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Autonomous Province of Korçë

April 24, 2023

The Autonomous Province of Korçë (Albanian: Krahina Autonome e Korçës), sometimes referred to as Republic of Korçë (French: République de Koritza), was an autonomous legal entity established in 27/10 December 1916, by the local French forces after the city of Korçë fell under their control during World War I, and which lasted until 1920.[3][4]

Autonomous Province of Korçë
Krahina Autonome e Korçës
1916–1920
Flag
Albania after its fragmentation in 1916[1]
StatusProtectorate of France
CapitalKorçë
Common languagesAlbanian, French
Government14-member local government
Prefect of Police[2] 
• 1916-1920
Themistokli Gërmenji
Historical eraWorld War I
• Protocol signed
December 10, 1916
• French Army depart
June 15, 1920
CurrencyKorçë frange

Due to developments in the Macedonian Front of World War I the city of Korçë came under French control (1916–20). During this time 14 representatives of Korçë and French Colonel Descoins signed a protocol that proclaimed the Autonomous Albanian Province of Korçë under the military protection of the French army and with Themistokli Gërmenji as Prefect of Police.[5][6]

The new authorities introduced Albanian and French as the official language and replaced Greek schools with Albanian ones, which were forbidden during the Greek administration of the city.[7][8] There was also a French school in Korçë and one of its many students, and later teachers, was Enver Hoxha, the future leader of communist Albania.[9][10]

Background

The Republic of Korçë was established in 1916 during World War I.[4] The Austro-Hungarian army invaded northern Albania in the spring of 1916, the Kingdom of Bulgaria's army occupied the eastern parts of Albania, including the city of Elbassan (which was later handed over to Austria-Hungary). The French army occupied Korçë and its surrounding areas on November 29, 1916.[4] Italy occupied the port of Vlorë and the region of south Principality of Albania in December 1914 and in the autumn 1916.

Northern Epirus question

Further information: Northern Epirus and Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus

Southern Albania is a region with substantial Albanian (both Muslim and Orthodox), Aromanian and Greek communities. The Greek national view was to classify all Aromanians and Orthodox Albanians as part of the Greek minority.[11] The Great Powers signed the Protocol of Florence and awarded the region to the newly founded Principality of Albania on December 17, 1913. To avert the possibility of Albania taking control of the region as Greek forces were withdrawn, pro-Greek Epirotes decided to declare their own separate political identity.[12]

 
Operation of connecting Italian troops with Allies on Macedonian front in period December 1915 – December 1916

On February 28, 1914, the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus[13] was declared in Gjirokastër and a provisional government was formed.[14] The Protocol of Corfu was signed on May 17, 1914, and the Albanian government officially recognized the area of Northern Epirus as an autonomous region within the Albanian state.[15] Soon after the outbreak of World War I (July 1914), the situation in Albania became unstable and political chaos ensued. As the country split into a number of regional governments, Prince William departed the country in September 1914.

Greek military and civil administration

 
Troops of the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus (Sacred Bands) in Korçë (1914)
Further information: Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus § Greek administration (October 1914–September 1916)

On October 27, 1914, after approval from the Great Powers, the Greek army re-entered the area.[16] During the Greek administration, and while the First World War continued, it had been agreed between Greece, Italy and the Great Powers that the final settlement of the Northern Epirote issue should be left to the future, after the war ended. After Venizelos' resignation in December however, the succeeding royalist governments were determined to exploit the situation and pre-determine the region's future by incorporating it formally within the Greek state. In the first months of 1916, Northern Epirus participated in the Greek elections and elected 16 representatives for the Greek Parliament. In March, the region's union with Greece was officially declared, and the area was divided into the prefectures of Argyrokastro and Korytsa.[17]

Bulgarian occupation of Korçë

Further information: Bulgarian occupation of Albania

After the beginning of Bulgaria's engagement in First World War on the side of the Central Powers in autumn 1915, many ethnic Albanians joined the Bulgarians who gave them weapons.[18] The Kingdom of Bulgaria used its army to occupy the eastern part of Albania[19][20] at the beginning of the occupation of Albania.

After the occupation of the eastern parts of Albania, inclusive of the city of Elbasan,[6] on August 18, 1916, the Bulgarian army, probably attempting to join Austrian forces in Albania and in a combined attack on the Italian army, occupied Korçë and ejected the Greek garrison from the city.[21] Bulgaria's objective was to persuade the Albanian leaders to elect Prince Kiril, second son of Ferdinand I of Bulgaria, as their king.[22] An additional reason for the Bulgarian occupation of Korçë was that Bulgarian positions in Bitolj would be seriously threatened if the Allies gained control of Korçë.[23]

Albanian nationalist movement and the Hapsburg Empire

When the Hapsburg forces first advanced into Albania at the tail of the fleeing Serbian forces, they were greeted as liberators, and the Albanian nationalist movement was enthusiastic about their willingness to allow Albanian self government under their wing, and the various Albanian schools they opened across Albania and Kosovo. However, this enthusiasm dimmed after Albanian leaders learned that "assemblies for political purposes were prohibited in districts occupied by Imperial armies", and the disarmament order given by the Austrians was widely resented and even resisted to an extent. As a result, chetas in the area of Korçë led by Themistokli Gërmenji, Mihal Grameno and Sali Butka became interested in other alliances. They would ultimately call for cooperation with the French, because it seemed that the French were inclined to respect what they considered to be Albanian national rights.[24]

French occupation of Korçë

 
French military cemetery in Korçë
 
General Maurice Sarrail, commander of the Allied forces on the Macedonian front

French troops entered Korçë on November 29, 1916, during a military operation that aimed to connect the Allied front in Thessaloníki in the Macedonian front to the region in south Albania, which was held by the Italian troops.[25] French troops in Korçë were under General Maurice Sarrail, and under direct command of Colonel Descoins.[26] There were two groups of rebels active in the region of Korçë, one was led by Themistokli Gërmenji and another by Sali Butka. In the meantime, Albanian irregular bands, headed by Butka and cooperating with the Austrian forces, sacked Moscopole,[27] and threatened that Korçë would suffer the same fate if it did not raise the Albanian flag and surrender to Albanian authorities.[28]

Establishment

 
Tonkinese (Vietnamese) Tirailleurs in Korçë, January 1917.

Colonel Descoins made arrangements with the leading Albanian nationalists from Korçë.[6] French officers had a meeting with Themistokli Gërmenji on November 24, 1916.[29][better source needed] Themistokli Gërmenji came to Korçë from Pogradec, which was occupied by the armies of Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria.[30][better source needed] The French officers appointed a commission led by Gërmenji. The commission had fourteen members, seven Christians and seven Muslims. The members of this commission were: Rafail Adhami, Kostandin Nocka, Nikolla Vangjeli, Vasil Singjeli, Vasil Kondi, Llambro Mborja, Thimi Cale, Shaqir Shabani, Tefik Rushiti, Hysen Dishnica, Emin Rakipi, Qani Dishnica, Sali Babani and Haki Shemshedini.[31]

The commission held a meeting on December 10 at 9 am in the Saint George's School and Gërmenji held a speech to the gathered men and after the meeting led the commission to the prefecture. In the prefecture they met with Colonel Descoins and with the other French officers. Haki Shemshedini approached to Colonel Descoins on behalf of the commission. Colonel Descoins informed the commission that they should sign a protocol. On December 10, 1916, Colonel Descoins and the commission signed a protocol, according to which an autonomous province would be established on the territories of Korçë, Bilishti, Kolonja, Opar and Gora. It was also agreed that the 14 members of the commission would make up the administrative council, responsible for maintaining order.[32]

Protocol

The text of the protocol, which stated that it was made according to the wishes of the Albanian delegates of kaza of Korçë, had 9 points that are summarized below:[33]

  1. the autonomous province of Korçë is established by this protocol, and refers to the territory of Korçë, Bilishti, Kolonja, Opar and Gora
  2. the kaza Korçë will be governed by the Administrative Council with 14 members, half Christian and half Muslim
  3. appointments to the positions in the kaza will be made by French military authorities, based on the proposal of the administrative council
  4. for maintaining order in the kaza, the prefect of police will be responsible, using newly established gendarmerie and police
  5. there shall be established a special unit of "Albanian gendarmerie mobile" which would be responsible for safeguarding the territory's independence and freedom of its people
  6. for the same purpose there can be established a regular battalion of volunteers
  7. Police, gendarmerie and volunteer troops would be under superior authority of the French officer
  8. the official language is Albanian
  9. the flag of the kaza Korçë will be traditional Skanderbeg flag with tricolor French flag

The new authorities in Korçë organized the police force and gendarmerie, a post office system and issued postage stamps.[34][better source needed]

Statute

On September 27, 1917, General Maurice Sarrail proclaimed a new statute which repealed constitutional protocol. The Administration was entrusted to the commander of the army group Malik. The Administrative Council was replaced with an Advisory Council which was reduced to 12 members (still half Muslims and half Christians). Territory under French administration was divided on two parts, north (Pogradec) and south (Republic of Korçë) of Devolli.[35]

Governance

 
Themistokli Gërmenji, Albanian nationalist leader and prefect of the Autonomous Republic

Administration

On December 10, 1916, Henry Descoins, the commander of the French garrison of Korçë, with the approval of Maurice Sarrail, declared the Autonomous Albanian Republic of Korçë,[36] and appointed Themistokli Gërmenji as prefect.[37] In the following period the Greeks of the city were persecuted by the Albanian nationalist elements that aimed at acquiring control over Korçë. As a result, the local Greeks asked the French authorities to prolong their occupation until the end of World War I.[38]

In the period of March 1917 – February 1918, Qani Dishnica was appointed as the Chairman of the Albanian Administrative Council.[39] On the French side, the delegated governors of the Republic of Korçë were Henri Descoins (December 10, 1916 – May 11, 1917), Salle (1917–1919) and Reynard Lespinasse[40] (June 1919 – May 26, 1920).[41]

The French delegated governors appointed an officer to be their delegate to the Council. The first officer appointed was reserve Lieutenant Bargeton, who was replaced in the middle of January 1917 by a Lieutenant Siegfried.[42]

Education

France intended to help in establishing 200 elementary schools on Albanian language, as part of the strategy of Albanian national affirmation.[43] On the other hand, all the Greek schools were forced to close down, while the Greek element of the city was persecuted.[36] The Albanian National Lyceum (French: Le lycée de Korça, Albanian: Liceu Kombëtar i Korçës) high school in Korçë was established in 1917. French authorities claim that they banned opening of the high school because they did not want to offend their Greek allies led by Eleftherios Venizelos' Movement of National Defence, who claimed rights over the area.[44] Some sources find this claim inappropriate, considering that the French Lycée in Thessaloníki sent professor Vital Gerson to lead a small team of three Albanian professors to join a French officer, who gave some notions of French culture, on the opening ceremony of the school.[45] The French National Lyceum was the first Albanian high school that was open to the students of all faiths.[46]

Currency

Further information: Korçë frange

The frange (Albanian) or franc (French) was the currency of the Autonomous Albanian Republic of Korçë between 1917 and 1921.[47] It was subdivided into 100 centimes. The currency was introduced during the period of French occupation. It was only issued in paper money form, with notes issued in denominations of 50 centimes, 1 and 5 frange. Both paper money and post stamps were engraved by the soldier Davier (a student of Louis-Oscar Roty).

Pogradec

In September 1917, General Maurice Sarrail undertook an action against the armies of Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria in Albania, and on September 9 French troops captured Pogradec.[6] Together with the armies of Bulgaria and Austria-Hungary, there were Albanians, led by Hysejn Nikolica, fighting against the French troops.[6] Themistokli Gërmenji was awarded the Croix de Guerre in November 1917, for his participation in the French capture of Pogradec with the battalion from Korçë.[6] Although the French government considered appointing Essad Pasha Toptani to govern the Pogradec region[6] it remained under French administration.

Military

An Albanian rifle regiment was formed, and served as vanguard for the French forces. The French Eastern Army's commander remarked of the First Battalion of Albanian Fusiliers that Cette haute distinction met le bataillon de tirailleurs albanais au niveau des meilleurs régiments français.[24]

Disestablishment and aftermath

In November 1917, General Salle reported that the attempt at cooperation between Christians and Muslims had resulted in frequent difficulties.[48] At the end of 1917 Gërmenji was accused of collaboration with the Central Powers and executed in Thessaloniki after being sentenced to death by the French military court.[49]

General Salle removed the already limited autonomy of the Council on February 16, 1918.[50] After the armistices and capitulations at the end of First World War, it was agreed that France and Italy should continue to govern the territories they occupied, and that France, Italy and the British Empire together should govern Shkodër.[51] As a result, the French army moved from Korçë on June 15, 1920.[52] After the French army left Korçë, the fate of the territory that it administered was decided by the Paris Peace Conference in 1919.

On December 12, 1916, Italy demanded explanations from the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, through its ambassador, stating that the establishment of the Autonomous Albanian Republic of Korçë violated the Treaty of London.[53] Austria-Hungary used the French precedent in Korçë to justify the proclamation of the independence of Albania under its protectorate on January 3, 1917, in Shkodër. The Kingdom of Italy followed suit when proclaiming the independence of Albania under its protectorate on June 23, 1917, in Gjirokastra.[54]

Because General Maurice Sarrail had demonstrated a tendency to interfere in politics, Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau relieved him of his command in December 1917.[55] There was a strong French influence in Korçë even after the Autonomous Republic ceased to exist. The Albanian National Lyceum remained active until 1939; a French Military Cemetery was built and remains today in the city.[56]

See also

References

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  2. ^ Jaume Ollé (July 15, 1996). "Republic of Korçë (1917–1918)". from the original on November 24, 2011. Retrieved January 12, 2011. Themistokli Gërmenji was the head of executive power with the title of Prefect of Police.
  3. ^ "103 vjet nga themelimi i "Krahinës Autonome të Korçës"". Retrieved December 10, 2019.
  4. ^ a b c Hötte 2017, p. 11.
  5. ^ Schmidt-Neke, Michael (1987). Enstehung und Ausbau der Königsdiktatur in Albanien, 1912–1939. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. p. 43. ISBN 978-3-486-54321-6. Retrieved November 8, 2010.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Pearson, Owen (2004). Albania and King Zog: independence, republic and monarchy 1908–1939. I.B.Tauris. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-84511-013-0. Retrieved November 4, 2010.
  7. ^ Pearson, Owen (February 2, 2006). Albania in the Twentieth Century, A History: Volume I: Albania and King Zog, 1908–39. I.B.Tauris. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-84511-013-0. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
  8. ^ Vickers, Miranda (2006) [1995]. "The Reign of Prince Wied". The Albanians: a modern history. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 90. ISBN 1-86064-541-0. Retrieved January 11, 2011. Albanian became the official language and Albanian schools replaced Greek ones
  9. ^ Jaume Ollé (July 15, 1996). "Republic of Korçë (1917–1918)". from the original on November 24, 2011. Retrieved January 12, 2011. Its most famous student, and later French teacher, was Enver Hoxha
  10. ^ "Liceu Francez i Korçës" [French High School in Korçë] (in Albanian). Korçë: Bashkia Korçë. 2010. from the original on September 5, 2011. Retrieved January 14, 2011. Nxënës (1927–1930) dhe mësues (1937–1939) i këtij liceu ka qenë edhe Enver Hoxha. / Apprentice (1927–1930) and teacher (1937–1939) of the Lyceum was the Enver Hoxha.
  11. ^ Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie (March 1999). "The Albanian Aromanians´ Awakening: Identity Politics and Conflicts in Post-Communist Albania". Schiffbruecke 12 (Kompagnietor Building) D-24939 Flensburg, Germany: EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR MINORITY ISSUES (ECMI). p. 3. Retrieved January 13, 2011. In the national Greek view, ... Religion, as a criterion of classification, automatically places all the Albanian Aromanians, and also those people who call themselves Albanian Orthodox, into the „Greek minority."{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  12. ^ Kondis 1976: 124
  13. ^ in Greek the term autonomos has a dual meaning, it can mean either independent or autonomous.
  14. ^ Kondis 1976: p. 93
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  17. ^ Stickney 1924: 57–63
  18. ^ Bataković, Dušan (1992). "Albanian Incursions into Serbia". In Ivan Čolović (ed.). The Kosovo Chronicles. Belgrade: Knjižara Plato. ISBN 86-447-0006-5. Retrieved January 8, 2011. The beginning of the German – Austro-Hungarian offensive against Serbia in autumn, 1915, Bulgaria's engagement in war on the side of the Central Powers and its attack on Serbia, ... Masses of ethnic Albanians recruited into the Serbian army became deserters, and many joined the Bulgarians who gave them arms...Essad Pasha ... fought ... against Albanian companies that joined Austro-Hungarian and Bulgarian troops.
  19. ^ Zogu, Ahmed. . New York: YIVO Institute for Jewish Research. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved January 11, 2011. while South Albania was being oppressed by the Greeks, Valona by the Italians, the east by the Bulgarians, and the rest of the country by the Austrians.
  20. ^ Vickers, Miranda (2006) [1995]. "The Reign of Prince Wied". The Albanians: a modern history. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 88. ISBN 1-86064-541-0. Retrieved January 11, 2011. Bulgarians were pushing into Albania from the East.
  21. ^ "The Times history of the war" (txt). The Times. London. p. 85. Retrieved January 11, 2011. In their invasion of August 18 the Bulgarians had pushed west as far as Koritsa (S.W. of Lake Prespa), whence they ejected the Greek garrison.
  22. ^ "The Times history of the war" (txt). The Times. London. p. 2-2. Retrieved January 11, 2011. About this time they seem to have been coquetting with the idea of persuading certain of the Albanian leaders to elect Prince Cyril, second son of Tsar Ferdinand, Mbret of Albania.
  23. ^ "The Times history of the war" (txt). The Times. London. p. 85. Retrieved January 11, 2011. This growing threat to the Bulgarians from the west was an important and essential preliminary to the abandonment of Monastir.
  24. ^ a b Zavalani, Tajar (2015). Elsie, Robert; Destani, Bejtullah (eds.). History of Albania. pp. 160–161. ISBN 978-1507595671.
  25. ^ "The Times history of the war" (txt). The Times. London. p. 85. Retrieved January 11, 2011. During the next three weeks ... October 25 ...., about the same time, the French occupied Koritsa.
  26. ^ Jaume Ollé (July 15, 1996). "Republic of Korçë (1917–1918)". from the original on November 24, 2011. Retrieved January 12, 2011. by order of the French General Sarrail, ... Colonel Descoins
  27. ^ Nikolaeva Todorova Marii︠a︡. Balkan identities: nation and memory. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2004. ISBN 978-1-85065-715-6, pp. 108–109.
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  29. ^ Jacques, Edwin E. (1995), The Albanians: an ethnic history from prehistoric times to the present, McFarland & Co., p. 363, ISBN 978-0-89950-932-7, On 24 November Germenji went to Korcha to confer with the French
  30. ^ Jacques, Edwin E. (1995), The Albanians: an ethnic history from prehistoric times to the present, McFarland & Co., p. 363, ISBN 978-0-89950-932-7, in October 1916 he went to Pogradec, the territory occupied by Austrians and Bulgarians
  31. ^ Sharxhi, Dergoi Mirel (December 5, 2008). "92 vjet më parë 10 Dhjetor 1916–2008 – KRAHINA "AUTONOME" E KORÇËS". kosova.albemigrant. from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved January 14, 2011. Në këtë komision, që mori përsipër barrën e kujdesjes për vendin dhe u paraqit përpara kolonelit, bënin pjesë: Rafail Adhami, Kostandin Nocka, Nikolla Vangjeli, Vasil Singjeli, Vasil Kondi, Llambro Mborja, Thimi Cale, Shaqir Shabani, Tefik Rushiti, Hysen Dishnica, Emin Rakipi, Qani Dishnica, Sali Babani dhe Haki Shemshedini.
  32. ^ Sharxhi, Dergoi Mirel (December 5, 2008). "92 vjet më parë 10 Dhjetor 1916–2008 – KRAHINA "AUTONOME" E KORÇËS" (in Albanian). kosova.albemigrant. from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved January 14, 2011. Haki Mborja i drejtohet komandantit francez e i tregon qëllimin e ardhjes së tyre. Komandanti i priti me buzëqeshje, duke thënë, se duhet bërë protokoll. U bë protokolli. Sipas protokollit të 10 dhjetorit , qyteti i Korcës, Bilishti, Kolonja, Opari dhe Gora, formonin një krahinë "autonome", që do të administrohej nga shqiptarët, nën mbrojtjen e autoriteteve franceze. Krahina do të administrohej nga një këshill administrativ, i përbërë prej katërmbëdhjetë vetash, i cili do të kishte edhe xhandarmëri për të mbajtur rregullin.
  33. ^ Augris, Etienne (December 2000). (in French). France: Balkanologie, Vol. IV, n°2. Archived from the original on January 26, 2011. Retrieved January 17, 2011.
  34. ^ Jacques, Edwin E. (1995), The Albanians: an ethnic history from prehistoric times to the present, McFarland & Co., p. 363, ISBN 978-0-89950-932-7, ... seting up the police force and gendarmerie... a post office system and issued stamps and paper money
  35. ^ Popescu, Stefan. "Les français et la république de Kortcha (1916–1920)". Guerres Mondiales et Conflits Contemporains. France: Cairn info. 213 (1): 82. doi:10.3917/gmcc.213.0077. from the original on January 26, 2011. Retrieved January 17, 2011. ... Sarrail avait doté la région d'un nouveau statut qui abrogea le protocole...Son administration est confiée au commandant du Groupement de Malik... est remplacé par un Conseil consultatif, réduit à 12 membres.... La zone d'occupation française sera divisée en deux, au nord et au sud de Devolli : la zone Sud (la République de Kortcha) et la zone Nord (le territoire de Pogradetz)
  36. ^ a b M. V. Sakellariou (1997), Epirus, 4000 years of Greek history and civilization, Greece: Ekdotikē Athēnōn, p. 384, ISBN 978-960-213-371-2, retrieved January 16, 2011, On 10 December 1916, Colonel Henry Decoin, the commander of French garrison, proclaimed with the consent of Serrail – the "Albanian Republic of Korytsa"
  37. ^ Çami, Muin (1999), Shqiptarët dhe francezët në Korçe (1916–1920), Dituria, p. 177, ISBN 978-99927-31-37-6, Shpallje e prefektit të policisë, Themistokli Gërmenjit
  38. ^ N. Petsalīs-Diomidis. Greece at the Paris Peace Conference (1919). Institute for Balkan Studies, 1978, p. 50.
  39. ^ Cahoon, Ben (2000). "Autonomous Korça (Korce) French Occupied Zone". Worldstatesmen web site. from the original on January 7, 2011. Retrieved January 17, 2011. Chairman of the Albanian Administrative Council... Mar 1917 – Feb 1918 ...Qani Dishnica
  40. ^ Pearson, Owen (February 2, 2006). Albania in the Twentieth Century, A History: Volume I: Albania and King Zog, 1908–39. I.B.Tauris. p. 144. ISBN 978-1-84511-013-0. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
  41. ^ Cahoon, Ben (2000). "Autonomous Korça (Korce) French Occupied Zone". Worldstatesmen web site. from the original on January 7, 2011. Retrieved January 17, 2011. Governors-delegate of the Territory of Korça 10 Dec 1916 – 11 May 1917 Henri Descoins; 1917? – 1919? Salle; Jun 1919 – 26 May 1920 .....Reynard Lespinasse
  42. ^ Popescu, Stefan. . Guerres Mondiales et Conflits Contemporains (in French). France: Cairn info. doi:10.3917/gmcc.213.0077. Archived from the original on January 26, 2011. Retrieved January 17, 2011. Ce fut le lieutenant de réserve Bargeton... Après son rappel au ministère des Affaires étrangères, vers le milieu du janvier 1917, il sera remplacé par le lieutenant Siegfried
  43. ^ Guillaume, Robert (December 1998). [Albania and France in the inter-war period: a privileged relationship? The French cultural presence in Albania, between myth and reality] (in French). Balkanologie Revues. Archived from the original on December 29, 2010. Retrieved January 14, 2011. Créé en 1917, durant la Première Guerre mondiale,...il s'inscrit dans une stratégie d'"affirmation nationale" des Albanais par l'établissement de structures proprement albanaises et laïques. Dans ce cadre, les Français contribuent à créer 200 écoles élémentaires albanaises, mais aident surtout à faire naître le premier lycée entièrement albanais ouvert à toutes les confessions.
  44. ^ Guillaume, Robert (December 1998). [Albania and France in the inter-war period: a privileged relationship? The French cultural presence in Albania, between myth and reality] (in French). Balkanologie Revues. Archived from the original on December 29, 2010. Retrieved January 14, 2011. il affirme que Paris interdit l'ouverture d'un lycée français pour ne pas heurter ses alliés grecs vénizélistes qui revendiquent des droits sur la région.
  45. ^ Guillaume, Robert (December 1998). [Albania and France in the inter-war period: a privileged relationship? The French cultural presence in Albania, between myth and reality] (in French). Balkanologie Revues. Archived from the original on December 29, 2010. Retrieved January 14, 2011. écrit qu'un professeur de Salonique, Vital Gerson, vint prendre sa direction et celle d'une petite équipe de trois professeurs albanais, à laquelle se joignit un officier français pour donner quelques notions de culture française.
  46. ^ Guillaume, Robert (December 1998). [Albania and France in the inter-war period: a privileged relationship? The French cultural presence in Albania, between myth and reality] (in French). Balkanologie Revues. Archived from the original on December 29, 2010. Retrieved January 14, 2011. ...mais aident surtout à faire naître le premier lycée entièrement albanais ouvert à toutes les confessions.
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  48. ^ Augris, Etienne (December 2000). (in French). France: Balkanologie, Vol. IV, n°2. Archived from the original on January 26, 2011. Retrieved January 17, 2011. « La coopération des chrétiens et des musulmans a donné lieu, comme il fallait s'y attendre, à de fréquentes difficultés. Elle a montré, une fois de plus qu'en Albanie, le sentiment religieux était nettement plus fort que le sentiment de patrie »
  49. ^ Augris, Etienne (December 2000). (in French). France: Balkanologie, Vol. IV, n°2. Archived from the original on January 26, 2011. Retrieved January 17, 2011. Germenji, dont nous avons vu le rôle et les ambitions est envoyé à Salonique, jugé par un tribunal militaire et exécuté.
  50. ^ Popescu, Stefan. . Guerres Mondiales et Conflits Contemporains (in French). France: Cairn info. doi:10.3917/gmcc.213.0077. Archived from the original on January 26, 2011. Retrieved January 17, 2011. Le 16 février 1918, le général Salle, commandant du groupe Malik, supprime l'autonomie déjà réduite de la République albanaise.
  51. ^ Popescu, Stefan. "Les français et la république de Kortcha (1916–1920)". Guerres Mondiales et Conflits Contemporains (in French). France: Cairn info: 85. doi:10.3917/gmcc.213.0077. from the original on January 26, 2011. Retrieved January 17, 2011. Après l'armistice il fut convenu que Français et Italiens administreraient chacun les territoires qu'ils occupaient, tandis qu'une administration franco-italo-anglaise était organisée à Scutari
  52. ^ Popescu, Stefan. . Guerres Mondiales et Conflits Contemporains (in French). France: Cairn info. doi:10.3917/gmcc.213.0077. Archived from the original on January 26, 2011. Retrieved January 17, 2011. 15 juin 1920 : Retrait des Français
  53. ^ Popescu, Stefan. . Guerres Mondiales et Conflits Contemporains (in French). France: Cairn info. doi:10.3917/gmcc.213.0077. Archived from the original on January 26, 2011. Retrieved January 17, 2011. La signature de ce Protocole contrevient aux stipulations du traité de Londres ...Par conséquent, l'Italie demanda des explications au quai d'Orsay, par l'intermédiaire de son ambassadeur, le 12 décembre 1916.
  54. ^ Jaume Ollé (July 15, 1996). "Republic of Korçë (1917–1918)". from the original on November 24, 2011. Retrieved January 12, 2011. On 23 June 1917, Italy proclaimed the independence of Albania under her protectorate, justifying this with the French precedent in Korçë. Austria-Hungary had done it before on 3 January 1917.
  55. ^ Duffy, Michael (August 22, 2009). "Who's Who – Maurice Sarrail". firstworldwar.com. from the original on December 14, 2010. Retrieved January 14, 2011. Indulging in political intrigue throughout, Sarrail's tenure as commander was brought to an abrupt – and surprisingly a politically inconsequential – end by Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau in December 1917.
  56. ^ Jaume Ollé (July 15, 1996). "Republic of Korçë (1917–1918)". from the original on November 24, 2011. Retrieved January 12, 2011. the French influence remained strong in Korçë and the French Secondary School, founded in 1917, remained active until the Second World War... There is also a French war cemetery in Korçë.

Sources

  • Çami, Muin (1999), Shqiptarët dhe francezët në Korçe (1916–1920) (in Albanian), Dituria, ISBN 978-99927-31-37-6
  • Augris, Etienne (December 2000). (in French). France: Balkanologie, Vol. IV, n° 2. Archived from the original on January 26, 2011. Retrieved January 17, 2011.
  • Hötte, Hans H.A. (2017). Demeter, Gábor; Turbucz, Dávid (eds.). Atlas of Southeast Europe: Geopolitics and History. Volume Three: 1815-1926. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004361812.
  • Popescu, Stefan. . Guerres Mondiales et Conflits Contemporains (in French). France: Cairn info. doi:10.3917/gmcc.213.0077. Archived from the original on January 26, 2011. Retrieved January 17, 2011.
  • Kondis, Basil (1976). Greece and Albania, 1908–1914. Thessaloniki: Institute for Balkan Studies. ISBN 9798840949085.
  • Stickney, Edith Pierpont (1926). Southern Albania or Northern Epirus in European International Affairs, 1912–1923. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-6171-0.
  • Schurman, Jacob Gould (1916). "The Balkan Wars: 1912–1913". Project Gutenberg.

External links

  • L’Albanie et la France dans l’entre-deux-guerres : une relation privilégiée ? by Guillaume Robert – dissertation submitted to the DEA Fourth Section of the EPHE under the leadership of Professor Christian Gut, as the French cultural diplomacy and influence in Albania during the period between the wars.
  • Text about Themistokli Gërmenji on web site kosova.albemigrant.com

April 24, 2023
autonomous, province, korçë, albanian, krahina, autonome, korçës, sometimes, referred, republic, korçë, french, république, koritza, autonomous, legal, entity, established, december, 1916, local, french, forces, after, city, korçë, fell, under, their, control,. The Autonomous Province of Korce Albanian Krahina Autonome e Korces sometimes referred to as Republic of Korce French Republique de Koritza was an autonomous legal entity established in 27 10 December 1916 by the local French forces after the city of Korce fell under their control during World War I and which lasted until 1920 3 4 Autonomous Province of KorceKrahina Autonome e Korces1916 1920FlagAlbania after its fragmentation in 1916 1 StatusProtectorate of FranceCapitalKorceCommon languagesAlbanian FrenchGovernment14 member local governmentPrefect of Police 2 1916 1920Themistokli GermenjiHistorical eraWorld War I Protocol signedDecember 10 1916 French Army departJune 15 1920CurrencyKorce frangePreceded by Succeeded byPrincipality of Albania Principality of AlbaniaDue to developments in the Macedonian Front of World War I the city of Korce came under French control 1916 20 During this time 14 representatives of Korce and French Colonel Descoins signed a protocol that proclaimed the Autonomous Albanian Province of Korce under the military protection of the French army and with Themistokli Germenji as Prefect of Police 5 6 The new authorities introduced Albanian and French as the official language and replaced Greek schools with Albanian ones which were forbidden during the Greek administration of the city 7 8 There was also a French school in Korce and one of its many students and later teachers was Enver Hoxha the future leader of communist Albania 9 10 Contents 1 Background 1 1 Northern Epirus question 1 2 Greek military and civil administration 1 3 Bulgarian occupation of Korce 1 4 Albanian nationalist movement and the Hapsburg Empire 1 5 French occupation of Korce 2 Establishment 2 1 Protocol 2 2 Statute 3 Governance 3 1 Administration 3 2 Education 3 3 Currency 3 4 Pogradec 3 5 Military 4 Disestablishment and aftermath 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources 8 External linksBackground EditThe Republic of Korce was established in 1916 during World War I 4 The Austro Hungarian army invaded northern Albania in the spring of 1916 the Kingdom of Bulgaria s army occupied the eastern parts of Albania including the city of Elbassan which was later handed over to Austria Hungary The French army occupied Korce and its surrounding areas on November 29 1916 4 Italy occupied the port of Vlore and the region of south Principality of Albania in December 1914 and in the autumn 1916 Northern Epirus question Edit Further information Northern Epirus and Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus Southern Albania is a region with substantial Albanian both Muslim and Orthodox Aromanian and Greek communities The Greek national view was to classify all Aromanians and Orthodox Albanians as part of the Greek minority 11 The Great Powers signed the Protocol of Florence and awarded the region to the newly founded Principality of Albania on December 17 1913 To avert the possibility of Albania taking control of the region as Greek forces were withdrawn pro Greek Epirotes decided to declare their own separate political identity 12 Operation of connecting Italian troops with Allies on Macedonian front in period December 1915 December 1916 On February 28 1914 the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus 13 was declared in Gjirokaster and a provisional government was formed 14 The Protocol of Corfu was signed on May 17 1914 and the Albanian government officially recognized the area of Northern Epirus as an autonomous region within the Albanian state 15 Soon after the outbreak of World War I July 1914 the situation in Albania became unstable and political chaos ensued As the country split into a number of regional governments Prince William departed the country in September 1914 Greek military and civil administration Edit Troops of the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus Sacred Bands in Korce 1914 Further information Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus Greek administration October 1914 September 1916 On October 27 1914 after approval from the Great Powers the Greek army re entered the area 16 During the Greek administration and while the First World War continued it had been agreed between Greece Italy and the Great Powers that the final settlement of the Northern Epirote issue should be left to the future after the war ended After Venizelos resignation in December however the succeeding royalist governments were determined to exploit the situation and pre determine the region s future by incorporating it formally within the Greek state In the first months of 1916 Northern Epirus participated in the Greek elections and elected 16 representatives for the Greek Parliament In March the region s union with Greece was officially declared and the area was divided into the prefectures of Argyrokastro and Korytsa 17 Bulgarian occupation of Korce Edit Further information Bulgarian occupation of Albania After the beginning of Bulgaria s engagement in First World War on the side of the Central Powers in autumn 1915 many ethnic Albanians joined the Bulgarians who gave them weapons 18 The Kingdom of Bulgaria used its army to occupy the eastern part of Albania 19 20 at the beginning of the occupation of Albania After the occupation of the eastern parts of Albania inclusive of the city of Elbasan 6 on August 18 1916 the Bulgarian army probably attempting to join Austrian forces in Albania and in a combined attack on the Italian army occupied Korce and ejected the Greek garrison from the city 21 Bulgaria s objective was to persuade the Albanian leaders to elect Prince Kiril second son of Ferdinand I of Bulgaria as their king 22 An additional reason for the Bulgarian occupation of Korce was that Bulgarian positions in Bitolj would be seriously threatened if the Allies gained control of Korce 23 Albanian nationalist movement and the Hapsburg Empire Edit When the Hapsburg forces first advanced into Albania at the tail of the fleeing Serbian forces they were greeted as liberators and the Albanian nationalist movement was enthusiastic about their willingness to allow Albanian self government under their wing and the various Albanian schools they opened across Albania and Kosovo However this enthusiasm dimmed after Albanian leaders learned that assemblies for political purposes were prohibited in districts occupied by Imperial armies and the disarmament order given by the Austrians was widely resented and even resisted to an extent As a result chetas in the area of Korce led by Themistokli Germenji Mihal Grameno and Sali Butka became interested in other alliances They would ultimately call for cooperation with the French because it seemed that the French were inclined to respect what they considered to be Albanian national rights 24 French occupation of Korce Edit French military cemetery in Korce General Maurice Sarrail commander of the Allied forces on the Macedonian front French troops entered Korce on November 29 1916 during a military operation that aimed to connect the Allied front in Thessaloniki in the Macedonian front to the region in south Albania which was held by the Italian troops 25 French troops in Korce were under General Maurice Sarrail and under direct command of Colonel Descoins 26 There were two groups of rebels active in the region of Korce one was led by Themistokli Germenji and another by Sali Butka In the meantime Albanian irregular bands headed by Butka and cooperating with the Austrian forces sacked Moscopole 27 and threatened that Korce would suffer the same fate if it did not raise the Albanian flag and surrender to Albanian authorities 28 Establishment Edit Tonkinese Vietnamese Tirailleurs in Korce January 1917 Colonel Descoins made arrangements with the leading Albanian nationalists from Korce 6 French officers had a meeting with Themistokli Germenji on November 24 1916 29 better source needed Themistokli Germenji came to Korce from Pogradec which was occupied by the armies of Austria Hungary and Bulgaria 30 better source needed The French officers appointed a commission led by Germenji The commission had fourteen members seven Christians and seven Muslims The members of this commission were Rafail Adhami Kostandin Nocka Nikolla Vangjeli Vasil Singjeli Vasil Kondi Llambro Mborja Thimi Cale Shaqir Shabani Tefik Rushiti Hysen Dishnica Emin Rakipi Qani Dishnica Sali Babani and Haki Shemshedini 31 The commission held a meeting on December 10 at 9 am in the Saint George s School and Germenji held a speech to the gathered men and after the meeting led the commission to the prefecture In the prefecture they met with Colonel Descoins and with the other French officers Haki Shemshedini approached to Colonel Descoins on behalf of the commission Colonel Descoins informed the commission that they should sign a protocol On December 10 1916 Colonel Descoins and the commission signed a protocol according to which an autonomous province would be established on the territories of Korce Bilishti Kolonja Opar and Gora It was also agreed that the 14 members of the commission would make up the administrative council responsible for maintaining order 32 Protocol Edit The text of the protocol which stated that it was made according to the wishes of the Albanian delegates of kaza of Korce had 9 points that are summarized below 33 the autonomous province of Korce is established by this protocol and refers to the territory of Korce Bilishti Kolonja Opar and Gora the kaza Korce will be governed by the Administrative Council with 14 members half Christian and half Muslim appointments to the positions in the kaza will be made by French military authorities based on the proposal of the administrative council for maintaining order in the kaza the prefect of police will be responsible using newly established gendarmerie and police there shall be established a special unit of Albanian gendarmerie mobile which would be responsible for safeguarding the territory s independence and freedom of its people for the same purpose there can be established a regular battalion of volunteers Police gendarmerie and volunteer troops would be under superior authority of the French officer the official language is Albanian the flag of the kaza Korce will be traditional Skanderbeg flag with tricolor French flagThe new authorities in Korce organized the police force and gendarmerie a post office system and issued postage stamps 34 better source needed Statute Edit On September 27 1917 General Maurice Sarrail proclaimed a new statute which repealed constitutional protocol The Administration was entrusted to the commander of the army group Malik The Administrative Council was replaced with an Advisory Council which was reduced to 12 members still half Muslims and half Christians Territory under French administration was divided on two parts north Pogradec and south Republic of Korce of Devolli 35 Governance Edit Themistokli Germenji Albanian nationalist leader and prefect of the Autonomous Republic Administration Edit On December 10 1916 Henry Descoins the commander of the French garrison of Korce with the approval of Maurice Sarrail declared the Autonomous Albanian Republic of Korce 36 and appointed Themistokli Germenji as prefect 37 In the following period the Greeks of the city were persecuted by the Albanian nationalist elements that aimed at acquiring control over Korce As a result the local Greeks asked the French authorities to prolong their occupation until the end of World War I 38 In the period of March 1917 February 1918 Qani Dishnica was appointed as the Chairman of the Albanian Administrative Council 39 On the French side the delegated governors of the Republic of Korce were Henri Descoins December 10 1916 May 11 1917 Salle 1917 1919 and Reynard Lespinasse 40 June 1919 May 26 1920 41 The French delegated governors appointed an officer to be their delegate to the Council The first officer appointed was reserve Lieutenant Bargeton who was replaced in the middle of January 1917 by a Lieutenant Siegfried 42 Education Edit France intended to help in establishing 200 elementary schools on Albanian language as part of the strategy of Albanian national affirmation 43 On the other hand all the Greek schools were forced to close down while the Greek element of the city was persecuted 36 The Albanian National Lyceum French Le lycee de Korca Albanian Liceu Kombetar i Korces high school in Korce was established in 1917 French authorities claim that they banned opening of the high school because they did not want to offend their Greek allies led by Eleftherios Venizelos Movement of National Defence who claimed rights over the area 44 Some sources find this claim inappropriate considering that the French Lycee in Thessaloniki sent professor Vital Gerson to lead a small team of three Albanian professors to join a French officer who gave some notions of French culture on the opening ceremony of the school 45 The French National Lyceum was the first Albanian high school that was open to the students of all faiths 46 Currency Edit Further information Korce frange The frange Albanian or franc French was the currency of the Autonomous Albanian Republic of Korce between 1917 and 1921 47 It was subdivided into 100 centimes The currency was introduced during the period of French occupation It was only issued in paper money form with notes issued in denominations of 50 centimes 1 and 5 frange Both paper money and post stamps were engraved by the soldier Davier a student of Louis Oscar Roty Pogradec Edit In September 1917 General Maurice Sarrail undertook an action against the armies of Austria Hungary and Bulgaria in Albania and on September 9 French troops captured Pogradec 6 Together with the armies of Bulgaria and Austria Hungary there were Albanians led by Hysejn Nikolica fighting against the French troops 6 Themistokli Germenji was awarded the Croix de Guerre in November 1917 for his participation in the French capture of Pogradec with the battalion from Korce 6 Although the French government considered appointing Essad Pasha Toptani to govern the Pogradec region 6 it remained under French administration Military Edit An Albanian rifle regiment was formed and served as vanguard for the French forces The French Eastern Army s commander remarked of the First Battalion of Albanian Fusiliers that Cette haute distinction met le bataillon de tirailleurs albanais au niveau des meilleurs regiments francais 24 Disestablishment and aftermath EditIn November 1917 General Salle reported that the attempt at cooperation between Christians and Muslims had resulted in frequent difficulties 48 At the end of 1917 Germenji was accused of collaboration with the Central Powers and executed in Thessaloniki after being sentenced to death by the French military court 49 General Salle removed the already limited autonomy of the Council on February 16 1918 50 After the armistices and capitulations at the end of First World War it was agreed that France and Italy should continue to govern the territories they occupied and that France Italy and the British Empire together should govern Shkoder 51 As a result the French army moved from Korce on June 15 1920 52 After the French army left Korce the fate of the territory that it administered was decided by the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 On December 12 1916 Italy demanded explanations from the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs through its ambassador stating that the establishment of the Autonomous Albanian Republic of Korce violated the Treaty of London 53 Austria Hungary used the French precedent in Korce to justify the proclamation of the independence of Albania under its protectorate on January 3 1917 in Shkoder The Kingdom of Italy followed suit when proclaiming the independence of Albania under its protectorate on June 23 1917 in Gjirokastra 54 Because General Maurice Sarrail had demonstrated a tendency to interfere in politics Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau relieved him of his command in December 1917 55 There was a strong French influence in Korce even after the Autonomous Republic ceased to exist The Albanian National Lyceum remained active until 1939 a French Military Cemetery was built and remains today in the city 56 See also EditMaurice Sarrail French Military Cemetery Korce Italian Protectorate on southern Albania List of French possessions and coloniesReferences Edit Stein Jonathan P 2000 The Politics of National Minority Participation in Post Communist Europe State Building Democracy and Ethnic Mobilization M E Sharpe p 171 ISBN 9780765605283 Retrieved June 26 2012 Jaume Olle July 15 1996 Republic of Korce 1917 1918 Archived from the original on November 24 2011 Retrieved January 12 2011 Themistokli Germenji was the head of executive power with the title of Prefect of Police 103 vjet nga themelimi i Krahines Autonome te Korces Retrieved December 10 2019 a b c Hotte 2017 p 11 Schmidt Neke Michael 1987 Enstehung und Ausbau der Konigsdiktatur in Albanien 1912 1939 Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag p 43 ISBN 978 3 486 54321 6 Retrieved November 8 2010 a b c d e f g Pearson Owen 2004 Albania and King Zog independence republic and monarchy 1908 1939 I B Tauris p 103 ISBN 978 1 84511 013 0 Retrieved November 4 2010 Pearson Owen February 2 2006 Albania in the Twentieth Century A History Volume I Albania and King Zog 1908 39 I B Tauris p 103 ISBN 978 1 84511 013 0 Retrieved January 16 2011 Vickers Miranda 2006 1995 The Reign of Prince Wied The Albanians a modern history London I B Tauris p 90 ISBN 1 86064 541 0 Retrieved January 11 2011 Albanian became the official language and Albanian schools replaced Greek ones Jaume Olle July 15 1996 Republic of Korce 1917 1918 Archived from the original on November 24 2011 Retrieved January 12 2011 Its most famous student and later French teacher was Enver Hoxha Liceu Francez i Korces French High School in Korce in Albanian Korce Bashkia Korce 2010 Archived from the original on September 5 2011 Retrieved January 14 2011 Nxenes 1927 1930 dhe mesues 1937 1939 i ketij liceu ka qene edhe Enver Hoxha Apprentice 1927 1930 and teacher 1937 1939 of the Lyceum was the Enver Hoxha Schwandner Sievers Stephanie March 1999 The Albanian Aromanians Awakening Identity Politics and Conflicts in Post Communist Albania Schiffbruecke 12 Kompagnietor Building D 24939 Flensburg Germany EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR MINORITY ISSUES ECMI p 3 Retrieved January 13 2011 In the national Greek view Religion as a criterion of classification automatically places all the Albanian Aromanians and also those people who call themselves Albanian Orthodox into the Greek minority a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint location link Kondis 1976 124 in Greek the term autonomos has a dual meaning it can mean either independent or autonomous Kondis 1976 p 93 The Ottoman Empire and Its Successors 1801 1927 William Miller 1966 p 616 ISBN 0 7146 1974 4 The Albanian Question in British Policy and the Italian Intervention August 1914 April 1915 P 109 131 Nicola Guy Greek troops crossed the southern Albanian border at the end of October 1914 officially reoccupying all of southern Albania exclusive of Vlora and establishing a military administration by October 27 1914 Stickney 1924 57 63 Batakovic Dusan 1992 Albanian Incursions into Serbia In Ivan Colovic ed The Kosovo Chronicles Belgrade Knjizara Plato ISBN 86 447 0006 5 Retrieved January 8 2011 The beginning of the German Austro Hungarian offensive against Serbia in autumn 1915 Bulgaria s engagement in war on the side of the Central Powers and its attack on Serbia Masses of ethnic Albanians recruited into the Serbian army became deserters and many joined the Bulgarians who gave them arms Essad Pasha fought against Albanian companies that joined Austro Hungarian and Bulgarian troops Zogu Ahmed King Zog Tells his Story to Herman Bernstein former United States Minister to Albania New York YIVO Institute for Jewish Research Archived from the original on July 17 2011 Retrieved January 11 2011 while South Albania was being oppressed by the Greeks Valona by the Italians the east by the Bulgarians and the rest of the country by the Austrians Vickers Miranda 2006 1995 The Reign of Prince Wied The Albanians a modern history London I B Tauris p 88 ISBN 1 86064 541 0 Retrieved January 11 2011 Bulgarians were pushing into Albania from the East The Times history of the war txt The Times London p 85 Retrieved January 11 2011 In their invasion of August 18 the Bulgarians had pushed west as far as Koritsa S W of Lake Prespa whence they ejected the Greek garrison The Times history of the war txt The Times London p 2 2 Retrieved January 11 2011 About this time they seem to have been coquetting with the idea of persuading certain of the Albanian leaders to elect Prince Cyril second son of Tsar Ferdinand Mbret of Albania The Times history of the war txt The Times London p 85 Retrieved January 11 2011 This growing threat to the Bulgarians from the west was an important and essential preliminary to the abandonment of Monastir a b Zavalani Tajar 2015 Elsie Robert Destani Bejtullah eds History of Albania pp 160 161 ISBN 978 1507595671 The Times history of the war txt The Times London p 85 Retrieved January 11 2011 During the next three weeks October 25 about the same time the French occupied Koritsa Jaume Olle July 15 1996 Republic of Korce 1917 1918 Archived from the original on November 24 2011 Retrieved January 12 2011 by order of the French General Sarrail Colonel Descoins Nikolaeva Todorova Marii a Balkan identities nation and memory C Hurst amp Co Publishers 2004 ISBN 978 1 85065 715 6 pp 108 109 M V Sakellariou Epirus 4000 years of Greek history and civilization Ekdotike Athenōn 1997 ISBN 978 960 213 371 2 p 384 Jacques Edwin E 1995 The Albanians an ethnic history from prehistoric times to the present McFarland amp Co p 363 ISBN 978 0 89950 932 7 On 24 November Germenji went to Korcha to confer with the French Jacques Edwin E 1995 The Albanians an ethnic history from prehistoric times to the present McFarland amp Co p 363 ISBN 978 0 89950 932 7 in October 1916 he went to Pogradec the territory occupied by Austrians and Bulgarians Sharxhi Dergoi Mirel December 5 2008 92 vjet me pare 10 Dhjetor 1916 2008 KRAHINA AUTONOME E KORCES kosova albemigrant Archived from the original on July 7 2011 Retrieved January 14 2011 Ne kete komision qe mori persiper barren e kujdesjes per vendin dhe u paraqit perpara kolonelit benin pjese Rafail Adhami Kostandin Nocka Nikolla Vangjeli Vasil Singjeli Vasil Kondi Llambro Mborja Thimi Cale Shaqir Shabani Tefik Rushiti Hysen Dishnica Emin Rakipi Qani Dishnica Sali Babani dhe Haki Shemshedini Sharxhi Dergoi Mirel December 5 2008 92 vjet me pare 10 Dhjetor 1916 2008 KRAHINA AUTONOME E KORCES in Albanian kosova albemigrant Archived from the original on July 7 2011 Retrieved January 14 2011 Haki Mborja i drejtohet komandantit francez e i tregon qellimin e ardhjes se tyre Komandanti i priti me buzeqeshje duke thene se duhet bere protokoll U be protokolli Sipas protokollit te 10 dhjetorit qyteti i Korces Bilishti Kolonja Opari dhe Gora formonin nje krahine autonome qe do te administrohej nga shqiptaret nen mbrojtjen e autoriteteve franceze Krahina do te administrohej nga nje keshill administrativ i perbere prej katermbedhjete vetash i cili do te kishte edhe xhandarmeri per te mbajtur rregullin Augris Etienne December 2000 Korce dans la Grande Guerre Le sud est albanais sous administration francaise 1916 1918 in French France Balkanologie Vol IV n 2 Archived from the original on January 26 2011 Retrieved January 17 2011 Jacques Edwin E 1995 The Albanians an ethnic history from prehistoric times to the present McFarland amp Co p 363 ISBN 978 0 89950 932 7 seting up the police force and gendarmerie a post office system and issued stamps and paper money Popescu Stefan Les francais et la republique de Kortcha 1916 1920 Guerres Mondiales et Conflits Contemporains France Cairn info 213 1 82 doi 10 3917 gmcc 213 0077 Archived from the original on January 26 2011 Retrieved January 17 2011 Sarrail avait dote la region d un nouveau statut qui abrogea le protocole Son administration est confiee au commandant du Groupement de Malik est remplace par un Conseil consultatif reduit a 12 membres La zone d occupation francaise sera divisee en deux au nord et au sud de Devolli la zone Sud la Republique de Kortcha et la zone Nord le territoire de Pogradetz a b M V Sakellariou 1997 Epirus 4000 years of Greek history and civilization Greece Ekdotike Athenōn p 384 ISBN 978 960 213 371 2 retrieved January 16 2011 On 10 December 1916 Colonel Henry Decoin the commander of French garrison proclaimed with the consent of Serrail the Albanian Republic of Korytsa Cami Muin 1999 Shqiptaret dhe francezet ne Korce 1916 1920 Dituria p 177 ISBN 978 99927 31 37 6 Shpallje e prefektit te policise Themistokli Germenjit N Petsalis Diomidis Greece at the Paris Peace Conference 1919 Institute for Balkan Studies 1978 p 50 Cahoon Ben 2000 Autonomous Korca Korce French Occupied Zone Worldstatesmen web site Archived from the original on January 7 2011 Retrieved January 17 2011 Chairman of the Albanian Administrative Council Mar 1917 Feb 1918 Qani Dishnica Pearson Owen February 2 2006 Albania in the Twentieth Century A History Volume I Albania and King Zog 1908 39 I B Tauris p 144 ISBN 978 1 84511 013 0 Retrieved January 16 2011 Cahoon Ben 2000 Autonomous Korca Korce French Occupied Zone Worldstatesmen web site Archived from the original on January 7 2011 Retrieved January 17 2011 Governors delegate of the Territory of Korca 10 Dec 1916 11 May 1917 Henri Descoins 1917 1919 Salle Jun 1919 26 May 1920 Reynard Lespinasse Popescu Stefan Les francais et la republique de Kortcha 1916 1920 Guerres Mondiales et Conflits Contemporains in French France Cairn info doi 10 3917 gmcc 213 0077 Archived from the original on January 26 2011 Retrieved January 17 2011 Ce fut le lieutenant de reserve Bargeton Apres son rappel au ministere des Affaires etrangeres vers le milieu du janvier 1917 il sera remplace par le lieutenant Siegfried Guillaume Robert December 1998 L Albanie et la France dans l entre deux guerres une relation privilegiee La presence culturelle francaise en Albanie entre mythe et realite Albania and France in the inter war period a privileged relationship The French cultural presence in Albania between myth and reality in French Balkanologie Revues Archived from the original on December 29 2010 Retrieved January 14 2011 Cree en 1917 durant la Premiere Guerre mondiale il s inscrit dans une strategie d affirmation nationale des Albanais par l etablissement de structures proprement albanaises et laiques Dans ce cadre les Francais contribuent a creer 200 ecoles elementaires albanaises mais aident surtout a faire naitre le premier lycee entierement albanais ouvert a toutes les confessions Guillaume Robert December 1998 L Albanie et la France dans l entre deux guerres une relation privilegiee La presence culturelle francaise en Albanie entre mythe et realite Albania and France in the inter war period a privileged relationship The French cultural presence in Albania between myth and reality in French Balkanologie Revues Archived from the original on December 29 2010 Retrieved January 14 2011 il affirme que Paris interdit l ouverture d un lycee francais pour ne pas heurter ses allies grecs venizelistes qui revendiquent des droits sur la region Guillaume Robert December 1998 L Albanie et la France dans l entre deux guerres une relation privilegiee La presence culturelle francaise en Albanie entre mythe et realite Albania and France in the inter war period a privileged relationship The French cultural presence in Albania between myth and reality in French Balkanologie Revues Archived from the original on December 29 2010 Retrieved January 14 2011 ecrit qu un professeur de Salonique Vital Gerson vint prendre sa direction et celle d une petite equipe de trois professeurs albanais a laquelle se joignit un officier francais pour donner quelques notions de culture francaise Guillaume Robert December 1998 L Albanie et la France dans l entre deux guerres une relation privilegiee La presence culturelle francaise en Albanie entre mythe et realite Albania and France in the inter war period a privileged relationship The French cultural presence in Albania between myth and reality in French Balkanologie Revues Archived from the original on December 29 2010 Retrieved January 14 2011 mais aident surtout a faire naitre le premier lycee entierement albanais ouvert a toutes les confessions Pick Albert 1990 Standard Catalog of World Paper Money Specialized Issues Colin R Bruce II and Neil Shafer editors 6th ed Krause Publications ISBN 0 87341 149 8 Augris Etienne December 2000 Korce dans la Grande Guerre Le sud est albanais sous administration francaise 1916 1918 in French France Balkanologie Vol IV n 2 Archived from the original on January 26 2011 Retrieved January 17 2011 La cooperation des chretiens et des musulmans a donne lieu comme il fallait s y attendre a de frequentes difficultes Elle a montre une fois de plus qu en Albanie le sentiment religieux etait nettement plus fort que le sentiment de patrie Augris Etienne December 2000 Korce dans la Grande Guerre Le sud est albanais sous administration francaise 1916 1918 in French France Balkanologie Vol IV n 2 Archived from the original on January 26 2011 Retrieved January 17 2011 Germenji dont nous avons vu le role et les ambitions est envoye a Salonique juge par un tribunal militaire et execute Popescu Stefan Les francais et la republique de Kortcha 1916 1920 Guerres Mondiales et Conflits Contemporains in French France Cairn info doi 10 3917 gmcc 213 0077 Archived from the original on January 26 2011 Retrieved January 17 2011 Le 16 fevrier 1918 le general Salle commandant du groupe Malik supprime l autonomie deja reduite de la Republique albanaise Popescu Stefan Les francais et la republique de Kortcha 1916 1920 Guerres Mondiales et Conflits Contemporains in French France Cairn info 85 doi 10 3917 gmcc 213 0077 Archived from the original on January 26 2011 Retrieved January 17 2011 Apres l armistice il fut convenu que Francais et Italiens administreraient chacun les territoires qu ils occupaient tandis qu une administration franco italo anglaise etait organisee a Scutari Popescu Stefan Les francais et la republique de Kortcha 1916 1920 Guerres Mondiales et Conflits Contemporains in French France Cairn info doi 10 3917 gmcc 213 0077 Archived from the original on January 26 2011 Retrieved January 17 2011 15 juin 1920 Retrait des Francais Popescu Stefan Les francais et la republique de Kortcha 1916 1920 Guerres Mondiales et Conflits Contemporains in French France Cairn info doi 10 3917 gmcc 213 0077 Archived from the original on January 26 2011 Retrieved January 17 2011 La signature de ce Protocole contrevient aux stipulations du traite de Londres Par consequent l Italie demanda des explications au quai d Orsay par l intermediaire de son ambassadeur le 12 decembre 1916 Jaume Olle July 15 1996 Republic of Korce 1917 1918 Archived from the original on November 24 2011 Retrieved January 12 2011 On 23 June 1917 Italy proclaimed the independence of Albania under her protectorate justifying this with the French precedent in Korce Austria Hungary had done it before on 3 January 1917 Duffy Michael August 22 2009 Who s Who Maurice Sarrail firstworldwar com Archived from the original on December 14 2010 Retrieved January 14 2011 Indulging in political intrigue throughout Sarrail s tenure as commander was brought to an abrupt and surprisingly a politically inconsequential end by Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau in December 1917 Jaume Olle July 15 1996 Republic of Korce 1917 1918 Archived from the original on November 24 2011 Retrieved January 12 2011 the French influence remained strong in Korce and the French Secondary School founded in 1917 remained active until the Second World War There is also a French war cemetery in Korce Sources EditCami Muin 1999 Shqiptaret dhe francezet ne Korce 1916 1920 in Albanian Dituria ISBN 978 99927 31 37 6 Augris Etienne December 2000 Korce dans la Grande Guerre Le sud est albanais sous administration francaise 1916 1918 in French France Balkanologie Vol IV n 2 Archived from the original on January 26 2011 Retrieved January 17 2011 Hotte Hans H A 2017 Demeter Gabor Turbucz David eds Atlas of Southeast Europe Geopolitics and History Volume Three 1815 1926 BRILL ISBN 978 9004361812 Popescu Stefan Les francais et la republique de Kortcha 1916 1920 Guerres Mondiales et Conflits Contemporains in French France Cairn info doi 10 3917 gmcc 213 0077 Archived from the original on January 26 2011 Retrieved January 17 2011 Kondis Basil 1976 Greece and Albania 1908 1914 Thessaloniki Institute for Balkan Studies ISBN 9798840949085 Stickney Edith Pierpont 1926 Southern Albania or Northern Epirus in European International Affairs 1912 1923 Stanford University Press ISBN 978 0 8047 6171 0 Schurman Jacob Gould 1916 The Balkan Wars 1912 1913 Project Gutenberg External links EditL Albanie et la France dans l entre deux guerres une relation privilegiee by Guillaume Robert dissertation submitted to the DEA Fourth Section of the EPHE under the leadership of Professor Christian Gut as the French cultural diplomacy and influence in Albania during the period between the wars Web site with illustration of flag of Republic of Korce and its brief history Text about Themistokli Germenji on web site kosova albemigrant com Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Autonomous Province of Korce amp oldid 1147202261, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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