal ahead regarding Hawaii but she wanted to be in charge of her own destiny Stress from her financial situation had an adverse effect on her mental and physical health and she fell into an emotional drift 147 Return to Hawaii 1897 editKaʻiulani felt duty bound to her family in Hawaii especially her ailing aunt the Dowager Queen Kapiʻolani However the princess was wary of her uncertain future as a former royal and was reluctant to accept the prospect of an arranged marriage back home She was also growing accustomed to life abroad Despite her misgivings the changing political situation in Hawaii called her home in 1897 148 149 On June 16 Cleveland s successor President William McKinley presented the United States Senate with a new version of the annexation treaty to incorporate the Republic of Hawaii into the United States Liliʻuokalani filed an official protest with Secretary of State John Sherman Hawaiians against annexation coalesced including the political entity Hui Kalaiʻaina which ran petition drives to oppose annexation 150 151 152 Between 1896 and 1897 she divulged her plans to return to Hawaii in two candid letters written to her friend Toby de Courcy 153 In the first letter written in the fall of 1896 from Rozel Jersey she confided in him that a secret engagement was arranged and she was expected to return in April of the following year 154 155 156 In a subsequent letter dated July 4 from Tunbridge Wells she explained to Toby that she would visit her aunt Liliʻuokalani in the United States The decision to return to Hawaii was still undecided at this point Kaʻiulani added that If I went over to see my Aunt I would only stay about Three sic weeks there and return again here Europe although Davies may think it advisable for me to return home the end of this winter 154 157 By August and September Kaʻiulani and her father were making farewell calls to friends hiring an Irish maid Mary O Donell 158 159 to assist her and preparing for their return to Hawaii 149 nbsp Kaʻiulani in San Francisco on her way home to Hawaii 1897Kaʻiulani and her father Cleghorn sailed from Southampton to New York on October 9 1897 After a brief stay at the Albemarle Hotel in New York the two traveled to Washington DC to pay their respects to Queen Liliʻuokalani who was staying at Ebbett House in the US capital to lobby against annexation Afterward Kaʻiulani and Cleghorn took a train heading west and reached San Francisco on October 29 where they stayed at the Occidental Hotel 160 161 162 During her travels across the United States many journalists interviewed her although her father made sure to shield her from topics of politics Many detractors of the monarchy had painted a negative image of Hawaiians especially of Kaʻiulani and her aunt Liliʻuokalani However interviews with the Hawaiian princess dispelled these rumors 160 161 A journalist of San Francisco s The Examiner wrote A barbarian princess Not a bit of it Rather the very flower an exotic of civilization The Princess Kaʻiulani is a charming fascinating individual 163 164 According to historian Andrea Feeser the contemporary portrayals of Kaʻiulani were shaped by race and gender stereotypes and although they aimed to be favorable they granted her no authority with emphasis placed on her Caucasian features Victorian manners feminine fragility and exoticism 165 Kaʻiulani and her father sailed from San Francisco on November 2 and arrived in Honolulu on the morning of November 9 Thousands of well wishers including her cousin Kawananakoa greeted her at the harbor in Honolulu and showered her with garlands of lei and flowers They returned to ʻAinahau where Kaʻiulani was to assume the life of a private citizen 166 167 Her father had built a two storied new Victorian style mansion designed by architect Clinton Briggs Ripley next to the bungalow which had been her childhood home in the intervening years when she was abroad 30 31 Despite her lack of political status she continued to receive visitors and made public appearances at events hosted by both monarchists and supporters of the Republic 166 168 The Hawaiian Red Cross Society was formed in June 1898 with Mrs Harold M Sewall as its president Her husband was the United States Minister to the Republic First Lady of the Republic Anna Prentice Cate Dole was selected as first vice president and Kaʻiulani was second vice president It is unclear if the princess had given her consent to be named as part of the committee but she did not attend the subsequent meeting of the officers 169 In the United States Senate McKinley s annexation treaty failed to pass after months without a vote However following the outbreak of the Spanish American War Hawaii was annexed in any event via the Newlands Resolution a joint resolution of Congress on July 4 1898 152 With the impending annexation of Hawaii only weeks away and Liliʻuokalani still in Washington DC Hawaii wanted to show its support of US troops heading to the Pacific theater of the war If nothing else the harbor traffic meant income for the local businesses Cleghorn and Kaʻiulani issued an open invitation for visiting American troops to stay at ʻAinahau although it was more likely solely her father s idea She wrote to Liliʻuokalani I am sure you would be disgusted if you could see the way the town is decorated for the American troops Honolulu is making a fool of itself and I only hope we won t be ridiculed 170 nbsp Kaʻiulani and Liliʻuokalani at Washington Place boycotting the annexation ceremony 1898The annexation ceremony was held on August 12 1898 at the former ʻIolani Palace now being used as the executive building of the government President Dole handed over the sovereignty and public property of the Hawaiian Islands to United States minister Harold M Sewall The flag of the Republic of Hawaii was lowered and the flag of the United States was raised in its place 171 When the news of Annexation came it was bitterer than death to me Kaʻiulani told the San Francisco Chronicle It was bad enough to lose the throne but infinitely worse to have the flag go down 172 Liliʻuokalani with Kaʻiulani their family members and retainers boycotted the event and shuttered themselves away at Washington Place in mourning Many Native Hawaiians and royalists followed suit and refused to attend the ceremony 173 174 The Republican government attempted to invite her to the Annexation Ball and she responded by saying Why don t you ask me if I am going to pull down Hawaii s flag for them 175 On September 7 1898 Kaʻiulani hosted the United States Congressional commission party and more than 120 guests with a grand luau at ʻAinahau The commissioners the new Territorial Governor Dole Senators Shelby M Cullom of Illinois and John T Morgan of Alabama Representative Robert R Hitt of Illinois and Hawaii associate justice and the later Territorial Governor Walter F Frear were tasked with forming a new territorial government Kaʻiulani arranged the event to highlight the importance of Hawaiian culture and started the luau by dipping her finger in the poi 176 177 178 The luau at ʻAinahau for the congressional party was portrayed in the 2009 film as a fight for Hawaiian suffrage which was ensured in the 1900 Hawaiian Organic Act 179 180 Personal life editSurfing edit Kaʻiulani had always been an athletic young woman who enjoyed equestrianism surfing swimming croquet and canoeing 181 182 In an 1897 interview for The Sun newspaper in New York she stated I love riding driving swimming dancing and cycling Really I m sure I was a seal in another world because I am so fond of the water My mother taught me to swim almost before I knew how to walk 183 An avid surfer on the shores of Waikiki her 7 feet 4 inch alaia surfboard made of koa acacia koa is preserved at the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum 184 Acquired by the museum in 1922 from her deceased father s estate it is one of the few surviving examples of 19th century Hawaiian surfboards 185 According to popular belief she may have been the first female surfer in the British Isles 186 However the Museum of British Surfing states the only tangible evidence so far is a letter in which she wrote that she enjoyed being on the water again at Brighton 187 188 Her three cousins Kawananakoa Kuhio and Keliʻiahonui pioneered surfing in California in 1885 189 Kawananakoa and Kuhiō became the first male surfers in the British Isles in 1890 when they went surf riding with their tutor John Wrightson at Bridlington in northern England The swimming attire for Victorian minded Hawaiian royals would have been full body swimwear made of wool or cotton 187 188 Robert Louis Stevenson edit nbsp Poppies oil on canvas painting by Kaʻiulani 1890Kaʻiulani was a painter who enjoyed the company of other artists While under Davies guardianship she sent some of her paintings of England home to Hawaii When Kalakaua was ill in his final year she sent a painting to cheer him up 66 Her few surviving paintings are found in Hawaii 190 191 She was acquainted with Joseph Dwight Strong a landscape painter in the court of Kalakaua and Isobel Osbourne Strong a lady in waiting to Likelike Isobel s stepfather was Scottish writer Robert Louis Stevenson 191 In June 1888 Stevenson chartered the yacht Casco and set sail with his family from San Francisco The poet spent nearly three years in the eastern and central Pacific stopping for extended stays at the Hawaiian Islands where he became a good friend of King Kalakaua and Ka iulani Stevenson and the princess often strolled at ʻAinahau and sat beneath its banyan tree Prior to her departure Stevenson composed a poem for her 192 193 He later wrote to his friend Will Hicok Low If you want to cease to be Republican see my little Kaiulani as she goes through the United States 194 Historian A Grove Day noted Of all his island friendships the platonic affair with the half Scottish princess has most persisted in the imagination of lovers of Hawaiiana 195 Forth from her land to mine she goes The island maid the island rose Light of heart and bright of face The daughter of a double race But our Scots islands far away Shall glitter with unwonted day And cast for once their tempest by To smile in Kaiulani s eye Robert Louis Stevenson 1889 Ka iulani 196 Matchmaking and engagement rumors edit nbsp Kaʻiulani wearing a traditional Japanese kimonoDuring his 1881 world tour Kalakaua held a secret meeting with Emperor Meiji and proposed to unite the two nations in an alliance with an arranged marriage between his 5 year old niece Kaʻiulani and the 13 year old Prince Yamashina Sadamaro note 9 From extant letters to the king both by Prince Sadamaro upon the advice of his father and by Japanese foreign minister Inoue Kaoru declined the proposal on behalf of the government of Japan 199 In February 1893 the Japanese Imperial Navy gunboat Naniwa was docked at Pearl Harbor with the Japanese prince on board Rumors circulated in the American press that the Japanese considered intervening militarily 200 From 1893 until her death rumors of whom Kaʻiulani would wed circulated in the American and Hawaiian press and on one occasion she was pressured by Queen Liliʻuokalani to marry 45 When Clive Davies son of Kaʻiulani s guardian Theo H Davies was a student at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1893 he was rumored to be Kaʻiulani s fiance Although the princess had stayed with the family occasionally while she was in England her father said there was no engagement between the two young people and the rumors were absurd and preposterous 201 In spite of the denial the rumors persisted for a time 202 However Clive was engaged to Edith Fox daughter of civil engineer Francis Fox between 1896 and 1898 while he resided in Honolulu and handled his father s business 203 Another rumor which circulated after Kaʻiulani s return to Hawaii said she was to marry Clive s brother George Davies Members of Kaʻiulani s household denied this 204 On January 29 1894 when Kaʻiulani was nineteen Liliʻuokalani wrote asking her to consider marrying either Prince David Kawananakoa Prince Jonah Kuhiō Kalanianaʻole or an unnamed Japanese prince then studying in London She reminded her To you then depends the hope of the Nation and unfortunately we cannot always do as we like 45 It took five months for Kaʻiulani to respond to Liliʻuokalani s suggestion In a June 22 1894 letter Kaʻiulani asserted that she would prefer to marry for love unless it was necessary stating I feel it would be wrong if I married a man I did not love 45 Based on personal letters and letters by her friends many suitors courted Kaʻiulani while she resided in England and Europe 205 Prior to her return to Hawaii in November 1897 Kaʻiulani confided in her friend Toby de Courcy that she would have to end her courtship with one of her young men because there was an arranged marriage waiting for her in Hawaii She further hinted that the union approved by her father and Theo H Davies was being kept secret for political reasons She lamented I must have been born under an unlucky star as I seem to have my life planned out for me in such a way that I cannot alter it 206 Historian Marilyn Stassen McLaughlin and biographer Sharon Linnea could not identify the gentleman behind the secret union from the primary sources but conjectured it was Kawananakoa because he was the only likely candidate for a political union after Kuhiō had married in 1896 206 155 nbsp Betrothal of Royal Hawaiians published in The San Francisco Call 1898 Records indicate that there may have been a written agreement of betrothal with Kawananakoa that was quickly aborted An unsubstantiated announcement dated February 3 1898 was printed in The San Francisco Call and later reprinted in newspapers across the United States According to the report the betrothal was dependent upon the finalization of deeds to a sizeable real estate holding transferred from Queen Kapiʻolani to both Kawananakoa and Kalanianaʻole 207 208 On February 19 a denial of betrothal from Kawananakoa was printed in the newspapers 209 Kapiʻolani did deed all her property real and personal to the brothers on February 10 with the express stipulation that the documentation not be executed until she was ready Kapiʻolani wanted to hold off the transfer until she was too old to manage the property herself and or otherwise would believe she was close to death She last saw the document with her notary Carlos A Long with her instructions to have changes made in the wording Instead the brothers had the deed executed immediately without her knowledge 207 210 note 10 Family lore also conflicts over the exact nature of her relationship with Kawananakoa Kaʻiulani s niece Mabel Robertson Lucas daughter of her sister Rose said that the two cousins were close but only like siblings 211 212 Nancy and Jean Francis Webb s 1962 biography of Kaʻiulani says that Kawananakoa s eventual wife Abigail Campbell Kawananakoa told an unnamed biographer or close friend that of course I never could have married David if Kaʻiulani had lived 213 The Bishop Museum collection has a number of jewels owned by Kaʻiulani including a diamond and aquamarine necklace given to her by Queen Kapiʻolani in 1897 in honor of her engagement to an unnamed suitor Kaʻiulani replaced the chain attaching the gems with strands of small pearls 214 According to a letter written to Liliʻuokalani dated to June 22 1894 in which she declined an arranged marriage she mentioned that she had rejected a proposal by an enormously rich German Count 215 She was connected in the press to two other suitors in 1898 Captain Putnam Bradlee Strong an American officer en route to fight in the Spanish American War in Manilla and son of New York City Mayor William Lafayette Strong and Andrew Adams a New England born journalist for The Pacific Commercial Advertiser whom her father favored 216 In 1895 The Evening Republican reported a rumor that Kaʻiulani was to marry Rudolph Spreckels the son of sugar magnate Claus Spreckels 217 A posthumous report in The Butte Daily Post after Kaʻiulani s death connected her to James G Blaine Jr son of former United States Secretary of State James G Blaine 218 Death and burial 1898 1899 editKaʻiulani traveled to the Parker Ranch at Waimea on the island of Hawaii on December 6 1898 219 The ranch owner Samuel Parker had served on Kalakaua s privy council and was Liliʻuokalani s minister of foreign affairs when the monarchy was overthrown Kaʻiulani attended the December 14 wedding of Parker s daughter who was her childhood friend Eva to Frank Woods 220 and stayed for Christmas festivities The celebrations and activities went on for weeks In mid January 1899 Kaʻiulani and a number of other guests mounted horses and rode out for a picnic What started out as pleasant weather soon turned into a windy rainstorm While others on the ride donned raincoats Kaʻiulani was gleefully galloping through the rain without a coat It was not until later when they were back on the ranch that she began feeling ill 221 Upon learning of her situation on January 24 her father sailed immediately to the island on the steamship Kinau Their family physician Doctor Walters Saint David G Walters accompanied him 222 After medical treatment the public was told two weeks later that she was on the mend 221 However Kaʻiulani was still frail and her illness lingered A petition to President William McKinley and Congress urging the United States to grant the princess a pension was being circulated for signatures 223 In reality she was still gravely ill and Cleghorn brought her back to ʻAinahau on February 9 on the steamship Mauna Loa She was so ill she had to be carried on a stretcher Walters said it was inflammatory rheumatism He later added that she also had an exophthalmic goitre 223 Kaʻiulani died of inflammatory rheumatism at her home at ʻAinahau on Monday March 6 1899 at the age of 23 Later George W Macfarlane a family friend and King Kalakaua s chamberlain told a reporter from the San Francisco Call that the princess possibly died of a broken heart 224 Kaʻiulani had loved peacocks growing up around a flock originally belonging to her mother at ʻAinahau She would sometimes be called the Peacock Princess 225 Her beloved peacocks could be heard screaming in the night when she died It was later determined that the late night activities and lights likely agitated the birds but others still believed that the peacocks were mourning her death 226 Native Hawaiian protocol dictated that the body of an aliʻi royal could only be moved after midnight following death and had to be interred on the sabbath She lay in her own home until Saturday March 11 when her body was moved just after midnight 227 The route from ʻAinahau to the lying in state at Kawaiahaʻo Church became a growing funeral procession as native Hawaiians fell in line with lit torches and wailed mournfully 228 nbsp nbsp Kaʻiulani lying in state at Kawaiahaʻo Church and her funeral procession through Honolulu 1899 The Republic of Hawaii government put all its resources at the family s disposal and gave her a state funeral on March 12 229 She lay in state at Kawaiahaʻo Church until her final service Hundreds of individuals and organizations made up the procession The Pacific Commercial Advertiser estimated that 20 000 spectators lined the streets 230 The most recent 1896 census had shown only 29 000 residents in all of Honolulu 231 Her remains were brought to the Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii at ʻMauna Ala in the Nuʻuanu Valley for burial She was interred in the main chapel of the mausoleum joining her mother Likelike and the other deceased members of the royal houses of Kalakaua and Kamehameha 232 233 In a ceremony officiated by Liliʻuokalani on June 24 1910 the family s remains were transferred for a final time to the underground Kalakaua Crypt after the main mausoleum building had been converted into a chapel Her father was also interred in the crypt after his death on November 1 1910 234 Cultural impact and legacy editWhen Kaʻiulani was born kerosene lamps provided Honolulu s street lighting During Kalakaua s 1881 world tour he visited Thomas Edison who gave him a demonstration of electric light bulbs 235 ʻIolani Palace led the way in and installed the first electric lighting in Hawaii in 1886 The public was invited to attend the first night lighting ceremonies The Royal Hawaiian Band entertained refreshments were served and the king on horseback paraded his troops around the grounds 236 When Honolulu finally electrified all its street lighting the honor of throwing the switch at the Nuʻuanu generators to light up the city fell to 12 year old Kaʻiulani on Friday March 23 1888 237 nbsp The Kaʻiulani statue in WaikikiIn the fall of 2007 British filmmaker Marc Forby began production on a 9 million film titled Barbarian Princess based on the princess attempts to restore her nation s independence Princess Kaʻiulani was played by 12 year old Kaimana Paʻaluhi of Oahu and by Q Orianka Kilcher Barry Pepper Will Patton and Shaun Evans co star In March 2008 scenes were filmed on location at the ʻIolani Palace The film s world premiere was held at the Hawaii Theatre in Honolulu Hawaii on Friday October 16 2009 as part of the Hawaii International Film Festival The film s title provoked controversy and the film opened with mixed reviews 238 However demand to see the film was high and the film festival scheduled several additional screenings The movie s title has since been changed to Princess Kaʻiulani Roadside Attractions acquired the movie s United States rights and scheduled it for theatrical release on May 14 2010 239 240 Forby s film is not the first project to bring the Princess to the screen Kaʻiulani biographer Kristin Zambucka produced a docudrama called A Cry of Peacocks for Hawaiian television broadcast in 1994 by Green Glass Productions and KITV Princess Kaʻiulani was played by Heather Kuʻupuaohelomakamae Marsh 241 242 In 1999 the Outrigger Hotels commissioned a statue of Kaʻiulani at Waikiki An annual keiki children hula festival is held in her honor in October at the Sheraton Princess Kaiulani Hotel built on the former grounds of ʻAinahau 243 In March 2017 Hawaiʻi Magazine ranked her on a list of the most influential women in Hawaiian history 244 The Kaʻiulani Project edit The Kaʻiulani Project began in 2007 after completion of five years of research on the life of the princess 245 Members of the project which was founded by Jennifer Fahrni include descendants of the princess s family Hawaiian cultural leaders kumu hula and Hawaiian educators The goal of the project was to make Kaʻiulani s dual culture and her legacy for the Hawaiian people more widely known and ultimately taught in Hawaiian schools 246 In 2007 the project began work with Hawaiian educators as well as cultural and performing arts organizations producing presentations and play readings throughout the state 247 On October 16 2010 The Kaʻiulani Project in co ordination with the Royal Guards of Hawaii produced the Lahaina Royal Hoʻike where official Hawaiian protocols were performed for the first time in honor of Kaʻiulani in over 100 years 248 Delegations from all islands took part in the event on the sacred grounds of Mokuʻula and Waiola Church This was first time since Kaʻiulani s passing that her family participated in official Hawaiian celebrations of her life Hoʻokupu offerings were presented to and received by Kaʻiulani s grand niece in honor of the princess s 135th birthday Numerous civic and cultural organizations in Hawaii including the Royal Order of Kamehameha I participate in the event Entertainment was provided by the Royal Hawaiian Band and other performers 249 The story of the princess s life was also presented with selected scenes from the original script Ka iulani The Island Rose 250 The Kaʻiulani Project includes Kaʻiulani The Island Rose 251 252 a fact based screenplay and stage play researched and written since 2003 by Fahrni and Carol Harvie Yamaguchi and a biography Princess Kaʻiulani Her Life and Times 253 The script was first performed as a public reading on April 12 2008 in Kahului Hawaii on Maui 254 ʻAinahau and her banyan tree edit Archibald Cleghorn willed the estate of ʻAinahau to the Territory of Hawaii for a park to honor Ka iulani after his death in 1910 However the territorial legislature refused the gift The property was subdivided and sold with the Victorian mansion at ʻAinahau becoming a hotel and then a rental property before it burned down on August 2 1921 30 31 The Daughters of Hawaii an organization founded in 1903 to preserve the islands historic legacy was given responsibility for the care of Ka iulani s banyan tree On October 16 1930 the Daughters of Hawaii installed a bronze plaque near the tree to honor the memory of Ka iulani and her friendship with Robert Louis Stevenson However the mounting cost of annual pruning and concerns about the health of the tree led to it being cut down in 1949 255 Kaʻiulani Elementary School edit Kaʻiulani Elementary School was founded in the Kapalama neighborhood of Honolulu on April 25 1899 During Arbor Day of 1900 the school principal planted a cutting from her banyan tree at ʻAinahau given to the school by Archibald Cleghorn Local efforts prevented the tree from being cut down in the 1950s and the tree survives to the present The bronze plaque from the original banyan tree was later moved to this site Other cuttings from the original banyan were planted in other parts of Hawaii 256 Ancestry editKalakaua family treeNotes edit The specific land make up of ʻAinahau was 6 acres 2 4 ha purchased by Archibald Cleghorn in 1872 3 9 acres 1 6 ha from Princess Ruth in 1875 an additional 1 3 acres 0 53 ha from Princess Ruth at a later date 30 31 Other sources including Hawaiian linguist Mary Kawena Pukui claimed that the name means hau tree land or land of the hau tree after the hau trees Hibiscus tiliaceus which gave shade to the estate 32 33 The confusion is because hau means both cool and the hibiscus tree in Hawaiian 34 These three brothers were the biological sons of David Kahalepouli Piʻikoi and Victoria Kinoiki Kekaulike a younger sister of Queen Kapiʻolani Edward Keliʻiahonui was hanai informally adopted by Princess Poʻomaikelani while Kawananakoa and Kuhiō were hanai by Kalakaua and Kapiʻolani 45 46 Historian Marilyn Stassen McLaughlin claimed that the elderly schoolmistress Caroline Sharp had announced the closure of Great Harrowden Hall around this time 70 In relation to her music lessons Kaʻiulani proudly wrote to her aunt on March 20 1892 I have such a nice lady for a singing mistress She has taught me such a lot and she says that I have a very sweet soprano voice I think that I must have inherited it from you I am getting on pretty well with my music and I am so fond of it 71 72 Her mother Likelike her aunt Liliʻuokalani and her uncles Kalakaua and Leleiohoku were honored as Na Lani ʻEha The Heavenly Four for their impact patronage and enrichment of Hawaii s musical culture and history 73 Kalakaua granted the title of Prince to both Kawananakoa and his brothers Edward Abnel Keliʻiahonui and Jonah Kuhiō Kalanianaʻole on February 10 1883 91 Sanford B Dole recounted his initial meeting with the Committee of Safety in the evening of January 16 1893 in his memoir I found the meeting unanimously in favor of setting aside the monarchy and establishing a republican form of government with the view of eventual annexation to the United States I suggested instead of such a scheme that the Queen be deposed and Princess Kaiulani be installed as queen and that a regency be established to govern the country during her minority but I was informed very positively that the supporters of the movement were unanimous in the feeling that no more trial should be accorded to the Kalakaua family or any of its members and that such a scheme would receive no support and was wholly impracticable After some further discussion I told them that I would consider their proposition overnight and give my decision in the morning to the executive committee which had been created by the Committee of Safety 96 Lorrin A Thurston recounted his meeting with Archibald Scott Cleghorn in the morning of January 16 1893 writing in his memoir Shortly after Mr Wilson s departure another knock came at the door opening it I found Mr Archibald Cleghorn He was the brother in law of Queen Liliuokalani the husband of the Queen s sister Likelike and father of Princess Kaiulani The old gentleman said I would like to speak to you a few minutes Mr Thurston and drew me into the hall There he went on I do not blame you for what you are proposing to do to Liliuokalani Mr Thurston but I wish to submit for the consideration of the committee of safety whether it is necessary to overturn the Monarchy entirely and to have you take into consideration the claim of Princess Kaiulani If you remove Liliuokalani from the throne why not appoint who is now the heir apparent to be queen You can appoint a board of regents to act during her minority and I assure you that the community will have a very different state of affairs to deal with from that which Kalakaua and Liliuokalani have presented You know my regard for Kaiulani Mr Cleghorn I replied I think very highly of her If conditions were different I should be very glad to help promote your suggestion but matters have proceeded too far for your plan to be an adequate answer to this situation We are going to abrogate the Monarchy entirely and nothing can be done to stop us so far as I can see Mr Cleghorn looked as though he were about to weep He bowed his head in silence and retreated down the stairway I returned to the office and informed the committee of my interviews with Messrs Wilson and Cleghorn and the committee approved both of my replies 99 Also known as Prince Fushimi Sadamaro Prince Komatsu or finally Prince Higashifushimi Yorihito due to his various adoption into different ōke cadet branches of the Japanese imperial house 197 198 The personal writings of Curtis P Iaukea a royal courtier who served as chamberlain to King Kalakaua and later secretary to Queen Liliʻuokalani notes On arriving at New York on our way home from the Jubilee where I got the Honolulu papers staring me in the face was the news that the Queen had deeded her property to her two Nephews with some reservation for the payment of her outstanding liabilites sic Curious to know what led the Queen to dispense with her estate in the way she did I learned from one of the parties concerned in the transaction whom I knew well and intimately that in her anxiety that the older of the two Boys David Kawananakoa should marry Princess Kaʻiulani a union that she had set her heart on she executed the deed as a means of overcoming the reflection and representations made to her that unless she did so Kaʻiulani would not entertain or consent to marry David as he had no visible means of supporting a wife That Princess Kaʻiulani ever entertained this proposition I doubt At all events the union did not materialize much to the Queen s disappointment She then tried to recover the property but proved unavailing She died not long after 207 References edit a b c The Hawaiian Gazette December 29 1875 Liliʻuokalani 1898 p 219 Liliʻuokalani 1898 p 400 Webb amp Webb 1998 p 28 Kuykendall 1965 pp 208 30 Pukui amp Elbert 1986 p 104 Teves 2018 p 127 Judd amp Hawaiian Historical Society 1936 pp 36 37 Kaeo amp Queen Emma 1976 pp 292 93 Kuykendall 1953 pp 239 62 Kapiikauinamoku 1955 Kamehiro 2009 p 43 Waldron 1967 pp 101 105 Peterson 1984 pp 180 a b c Webb amp Webb 1998 p 5 Zambucka 1998 p 8 Webb amp Webb 1998 pp xxi 5 Liliʻuokalani 1898 p 55 Cleghorn et al 1979 pp 68 69 Askman 2008 p 182 Webb amp Webb 1998 pp xx xxi Liliʻuokalani 1898 pp 1 2 52 399 409 Allen 1982 pp 33 36 a b Peterson 1984 pp 180 184 Kaeo amp Queen Emma 1976 p 61 Kuykendall 1967 p 477 Honolulu Star Bulletin October 16 1916 a b The Pacific Commercial Advertiser January 1 1876 Kanahele 1995 pp 133 134 137 a b c Mitchell et al 2009 pp 27 33 a b c Runyon et al 2009 pp 30 36 Pukui Elbert amp Mookini 1974 p 7 Environmental Impact Statement 2009 pp 8 43 Pukui amp Elbert 1986 p 66 Webb amp Webb 1998 p 6 Linnea 1999 pp 18 21 Kam 2011 pp 49 68 Webb amp Webb 1998 pp 45 53 Webb amp Webb 1998 p 53 The Pacific Commercial Advertiser March 8 1884 a b Webb amp Webb 1998 pp 23 44 Webb amp Webb 1998 pp 55 58 60 Requilman 2002 p 216 Schweizer 1982 p 174 a b c d Stassen McLaughlin 1999 pp 46 48 Webb amp Webb 1998 pp 24 25 Quigg 1988 pp 170 208 Webb amp Webb 1998 pp 55 58 78 82 Quigg 1988 pp 171 177 199 205 Kuykendall 1967 pp 367 370 Kuykendall 1967 pp 344 372 Van Dyke 2008 pp 120 124 Webb amp Webb 1998 pp 53 61 Stassen McLaughlin 1999 p 23 Davies 1893 p 608 The Nebraska State Journal February 21 1893 Liliʻuokalani 1898 p 192 Webb amp Webb 1998 pp 68 75 77 Linnea 1999 pp 77 79 Kuykendall 1967 pp 476 478 510 Stassen McLaughlin 1999 pp 22 24 25 Webb amp Webb 1998 pp 80 81 Webb amp Webb 1998 pp 75 84 Stassen McLaughlin 1999 pp 23 26 Linnea 1999 pp 77 87 Stassen McLaughlin 1999 p 24 a b c Linnea 1999 p 82 Webb amp Webb 1998 p 79 Webb amp Webb 1998 pp 85 90 Webb amp Webb 1998 pp 91 92 Stassen McLaughlin 1999 pp 22 23 Webb amp Webb 1998 p 92 Zambucka 1998 p 39 Scott 1995 Stassen McLaughlin 1999 pp 23 26 32 Linnea 1999 p 99 Webb amp Webb 1998 pp 93 95 a b Hawaii Legislature 1892 pp 197 228 a b Stassen McLaughlin 1999 pp 26 32 Webb amp Webb 1998 pp 93 98 Stassen McLaughlin 1999 p 27 Webb amp Webb 1998 pp 98 100 Stassen McLaughlin 1999 p 32 Kuykendall 1967 pp 466 474 Mcdermott Choy amp Guerrero 2015 p 59 Kuykendall 1967 pp 470 474 Webb amp Webb 1998 pp 80 82 Kuykendall 1967 pp 474 476 Kuykendall 1967 pp 476 478 Webb amp Webb 1998 pp 82 84 Allen 1982 p 245 The Pacific Commercial Advertiser March 10 1891 The Daily Bulletin March 9 1891 Kamae 1980 p 53 Webb amp Webb 1998 p 89 Kuykendall 1967 p 486 a b c Webb amp Webb 1998 p 98 a b c Zambucka 1998 pp 35 36 a b Dole 1936 pp 76 77 a b Webb amp Webb 1998 pp 101 102 Dole 1936 pp 74 77 a b Thurston 1936 pp 255 256 a b Stassen McLaughlin 1999 pp 31 32 Kuykendall 1967 pp 596 605 Kuykendall 1967 p 603 Linnea 1999 pp 112 114 Askman 2008 pp 189 195 Thomas 1991 pp 16 18 Kuykendall 1967 pp 609 618 Proto 2009 pp 29 32 Kuykendall 1943 p 62 a b Stassen McLaughlin 1999 p 33 Linnea 1999 pp 110 115 a b Kuykendall 1967 pp 618 620 Andrade 1990 pp 94 100 Linnea 1999 pp 110 115 140 142 Linnea 1999 pp 113 114 a b The San Francisco Call March 2 1893 a b Webb amp Webb 1998 pp 99 103 Stassen McLaughlin 1999 p 35 The Boston Globe March 2 1893 Webb amp Webb 1998 p 104 Webb amp Webb 1998 pp 104 106 Evening Bulletin March 10 1893 The Pacific Commercial Advertiser March 11 1893 Stassen McLaughlin 1999 pp 33 36 Webb amp Webb 1998 pp 106 114 Kuykendall 1967 pp 620 623 Stassen McLaughlin 1999 p 34 Stassen McLaughlin 1999 p 36 Hawaii Legislature 1882 pp 107 121 Hawaii Legislature 1888 pp 166 181 a b Stassen McLaughlin 1999 pp 43 44 Stassen McLaughlin 1999 p 40 Webb amp Webb 1998 p 122 Stassen McLaughlin 1999 pp 40 41 Stassen McLaughlin 1999 pp 41 43 Stassen McLaughlin 1999 pp 45 46 Stassen McLaughlin 1999 pp 49 50 Webb amp Webb 1998 pp 137 138 Webb amp Webb 1998 pp 130 144 Linnea 1999 pp 155 171 Stassen McLaughlin 1999 pp 48 49 Zambucka 1998 pp 112 117 Webb amp Webb 1998 pp 131 132 Stassen McLaughlin 1999 p 44 Webb amp Webb 1998 pp 138 141 Linnea 1999 pp 120 121 Webb amp Webb 1998 p 137 Stassen McLaughlin 1999 pp 44 45 Stassen McLaughlin 1999 pp 49 52 a b Zambucka 1998 pp 122 125 Webb amp Webb 1998 pp 141 144 Haley 2014 pp 317 336 a b Silva 2004 pp 123 163 Silva 1998 Zambucka 1998 pp 112 118 a b Stassen McLaughlin 1999 pp 50 51 a b Linnea 1999 pp 162 163 Zambucka 1998 pp 114 116 Zambucka 1998 pp 116 118 Linnea 1999 p 173 Cleghorn et al 1979 pp 1 2 5 6 a b Webb amp Webb 1998 pp 144 154 a b Linnea 1999 pp 173 177 Baur 1922 p 254 Webb amp Webb 1998 pp 152 153 Linnea 1999 p 176 Feeser amp Chan 2006 pp 111 112 a b Webb amp Webb 1998 pp 154 158 Linnea 1999 pp 175 185 Linnea 1999 pp 175 187 The Hawaiian Gazette June 7 1898 Webb amp Webb 1998 pp 169 170 Haley 2014 p 336 Tighe 1998 Allen 1982 p 365 Mehmed 1998 pp 141 144 Rix 1898 p 17 Webb amp Webb 1998 pp 184 189 Linnea 1999 pp 200 203 The Pacific Commercial Advertiser September 10 1898 Burlingame 2008 Hulstrand 2009 Peterson 1984 pp 180 84 Perry 2003 The Sun October 24 1897 Clark 2011 p 437 Britton 2014 Wood 2008 a b Museum of British Surfing 2012 a b Martin 2012 Moser 2016 p 416 Forbes 1992 a b Severson Horikawa amp Saville 2002 pp 85 87 Webb amp Webb 1998 pp 64 71 Farrell 2009 Johnstone 1905 p 62 Stevenson amp Day 1991 p xxv Webb amp Webb 1998 p 69 Kuykendall 1967 p 230 Marumoto 1976 pp 57 58 Armstrong 1904 pp 62 63 Kuykendall 1967 p 230 Webb amp Webb 1998 p 120 The Hawaiian Gazette May 2 1893 The Hawaiian Gazette June 26 1894 Hoyt 1983 pp 177 184 The Hawaiian Star November 16 1897 The Sacramento Bee November 17 1897 Stassen McLaughlin 1999 pp 41 47 50 a b Stassen McLaughlin 1999 p 50 a b c Iaukea 2012 p 67 The San Francisco Call February 11 1898 The Hawaiian Star February 19 1898 The Pacific Commercial Advertiser June 28 1898 Linnea 1999 pp 186 187 Cleghorn et al 1979 p 34 Webb amp Webb 1998 p 207 Leong 2009 Stassen McLaughlin 1999 p 47 Zambucka 1998 pp 135 36 The Evening Republican May 16 1895 The Butte Daily Post April 15 1899 Evening Bulletin December 6 1898 The Independent December 19 1898 a b Webb amp Webb 1998 pp 194 195 Honolulu Star Bulletin August 23 1932 a b Webb amp Webb 1998 p 195 Teves 2018 p 128 Bunford 2011 pp 184 196 Teves 2018 pp 197 198 Evening Bulletin March 11 1899 Hodges 1918 p 200 Forbes 2003 pp 736 737 The Pacific Commercial Advertiser March 13 1899 Thrum 1901 p 187 Kam 2017 pp 141 143 Parker 2008 pp 30 31 Thrum 1909 p 107 Parker 2008 pp 39 53 55 Kam 2017 pp 192 196 The Sun September 26 1881 The Daily Bulletin July 22 1886 Webb amp Webb 1998 pp 59 60 Tsai 2009 Fojas 2014 pp 93 94 Kay 2010 Ryan 1993 Viotti 1993 Teves 2019 p 68 Dekneef 2017 Fahrni Jennifer April 7 2006 The Princess Ka iulani Project The Kaʻiulani Project Retrieved August 31 2012 Hulstrand Janet May 8 2009 Ka iulani Hawaii s Island Rose Smithsonian Magazine Smithsonian Institution Retrieved August 31 2007 Simon Liza April 7 2009 Ties Between Hawaiian and Scottish Cultures Ka Wai Ola Office of Hawaiian Affairs Retrieved August 31 2012 Vieth Mark October 14 2010 Be Part of History at the Lahaina Royal Hoike Lahaina News Ogden Newspapers Retrieved August 31 2012 Ho ike will honor Hawaii s royal past Lahaina News Ogden Newspapers October 14 2010 Retrieved August 31 2012 Lahaina Royal Ho ike From the Keiki to Ka iulani and the Crown Maui Now October 21 2010 Retrieved August 31 2012 Asato Lisa December 14 2008 Princess Ka iulani is the subject of a play Ka Wai Ola Office of Hawaiian Affairs Retrieved August 31 2012 Barnhart Sky April 2 2009 The Creation of a Play Ka iulani The Island Rose The Maui News Ogden Newspapers Retrieved August 31 2012 Fahrni Jennifer February 14 2006 Princess Ka iulani Her Life and Times The Kaʻiulani Project Retrieved August 31 2012 Fahrni Jennifer October 14 2010 Ka iulani The Island Rose The Ka iulani Project Retrieved August 31 2012 Kam 2011 pp 55 57 Kam 2011 pp 57 58 Bibliography editBooks and journals edit Allen Helena G 1982 The Betrayal of Liliʻuokalani Last Queen of Hawaii 1838 1917 Glendale CA Arthur H Clark Company ISBN 978 0 87062 144 4 OCLC 9576325 Andrade Ernest Jr 1990 Great Britain and the Hawaiian Revolution and Republic 1893 1898 PDF The Hawaiian Journal of History Honolulu Hawaiian Historical Society 24 91 116 hdl 10524 562 OCLC 60626541 Archived PDF from the original on June 26 2020 Retrieved July 22 2020 Armstrong William N 1904 Around the World with a King New York Frederick A Stokes OCLC 489773 Archived from the original on March 17 2016 Retrieved July 22 2020 Askman Douglas V 2008 Her Majesty s Disloyal Opposition An Examination of the English Language Version of Robert Wilcox s the Liberal 1892 1893 PDF The Hawaiian Journal of History Honolulu Hawaiian Historical Society 42 177 200 hdl 10524 135 OCLC 60626541 Archived PDF from the original on June 26 2020 Retrieved July 22 2020 Baur John E 1922 When Royalty Came To California California Historical Society Quarterly Honolulu Hawaiian Historical Society 67 4 244 64 doi 10 2307 25158494 JSTOR 25158494 Bunford Stephen R 2011 Kaʻiulani the Peacock Princess Kamehameha s Crown A History of the Hawaiian Monarchy Bloomington IN Worldclay pp 184 96 ISBN 978 1 60481 945 8 OCLC 865107256 Archived from the original on July 10 2020 Retrieved July 22 2020 Clark John R K 2011 Hawaiian Surfing Traditions from the Past Honolulu University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 8248 6032 5 OCLC 794925343 Cleghorn Thomas A K Cleghorn Nellie Yarnell Maxwell Argow Dorothy Allen Katherine B 1979 Thomas Alexander Kaulaahi Cleghorn PDF Oral History Project Honolulu The Watumull Foundation 1 82 hdl 10524 48595 OCLC 10006035 Archived PDF from the original on June 27 2020 Retrieved July 22 2020 Davies Theophilus Harris 1893 The Hawaiian Situation The North American Review 156 438 605 10 ISSN 0029 2397 JSTOR 25103136 OCLC 84186580 Dole Sanford B 1936 Farrell Andrew ed Memoirs of the Hawaiian Revolution Honolulu Advertiser Publishing Company OCLC 4823270 Archived from the original on December 29 2019 Retrieved July 22 2020 Dudoit D Mahealani ed 2002 ʻOiwi A Native Hawaiian Journal Vol 2 Honolulu Kuleana ʻOiwi Press ISBN 0 9668220 2 1 OCLC 402770968 Requilman Arnold Hōkulani A Hundred Years after the Pikake Princess In Dudoit 2002 pp 198 218 Environmental Impact Statement Preparation Notice Princess Kaʻiulani Renovation amp Development and the Replacement of the Moana Surfrider Hoetel Diamond Head with a New Tower PDF Honolulu Kyo ya Hotel amp Resorts February 2009 Feeser Andrea Chan Gaye 2006 Waikiki A History of Forgetting and Remembering Honolulu University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 8248 2979 7 JSTOR ctt6wqr1w OCLC 1090204874 Fojas Camilla 2014 Islands of Empire Pop Culture and U S Power Austin University of Texas Press pp 93 94 doi 10 7560 756304 ISBN 978 0 292 75632 8 JSTOR 10 7560 756304 8 OCLC 958293300 Forbes David W 1992 Encounters with Paradise Views of Hawaii and Its People 1778 1941 Honolulu Honolulu Academy of Arts ISBN 978 0 7103 0454 4 OCLC 24550242 Forbes David W ed 2003 Hawaiian National Bibliography 1780 1900 Vol 4 1881 1900 Honolulu University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 8248 2636 9 OCLC 123279964 Archived from the original on June 13 2020 Retrieved July 22 2020 Haley James L 2014 Captive Paradise A History of Hawaii New York St Martin s Press ISBN 978 0 312 60065 5 OCLC 865158092 Archived from the original on June 13 2020 Retrieved July 22 2020 Hawaii Legislature 1882 Chapter XLVI An Act Making Specific Appropriations For The Use Of The Government During The Two Years Which End With The 31st Day of March In The Year One Thousand Eight Hundred And Eighty Four Honolulu Black amp Auld pp 107 21 OCLC 42350849 Archived from the original on July 9 2020 Retrieved July 22 2020 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Hawaii Legislature 1888 Chapter LXXV An Act Making Specific Appropriations For The Use of The Government During The Two Years Which End With The 31st Day of March In The Year A D 1890 Honolulu Black amp Auld pp 166 81 OCLC 42350849 Archived from the original on July 9 2020 Retrieved July 22 2020 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Hawaii Legislature 1892 Chapter LXXVIII An Act Making Specific Appropriations For The Use Of The Government During The Two Years Which End With The 31st Day Of March In The Year A D 1894 Binder s title Hawaiian Islands laws Honolulu Robert Grieve pp 197 228 OCLC 156231006 Archived from the original on June 26 2020 Retrieved July 22 2020 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Hodges William C Jr 1918 The Passing of Liliʻuokalani Preceded by a Brief Historical Interpretation of the Life of Liliʻuokalani of Hawaii Honolulu Honolulu Star Bulletin OCLC 4564101 Archived from the original on July 12 2017 Retrieved July 22 2020 Hoyt Edwin Palmer 1983 Davies The Inside Story of a British American Family in the Pacific and Its Business Enterprises Honolulu Topgallant Publishing Company ISBN 978 0 914916 57 4 OCLC 10198570 Iaukea Sydney Lehua 2012 The Queen and I A Story of Dispossessions and Reconnections in Hawaiʻi Berkeley University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 95030 6 OCLC 763161035 Archived from the original on April 12 2020 Retrieved July 22 2020 Johnstone Arthur 1905 Recollections of Robert Louis Stevenson in the Pacific London Chatto amp Windus ISBN 9780841453241 OCLC 978647261 Judd A Francis Hawaiian Historical Society 1936 Lunalilo the Sixth King of Hawaii PDF Forty Fourth Annual Report of the Hawaiian Historical Society for the Year 1935 Honolulu Hawaiian Historical Society 27 43 hdl 10524 50 Archived PDF from the original on June 26 2020 Retrieved July 22 2020 Kaeo Peter Queen Emma 1976 Korn Alfons L ed News from Molokai Letters Between Peter Kaeo amp Queen Emma 1873 1876 PDF Honolulu The University Press of Hawaii hdl 10125 39980 ISBN 978 0 8248 0399 5 OCLC 2225064 Archived PDF from the original on June 27 2020 Retrieved July 22 2020 Kam Ralph Thomas 2017 Death Rites and Hawaiian Royalty Funerary Practices in the Kamehameha and Kalakaua Dynasties 1819 1953 S I McFarland Incorporated Publishers ISBN 978 1 4766 6846 8 OCLC 966566652 Archived from the original on December 24 2019 Retrieved August 21 2018 Kam Ralph Thomas 2011 The Legacy of ʻAinahau The Genealogy of Kaʻiulani s Banyan PDF The Hawaiian Journal of History Honolulu Hawaiian Historical Society 45 49 68 hdl 10524 33781 OCLC 60626541 Archived PDF from the original on June 26 2020 Retrieved July 22 2020 Kamae Lori 1980 The Empty Throne Honolulu Topgallant Publishing Co ISBN 978 0 914916 44 4 OCLC 7080687 Archived from the original on December 29 2019 Retrieved July 22 2020 Kamehiro Stacy L 2009 The Arts of Kingship Hawaiian Art and National Culture of the Kalakaua Era Honolulu University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 8248 3263 6 OCLC 663885792 Kanahele George S 1995 Waikiki 100 B C to 1900 A D An Untold Story Honolulu University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 8248 1790 9 OCLC 33009852 Kuykendall Ralph Simpson 1943 Negotiation of the Hawaiian Annexation Treaty of 1893 PDF Fifty First Annual Report of the Hawaiian Historical Society for the Year 1942 Honolulu Hawaiian Historical Society 5 64 hdl 10524 90 Archived PDF from the original on June 29 2020 Retrieved July 22 2020 Kuykendall Ralph Simpson 1965 1938 The Hawaiian Kingdom 1778 1854 Foundation and Transformation Vol 1 Honolulu University of Hawaii Press ISBN 0 87022 431 X OCLC 47008868 Archived from the original on September 25 2014 Retrieved July 22 2020 Kuykendall Ralph Simpson 1953 The Hawaiian Kingdom 1854 1874 Twenty Critical Years Vol 2 Honolulu University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 87022 432 4 OCLC 47010821 Archived from the original on December 13 2014 Retrieved July 22 2020 Kuykendall Ralph Simpson 1967 The Hawaiian Kingdom 1874 1893 The Kalakaua Dynasty Vol 3 Honolulu University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 87022 433 1 OCLC 500374815 Archived from the original on January 20 2015 Retrieved July 22 2020 Liliʻuokalani 1898 Hawaii s Story by Hawaii s Queen Liliʻuokalani Boston Lee amp Shepard ISBN 978 0 548 22265 2 OCLC 2387226 Linnea Sharon 1999 Princess Kaʻiulani Hope of a Nation Heart of a People Grand Rapids MI Eerdmans Young Readers ISBN 978 0 8028 5088 1 OCLC 36727806 Marumoto Masaji 1976 Vignette of Early Hawaii Japan Relations Highlights of King Kalakaua s Sojourn in Japan on His Trip around the World as Recorded in His Personal Diary PDF The Hawaiian Journal of History Hawaiian Historical Society 10 52 63 hdl 10524 291 Archived PDF from the original on June 26 2020 Retrieved July 22 2020 Mcdermott John F Choy Zita Cup Guerrero Anthony P S 2015 The Last Illness and Death of Hawaiʻi s King Kalakaua A New Historical Clinical Perspective Cover The Hawaiian Journal of History Honolulu Hawaiian Historical Society 49 59 72 doi 10 1353 hjh 2015 0002 hdl 10524 56606 OCLC 60626541 S2CID 162545638 Archived from the original on August 1 2018 Retrieved August 21 2018 Mehmed Ali 1998 Hoʻohuiʻaina Pala Ka Maiʻa Remembering Annexation One Hundred Years Ago The Hawaiian Journal of History Honolulu Hawaiian Historical Society 32 141 154 hdl 10524 358 OCLC 60626541 Mitchell Aulii Hazlett Alexander Hazlett Hammatt Hallett H Shideler David W April 2009 Cultural Impact Assessment Report for the Proposed Princess Kaʻiulani Redevelopment Project Waikiki Ahupuaʻa Kona District Oʻahu TMK 1 2 6 022 001 and 041 Prepared for Kyo ya Hotels and Resorts LP PDF Honolulu Kyo ya Hotel amp Resorts LP a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help permanent dead link Moser Patrick December 2016 The Endurance of Surfing in 19th century Hawaiʻi The Journal of the Polynesian Society Wellington The Polynesian Society 125 4 411 432 doi 10 15286 jps 125 4 411 432 OCLC 6925648463 Parker David Kawika 2008 Crypts of the Ali i The Last Refuge of the Hawaiian Royalty Tales of Our Hawaiʻi PDF Honolulu Alu Like Inc OCLC 309392477 Archived from the original PDF on November 11 2013 Peterson Barbara Bennett ed 1984 Notable Women of Hawaii Honolulu University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 8248 0820 4 OCLC 11030010 Proto Neil Thomas 2009 The Rights of My People Liliʻuokalani s Enduring Battle with the United States 1893 1917 New York Algora Publishing ISBN 978 0 87586 720 5 OCLC 319248358 Archived from the original on July 16 2020 Retrieved July 22 2020 Pukui Mary Kawena Elbert Samuel H 1986 Hawaiian Dictionary Hawaiian English English Hawaiian Honolulu University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 8248 0703 0 OCLC 12751521 Archived from the original on January 1 2015 Retrieved July 22 2020 Pukui Mary Kawena Elbert Samuel H Mookini Esther T 1974 Place Names of Hawaii Honolulu University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 8248 0524 1 OCLC 1042464 Archived from the original on November 1 2019 Retrieved July 22 2020 Quigg Agnes 1988 Kalakaua s Hawaiian Studies Abroad Program PDF The Hawaiian Journal of History Honolulu Hawaiian Historical Society 22 170 208 hdl 10524 103 OCLC 60626541 Archived PDF from the original on June 27 2020 Retrieved July 22 2020 Runyon Rosanna Yucha Trevor Shideler David Hammatt Hallett H October 2009 Draft Archaeological Inventory Survey Report for the Proposed Princess Kaʻiulani Redevelopment Project Waikiki Ahupuaʻa Kona District Oʻahu TMK 1 2 6 022 001 and 041 Prepared for Kyo ya Hotels and Resorts LP PDF Honolulu Kyo ya Hotel amp Resorts LP a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help permanent dead link Schweizer Niklaus Rudolf 1982 Hawaiʻi and the German Speaking Peoples Honolulu Topgallant Publishing Company ISBN 978 0 914916 60 4 OCLC 611085646 Severson Don R Horikawa Michael D Saville Jennifer 2002 Finding Paradise Island Art in Private Collections Honolulu Honolulu Academy of Arts University of Hawaiʻi Press ISBN 978 0 8248 2657 4 OCLC 123158782 Archived from the original on July 19 2020 Retrieved July 22 2020 Stassen McLaughlin Marilyn 1999 Unlucky Star Princess Kaʻiulani PDF The Hawaiian Journal of History Honolulu Hawaiian Historical Society 33 21 54 hdl 10524 450 OCLC 60626541 Archived PDF from the original on June 17 2020 Retrieved July 22 2020 Stevenson Robert Louis 1991 1973 A Grove Day ed Travels in Hawaii Honolulu University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 8248 1397 0 OCLC 23217527 Archived from the original on July 9 2020 Retrieved July 22 2020 Teves Stephanie Nohelani 2018 The Afterlife of Princess Kaʽiulani Defiant Indigeneity The Politics of Hawaiian Performance Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press pp 113 144 ISBN 978 1 4696 4056 3 JSTOR 10 5149 9781469640570 teves 9 OCLC 1028956434 Teves Stephanie Nohelani 2019 Princess Ka iulani Haunts Empire in Waikiki In Hokulani K Aikau and Vernadette Vicuna Gonzalez ed Detours A Decolonial Guide to Hawaiʻi Durham Duke University Press pp 67 76 doi 10 2307 j ctv11smvvj 14 ISBN 978 1 4780 0720 3 JSTOR j ctv11smvvj 14 OCLC 1089781742 Thomas Jean 1991 A History of the Customs Service in Hawaii 1789 1989 Honolulu Department of the Treasury United States Customs Service Pacific Region OCLC 25424516 Thrum Thomas G ed 1901 Latest Census Hawaiian Islands From the Census Bulletin Washington D C Nov 1900 Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1901 Honolulu Honolulu 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Publishing ISBN 978 1 56647 710 9 OCLC 149442849 Archived from the original on June 13 2020 Retrieved August 21 2018 Newspapers and online sources edit Affairs In Hawaii The Evening Republican Meadville PA May 16 1895 p 1 Archived from the original on July 22 2020 Retrieved June 18 2020 Betrothal of Royal Hawaiians The San Francisco Call February 11 1898 p 2 col 1 Archived from the original on June 20 2020 Retrieved June 18 2020 Birthday Of Late Princess Kaiulani Observed By Pupils Honolulu Star Bulletin Honolulu October 16 1916 p 1 Retrieved December 13 2020 Britton Easkey December 27 2014 Womens Surfing Roots Sports International Magazine Burlingame Burl October 20 2009 Missed opportunities abound in Princess film Honolulu Star Bulletin Honolulu p 30 Retrieved July 22 2020 Christmas The Pacific Commercial Advertiser Honolulu January 1 1876 p 2 Retrieved December 12 2020 Dekneef Matthew March 8 2017 15 extraordinary Hawaii women who inspire us all We can all learn something from these 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Roadside drawn to Hawaiian biopic Princess Kaʻiulani Roadside Attractions has acquired all US rights to Marc Forby s Hawaiian historical biopic Princess Kaʻiulani Screen Daily Archived from the original on June 28 2010 Retrieved May 7 2010 Kuehne Beveridge s Bust of Kaʻiulani The Butte Daily Post Butte MT April 15 1899 p 14 Retrieved June 18 2020 Leong Lavonne December 2009 Unseen Treasures Honolulu Magazine Honolulu Archived from the original on June 17 2020 Retrieved June 18 2020 Local and General The Pacific Commercial Advertiser Honolulu March 8 1884 p 5 Retrieved April 15 2020 Martin Andy April 9 2012 Britain s original beach boys The Times London Retrieved December 2 2020 Museum of British Surfing 2012 Hawaiian royals surf Bridlington in 1890 Museum of British Surfing Retrieved December 2 2020 No Wonder Theophilus Wanted Kaʻiulani to Have a Future The Hawaiian Gazette June 26 1894 Retrieved June 18 2020 Not In A Hurry The Pacific Commercial Advertiser Honolulu March 11 1893 p 4 Archived from the original on July 3 2020 Retrieved July 2 2020 Over 20 000 people saw the funeral The Pacific Commercial Advertiser March 13 1899 Retrieved June 19 2020 Passengers Departed on December 6 1898 Evening Bulletin December 6 1898 Retrieved June 23 2020 Perry John W October November 2003 The Island Rose Hana Hou Vol 6 no 5 Honolulu Archived from the original on December 15 2010 Retrieved December 15 2010 Prince David Denies The Hawaiian Star February 19 1898 Archived from the original on June 14 2020 Retrieved June 18 2020 A Positive Denial Kaʻiulani Had no Throne or Flag to Be Deprived or Robbed of The Nebraska State Journal Lincoln February 21 1893 p 1 Retrieved July 1 2020 Relief Is Ready Honolulu Ladies Quickly Form Red Cross Corps The Hawaiian Gazette Honolulu June 7 1898 p 5 Retrieved June 18 2020 Rix Alice August 7 1898 The Princess Who Wanted to Be Queen The San Francisco Call Richmond pp 17 29 Archived from the original on June 22 2020 Retrieved July 22 2020 A Royal Christening The Hawaiian Gazette Honolulu December 29 1875 p 2 Archived from the original on June 29 2020 Retrieved June 27 2020 Ryan Tim January 21 1993 Legacy of a princess Honolulu Star Bulletin Honolulu p 21 Retrieved July 22 2020 The Succession Princess Kaʻiulani Proclaimed Successor to the Hawaiian Throne The Daily Bulletin Vol XV no 57 Honolulu March 9 1891 Image 2 col 2 Archived from the original on October 3 2017 Retrieved October 15 2017 Say Tis Not True The Hawaiian Star Honolulu November 16 1897 p 8 Archived from the original on June 21 2020 Retrieved June 18 2020 Scott Marjorie J September 8 1995 Contributions of royal family recognized The Honolulu Advertiser Honolulu p 17 Archived from the original on July 30 2018 Retrieved July 4 2018 Tighe Michael August 9 1998 Hawaii s Own A look at a century of annexation Associated Press Archived from the original on July 6 2010 Retrieved March 30 2010 Town Life Joys The Pacific Commercial Advertiser Honolulu September 10 1898 p 3 Archived from the original on July 22 2020 Retrieved June 18 2020 Tsai Michael October 17 2009 Ka iulani film met with applause disappointment The Honolulu Advertiser Archived from the original on October 21 2009 Retrieved October 22 2009 Viotti Vicki September 7 1993 Docudrama looks at princess who lost her legacy The Honolulu Advertiser Honolulu p 13 Retrieved July 22 2020 Was Not Ready The Pacific Commercial Advertiser June 28 1898 p 3 Archived from the original on June 19 2020 Retrieved June 18 2020 Wood Ben September 27 2008 Kaiulani surfed while studying in England Honolulu Star Bulletin Honolulu p 35 Retrieved December 2 2020 Wood Parker Two Prominent Hawaiians Joined in Wedlock Gay Festivities at Mana i ka Uhiwai The Independent December 19 1898 Archived from the original on June 26 2020 Retrieved June 23 2020 Further reading editAskman Douglas V 2013 Royal Standards of the Kingdom of Hawai i 1837 1893 PDF The Hawaiian Journal of History Honolulu Hawaiian Historical Society 47 61 86 hdl 10524 36268 OCLC 60626541 Archived PDF from the original on June 26 2020 Retrieved July 22 2020 Baker Ray Jerome 1954 Princess Kaʻiulani A Brief Biographical Sketch of Hawaii s Beloved Princess Together with a Series of Portraits Showing Her from Childhood to Adult Life Honolulu R J Baker OCLC 16333147 Grant Glen 1996 Waikiki Yesteryear Honolulu Mutual Publishing ISBN 978 1 56647 107 7 OCLC 36485480 Lightner Richard ed 2004 Hawaiian History An Annotated Bibliography Westport CT Greenwood Publishing Group pp 105 106 ISBN 978 0 313 28233 1 OCLC 470482092 Archived from the original on November 19 2018 Retrieved July 22 2020 Loomis Albertine 1976 For Whom Are the Stars An Informal History of the Overthrow of the Hawaiian Monarchy in 1893 and the Ill Fated Counterrevolution It Evoked Honolulu University Press of Hawaii and Friends of the Library of Hawaii ISBN 978 0 8248 0416 9 OCLC 2213370 Archived from the original on April 24 2017 Retrieved July 22 2020 Mrantz Maxine 1980 Hawaii s Tragic Princess Kaʻiulani the Girl who Never Got to Rule Honolulu Aloha Graphics and Sales ISBN 9780941351041 OCLC 8422094 Powell Ruth Bancroft 1954 Princess Kaʻiulani The Hope of Hawaii Honolulu OCLC 16333159 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Schmitt Robert C 1985 Two Centuries of Eye Care in Hawaiʻi Hawaiian Journal of History Honolulu Hawaiian Historical Society 19 171 174 hdl 10524 401 PMID 11617038 Siler Julia Flynn 2012 Lost Kingdom Hawaii s Last Queen the Sugar Kings and America s First Imperial Adventure New York Atlantic Monthly Press ISBN 978 0 8021 9488 6 OCLC 881683650 Archived from the original on April 23 2017 Retrieved July 22 2020 Silva Noenoe K 1998 The 1897 Petitions Protesting Annexation The Annexation Of Hawaii A Collection Of Document University of Hawaii at Manoa Archived from the original on December 30 2016 Retrieved December 19 2016 Silva Noenoe K 2004 Aloha Betrayed Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism Durham Duke University Press pp 165 185 186 200 202 doi 10 2307 j ctv11smzsz ISBN 0 8223 8622 4 JSTOR j ctv11smzsz OCLC 191222123 Archived from the original on June 26 2020 Retrieved July 22 2020 Stanley Fay 2001 The Last Princess The Story of Princess Ka iulani of Hawai i New York HarperCollins ISBN 978 0 688 18020 1 OCLC 44039887 Teves Stephanie Nohelani Fall 2019 Ka iulani Haunts Empire in Waikiki Humanities 40 4 Retrieved May 26 2020 dead link White Ellen Emerson 2001 Kaʻiulani The People s Princess New York Scholastic Inc ISBN 978 0 439 12909 1 OCLC 45058618 Woodrum Dorothea 1964 Governor Cleghorn Princess Kaʻiulani and Ainahau Recollections of a Gracious Era in Hawaii s History Honolulu Island Development Corporation OCLC 15498409 Archived from the original on June 13 2020 Retrieved August 21 2018 Zambucka Kristin 1982 Princess Kaʻiulani The Last Hope of Hawaii s Monarchy Honolulu Mana Publishing Company ISBN 978 0 935038 02 6 OCLC 317985311 Archived from the original on June 25 2020 Retrieved August 21 2018 Zambucka Kristin 1998 Princess Ka iulani of Hawaiʻi The Monarchy s Last Hope Honolulu Green Glass Production Inc ISBN 978 0 931897 07 8 Archived from the original on July 9 2020 Retrieved July 22 2020 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kaʻiulani Fahrni Jennifer 2006 2009 Princess Kaʻiulani Her Life and Times The Kaʻiulani Project Lahaina Retrieved June 23 2020 Princess Kaʻiulani Touring the U S Mainland Hawaiʻi Digital Newspaper Project Retrieved June 23 2020 Princess Kaʻiulani in U S Mainland Newspapers Hawaiʻi Digital Newspaper Project Retrieved June 23 2020 Princess Kaʻiulani s Engagement Rumors Hawaiʻi Digital Newspaper Project Retrieved June 23 2020 Reid Mindi Women in History of Scots Descent Princess Kaʻiulani Electric Scotland Archived from the original on April 27 2004 Retrieved March 28 2004 Reid Mindi 2000 An Icon of Two Selves Remembering Hawaiʻi s Crown Princess Victoria Kaʻiulani The Story of a Mixed Race Princess Urban Mozaik Magazine Archived from the original on February 17 2004 Retrieved February 27 2004 Shimizu Yucca Princess Kaʻiulani The Hope of the People 2003 Spring Semester Project by Yucca Shimizu MMC 5015 Survey of Electronic Publishing Prof David E Carlson College of Journalism and Communications University of Florida Archived from the original on July 28 2012 Retrieved July 28 2012 Kaʻiulani at Find a Grave Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kaʻiulani amp oldid 1182664263, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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