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Kalākaua

January 20, 2023

Kalākaua (David Laʻamea Kamananakapu Mahinulani Naloiaehuokalani Lumialani Kalākaua;[2] November 16, 1836 – January 20, 1891), sometimes called The Merrie Monarch, was the last king and penultimate monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi, reigning from February 12, 1874, until his death in 1891. Succeeding Lunalilo, he was elected to the vacant throne of Hawaiʻi against Queen Emma. Kalākaua had a convivial personality and enjoyed entertaining guests with his singing and ukulele playing. At his coronation and his birthday jubilee, the hula, which had hitherto been banned in public in the kingdom, became a celebration of Hawaiian culture.

Kalākaua
Portrait by James J. Williams, 1882
King of the Hawaiian Islands
(more ...)
ReignFebruary 12, 1874 – January 20, 1891
CoronationFebruary 12, 1883, ʻIolani Palace, Honolulu
InvestitureFebruary 13, 1874, Kīnaʻu Hale
PredecessorLunalilo
SuccessorLiliʻuokalani
Born(1836-11-16)November 16, 1836
Honolulu, Kingdom of Hawai'i
DiedJanuary 20, 1891(1891-01-20) (aged 54)
San Francisco, California, U.S.
BurialFebruary 15, 1891[1]
Mauna ʻAla Royal Mausoleum
SpouseKapiʻolani
Names
David Laʻamea Kamananakapu Mahinulani Naloiaehuokalani Lumialani Kalākaua
HouseHouse of Kalākaua
FatherCaesar Kapaʻakea
MotherAnalea Keohokālole
ReligionChurch of Hawaii
Signature

During Kalākaua's reign, the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 brought great prosperity to the kingdom. Its renewal continued the prosperity but allowed United States to have exclusive use of Pearl Harbor. In 1881, Kalākaua took a trip around the world to encourage the immigration of contract sugar plantation workers. He wanted Hawaiians to broaden their education beyond their nation. He instituted a government-financed program to sponsor qualified students to be sent abroad to further their education. Two of his projects, the statue of Kamehameha I and the rebuilding of ʻIolani Palace, were expensive endeavors but are popular tourist attractions today.

Extravagant expenditures and Kalākaua's plans for a Polynesian confederation played into the hands of annexationists who were already working towards a United States takeover of Hawaiʻi. In 1887, Kalākaua was pressured to sign a new constitution that made the monarchy little more than a figurehead position. After his brother William Pitt Leleiohoku II died in 1877, the king named their sister Liliʻuokalani as heir-apparent. She acted as regent during his absences from the country. After Kalākaua's death, she became the last monarch of Hawaiʻi.

Early life and family

Kalākaua was born at 2:00 a.m. on November 16, 1836, to Caesar Kaluaiku Kapaʻakea and Analea Keohokālole in the grass hut compound belonging to his maternal grandfather ʻAikanaka, at the base of Punchbowl Crater in Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu.[3][4] Of the aliʻi class of Hawaiian nobility, his family was considered collateral relations of the reigning House of Kamehameha, sharing common descent from the 18th-century aliʻi nui Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku. From his biological parents, he descended from Keaweaheulu and Kameʻeiamoku, two of the five royal counselors of Kamehameha I during his conquest of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. Kameʻeiamoku, the grandfather of both his mother and father, was one of the royal twins alongside Kamanawa depicted on the Hawaiian coat of arms.[5] However, Kalākaua and his siblings traced their high rank from their mother's line of descent, referring to themselves as members of the "Keawe-a-Heulu line", although later historians would refer to the family as the House of Kalākaua.[6] The second surviving child of a large family, his biological siblings included his elder brother James Kaliokalani, and younger siblings Lydia Kamakaʻeha (later renamed Liliʻuokalani), Anna Kaʻiulani, Kaʻiminaʻauao, Miriam Likelike and William Pitt Leleiohoku II.[7]

 
Kalākaua at the age of fourteen, c. 1850

Given the name Kalākaua, which translates into "The Day [of] Battle", the date of his birth coincided with the signing of the unequal treaty imposed by British Captain Lord Edward Russell of the Actaeon on Kamehameha III. He and his siblings were hānai (informally adopted) to other family members in the Native Hawaiian tradition. Prior to birth, his parents had promised to give their child in hānai to Kuini Liliha, a high-ranking chiefess and the widow of High Chief Boki. However, after he was born, High Chiefess Haʻaheo Kaniu took the baby to Honuakaha, the residence of the king. Kuhina Nui (regent) Elizabeth Kīnaʻu, who disliked Liliha, deliberated and decreed his parents to give him to Haʻaheo and her husband Keaweamahi Kinimaka.[3][4] When Haʻaheo died in 1843 she bequeathed all her properties to him.[8] After Haʻaheo's death, his guardianship was entrusted to his hānai father, who was a chief of lesser rank; he took Kalākaua to live in Lāhainā. Kinimaka would later marry Pai, a subordinate Tahitian chiefess, who treated Kalākaua as her own until the birth of her own son.[4][9]

Education

At the age of four, Kalākaua returned to Oʻahu to begin his education at the Chiefs' Children's School (later renamed the Royal School). He and his classmates had been formally proclaimed by Kamehameha III as eligible for the throne of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi.[10] His classmates included his siblings James Kaliokalani and Lydia Kamakaʻeha and their thirteen royal cousins including the future kings Kamehameha IV, Kamehameha V and Lunalilo. They were taught by American missionaries Amos Starr Cooke and his wife, Juliette Montague Cooke.[11] At the school, Kalākaua became fluent in English and the Hawaiian language and was noted for his fun and humor rather than his academic prowess. The strong-willed boy defended his less robust elder brother Kaliokalani from the older boys at the school.[3][12]

In October 1840, their paternal grandfather Kamanawa II requested his grandsons to visit him on the night before his execution for the murder of his wife Kamokuiki. The next morning the Cookes allowed the guardian of the royal children John Papa ʻĪʻī to bring Kaliokalani and Kalākaua to see Kamanawa for the last time. It is not known if their sister was also taken to see him.[13][14] Later sources, especially in biographies of Kalākaua indicated that the boys witnessed the public hanging of their grandfather at the gallows.[15][16] Historian Helena G. Allen noted the indifference the Cookes' had toward the request and the traumatic experience it must have been for the boys.[15]

After the Cookes retired and closed the school in 1850, Kalākaua briefly studied at Joseph Watt's English school for native children at Kawaiahaʻo and later joined the relocated day school (also called Royal School) run by Reverend Edward G. Beckwith. Illness prevented him from finishing his schooling and he was sent back to Lāhainā to live with his mother.[3][12] Following his formal schooling, he studied law under Charles Coffin Harris in 1853. Kalākaua would appoint Harris as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Hawaiʻi in 1877.[17][18]

Political and military careers

 
Kalākaua, photograph by Joseph W. King, c. 1860s

Kalākaua's various military, government and court positions prevented him from fully completing his legal training. He received his earliest military training under the Prussian officer, Major Francis Funk, who instilled an admiration of the Prussian military system.[19][12] In 1852, Prince Liholiho, who would later reign as Kamehameha IV, appointed Kalakaua as one of his aide-de-camp on his military staff. The following year, he commissioned Kalākaua as brevet captain in the infantry.[20][21] In the army, Kalākaua served as first lieutenant in his father Kapaʻakea's militia of 240 men and later worked as military secretary to Major John William Elliott Maikai, the adjutant general of the army.[19][12] He was promoted to major and assigned to the personal staff of Kamehameha IV when the king ascended to the throne in 1855. He was promoted to the rank of colonel in 1858.[20][12]

He became a personal associate and friend of Prince Lot, the future Kamehameha V, who instilled his mission of "Hawaiʻi for Hawaiians" in the young Kalākaua.[22] In the fall of 1860, when he was Chief Clerk of the kingdom's Department of the Interior, Kalākaua accompanied Prince Lot, high chief Levi Haʻalelea and Hawaii's Consul for Peru, Josiah C. Spalding, on a two-month tour of British Columbia and California.[23] They sailed from Honolulu aboard the yacht Emma Rooke, on August 29, arriving on September 18 in Victoria, British Columbia where they were received by the local dignitaries of the city.[23] In California, the party visited San Francisco, Sacramento, Folsom and other local areas where they were honorably received.[24]

In 1856, Kalākaua was appointed a member of the Privy Council of State by Kamehameha IV. He was also appointed to the House of Nobles, the upper body of the Legislature of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi in 1858, serving there until 1873.[25][26] He served as 3rd Chief Clerk of the Department of the Interior in 1859 under Prince Lot who was Minister of the Interior before becoming king in 1863. He held this position until 1863.[12][27] On June 30, 1863, Kalākaua was appointed Postmaster General and served until his resignation on March 18, 1865.[12][28] In 1865, he was appointed the King's Chamberlain and served until 1869 when he resigned to finish his law studies. In 1870, he was admitted to the Hawaiian bar and was hired as a clerk in the Land Office, a post he held until he came to the throne.[12][29] He was decorated a Knight Companion of the Royal Order of Kamehameha I in 1867.[20][12]

American writer Mark Twain, working as a traveling reporter for the Sacramento Daily Union, visited Hawaiʻi in 1866 during the reign of Kamehameha V. He met the young Kalākaua and other members of the legislature and noted:

Hon. David Kalakaua, who at present holds the office of King's Chamberlain, is a man of fine presence, is an educated gentleman and a man of good abilities. He is approaching forty, I should judge—is thirty-five, at any rate. He is conservative, politic and calculating, makes little display, and does not talk much in the Legislature. He is a quiet, dignified, sensible man, and would do no discredit to the kingly office. The King has power to appoint his successor. If he does such a thing, his choice will probably fall on Kalakaua.[30]

Marriage

 
Kapiʻolani, the wife and future queen consort of Kalākaua

Kalākaua was briefly engaged to marry Princess Victoria Kamāmalu, the younger sister of Kamehameha IV and Kamehameha V. However, the match was terminated when the princess decided to renew her on-and-off betrothal to her cousin Lunalilo. Kalākaua would later fall in love with Kapiʻolani, the young widow of Bennett Nāmākēhā, the uncle of Kamehameha IV's wife Queen Emma. A descendant of King Kaumualiʻi of Kauai, Kapiʻolani was Queen Emma's lady-in-waiting and Prince Albert Edward Kamehameha's nurse and caretaker. They married on December 19, 1863, in a quiet ceremony conducted by a minister of the Anglican Church of Hawaiʻi. The timing of the wedding was heavily criticized since it fell during the official mourning period for King Kamehameha IV.[31][32] The marriage remained childless.[33]

Political ascendancy

1873 election

King Kamehameha V, died on December 12, 1872, without naming a successor to the throne. Under the 1864 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi, if the king did not appoint a successor, a new king would be appointed by the legislature to begin a new royal line of succession.[34]

There were several candidates for the Hawaiian throne including Bernice Pauahi Bishop, who had been asked to succeed to the throne by Kamehameha V on his deathbed but had declined the offer. However, the contest was centered on the two high-ranking male aliʻi, or chiefs: Lunalilo and Kalākaua. Lunalilo was more popular, partly because he was a higher-ranking chief than Kalākaua and was the immediate cousin of Kamehameha V. Lunalilo was also the more liberal of the two—he promised to amend the constitution to give the people a greater voice in the government. According to historian Ralph S. Kuykendall, there was an enthusiasm among Lunalilo's supporters to have him declared king without holding an election. In response, Lunalilo issued a proclamation stating that, even though he believed himself to be the rightful heir to the throne, he would submit to an election for the good of the kingdom.[35] On January 1, 1873, a popular election was held for the office of King of Hawaiʻi. Lunalilo won with an overwhelming majority while Kalākaua performed extremely poorly receiving 12 votes out of the more than 11,000 votes cast.[36] The next day, the legislature confirmed the popular vote and elected Lunalilo unanimously. Kalākaua conceded.[37]

1874 election

Following Lunalilo's ascension, Kalākaua was appointed as colonel on the military staff of the king.[38] He kept politically active during Lunalilo's reign, including leadership involvement with a political organization known as the Young Hawaiians; the group's motto was "Hawaiʻi for the Hawaiians".[38] He had gained political capital with his staunch opposition to ceding any part of the Hawaiian islands to foreign interests.[39][40] During the ʻIolani Barracks mutiny by the Royal Guards of Hawaiʻi in September 1873, Kalākaua was suspected to have incited the native guards to rebel against their white officers. Lunalilo responded to the insurrection by disbanding the military unit altogether, leaving Hawaiʻi without a standing army for the remainder of his reign.[41]

The issue of succession was a major concern especially since Lunalilo was unmarried and childless at the time. Queen Dowager Emma, the widow of Kamehameha IV, was considered to be Lunalilo's favorite choice as his presumptive heir.[42] On the other hand, Kalākaua and his political cohorts actively campaigned for him to be named successor in the event of the king's death.[38] Among the other candidates considered viable as Lunalilo's successor was the previously mentioned Bernice Pauahi Bishop. She had strong ties to the United States through her marriage to wealthy American businessman Charles Reed Bishop who also served as one of Lunalilo's cabinet ministers. When Lunalilo became ill several months after his election, Native Hawaiians counseled with him to appoint a successor to avoid another election. However he may have personally felt about Emma, he never put it in writing. He failed to act on the issue of a successor, and died on February 3, 1874, setting in motion a bitter election.[43] While Lunalilo did not think of himself as a Kamehameha, his election continued the Kamehameha line to some degree[44] making him the last of the monarchs of the Kamehameha dynasty.[45]

Pauahi chose not to run. Kalākaua's political platform was that he would reign in strict accordance with the kingdom's constitution. Emma campaigned on her assurance that Lunalilo had personally told her he wanted her to succeed him. Several individuals who claimed first-hand knowledge of Lunalilo's wishes backed her publicly. With Lunalilo's privy council issuing a public denial of that claim, the kingdom was divided on the issue.[46] British Commissioner James Hay Wodehouse put the British and American forces docked at Honolulu on the alert for possible violence.[47]

The election was held on February 12, and Kalākaua was elected by the Legislative Assembly by a margin of thirty-nine to six. His election provoked the Honolulu Courthouse riot where supporters of Queen Emma targeted legislators who supported Kalākaua; thirteen legislators were injured. The kingdom was without an army since the mutiny the year before and many police officers sent to quell the riot joined the mob or did nothing. Unable to control the mob, Kalākaua and Lunalilo's former ministers had to request the aid of American and British military forces docked in the harbor to put down the uprising.[47][40]

Reign

Given the unfavorable political climate following the riot, Kalākaua was quickly sworn in the following day, in a ceremony witnessed by government officials, family members, foreign representatives and some spectators. This inauguration ceremony was held at Kīnaʻu Hale, the residence of the Royal Chamberlain, instead of Kawaiahaʻo Church, as was customary. The hastiness of the affair would prompt him to hold a coronation ceremony in 1883.[48] Upon ascending to the throne, Kalākaua named his brother, William Pitt Leleiohoku, Leleiohoku II, as his heir-apparent.[49] When Leleiohoku II died in 1877, Kalākaua changed the name of his sister Lydia Dominis to Liliuokalani and designated her as his heir-apparent.[50]

From March to May 1874, he toured the main Hawaiian Islands of Kauai, Maui, Hawaiʻi Island, Molokai and Oahu and visited the Kalaupapa Leprosy Settlement.[51]

Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 and its extension

 
Illustration of Kalākaua's state dinner at the White House, meeting with President Ulysses S. Grant.

Within a year of Kalākaua's election, he helped negotiate the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875. This free trade agreement between the United States and Hawaiʻi, allowed sugar and other products to be exported to the US duty-free. He led the Reciprocity Commission consisting of sugar planter Henry A. P. Carter of C. Brewer & Co., Hawaiʻi Chief Justice Elisha Hunt Allen, and Minister of Foreign Affairs William Lowthian Green. Kalākaua became the first reigning monarch to visit America. The state dinner in his honor hosted by President Ulysses S. Grant was the first White House state dinner ever held.[52]

Many in the Hawaiʻi business community were willing to cede Pearl Harbor to the United States in exchange for the treaty, but Kalākaua was opposed to the idea. A seven-year treaty was signed on January 30, 1875, without any Hawaiian land being ceded.[53] San Francisco sugar refiner Claus Spreckels became a major investor in Hawaiʻi's sugar industry. Initially, he bought half of the first year's production; ultimately he became the plantations' major shareholder.[54] Spreckels became one of Kalākaua's close associates.[55]

When it expired, an extension of the treaty was negotiated, giving exclusive use of Pearl Harbor to the United States. Ratifications by both parties took two years and eleven months, and were exchanged on December 9, 1887, extending the agreement for an additional seven years.[56]

Over the term of Kalākaua's reign, the treaty had a major effect on the kingdom's income. In 1874, Hawaiʻi exported $1,839,620.27 in products. The value of exported products in 1890, the last full year of his reign, was $13,282,729.48, an increase of 722%. The export of sugar during that period grew from 24,566,611 pounds to 330,822,879 pounds.[57]

Education of Hawaiian Youths Abroad

The Education of Hawaiian Youths Abroad was a government-funded educational program during Kalākaua's reign to help students further their education beyond the institutions available in Hawaiʻi at that time. Between 1880 and 1887, Kalākaua selected 18 students for enrollment in a university or apprenticeship to a trade, outside the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. These students furthered their education in Italy, England, Scotland, China, Japan and California. During the life of the program, the legislature appropriated $100,000 to support it.[58] When the Bayonet Constitution went into effect, the students were recalled to Hawaiʻi.[59]

Trip around the world

Main article: Kalākaua's 1881 world tour
 
Journey of King Kalākaua in 1881

King Kalākaua and his boyhood friends William Nevins Armstrong and Charles Hastings Judd, along with personal cook Robert von Oelhoffen, circumnavigated the globe in 1881. The purpose of the 281-day trip was to encourage the importation of contract labor for plantations. Kalākaua set a world record as the first monarch to travel around the world.[60] He appointed his sister and heir-apparent Liliuokalani to act as Regent during his absence.[61]

Setting sail on January 20, they visited California before sailing to Asia. There they spent four months opening contract labor dialogue in Japan and China, while sightseeing and spreading goodwill through nations that were potential sources for workers.[62] They continued through Southeast Asia, and then headed for Europe in June, where they stayed until mid-September.[63] Their most productive immigration talks were in Portugal, where Armstrong stayed behind to negotiate an expansion of Hawaiʻi's existing treaty with the government.[64]

President James A. Garfield in Washington, D.C. had been assassinated in their absence. On their return trip to the United States, Kalākaua paid a courtesy call on Garfield's successor President Chester A. Arthur.[65] Before embarking on a train ride across the United States, Kalākaua visited Thomas Edison for a demonstration of electric lighting, discussing its potential use in Honolulu.[66]

They departed for Hawaiʻi from San Francisco on October 22, arriving in Honolulu on October 31. His homecoming celebration went on for days. He had brought the small island nation to the attention of world leaders, but the trip had sparked rumors that the kingdom was for sale. In Hawaiʻi there were critics who believed the labor negotiations were just his excuse to see the world. Eventually, his efforts bore fruit in increased contract labor for Hawaiʻi.[67]

Thomas Thrum's Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1883 reported Kalākaua's tour expense appropriated by the government as $22,500,[68] although his personal correspondence indicates he exceeded that early on.[69]

ʻIolani Palace

Main article: ʻIolani Palace
 
"[T]he working tools of a mason" presented to Kalākaua by the freemasons on December 31, 1879 on display in the palace basement

'Iolani Palace is the only royal palace on US soil.[70] The first palace was a coral and wood structure which served primarily as office space for the kingdom's monarchs beginning with Kamehameha III in 1845. By the time Kalākaua became king, the structure had decayed, and he ordered it destroyed to be replaced with a new building.[71] During the 1878 session of the legislature Finance Chairman Walter Murray Gibson, a political supporter of Kalākaua's, pushed through appropriations of $50,000 for the new palace.[72]

Construction began in 1879, with an additional $80,000 appropriated later to furnish it and complete the construction.[73] Three architects worked on the design, Thomas J. Baker, Charles J. Wall and Isaac Moore.[74] December 31, 1879, the 45th birthday of Queen Kapiʻolani, was the date Kalākaua chose for the ceremonial laying of the cornerstone. Minister of Foreign Affairs John Mākini Kapena delivered the ceremony's formal address in Hawaiian.[75] As Master of the Freemason Lodge Le Progres de L'Oceanie, Kalākaua charged the freemasons with orchestrating the ceremonies. The parade preceding the laying of the cornerstone involved every civilian and military organization in Hawaiʻi. The Pacific Commercial Advertiser noted it was "one of the largest seen in Honolulu for some years".[76] A copper time capsule containing photographs, documents, currency, and the Hawaiian census was sealed inside the cornerstone. After speeches had been made, the freemasons presented the king with "the working tools of a mason", a plumb bob, level, square tool, and a trowel.[76]

In between the laying of the cornerstone and the finishing of the new palace, Kalākaua had seen how other monarchs lived. He wanted ʻIolani to measure up to the standards of the rest of the world. The furnishing and interiors of the finished palace were reflective of that. Immediately upon completion, the king invited all 120 members of Lodge Le Progres de L'Oceanie to the palace for a lodge meeting.[77] Kalākaua had also seen during his visit to Edison's studio how effective electric lighting could be for the kingdom. On July 21, 1886, ʻIolani Palace led the way with the first electric lights in the kingdom, showcasing the technology. The monarch invited the public to attend a lighting ceremony on the palace grounds, attracting 5,000 spectators. The Royal Hawaiian Band entertained, refreshments were served, and the king paraded his troops around the grounds.[78][79] The total cost of building and furnishing the new palace was $343,595.[71]

1883 coronation

Kalākaua and Kapiʻolani had been denied a coronation ceremony in 1874 because of the civil unrest following the election. Under Finance Chairman Gibson, the 1880 legislature appropriated $10,000 for a coronation.[80] Gibson was believed to be the main proponent behind the event. On October 10, 1882, the Saturday Press indicated that not all the public was in favor of the coronation. By this point, Gibson's role in the kingdom's finances and his influence on Kalākaua were beginning to come under scrutiny: "Our versatile Premier ... is pulling another string in this puppet farce." At the same time, the newspaper rebuked many of the recent actions and policies not only of Gibson but of the King's cabinet in general.[81]

The coronation ceremony and related celebratory events were spread out over a two-week period.[82] A special octagon-shaped pavilion and grandstand were built for the February 12, 1883, ceremony. Preparations were made for an anticipated crowd exceeding 5,000, with lawn chairs to accommodate any overflow. Before the actual event, a procession of 630 adults and children paraded from downtown to the palace. Kalākaua and Kapiʻolani, accompanied by their royal retinue, came out of the palace onto the event grounds. The coronation was preceded by a choir singing and the formal recitation of the King's official titles. The news coverage noted, "The King looked ill at ease." Chief Justice of Hawaiʻi's Supreme Court Albert Francis Judd officiated and delivered the oath of office to the king. The crown was then handed to Kalākaua, and he placed it upon his head. The ceremony ended with the choir singing, and a prayer. A planned post-coronation reception by Kalākaua and Kapiʻolani was cancelled without advance notice.[2] Today, Kalākaua's coronation pavilion serves as the bandstand for the Royal Hawaiian Band.[71]

Following the ceremony, Kalākaua unveiled the Kamehameha Statue in front of Aliiolani Hale, the government building, with Gibson delivering the unveiling speech.[83] This statue was a second replica. Originally intended for the centennial of Captain James Cook's landing in Hawaiʻi, the statue, which was the brainchild of Gibson, had been cast by Thomas Ridgeway Gould but had been lost during shipment off the Falkland Islands. By the time the replica arrived, the intended date had passed, and it was decided to unveil the statue as part of the coronation ceremony. Later, the original statue was salvaged and restored. It was sent to Kohala, Hawaiʻi, Kamehameha's birthplace, where it was unveiled by the king on May 8. The legislature had allocated $10,000 for the first statue and insured it for $12,000. A further $7,000 was allocated for the second statue with an additional $4,000 from the insurance money spent to add four bas relief panels depicting historic moments during Kamehamena's reign.[84]

That evening, the royal couple hosted a state dinner, and there was a luau at a later day. The hula was performed nightly on the palace grounds. Regattas, horse races and a number of events filled the celebration period.[82] Due to weather conditions, the planned illumination of the palace and grounds for the day of the coronation happened a week later, and the public was invited to attend. Fireworks displays lit up the sky at the palace and at Punchbowl Crater. A grand ball was held the evening of February 20.[83]

Although exact figures are unknown, historian Kuykendall stated that the final cost of the coronation exceeded $50,000.[82]

Kalākaua coinage

 
Kalākaua 1883 dime

The Kalākaua coinage was minted to boost Hawaiian pride. At this time, United States gold coins had been accepted for any debt over $50; any debt under $50 was payable by US silver coins.[85] In 1880, the legislature passed a currency law that allowed it to purchase bullion for the United States mint to produce Hawaiʻi's own coins.[86] The design would have the King's image on the obverse side, with Hawaiʻi's coat of arms and motto "Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ʻĀina i ka Pono" on the reverse. In a deal with Claus Spreckels, he sponsored the minting by purchasing the required silver. In return, he was guaranteed an equal amount of six percent gold bonds, thereby giving him a guaranteed profit.[87]

When Hawaiʻi's silver coins began circulating in December 1883, the business community was reluctant to accept them, fearing they would drive US gold coins out of the market. Spreckels opened his own bank to circulate them.[88] Business owners feared economic inflation and lost faith in the government, as did foreign governments. Political fallout from the coinage led to the 1884 election-year shift towards the Kuokoa (independent) Party in the legislature. It passed the Currency Act to restrict acceptance of silver coins as payment for debts under $10. Exchange of silver for gold at the treasury was then limited to $150,000 a month. In 1903, the Hawaiʻi silver coins were redeemed for US silver and melted down at the San Francisco Mint.[89]

Birthday Jubilee, November 15–29, 1886

Kalākaua's 50th birthday on November 16, 1886, was celebrated with a two-week jubilee. Gibson had by this time joined the King's cabinet as prime minister of Hawaiʻi. He and Minister of the Interior Luther Aholo put forth a motion for the legislature to form a committee to oversee the birthday jubilee on September 20. The motion was approved, and at Gibson's subsequent request, the legislature appropriated $15,000 for the jubilee.[90] An announcement was made on November 3 that all government schools would be closed the week of November 15.[91]

Gifts for the king began arriving on November 15. At midnight, the jubilee officially began with fireworks at the Punchbowl Crater. At sunrise, the kingdom's police force arrived at ʻIolani Palace to pay tribute, followed by the king's Cabinet, Supreme Court justices, the kingdom's diplomats, and officials of government departments. School student bodies and civic organizations also paid tribute. The Royal Hawaiian Band played throughout the day. In the afternoon, the doors of the palace were opened to all the officials and organizations, and the public. In the evening, the palace was aglow with lanterns, candles and electric lighting throwing "a flood of radiance over the Palace and grounds".[92] The evening ended with a Fireman's Parade and fireworks. Throughout the next two weeks, there was a regatta, a Jubilee ball, a luau, athletic competitions, a state dinner, and a marksmanship contest won by the Honolulu Rifles.[93] Harper's Weekly reported in 1891 that the final cost of the jubilee was $75,000.[94]

Military policy

 
Kalākaua with his military staff officers, 1882

During the early part of his reign, Kalākaua restored the Household Guards which had been defunct since his predecessor Lunalilo abolished the unit in 1874. Initially, the king created three volunteer companies: the Leleiohoku Guard, a cavalry unit; the Prince's Own, an artillery unit; and the Hawaiian Guards, an infantry unit.[41][95] By the latter part of his reign, the army of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi consisted of six volunteer companies including the King's Own, the Queen's Own, the Prince's Own, the Leleiohoku Guard, the Mamalahoa Guard and the Honolulu Rifles, and the regular troops of the King's Household Guard. The ranks of these regiments were composed mainly of Hawaiian and part-Hawaiian officers with a few white officers including his brother-in-law John Owen Dominis. Each unit was subject to call for active service when necessary. The king and the governor of Oahu also had their own personal staff of military officers with the ranks of colonel and major.[96]

On October 1, 1886, the Military Act of 1886 was passed which created a Department of War and a Department of the Navy under the Minister of Foreign Affairs who would also serve as Secretary of War and of the Navy. Dominis was appointed lieutenant general and commander-in-chief and other officers were commissioned while the king was made the supreme commander and generalissimo of the Hawaiian Army.[96][97] Around this time, the government also bought and commissioned His Hawaiian Majesty's Ship (HHMS) Kaimiloa, the first and only vessel of the Hawaiian Royal Navy, under the command of Captain George E. Gresley Jackson.[98][99]

After 1887, the military commissions creating Dominis and his staff officers were recalled for economic reasons and the Military Act of 1886 was later declared unconstitutional.[100][97] The Military Act of 1888 was passed reducing the size of the army to four volunteer companies: the Honolulu Rifles, the King's Own, the Queen's Own, the Prince's Own, and the Leleiohoku Guard. In 1890, another military act further restricted the army to just the King's Royal Guards.[101][102][103]

Polynesian confederation

 
Portrait of Kalākaua

The idea of Hawaiʻi's involvement in the internal affairs of Polynesian nations had been around at least two decades before Kalākaua's election, when Australian Charles St Julian volunteered to be a political liaison to Hawaiʻi in 1853. He accomplished nothing of any significance.[104] Kalākaua's interest in forming a Polynesian coalition, with him at the head, was influenced by both Walter M. Gibson and Italian soldier of fortune Celso Caesar Moreno. In 1879 Moreno urged the king to create such a realm with Hawaiʻi at the top of the empire by " ... uniting under your sceptre the whole Polynesian race and make Honolulu a monarchical Washington, where the representatives of all the islands would convene in Congress."[105]

In response to the activities of Germany and Great Britain in Oceania, Gibson's Pacific Commercial Advertiser urged Hawaiʻi's involvement in protecting the island nations from international aggression.[106] Gibson was appointed to Kalākaua's cabinet as Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1882.[107] In 1883, he introduced the approved legislation to convey in writing to foreign governments that Hawaiʻi fully supported the independence of Polynesian nations. The subsequent "Hawaiian protest" letter he drafted was mostly ignored by nations that received it.[108] The Daily Bulletin in Honolulu issued its own response, "Hawaiʻi's true policy is to confine her attention to herself, ...".[109] The Hawaiian Gazette criticized Gibson's character and mockingly referred to the proposed venture as the "Empire of the Calabash".[110]

 
Hawaiian envoys and Malietoa Laupepa on board of the Kaimiloa in 1887.

In 1885, Gibson dispatched Minister to the United States Henry A. P. Carter to Washington D. C. and Europe to convey Hawaiʻi's intentions towards Polynesia. Carter made little headway with Gibson's instructions. He pushed for direct intervention into a political upheaval in Samoa, where the German Empire backed rebels under their leader Tamasese in an attempt to overthrow King Malietoa Laupepa.[111] In an effort to keep him in power, Gibson convinced the 1886 legislature to allocate $100,000 to purchase the steamship Zealandia, $50,000 for its operating expenses, and $35,000 for foreign missions. United States special commissioner to Samoa, George H. Bates advised Kalākaua that Hawaiʻi should mind its own business and stay out of Samoan affairs. Instead, Hawaiʻi sent a delegation headed by John E. Bush to Samoa, where Samoan King Malietoa Laupepa signed a Samoan-Hawaiian confederation treaty on February 17, 1887.[112] Bush also presented Malietoa with the Royal Order of the Star of Oceania, which Kalakaua had created to honor the monarchs and chiefs of the Polynesian confederation. The government sent HHMS Kaimiloa for Bush's use in visiting the chiefs of the other islands of Polynesia.[98]

The United States and Great Britain joined with Germany in expressing their disapproval of the treaty. Germany warned the United States and Great Britain, "In case Hawaiʻi ... should try to interfere in favor of Malietoa, the King of the Sandwich Islands would thereby enter into [a] state of war with us." When German warships arrived in Samoan waters, Malietoa surrendered and was sent into exile. The Kaimiloa and Bush's delegation were recalled to Honolulu after the ousting of the Gibson administration.[113] Kalākaua's later explanation of Hawaiʻi's interference in Samoa was, "Our Mission was simply a Mission of phylanthropy [sic] more than any thing, but the arogance [sic] of the Germans prevented our good intentions and . . . we had to withdraw the Mission."[114]

1887 Bayonet Constitution

Main article: 1887 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom

In Memoirs of the Hawaiian Revolution, Sanford B. Dole devoted a chapter to the Bayonet Constitution. He stated that King Kalākaua appointed cabinet members not for their ability to do the job, but for their ability to bend to his will. Consequently, according to Dole, appropriated funds were shifted from one account to another, "for fantastic enterprises and for the personal aggrandizement of the royal family."[115] Dole placed much of the blame on Gibson, and accused Kalākaua of taking a bribe of $71,000 from Tong Kee to grant an opium license, an action done via one of the king's political allies Junius Kaʻae.[116][117]

Despite his own personal opposition, Kalākaua signed a legislative bill in 1886 creating a single opium vending and distribution license.[118][119] Kaʻae had suggested to rice planter Tong Kee, also known as Aki, that a monetary gift to the king might help him acquire it. Aki took the suggestion and gave thousands of dollars to the king.[120][121] Another merchant, Chun Lung, made the government an offer of $80,000.00 which forced Aki to raise even more cash.[122][123] The license was eventually awarded to Chun who withheld his payment until the license was actually signed over to him on December 31, 1886. Kalākaua admitted that he had been overruled by his cabinet who were friendly with Chun.[124] After the reform party took control of the government, the opium license debt remained unpaid. Kalākaua agreed to make restitution for his debts via revenues from the Crown Lands. However, other liabilities and outstanding debt forced him to sign his debt over to trustees who would control all of Kalākaua's private estates and Crown Land revenues.[125][126] When trustees refused to add the opium debt, Aki sued. Although the court ruled, "The king could do no wrong", the trustees were found liable for the debt.[125]

The Hawaiian League was formed to change the status quo of government "by all means necessary",[127] and had joined forces with the Honolulu Rifles militia group. Anticipating a coup d'état, the king took measures to save himself by dismissing Gibson and his entire cabinet on June 28.[127] Fearing an assassination was not out of the question, Kalākaua barricaded himself inside the palace. The Hawaiian League presented a June 30 resolution demanding the king's restitution for the alleged bribe. Also known as the "committee of thirteen", it was composed of: Paul Isenberg, William W. Hall, James A. Kennedy, William Hyde Rice, Captain James A. King, E. B. Thomas, H. C. Reed, John Mark Vivas, W. P. A. Brewer, Rev. W. B. Oleson, Cecil Brown, Captain George Ross and Joseph Ballard Atherton.[128]

The newly appointed cabinet members were William Lowthian Green as prime minister and minister of finance, Clarence W. Ashford as attorney general, Lorrin A. Thurston as minister of the interior, and Godfrey Brown as minister of foreign affairs.[129]

A new constitution was drafted immediately by the Hawaiian Committee and presented to Kalākaua for his signature on July 6. The next day he issued a proclamation of the abrogation of the 1864 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi.[130] The new constitution was nicknamed the Bayonet Constitution because of the duress under which it was signed. His sister Liliuokalani stated in Hawaii's Story that her brother was convinced that if he did not sign, he would be assassinated. She wrote that he no longer knew who was friend or foe. He felt betrayed by people he once trusted and had told her that everywhere he went he was under constant surveillance.[131]

It has been known ever since that day as "The Bayonet Constitution," and the name is well chosen; for the cruel treatment received by the king from the military companies, which had been organized by his enemies under other pretences, but really to give them the power of coercion, was the chief measure used to enforce his submission.

— Liliʻuokalani[131]

The Bayonet Constitution allowed the King to appoint his cabinet but placed that cabinet under the sole authority of the legislature. It required any executive actions of the monarch to be approved by the cabinet. Previous suffrage (voting rights) was restricted to male subjects of the kingdom regardless of race. The new constitution restricted suffrage only to Hawaiian, American or European men residing in Hawaii, if they were 21 years old, literate with no back unpaid taxes, and would take an oath to support the law of the land. By placing a new minimum qualifier of $3,000 in property ownership and a minimum income of $600 for voters of the House of Nobles, the new constitution disqualified many poor Native Hawaiians from voting for half of the legislature. Naturalized Asians were deprived of the vote for both houses of the legislature.[132][133]

Gibson was arrested on July 1 and charged with embezzlement of public funds. The case was soon dropped for lack of evidence. Gibson fled to California on July 12, and died there 6 months later on January 21, 1888.[134]

When the new constitution went into effect, state-sponsored students studying abroad were recalled. One of those was Robert William Wilcox who had been sent to Italy for military training. Wilcox's initial reaction to the turn of events was advocating Liliuokalani be installed as Regent. On July 30, 1889, however, he and Robert Napuʻuako Boyd, another state-sponsored student, led a rebellion aimed at restoring the 1864 constitution, and, thereby, the king's power. Kalākaua, possibly fearing Wilcox intended to force him to abdicate in favor of his sister, was not in the palace when the insurrection happened. The government's military defense led to the surrender of the Wilcox's insurgents.[135]

Death and succession

Main articles: Death and two state funerals of Kalākaua and Palace Hotel, San Francisco
 
Kalākaua (in white slacks) aboard the USS Charleston en route to San Francisco

Kalākaua sailed for California aboard the USS Charleston on November 25, 1890. Accompanying him were his trusted friends George W. Macfarlane and Robert Hoapili Baker. There was uncertainty about the purpose of the king's trip. Minister of Foreign Affairs John Adams Cummins reported the trip was solely for the king's health and would not extend beyond California. Local newspapers and British commissioner Wodehouse worried the king might go farther east to Washington, DC, to negotiate a continued cession of Pearl Harbor to the United States after the expiration of the reciprocity treaty or possible annexation of the kingdom. His sister Liliʻuokalani, after unsuccessfully dissuading him from departing, wrote he meant to discuss the McKinley Tariff with the Hawaiian ambassador to the United States Henry A. P. Carter in Washington. She was again appointed to serve as regent during his absence.[136]

Upon arriving in California, the party landed in San Francisco on December 5. Kalākaua, whose health had been declining, stayed in a suite at the Palace Hotel.[137] Traveling throughout Southern California and Northern Mexico, he suffered a minor stroke in Santa Barbara and was rushed back to San Francisco. He was placed under the care of George W. Woods, surgeon of the United States Pacific Fleet. Against the advice of Dr. Woods, Kalākaua insisted on going to his initiation at the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine (A.A.O.N.M.S.) on January 14. He was given a tonic of Vin Mariani that got him on his feet, and was accompanied to the rites by an escort from the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine. The ceremonies did not take long, and he was returned to his suite within an hour.[138] Two days before his death, he lapsed into a coma. Kalākaua died at 2:35 pm on Tuesday, January 20, 1891.[139] US Navy officials listed the official cause of death as Bright's Disease (inflammation of the kidneys).[140]

His last words were, "Aue, he kanaka au, eia i loko o ke kukonukonu o ka maʻi!," or "Alas, I am a man who is seriously ill." The more popular quote, "Tell my people I tried", attributed as his last words, was actually invented by novelist Eugene Burns in his 1952 biography of Kalākaua, The Last King of Paradise.[141] Shortly before his death, his voice was recorded on a phonograph cylinder, which is now in the Bernice P. Bishop Museum.[142]

The news of Kalākaua's death did not reach Hawaiʻi until January 29 when the Charleston returned to Honolulu with the king's remains.[143] As his designated heir-apparent,[50] Liliuokalani ascended to the throne the same day.[144]

After a state funeral in California and a second one in Honolulu, the king's remains were buried in the Royal Mausoleum at Mauna ʻAla on February 15, 1891.[145][146] In a ceremony officiated by his sister Liliʻuokalani on June 24, 1910, his remains, and those of his family, were transferred to the underground Kalākaua Crypt after the main mausoleum building had been converted into a chapel.[147][148]

Legacy

Kalākaua's reign is generally regarded as the first Hawaiian Renaissance, for both his influence on Hawaiʻi's music, and for other contributions he made to reinvigorate Hawaiian culture. His actions inspired the reawakening Hawaiian pride and nationalism for the kingdom.[149][150]

During the earlier reign of Christian convert Kaʻahumanu, dancing the hula was forbidden and punishable by law. Subsequent monarchs gradually began allowing the hula, but it was Kalākaua who brought it back in full force. Chants, meles and the hula were part of the official entertainment at Kalākaua's coronation and his birthday jubilee. He issued an invitation to all Hawaiians with knowledge of the old mele and chants to participate in the coronation, and arranged for musicologist A. Marques to observe the celebrations.[151] Kalākaua's cultural legacy lives on in the Merrie Monarch Festival, a large-scale annual hula competition in Hilo, Hawaiʻi, begun in 1964 and named in his honor.[152][153] A composer of the ancient chants or mele, for the first time Kalākaua published a written version of the Kumulipo, a 2,102-line chant that had traditionally been passed down orally. It traces the royal lineage and the creation of the cosmos.[154] He is also known to have revived the Hawaiian martial art of Lua, and surfing.[155]

The Hawaiian Board of Health (different from the governmental Board of Health) passed by the 1886 legislature consisted of five Native Hawaiians, appointed by Kalākaua, who oversaw the licensing and regulation of the traditional practice of native healing arts.[156] He also appointed Emma Kaili Metcalf Beckley Nakuina as the first Native Hawaiian curator of the Hawaiian National Museum and increased funding for the institution.[150]

In 1886, Kalākaua had his Privy Council license the ancient Hale Nauā Society for persons of Hawaiian ancestry. The original Hale Naua had not been active since Kamehameha I, when it had functioned as a genealogical research organization for claims of royal lineage. When Kalākaua reactivated it, he expanded its purpose to encompass Hawaiian culture as well as modern-day arts and sciences and included women as equals. The ranks of the society grew to more than 200 members, and was a political support for Kalākaua that lasted until his death in 1891.[157] In 2004, the National Museum of Natural History displayed Kalākaua's red-and-yellow feathered Hale Naua ʻahuʻula and feathered kāhili as part of its Hawaiian special exhibit.[158]

Kalākaua's sponsorship of and a brief career in the Hawaiian language press gave him the additional epithet of the "Editor King". From 1861 to 1863, Kalākaua with G. W. Mila, J. W. H. Kauwahi and John K. Kaunamano co-edited Ka Hoku o ka Pakipika (The Star of the Pacific), the first Hawaiian language newspaper solely written by Native Hawaiians without the influence of American missionaries. This nationalist paper focused on Hawaiian topics especially traditional folklore and poetry.[159][160] In 1870 he also edited the daily newspaper Ka Manawa (Times), which concerned itself with international news, local news and genealogies but only lasted for two months.[159][161] He also sponsored the literary journal, Ka Hoku o Ke Kai (The Star of the Sea), which ran from 1883 to 1884.[162]

The Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame honored Kalākaua and his brother and sisters as Na Lani ʻEhā ("The Heavenly Four") for their patronage and enrichment of Hawaiʻi's musical culture and history.[152][163] "Hawaiʻi Ponoʻī" was officially designated the Hawaiʻi state anthem in 1967. Originally titled "Hymn to Kamehameha I", Henri Berger, leader of the Royal Hawaiian Band, wrote the instrumental melody in 1872, influenced by the Prussian anthem "Heil dir im Siegerkranz". Kalākaua added the lyrics in 1874, and the Kawaiahaʻo Church Choir sang it on his birthday that year. In 1876, it became the official anthem of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi until the overthrow of the monarchy.[164] Other works by the king include "Sweet Lei Lehua", "ʻAkahi Hoʻi", "E Nihi Ka Hele", "Ka Momi", and "Koni Au I Ka Wai". Seven of his songs were published in Ka Buke O Na Leo Mele Hawaii (1888) using the pseudonym "Figgs". He generally wrote only the lyrics for most of his surviving works.[165]

He established diplomatic relations with the Kingdom of Serbia[166] and was awarded the Order of Cross of Takovo.[167]

 
King Kalākaua, Scottish writer Robert Louis Stevenson, and "Kalākaua's Singing Boys", his own personal headed choir, c. 1889

The ukulele was introduced to the Hawaiian islands during the reign of Kalākaua, by Manuel Nunes, José do Espírito Santo, and Augusto Dias, Portuguese immigrants from Madeira and Cape Verde.[168] The king became proficient on the instrument. According to American journalist Mary Hannah Krout and Hawaiʻi resident Isobel Osbourne Strong, wife of artist Joseph Dwight Strong and stepdaughter of Robert Louis Stevenson, he would often play the ukulele and perform meles for his visitors, accompanied by his personal musical group Kalākaua's Singing Boys (aka King's Singing Boys). Strong recalled the Singing Boys as "the best singers and performers on the ukulele and guitar in the whole islands".[169] Kalākaua was inducted into the Ukulele Hall of Fame in 1997.[170]

Kalākaua Avenue was created in March 1905 by the House and Senate of the Hawaiʻi Territorial Legislature. It renamed the highway known as Waikiki Road, "to commemorate the name of his late Majesty Kalākaua, during whose reign Hawaiʻi made great advancement in material prosperity".[171]

The King David Kalakaua Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 under its former name U.S. Post Office, Customhouse, and Courthouse. Located at 335 Merchant Street in Honolulu, it was once the official seat of administration for the Territory of Hawaiʻi. The building was renamed for Kalākaua in 2003.[172]

In 1985, a bronze statue of Kalākaua was donated to the City and County of Honolulu to commemorate the 100-year anniversary of the arrival of the first Japanese laborers after the king's visit to Japan.[173] It was commissioned by the Oahu Kanyaku Imin Centennial Committee on behalf of the Japanese-American community of Hawaiʻi. The statue was designed and created by musician Palani Vaughan, architect Leland Onekea and Native Hawaiian sculptor Sean Kekamakupaa Kaonohiokalani Lee Loy Browne. It is located at the corner of Kalākaua and Kuhio avenues in Waikiki.[174]

A Hawaiian song about Kalākaua can be heard in the Disney movie Lilo & Stitch when Lilo is introduced in the movie. The mele was written as a mele inoa, its original title being "He Inoa No Kalani Kalākaua Kulele" (a namesong for the chief, Kalākaua). On the Lilo & Stitch soundtrack, it was retitled as "He Mele No Lilo".[175]

Notable published works

  • Na Mele Aimoku, Na Mele Kupuna, a Me Na Mele Ponoi O Ka Moi Kalākaua I. Dynastic Chants, Ancestral Chants, and Personal Chants of King Kalākaua I. (1886). Hawaiian Historical Society, Honolulu, 2001.[176]
  • The Legends and Myths of Hawaii: The Fables and Folk-lore of a Strange People. (1888). C.E. Tuttle Company, New York, 1990.[177]

Honours

Ancestry

Kalākaua family tree

Key- (k)= Kane (male/husband)
(w)= wahine (female/wife)
Subjects with bold titles, lavender highlighted, bold box= Direct bloodline
Bold title, bold, grey box= Aunts, uncles, cousins line
Bold title, bold white box= European or American (raised to aliʻi status by marriage or monarch's decree)
Regular name and box= makaʻāinana or untitled foreign subject

Kāneikaiwilani (k)Kanalohanaui (k)Keakealani (w)Ahu-a-ʻI (k)Piʻilani (w) IIMoana (k)
Lonoikahaupu (k)Kalanikauleleiaiwi (w)Kauauaʻamahi (k)Keawe II (k)Lonomaʻaikanaka (w)Kauhiahaki (k)Iliki-a-Moana (w)
Keawepoepoe (k)Kanoena (w)Haʻaeamahi (k)Kekelakekeokalani (w)Alapainui (k)Keaka (w)Keeaumoku Nui (k)Kamakaimoku (w)Kaeamamao (k)[i]Kaolanialiʻi (w)[i]
Kameʻeiamoku (k)
 		Kamakaʻeheikuli (w)Keōua (k)Kahekili II (k)Kekuiapoiwa II (w)Ikuaʻana (w)Heulu (k)Moana (w)Keaweʻopala (k)Nohomualani (k)
Keaweaheulu (k)Ululani (w)Hakau (w)Kanaʻina (k)Kauwa (w)Eia (k)
Kepoʻokalani (k)[i]Alapai (w)[i]Keohohiwa (w)Keōpūolani (w)Kamehameha I
 		Kalaniʻōpuʻu (k)Kānekapōlei (w)Kiʻilaweau (k)Nāhiʻōleʻa (k)Kahoʻowaha II (w)Inaina (w)
Hao (K)Kailipakalua (w)
Kamanawa II (k)[i]Kamokuiki (w)[i]ʻAikanaka (k)Kamaeokalani (w)Kaōleiokū (k)Keoua (w)Luahine (w)KalaʻimamahuKaheiheimālie
Kamehameha II
 		Kamehameha III
 		Kekūanāoʻa (k)Kahalaiʻa
Luanuʻu (k)		Pauahi (w)Kīnaʻu (w)Pākī (k)Kōnia (w)Kanaʻina IIKaʻahumanu III
Kapaʻakea
(1815–1866)[i]		Keohokālole
(1816–1869)[i]		Keʻelikōlani (w)Kamehameha IV
 		Kamehameha V
 		Kaʻahumanu IV
 		Pauahi Bishop (w)Bishop (k)Lunalilo (k)
 
Kaliokalani
(1835–1852)[i]		Kalākaua
(1836–1891)[i]
 		Kapiʻolani
(1834–1899)
 		Liliʻuokalani
(1838–1917)[i]
 		Dominis
(1832–1891)		Kaʻiulani
(1842–?)[i]		Kaʻiminaʻauao
(1845–1848)[i]		Cleghorn
(1835–1910)		Likelike
(1851–1887)[i]		Leleiohoku II
(1854–1877)[i]
Kaʻiulani
(1875–1899)[i]

Notes:

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Genealogy of Liliuokalani, page 400, appendix B, No. 2 Queen of Hawaii, Liliuokalani (1898). Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen. University of Hawaii Press. p. 400. Retrieved September 29, 2016. Kapaakea genealogy.

See also

Notes

Footnotes

Citations

  1. ^ Forbes 2003, p. 404.
  2. ^ a b "Crowned! Kalakaua's Coronation Accomplished: A Large But Unenthusiatic Assemblage!". The Hawaiian Gazette. Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. February 14, 1883. LCCN sn83025121. from the original on December 29, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2017 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.
  3. ^ a b c d Biographical Sketch 1884, pp. 72–74.
  4. ^ a b c Allen 1995, pp. 1–6.
  5. ^ Liliuokalani 1898, pp. 1–2, 104–105, 399–409; Allen 1982, pp. 33–36; Haley 2014, p. 96
  6. ^ Liliuokalani 1898, pp. 104–105; Kuykendall 1967, p. 262; Osorio 2002, p. 201; Van Dyke 2008, p. 96
  7. ^ Liliuokalani 1898, p. 399.
  8. ^ Supreme Court of Hawaii (1866). In The Matter Of The Estate Of L. H. Kaniu, Deceased. Reports of a Portion of the Decisions Rendered by the Supreme Court of the Hawaiian Islands in Law, Equity, Admiralty, and Probate: 1857–1865. Honolulu: Government Press. pp. 82–86. OCLC 29559942. from the original on December 29, 2019. Retrieved August 22, 2018.
  9. ^ Dibble 1843, p. 330.
  10. ^ "CALENDAR: Princes and Chiefs eligible to be Rulers". The Polynesian. Vol. 1, no. 9. Honolulu. July 20, 1844. p. 1, col. 3. from the original on March 11, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2017.; Cooke & Cooke 1937, pp. v–vi; Van Dyke 2008, p. 364
  11. ^ Liliuokalani 1898, pp. 5–9; Allen 1982, pp. 45–46
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i Zambucka 2002, pp. 5–10.
  13. ^ Cooke & Cooke 1937, pp. 84–85.
  14. ^ Gutmanis 1974, p. 144.
  15. ^ a b Allen 1995, p. 8.
  16. ^ Haley 2014, p. 100.
  17. ^ Allen 1995, pp. 23–24.
  18. ^ . The Pacific Commercial Advertiser at Newspapers.com. February 3, 1877. OCLC 8807872. Archived from the original on August 24, 2018. Retrieved August 21, 2018. 
  19. ^ a b Allen 1982, p. 22.
  20. ^ a b c Damon, Samuel C. (February 1, 1876). "The Kings of Hawaii". The Friend. Vol. 25, no. 2. Honolulu: Samuel C. Damon. pp. 9–12. from the original on December 29, 2019. Retrieved August 28, 2018.
  21. ^ "By Authority". The Polynesian. Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. November 5, 1853. LCCN sn82015408. from the original on June 30, 2015. Retrieved January 9, 2017 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.
  22. ^ Allen 1995, pp. 28–29.
  23. ^ a b . Polynesian at Newspapers.com. November 3, 1860. p. 2. OCLC 8807758. Archived from the original on August 24, 2018. Retrieved August 22, 2018. 
  24. ^ Baur 1922, pp. 248–249.
  25. ^ Zambucka 2002, p. 8.
  26. ^ Hawaii & Lydecker 1918, pp. 76, 81, 86, 103, 109, 113, 117, 121, 124
  27. ^ "Appropriation Bill for 1858–1859". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. May 12, 1859. LCCN sn82015418. from the original on May 28, 2017. Retrieved January 9, 2017 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.
  28. ^ "Postmaster General – office record" (PDF). state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. (PDF) from the original on August 4, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2017.
  29. ^ "Chamberlain – office record" (PDF). state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. (PDF) from the original on February 9, 2017. Retrieved February 3, 2017.
  30. ^ Twain 1938, p. 105.
  31. ^ Allen 1995, pp. 33–34.
  32. ^ Liliuokalani 1898, pp. 12–15.
  33. ^ Zambucka 2002, p. 15.
  34. ^ Kuykendall 1953, pp. 3, 239
  35. ^ Kuykendall 1953, p. 243
  36. ^ Tsai 2016, pp. 61–62.
  37. ^ Kuykendall 1953, p. 245
  38. ^ a b c Kuykendall 1967, p. 4
  39. ^ Kuykendall 1967, p. 6
  40. ^ a b Dabagh, Lyons & Hitchcock 1974, pp. 1–16
  41. ^ a b Kuykendall 1953, pp. 259–260; Allen 1982, pp. 131–132; Pogány 1963, pp. 53–61
  42. ^ Kuykendall 1967, p. 5
  43. ^ Kuykendall 1967, p. 245
  44. ^ Van Dyke 2008, p. 93
  45. ^ Kam 2017, p. 95
  46. ^ Kuykendall 1967, p. 8
  47. ^ a b Kuykendall 1967, p. 9
  48. ^ Rossi 2013, pp. 103–107.
  49. ^ Kuykendall 1967, p. 12
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  • Kam, Ralph Thomas (2017). Death Rites and Hawaiian Royalty: Funerary Practices in the Kamehameha and Kalakaua Dynasties, 1819–1953. S. I.: McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4766-6846-8. OCLC 966566652. from the original on December 24, 2019. Retrieved August 22, 2018.
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  • Karpiel, Frank (August 2000). "Mystic Ties of Brotherhood: Freemasonry, Ritual, and Hawaiian Royalty in the Nineteenth Century". Pacific Historical Review. Berkeley: University of California Press. 69 (3): 357–397. doi:10.2307/3641714. JSTOR 3641714.
  • Karpiel, Frank (1999). "Notes & Queries – The Hale Naua Society". The Hawaiian Journal of History. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society. 33: 203–212. hdl:10524/509. OCLC 60626541.
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  • Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson (1953). The Hawaiian Kingdom, 1854–1874, Twenty Critical Years. Vol. 2. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-87022-432-4. from the original on December 13, 2014. Retrieved January 7, 2017.
  • Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson (1967). The Hawaiian Kingdom 1874–1893, The Kalakaua Dynasty. Vol. 3. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-87022-433-1. OCLC 500374815. from the original on January 20, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2017.
  • Liliuokalani (1898). Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen, Liliuokalani. Boston, MA: Lothrop, Lee and Shepard Co. from the original on December 29, 2016. Retrieved January 16, 2017 – via HathiTrust.
  • Mcdermott, John F.; Choy, Zita Cup; Guerrero, Anthony P. S. (2015). "The Last Illness and Death of Hawaiʻi's King Kalākaua: A New Historical/Clinical Perspective Cover". The Hawaiian Journal of History. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society. 49: 59–72. doi:10.1353/hjh.2015.0002. hdl:10524/56606. OCLC 60626541. S2CID 162545638. from the original on August 1, 2018. Retrieved December 31, 2016 – via Project MUSE.
  • MacLennan, Carol A. (2014). Sovereign Sugar. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-3949-9. OCLC 875895012. from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved January 12, 2017 – via Project MUSE.
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  • Newbury, Colin (2001). . Pacific Studies. Laie, HI: Brigham Young University, Hawaii Campus. 24 (1–2): 1–38. ISSN 0275-3596. OCLC 193272210. Archived from the original on April 15, 2012.
  • Osorio, Jon Kamakawiwoʻole (2002). Dismembering Lāhui: A History of the Hawaiian Nation to 1887. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2549-2. OCLC 48579247. from the original on May 14, 2016. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
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  • Rossi, Pualiʻiliʻimaikalani (December 2013). "No Ka Pono ʻOle O Ka Lehulehu: The 1874 Election of Hawaiʻi's Moʻi And The Kanaka Maoli Response" (PDF). Honolulu: University of Hawaii at Manoa. hdl:10125/100744. (PDF) from the original on December 29, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • Silva, Noenoe K. (2004). Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-8622-3. OCLC 191222123. from the original on June 26, 2020. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
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  • Tsai, Tiffany Lani Ing (2014). ""He Ka Waiho Hoʻohemahema": Kana Maoli Responses to King Kalakaua's Tour of the Kingdom from 1874 Newspapers in Hawaiʻi". Hawaiian Journal of History. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society. 48: 115–143. hdl:10524/47258. OCLC 60626541.
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Further reading

  • Armstrong, William N. (1904). Around the World with a King. New York, NY: F. A. Stokes Company – via HathiTrust.
  • Baur, John E. (1988). "When Royalty Came to California". California History. 67 (4): 244–265. doi:10.2307/25158494. JSTOR 25158494.
  • Burns, Eugene (1952). The Last King of Paradise. New York: Pellegrini & Cudahy. OCLC 414982.
  • Dukas, Neil Bernard (2004). A Military History of Sovereign Hawaiʻi. Honolulu: Mutual Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-56647-636-2. OCLC 56195693.
  • Girod, André (2014). American Gothic: Une mosaïque de personnalités américaines (in French). L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-343-04037-0.
  • Hallock, Leavitt Homan (1911). Hawaii Under King Kalakaua from Personal Experiences of Leavitt H. Hallock. Portland, ME: Smith & Sale. OCLC 2802182 – via HathiTrust.
  • Houston, James D. (2008). Bird of Another Heaven. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-38808-7. OCLC 71552454.
  • Ing, Tiffany (May 2015). Illuminating the American, International, and Hawaiʻi Representations of David Kalākaua and His Reign, 1874–1891. University of Hawaii at Manoa. hdl:10125/50983.
  • Kalakaua dead. The king dies on a foreign shore ... at San Francisco, Cal., January 20, 1891. Funeral ceremonies ... Reception in Honolulu ... Notes on the king's trip through southern California, by Lieut. Gen. P. Blow, U.S.N. Reports of Rear Admiral Brown, U.S.N., and Medical Inspector Woods. Honolulu: Bulletin Publishing Company. 1891. OCLC 82800064. from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 29, 2017 – via HathiTrust.
  • Kalakaua, David; Daggett, Rollin M. (1888). The Legends and Myths of Hawaii: The Fables and Folk-lore of a Strange People. New York, NY: Charles L. Webster & Company – via HathiTrust.
  • Lowe, Ruby Hasegawa (1999). David Kalākaua. Honolulu: Kamehameha Schools Press. ISBN 978-0-87336-041-8. OCLC 40729128.
  • The Pacific Commercial Advertiser (1883). Coronation of the King and Queen of the Hawaiian Islands, at Honolulu, Monday, Feb 12th 1883. Honolulu: Printed at the Advertiser Steam Printing House. OCLC 77955761 – via HathiTrust.
  • Poepoe, Joseph M.; Brown, George (1891). Ka Moolelo o ka Moi Kalakaua I. Honolulu. OCLC 16331688.
  • Rossi, Puali'ili'imaikalani (December 2013). No Ka Pono ʻOle O Ka Lehulehu : The 1874 Election of Hawaiʻi's Moʻi And The Kanaka Maoli Response. University of Hawaii at Manoa. p. 193. hdl:10125/100744.
  • Schweizer, Niklaus R. (1991). "King Kalakaua: An International Perspective". The Hawaiian Journal of History. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society. 25: 103–120. hdl:10524/539. OCLC 60626541.
  • Tabrah, Ruth M. (1984). Hawaii: A History. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-30220-2.
  • Tate, Merze (1960). "Hawaii's Program of Primacy in Polynesia". Oregon Historical Quarterly. Oregon Historical Society. 61 (4): 377–407. JSTOR 20612586.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kalākaua.
  • Works by Kalākaua at Project Gutenberg
  • Works by Kalākaua at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)  
  • Lydecker, Robert C. (1918). (full text) 1887 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom and Kalakaua's November 3 speech before the Legislative Assembly. The Honolulu Gazette Col., Ltd. pp. 159–173.
  • A guide to the Rough log and journal, 1880–1881, 1891
  • Palmer, Walter B.; Day, Clive; Viner, Jacob; Hornbeck, Stanley Kuhl (1919). Reciprocity and commercial treaties. Govt. Print. Off. p. 25 – via HathiTrust.
  • "KING KALAKAUA PHOTOGRAPH EXHIBITION". Honolulu: Hawaiʻi State Archives.
Royal titles
Preceded by King of Hawaiʻi
1874–1891 		Succeeded by
January 20, 2023
kalākaua, david, laʻamea, kamananakapu, mahinulani, naloiaehuokalani, lumialani, november, 1836, january, 1891, sometimes, called, merrie, monarch, last, king, penultimate, monarch, kingdom, hawaiʻi, reigning, from, february, 1874, until, death, 1891, succeedi. Kalakaua David Laʻamea Kamananakapu Mahinulani Naloiaehuokalani Lumialani Kalakaua 2 November 16 1836 January 20 1891 sometimes called The Merrie Monarch was the last king and penultimate monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi reigning from February 12 1874 until his death in 1891 Succeeding Lunalilo he was elected to the vacant throne of Hawaiʻi against Queen Emma Kalakaua had a convivial personality and enjoyed entertaining guests with his singing and ukulele playing At his coronation and his birthday jubilee the hula which had hitherto been banned in public in the kingdom became a celebration of Hawaiian culture KalakauaPortrait by James J Williams 1882King of the Hawaiian Islands more ReignFebruary 12 1874 January 20 1891CoronationFebruary 12 1883 ʻIolani Palace HonoluluInvestitureFebruary 13 1874 Kinaʻu HalePredecessorLunaliloSuccessorLiliʻuokalaniBorn 1836 11 16 November 16 1836Honolulu Kingdom of Hawai iDiedJanuary 20 1891 1891 01 20 aged 54 San Francisco California U S BurialFebruary 15 1891 1 Mauna ʻAla Royal MausoleumSpouseKapiʻolaniNamesDavid Laʻamea Kamananakapu Mahinulani Naloiaehuokalani Lumialani KalakauaHouseHouse of KalakauaFatherCaesar KapaʻakeaMotherAnalea KeohokaloleReligionChurch of HawaiiSignatureDuring Kalakaua s reign the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 brought great prosperity to the kingdom Its renewal continued the prosperity but allowed United States to have exclusive use of Pearl Harbor In 1881 Kalakaua took a trip around the world to encourage the immigration of contract sugar plantation workers He wanted Hawaiians to broaden their education beyond their nation He instituted a government financed program to sponsor qualified students to be sent abroad to further their education Two of his projects the statue of Kamehameha I and the rebuilding of ʻIolani Palace were expensive endeavors but are popular tourist attractions today Extravagant expenditures and Kalakaua s plans for a Polynesian confederation played into the hands of annexationists who were already working towards a United States takeover of Hawaiʻi In 1887 Kalakaua was pressured to sign a new constitution that made the monarchy little more than a figurehead position After his brother William Pitt Leleiohoku II died in 1877 the king named their sister Liliʻuokalani as heir apparent She acted as regent during his absences from the country After Kalakaua s death she became the last monarch of Hawaiʻi Contents 1 Early life and family 2 Education 3 Political and military careers 4 Marriage 5 Political ascendancy 5 1 1873 election 5 2 1874 election 6 Reign 6 1 Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 and its extension 6 2 Education of Hawaiian Youths Abroad 6 3 Trip around the world 6 4 ʻIolani Palace 6 5 1883 coronation 6 6 Kalakaua coinage 6 7 Birthday Jubilee November 15 29 1886 6 8 Military policy 6 9 Polynesian confederation 7 1887 Bayonet Constitution 8 Death and succession 9 Legacy 9 1 Notable published works 10 Honours 11 Ancestry 12 See also 13 Notes 13 1 Footnotes 13 2 Citations 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External linksEarly life and family EditKalakaua was born at 2 00 a m on November 16 1836 to Caesar Kaluaiku Kapaʻakea and Analea Keohokalole in the grass hut compound belonging to his maternal grandfather ʻAikanaka at the base of Punchbowl Crater in Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu 3 4 Of the aliʻi class of Hawaiian nobility his family was considered collateral relations of the reigning House of Kamehameha sharing common descent from the 18th century aliʻi nui Keaweʻikekahialiʻiokamoku From his biological parents he descended from Keaweaheulu and Kameʻeiamoku two of the five royal counselors of Kamehameha I during his conquest of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi Kameʻeiamoku the grandfather of both his mother and father was one of the royal twins alongside Kamanawa depicted on the Hawaiian coat of arms 5 However Kalakaua and his siblings traced their high rank from their mother s line of descent referring to themselves as members of the Keawe a Heulu line although later historians would refer to the family as the House of Kalakaua 6 The second surviving child of a large family his biological siblings included his elder brother James Kaliokalani and younger siblings Lydia Kamakaʻeha later renamed Liliʻuokalani Anna Kaʻiulani Kaʻiminaʻauao Miriam Likelike and William Pitt Leleiohoku II 7 Kalakaua at the age of fourteen c 1850 Given the name Kalakaua which translates into The Day of Battle the date of his birth coincided with the signing of the unequal treaty imposed by British Captain Lord Edward Russell of the Actaeon on Kamehameha III He and his siblings were hanai informally adopted to other family members in the Native Hawaiian tradition Prior to birth his parents had promised to give their child in hanai to Kuini Liliha a high ranking chiefess and the widow of High Chief Boki However after he was born High Chiefess Haʻaheo Kaniu took the baby to Honuakaha the residence of the king Kuhina Nui regent Elizabeth Kinaʻu who disliked Liliha deliberated and decreed his parents to give him to Haʻaheo and her husband Keaweamahi Kinimaka 3 4 When Haʻaheo died in 1843 she bequeathed all her properties to him 8 After Haʻaheo s death his guardianship was entrusted to his hanai father who was a chief of lesser rank he took Kalakaua to live in Lahaina Kinimaka would later marry Pai a subordinate Tahitian chiefess who treated Kalakaua as her own until the birth of her own son 4 9 Education EditAt the age of four Kalakaua returned to Oʻahu to begin his education at the Chiefs Children s School later renamed the Royal School He and his classmates had been formally proclaimed by Kamehameha III as eligible for the throne of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi 10 His classmates included his siblings James Kaliokalani and Lydia Kamakaʻeha and their thirteen royal cousins including the future kings Kamehameha IV Kamehameha V and Lunalilo They were taught by American missionaries Amos Starr Cooke and his wife Juliette Montague Cooke 11 At the school Kalakaua became fluent in English and the Hawaiian language and was noted for his fun and humor rather than his academic prowess The strong willed boy defended his less robust elder brother Kaliokalani from the older boys at the school 3 12 In October 1840 their paternal grandfather Kamanawa II requested his grandsons to visit him on the night before his execution for the murder of his wife Kamokuiki The next morning the Cookes allowed the guardian of the royal children John Papa ʻiʻi to bring Kaliokalani and Kalakaua to see Kamanawa for the last time It is not known if their sister was also taken to see him 13 14 Later sources especially in biographies of Kalakaua indicated that the boys witnessed the public hanging of their grandfather at the gallows 15 16 Historian Helena G Allen noted the indifference the Cookes had toward the request and the traumatic experience it must have been for the boys 15 After the Cookes retired and closed the school in 1850 Kalakaua briefly studied at Joseph Watt s English school for native children at Kawaiahaʻo and later joined the relocated day school also called Royal School run by Reverend Edward G Beckwith Illness prevented him from finishing his schooling and he was sent back to Lahaina to live with his mother 3 12 Following his formal schooling he studied law under Charles Coffin Harris in 1853 Kalakaua would appoint Harris as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Hawaiʻi in 1877 17 18 Political and military careers Edit Kalakaua photograph by Joseph W King c 1860s Kalakaua s various military government and court positions prevented him from fully completing his legal training He received his earliest military training under the Prussian officer Major Francis Funk who instilled an admiration of the Prussian military system 19 12 In 1852 Prince Liholiho who would later reign as Kamehameha IV appointed Kalakaua as one of his aide de camp on his military staff The following year he commissioned Kalakaua as brevet captain in the infantry 20 21 In the army Kalakaua served as first lieutenant in his father Kapaʻakea s militia of 240 men and later worked as military secretary to Major John William Elliott Maikai the adjutant general of the army 19 12 He was promoted to major and assigned to the personal staff of Kamehameha IV when the king ascended to the throne in 1855 He was promoted to the rank of colonel in 1858 20 12 He became a personal associate and friend of Prince Lot the future Kamehameha V who instilled his mission of Hawaiʻi for Hawaiians in the young Kalakaua 22 In the fall of 1860 when he was Chief Clerk of the kingdom s Department of the Interior Kalakaua accompanied Prince Lot high chief Levi Haʻalelea and Hawaii s Consul for Peru Josiah C Spalding on a two month tour of British Columbia and California 23 They sailed from Honolulu aboard the yacht Emma Rooke on August 29 arriving on September 18 in Victoria British Columbia where they were received by the local dignitaries of the city 23 In California the party visited San Francisco Sacramento Folsom and other local areas where they were honorably received 24 In 1856 Kalakaua was appointed a member of the Privy Council of State by Kamehameha IV He was also appointed to the House of Nobles the upper body of the Legislature of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi in 1858 serving there until 1873 25 26 He served as 3rd Chief Clerk of the Department of the Interior in 1859 under Prince Lot who was Minister of the Interior before becoming king in 1863 He held this position until 1863 12 27 On June 30 1863 Kalakaua was appointed Postmaster General and served until his resignation on March 18 1865 12 28 In 1865 he was appointed the King s Chamberlain and served until 1869 when he resigned to finish his law studies In 1870 he was admitted to the Hawaiian bar and was hired as a clerk in the Land Office a post he held until he came to the throne 12 29 He was decorated a Knight Companion of the Royal Order of Kamehameha I in 1867 20 12 American writer Mark Twain working as a traveling reporter for the Sacramento Daily Union visited Hawaiʻi in 1866 during the reign of Kamehameha V He met the young Kalakaua and other members of the legislature and noted Hon David Kalakaua who at present holds the office of King s Chamberlain is a man of fine presence is an educated gentleman and a man of good abilities He is approaching forty I should judge is thirty five at any rate He is conservative politic and calculating makes little display and does not talk much in the Legislature He is a quiet dignified sensible man and would do no discredit to the kingly office The King has power to appoint his successor If he does such a thing his choice will probably fall on Kalakaua 30 Marriage Edit Kapiʻolani the wife and future queen consort of Kalakaua Kalakaua was briefly engaged to marry Princess Victoria Kamamalu the younger sister of Kamehameha IV and Kamehameha V However the match was terminated when the princess decided to renew her on and off betrothal to her cousin Lunalilo Kalakaua would later fall in love with Kapiʻolani the young widow of Bennett Namakeha the uncle of Kamehameha IV s wife Queen Emma A descendant of King Kaumualiʻi of Kauai Kapiʻolani was Queen Emma s lady in waiting and Prince Albert Edward Kamehameha s nurse and caretaker They married on December 19 1863 in a quiet ceremony conducted by a minister of the Anglican Church of Hawaiʻi The timing of the wedding was heavily criticized since it fell during the official mourning period for King Kamehameha IV 31 32 The marriage remained childless 33 Political ascendancy Edit1873 election Edit King Kamehameha V died on December 12 1872 without naming a successor to the throne Under the 1864 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi if the king did not appoint a successor a new king would be appointed by the legislature to begin a new royal line of succession 34 There were several candidates for the Hawaiian throne including Bernice Pauahi Bishop who had been asked to succeed to the throne by Kamehameha V on his deathbed but had declined the offer However the contest was centered on the two high ranking male aliʻi or chiefs Lunalilo and Kalakaua Lunalilo was more popular partly because he was a higher ranking chief than Kalakaua and was the immediate cousin of Kamehameha V Lunalilo was also the more liberal of the two he promised to amend the constitution to give the people a greater voice in the government According to historian Ralph S Kuykendall there was an enthusiasm among Lunalilo s supporters to have him declared king without holding an election In response Lunalilo issued a proclamation stating that even though he believed himself to be the rightful heir to the throne he would submit to an election for the good of the kingdom 35 On January 1 1873 a popular election was held for the office of King of Hawaiʻi Lunalilo won with an overwhelming majority while Kalakaua performed extremely poorly receiving 12 votes out of the more than 11 000 votes cast 36 The next day the legislature confirmed the popular vote and elected Lunalilo unanimously Kalakaua conceded 37 1874 election Edit Following Lunalilo s ascension Kalakaua was appointed as colonel on the military staff of the king 38 He kept politically active during Lunalilo s reign including leadership involvement with a political organization known as the Young Hawaiians the group s motto was Hawaiʻi for the Hawaiians 38 He had gained political capital with his staunch opposition to ceding any part of the Hawaiian islands to foreign interests 39 40 During the ʻIolani Barracks mutiny by the Royal Guards of Hawaiʻi in September 1873 Kalakaua was suspected to have incited the native guards to rebel against their white officers Lunalilo responded to the insurrection by disbanding the military unit altogether leaving Hawaiʻi without a standing army for the remainder of his reign 41 The issue of succession was a major concern especially since Lunalilo was unmarried and childless at the time Queen Dowager Emma the widow of Kamehameha IV was considered to be Lunalilo s favorite choice as his presumptive heir 42 On the other hand Kalakaua and his political cohorts actively campaigned for him to be named successor in the event of the king s death 38 Among the other candidates considered viable as Lunalilo s successor was the previously mentioned Bernice Pauahi Bishop She had strong ties to the United States through her marriage to wealthy American businessman Charles Reed Bishop who also served as one of Lunalilo s cabinet ministers When Lunalilo became ill several months after his election Native Hawaiians counseled with him to appoint a successor to avoid another election However he may have personally felt about Emma he never put it in writing He failed to act on the issue of a successor and died on February 3 1874 setting in motion a bitter election 43 While Lunalilo did not think of himself as a Kamehameha his election continued the Kamehameha line to some degree 44 making him the last of the monarchs of the Kamehameha dynasty 45 Pauahi chose not to run Kalakaua s political platform was that he would reign in strict accordance with the kingdom s constitution Emma campaigned on her assurance that Lunalilo had personally told her he wanted her to succeed him Several individuals who claimed first hand knowledge of Lunalilo s wishes backed her publicly With Lunalilo s privy council issuing a public denial of that claim the kingdom was divided on the issue 46 British Commissioner James Hay Wodehouse put the British and American forces docked at Honolulu on the alert for possible violence 47 The election was held on February 12 and Kalakaua was elected by the Legislative Assembly by a margin of thirty nine to six His election provoked the Honolulu Courthouse riot where supporters of Queen Emma targeted legislators who supported Kalakaua thirteen legislators were injured The kingdom was without an army since the mutiny the year before and many police officers sent to quell the riot joined the mob or did nothing Unable to control the mob Kalakaua and Lunalilo s former ministers had to request the aid of American and British military forces docked in the harbor to put down the uprising 47 40 Reign EditGiven the unfavorable political climate following the riot Kalakaua was quickly sworn in the following day in a ceremony witnessed by government officials family members foreign representatives and some spectators This inauguration ceremony was held at Kinaʻu Hale the residence of the Royal Chamberlain instead of Kawaiahaʻo Church as was customary The hastiness of the affair would prompt him to hold a coronation ceremony in 1883 48 Upon ascending to the throne Kalakaua named his brother William Pitt Leleiohoku Leleiohoku II as his heir apparent 49 When Leleiohoku II died in 1877 Kalakaua changed the name of his sister Lydia Dominis to Liliuokalani and designated her as his heir apparent 50 From March to May 1874 he toured the main Hawaiian Islands of Kauai Maui Hawaiʻi Island Molokai and Oahu and visited the Kalaupapa Leprosy Settlement 51 Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 and its extension Edit Illustration of Kalakaua s state dinner at the White House meeting with President Ulysses S Grant Within a year of Kalakaua s election he helped negotiate the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 This free trade agreement between the United States and Hawaiʻi allowed sugar and other products to be exported to the US duty free He led the Reciprocity Commission consisting of sugar planter Henry A P Carter of C Brewer amp Co Hawaiʻi Chief Justice Elisha Hunt Allen and Minister of Foreign Affairs William Lowthian Green Kalakaua became the first reigning monarch to visit America The state dinner in his honor hosted by President Ulysses S Grant was the first White House state dinner ever held 52 Many in the Hawaiʻi business community were willing to cede Pearl Harbor to the United States in exchange for the treaty but Kalakaua was opposed to the idea A seven year treaty was signed on January 30 1875 without any Hawaiian land being ceded 53 San Francisco sugar refiner Claus Spreckels became a major investor in Hawaiʻi s sugar industry Initially he bought half of the first year s production ultimately he became the plantations major shareholder 54 Spreckels became one of Kalakaua s close associates 55 When it expired an extension of the treaty was negotiated giving exclusive use of Pearl Harbor to the United States Ratifications by both parties took two years and eleven months and were exchanged on December 9 1887 extending the agreement for an additional seven years 56 Over the term of Kalakaua s reign the treaty had a major effect on the kingdom s income In 1874 Hawaiʻi exported 1 839 620 27 in products The value of exported products in 1890 the last full year of his reign was 13 282 729 48 an increase of 722 The export of sugar during that period grew from 24 566 611 pounds to 330 822 879 pounds 57 Education of Hawaiian Youths Abroad Edit The Education of Hawaiian Youths Abroad was a government funded educational program during Kalakaua s reign to help students further their education beyond the institutions available in Hawaiʻi at that time Between 1880 and 1887 Kalakaua selected 18 students for enrollment in a university or apprenticeship to a trade outside the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi These students furthered their education in Italy England Scotland China Japan and California During the life of the program the legislature appropriated 100 000 to support it 58 When the Bayonet Constitution went into effect the students were recalled to Hawaiʻi 59 Trip around the world Edit Main article Kalakaua s 1881 world tour Journey of King Kalakaua in 1881 King Kalakaua and his boyhood friends William Nevins Armstrong and Charles Hastings Judd along with personal cook Robert von Oelhoffen circumnavigated the globe in 1881 The purpose of the 281 day trip was to encourage the importation of contract labor for plantations Kalakaua set a world record as the first monarch to travel around the world 60 He appointed his sister and heir apparent Liliuokalani to act as Regent during his absence 61 Setting sail on January 20 they visited California before sailing to Asia There they spent four months opening contract labor dialogue in Japan and China while sightseeing and spreading goodwill through nations that were potential sources for workers 62 They continued through Southeast Asia and then headed for Europe in June where they stayed until mid September 63 Their most productive immigration talks were in Portugal where Armstrong stayed behind to negotiate an expansion of Hawaiʻi s existing treaty with the government 64 President James A Garfield in Washington D C had been assassinated in their absence On their return trip to the United States Kalakaua paid a courtesy call on Garfield s successor President Chester A Arthur 65 Before embarking on a train ride across the United States Kalakaua visited Thomas Edison for a demonstration of electric lighting discussing its potential use in Honolulu 66 They departed for Hawaiʻi from San Francisco on October 22 arriving in Honolulu on October 31 His homecoming celebration went on for days He had brought the small island nation to the attention of world leaders but the trip had sparked rumors that the kingdom was for sale In Hawaiʻi there were critics who believed the labor negotiations were just his excuse to see the world Eventually his efforts bore fruit in increased contract labor for Hawaiʻi 67 Thomas Thrum s Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1883 reported Kalakaua s tour expense appropriated by the government as 22 500 68 although his personal correspondence indicates he exceeded that early on 69 ʻIolani Palace Edit Main article ʻIolani Palace T he working tools of a mason presented to Kalakaua by the freemasons on December 31 1879 on display in the palace basement Iolani Palace is the only royal palace on US soil 70 The first palace was a coral and wood structure which served primarily as office space for the kingdom s monarchs beginning with Kamehameha III in 1845 By the time Kalakaua became king the structure had decayed and he ordered it destroyed to be replaced with a new building 71 During the 1878 session of the legislature Finance Chairman Walter Murray Gibson a political supporter of Kalakaua s pushed through appropriations of 50 000 for the new palace 72 Construction began in 1879 with an additional 80 000 appropriated later to furnish it and complete the construction 73 Three architects worked on the design Thomas J Baker Charles J Wall and Isaac Moore 74 December 31 1879 the 45th birthday of Queen Kapiʻolani was the date Kalakaua chose for the ceremonial laying of the cornerstone Minister of Foreign Affairs John Makini Kapena delivered the ceremony s formal address in Hawaiian 75 As Master of the Freemason Lodge Le Progres de L Oceanie Kalakaua charged the freemasons with orchestrating the ceremonies The parade preceding the laying of the cornerstone involved every civilian and military organization in Hawaiʻi The Pacific Commercial Advertiser noted it was one of the largest seen in Honolulu for some years 76 A copper time capsule containing photographs documents currency and the Hawaiian census was sealed inside the cornerstone After speeches had been made the freemasons presented the king with the working tools of a mason a plumb bob level square tool and a trowel 76 In between the laying of the cornerstone and the finishing of the new palace Kalakaua had seen how other monarchs lived He wanted ʻIolani to measure up to the standards of the rest of the world The furnishing and interiors of the finished palace were reflective of that Immediately upon completion the king invited all 120 members of Lodge Le Progres de L Oceanie to the palace for a lodge meeting 77 Kalakaua had also seen during his visit to Edison s studio how effective electric lighting could be for the kingdom On July 21 1886 ʻIolani Palace led the way with the first electric lights in the kingdom showcasing the technology The monarch invited the public to attend a lighting ceremony on the palace grounds attracting 5 000 spectators The Royal Hawaiian Band entertained refreshments were served and the king paraded his troops around the grounds 78 79 The total cost of building and furnishing the new palace was 343 595 71 1883 coronation Edit Kalakaua and Kapiʻolani had been denied a coronation ceremony in 1874 because of the civil unrest following the election Under Finance Chairman Gibson the 1880 legislature appropriated 10 000 for a coronation 80 Gibson was believed to be the main proponent behind the event On October 10 1882 the Saturday Press indicated that not all the public was in favor of the coronation By this point Gibson s role in the kingdom s finances and his influence on Kalakaua were beginning to come under scrutiny Our versatile Premier is pulling another string in this puppet farce At the same time the newspaper rebuked many of the recent actions and policies not only of Gibson but of the King s cabinet in general 81 The coronation ceremony and related celebratory events were spread out over a two week period 82 A special octagon shaped pavilion and grandstand were built for the February 12 1883 ceremony Preparations were made for an anticipated crowd exceeding 5 000 with lawn chairs to accommodate any overflow Before the actual event a procession of 630 adults and children paraded from downtown to the palace Kalakaua and Kapiʻolani accompanied by their royal retinue came out of the palace onto the event grounds The coronation was preceded by a choir singing and the formal recitation of the King s official titles The news coverage noted The King looked ill at ease Chief Justice of Hawaiʻi s Supreme Court Albert Francis Judd officiated and delivered the oath of office to the king The crown was then handed to Kalakaua and he placed it upon his head The ceremony ended with the choir singing and a prayer A planned post coronation reception by Kalakaua and Kapiʻolani was cancelled without advance notice 2 Today Kalakaua s coronation pavilion serves as the bandstand for the Royal Hawaiian Band 71 Following the ceremony Kalakaua unveiled the Kamehameha Statue in front of Aliiolani Hale the government building with Gibson delivering the unveiling speech 83 This statue was a second replica Originally intended for the centennial of Captain James Cook s landing in Hawaiʻi the statue which was the brainchild of Gibson had been cast by Thomas Ridgeway Gould but had been lost during shipment off the Falkland Islands By the time the replica arrived the intended date had passed and it was decided to unveil the statue as part of the coronation ceremony Later the original statue was salvaged and restored It was sent to Kohala Hawaiʻi Kamehameha s birthplace where it was unveiled by the king on May 8 The legislature had allocated 10 000 for the first statue and insured it for 12 000 A further 7 000 was allocated for the second statue with an additional 4 000 from the insurance money spent to add four bas relief panels depicting historic moments during Kamehamena s reign 84 That evening the royal couple hosted a state dinner and there was a luau at a later day The hula was performed nightly on the palace grounds Regattas horse races and a number of events filled the celebration period 82 Due to weather conditions the planned illumination of the palace and grounds for the day of the coronation happened a week later and the public was invited to attend Fireworks displays lit up the sky at the palace and at Punchbowl Crater A grand ball was held the evening of February 20 83 Although exact figures are unknown historian Kuykendall stated that the final cost of the coronation exceeded 50 000 82 Kalakaua coinage Edit Kalakaua 1883 dime The Kalakaua coinage was minted to boost Hawaiian pride At this time United States gold coins had been accepted for any debt over 50 any debt under 50 was payable by US silver coins 85 In 1880 the legislature passed a currency law that allowed it to purchase bullion for the United States mint to produce Hawaiʻi s own coins 86 The design would have the King s image on the obverse side with Hawaiʻi s coat of arms and motto Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ʻAina i ka Pono on the reverse In a deal with Claus Spreckels he sponsored the minting by purchasing the required silver In return he was guaranteed an equal amount of six percent gold bonds thereby giving him a guaranteed profit 87 When Hawaiʻi s silver coins began circulating in December 1883 the business community was reluctant to accept them fearing they would drive US gold coins out of the market Spreckels opened his own bank to circulate them 88 Business owners feared economic inflation and lost faith in the government as did foreign governments Political fallout from the coinage led to the 1884 election year shift towards the Kuokoa independent Party in the legislature It passed the Currency Act to restrict acceptance of silver coins as payment for debts under 10 Exchange of silver for gold at the treasury was then limited to 150 000 a month In 1903 the Hawaiʻi silver coins were redeemed for US silver and melted down at the San Francisco Mint 89 Birthday Jubilee November 15 29 1886 Edit Kalakaua s 50th birthday on November 16 1886 was celebrated with a two week jubilee Gibson had by this time joined the King s cabinet as prime minister of Hawaiʻi He and Minister of the Interior Luther Aholo put forth a motion for the legislature to form a committee to oversee the birthday jubilee on September 20 The motion was approved and at Gibson s subsequent request the legislature appropriated 15 000 for the jubilee 90 An announcement was made on November 3 that all government schools would be closed the week of November 15 91 Gifts for the king began arriving on November 15 At midnight the jubilee officially began with fireworks at the Punchbowl Crater At sunrise the kingdom s police force arrived at ʻIolani Palace to pay tribute followed by the king s Cabinet Supreme Court justices the kingdom s diplomats and officials of government departments School student bodies and civic organizations also paid tribute The Royal Hawaiian Band played throughout the day In the afternoon the doors of the palace were opened to all the officials and organizations and the public In the evening the palace was aglow with lanterns candles and electric lighting throwing a flood of radiance over the Palace and grounds 92 The evening ended with a Fireman s Parade and fireworks Throughout the next two weeks there was a regatta a Jubilee ball a luau athletic competitions a state dinner and a marksmanship contest won by the Honolulu Rifles 93 Harper s Weekly reported in 1891 that the final cost of the jubilee was 75 000 94 Military policy Edit Kalakaua with his military staff officers 1882 During the early part of his reign Kalakaua restored the Household Guards which had been defunct since his predecessor Lunalilo abolished the unit in 1874 Initially the king created three volunteer companies the Leleiohoku Guard a cavalry unit the Prince s Own an artillery unit and the Hawaiian Guards an infantry unit 41 95 By the latter part of his reign the army of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi consisted of six volunteer companies including the King s Own the Queen s Own the Prince s Own the Leleiohoku Guard the Mamalahoa Guard and the Honolulu Rifles and the regular troops of the King s Household Guard The ranks of these regiments were composed mainly of Hawaiian and part Hawaiian officers with a few white officers including his brother in law John Owen Dominis Each unit was subject to call for active service when necessary The king and the governor of Oahu also had their own personal staff of military officers with the ranks of colonel and major 96 On October 1 1886 the Military Act of 1886 was passed which created a Department of War and a Department of the Navy under the Minister of Foreign Affairs who would also serve as Secretary of War and of the Navy Dominis was appointed lieutenant general and commander in chief and other officers were commissioned while the king was made the supreme commander and generalissimo of the Hawaiian Army 96 97 Around this time the government also bought and commissioned His Hawaiian Majesty s Ship HHMS Kaimiloa the first and only vessel of the Hawaiian Royal Navy under the command of Captain George E Gresley Jackson 98 99 After 1887 the military commissions creating Dominis and his staff officers were recalled for economic reasons and the Military Act of 1886 was later declared unconstitutional 100 97 The Military Act of 1888 was passed reducing the size of the army to four volunteer companies the Honolulu Rifles the King s Own the Queen s Own the Prince s Own and the Leleiohoku Guard In 1890 another military act further restricted the army to just the King s Royal Guards 101 102 103 Polynesian confederation Edit Portrait of Kalakaua The idea of Hawaiʻi s involvement in the internal affairs of Polynesian nations had been around at least two decades before Kalakaua s election when Australian Charles St Julian volunteered to be a political liaison to Hawaiʻi in 1853 He accomplished nothing of any significance 104 Kalakaua s interest in forming a Polynesian coalition with him at the head was influenced by both Walter M Gibson and Italian soldier of fortune Celso Caesar Moreno In 1879 Moreno urged the king to create such a realm with Hawaiʻi at the top of the empire by uniting under your sceptre the whole Polynesian race and make Honolulu a monarchical Washington where the representatives of all the islands would convene in Congress 105 In response to the activities of Germany and Great Britain in Oceania Gibson s Pacific Commercial Advertiser urged Hawaiʻi s involvement in protecting the island nations from international aggression 106 Gibson was appointed to Kalakaua s cabinet as Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1882 107 In 1883 he introduced the approved legislation to convey in writing to foreign governments that Hawaiʻi fully supported the independence of Polynesian nations The subsequent Hawaiian protest letter he drafted was mostly ignored by nations that received it 108 The Daily Bulletin in Honolulu issued its own response Hawaiʻi s true policy is to confine her attention to herself 109 The Hawaiian Gazette criticized Gibson s character and mockingly referred to the proposed venture as the Empire of the Calabash 110 Hawaiian envoys and Malietoa Laupepa on board of the Kaimiloa in 1887 In 1885 Gibson dispatched Minister to the United States Henry A P Carter to Washington D C and Europe to convey Hawaiʻi s intentions towards Polynesia Carter made little headway with Gibson s instructions He pushed for direct intervention into a political upheaval in Samoa where the German Empire backed rebels under their leader Tamasese in an attempt to overthrow King Malietoa Laupepa 111 In an effort to keep him in power Gibson convinced the 1886 legislature to allocate 100 000 to purchase the steamship Zealandia 50 000 for its operating expenses and 35 000 for foreign missions United States special commissioner to Samoa George H Bates advised Kalakaua that Hawaiʻi should mind its own business and stay out of Samoan affairs Instead Hawaiʻi sent a delegation headed by John E Bush to Samoa where Samoan King Malietoa Laupepa signed a Samoan Hawaiian confederation treaty on February 17 1887 112 Bush also presented Malietoa with the Royal Order of the Star of Oceania which Kalakaua had created to honor the monarchs and chiefs of the Polynesian confederation The government sent HHMS Kaimiloa for Bush s use in visiting the chiefs of the other islands of Polynesia 98 The United States and Great Britain joined with Germany in expressing their disapproval of the treaty Germany warned the United States and Great Britain In case Hawaiʻi should try to interfere in favor of Malietoa the King of the Sandwich Islands would thereby enter into a state of war with us When German warships arrived in Samoan waters Malietoa surrendered and was sent into exile The Kaimiloa and Bush s delegation were recalled to Honolulu after the ousting of the Gibson administration 113 Kalakaua s later explanation of Hawaiʻi s interference in Samoa was Our Mission was simply a Mission of phylanthropy sic more than any thing but the arogance sic of the Germans prevented our good intentions and we had to withdraw the Mission 114 1887 Bayonet Constitution EditMain article 1887 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom In Memoirs of the Hawaiian Revolution Sanford B Dole devoted a chapter to the Bayonet Constitution He stated that King Kalakaua appointed cabinet members not for their ability to do the job but for their ability to bend to his will Consequently according to Dole appropriated funds were shifted from one account to another for fantastic enterprises and for the personal aggrandizement of the royal family 115 Dole placed much of the blame on Gibson and accused Kalakaua of taking a bribe of 71 000 from Tong Kee to grant an opium license an action done via one of the king s political allies Junius Kaʻae 116 117 Despite his own personal opposition Kalakaua signed a legislative bill in 1886 creating a single opium vending and distribution license 118 119 Kaʻae had suggested to rice planter Tong Kee also known as Aki that a monetary gift to the king might help him acquire it Aki took the suggestion and gave thousands of dollars to the king 120 121 Another merchant Chun Lung made the government an offer of 80 000 00 which forced Aki to raise even more cash 122 123 The license was eventually awarded to Chun who withheld his payment until the license was actually signed over to him on December 31 1886 Kalakaua admitted that he had been overruled by his cabinet who were friendly with Chun 124 After the reform party took control of the government the opium license debt remained unpaid Kalakaua agreed to make restitution for his debts via revenues from the Crown Lands However other liabilities and outstanding debt forced him to sign his debt over to trustees who would control all of Kalakaua s private estates and Crown Land revenues 125 126 When trustees refused to add the opium debt Aki sued Although the court ruled The king could do no wrong the trustees were found liable for the debt 125 The Hawaiian League was formed to change the status quo of government by all means necessary 127 and had joined forces with the Honolulu Rifles militia group Anticipating a coup d etat the king took measures to save himself by dismissing Gibson and his entire cabinet on June 28 127 Fearing an assassination was not out of the question Kalakaua barricaded himself inside the palace The Hawaiian League presented a June 30 resolution demanding the king s restitution for the alleged bribe Also known as the committee of thirteen it was composed of Paul Isenberg William W Hall James A Kennedy William Hyde Rice Captain James A King E B Thomas H C Reed John Mark Vivas W P A Brewer Rev W B Oleson Cecil Brown Captain George Ross and Joseph Ballard Atherton 128 The newly appointed cabinet members were William Lowthian Green as prime minister and minister of finance Clarence W Ashford as attorney general Lorrin A Thurston as minister of the interior and Godfrey Brown as minister of foreign affairs 129 A new constitution was drafted immediately by the Hawaiian Committee and presented to Kalakaua for his signature on July 6 The next day he issued a proclamation of the abrogation of the 1864 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi 130 The new constitution was nicknamed the Bayonet Constitution because of the duress under which it was signed His sister Liliuokalani stated in Hawaii s Story that her brother was convinced that if he did not sign he would be assassinated She wrote that he no longer knew who was friend or foe He felt betrayed by people he once trusted and had told her that everywhere he went he was under constant surveillance 131 It has been known ever since that day as The Bayonet Constitution and the name is well chosen for the cruel treatment received by the king from the military companies which had been organized by his enemies under other pretences but really to give them the power of coercion was the chief measure used to enforce his submission Liliʻuokalani 131 The Bayonet Constitution allowed the King to appoint his cabinet but placed that cabinet under the sole authority of the legislature It required any executive actions of the monarch to be approved by the cabinet Previous suffrage voting rights was restricted to male subjects of the kingdom regardless of race The new constitution restricted suffrage only to Hawaiian American or European men residing in Hawaii if they were 21 years old literate with no back unpaid taxes and would take an oath to support the law of the land By placing a new minimum qualifier of 3 000 in property ownership and a minimum income of 600 for voters of the House of Nobles the new constitution disqualified many poor Native Hawaiians from voting for half of the legislature Naturalized Asians were deprived of the vote for both houses of the legislature 132 133 Gibson was arrested on July 1 and charged with embezzlement of public funds The case was soon dropped for lack of evidence Gibson fled to California on July 12 and died there 6 months later on January 21 1888 134 When the new constitution went into effect state sponsored students studying abroad were recalled One of those was Robert William Wilcox who had been sent to Italy for military training Wilcox s initial reaction to the turn of events was advocating Liliuokalani be installed as Regent On July 30 1889 however he and Robert Napuʻuako Boyd another state sponsored student led a rebellion aimed at restoring the 1864 constitution and thereby the king s power Kalakaua possibly fearing Wilcox intended to force him to abdicate in favor of his sister was not in the palace when the insurrection happened The government s military defense led to the surrender of the Wilcox s insurgents 135 Death and succession EditMain articles Death and two state funerals of Kalakaua and Palace Hotel San Francisco Kalakaua in white slacks aboard the USS Charleston en route to San Francisco Kalakaua sailed for California aboard the USS Charleston on November 25 1890 Accompanying him were his trusted friends George W Macfarlane and Robert Hoapili Baker There was uncertainty about the purpose of the king s trip Minister of Foreign Affairs John Adams Cummins reported the trip was solely for the king s health and would not extend beyond California Local newspapers and British commissioner Wodehouse worried the king might go farther east to Washington DC to negotiate a continued cession of Pearl Harbor to the United States after the expiration of the reciprocity treaty or possible annexation of the kingdom His sister Liliʻuokalani after unsuccessfully dissuading him from departing wrote he meant to discuss the McKinley Tariff with the Hawaiian ambassador to the United States Henry A P Carter in Washington She was again appointed to serve as regent during his absence 136 Upon arriving in California the party landed in San Francisco on December 5 Kalakaua whose health had been declining stayed in a suite at the Palace Hotel 137 Traveling throughout Southern California and Northern Mexico he suffered a minor stroke in Santa Barbara and was rushed back to San Francisco He was placed under the care of George W Woods surgeon of the United States Pacific Fleet Against the advice of Dr Woods Kalakaua insisted on going to his initiation at the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine A A O N M S on January 14 He was given a tonic of Vin Mariani that got him on his feet and was accompanied to the rites by an escort from the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine The ceremonies did not take long and he was returned to his suite within an hour 138 Two days before his death he lapsed into a coma Kalakaua died at 2 35 pm on Tuesday January 20 1891 139 US Navy officials listed the official cause of death as Bright s Disease inflammation of the kidneys 140 His last words were Aue he kanaka au eia i loko o ke kukonukonu o ka maʻi or Alas I am a man who is seriously ill The more popular quote Tell my people I tried attributed as his last words was actually invented by novelist Eugene Burns in his 1952 biography of Kalakaua The Last King of Paradise 141 Shortly before his death his voice was recorded on a phonograph cylinder which is now in the Bernice P Bishop Museum 142 The news of Kalakaua s death did not reach Hawaiʻi until January 29 when the Charleston returned to Honolulu with the king s remains 143 As his designated heir apparent 50 Liliuokalani ascended to the throne the same day 144 After a state funeral in California and a second one in Honolulu the king s remains were buried in the Royal Mausoleum at Mauna ʻAla on February 15 1891 145 146 In a ceremony officiated by his sister Liliʻuokalani on June 24 1910 his remains and those of his family were transferred to the underground Kalakaua Crypt after the main mausoleum building had been converted into a chapel 147 148 Legacy EditKalakaua s reign is generally regarded as the first Hawaiian Renaissance for both his influence on Hawaiʻi s music and for other contributions he made to reinvigorate Hawaiian culture His actions inspired the reawakening Hawaiian pride and nationalism for the kingdom 149 150 During the earlier reign of Christian convert Kaʻahumanu dancing the hula was forbidden and punishable by law Subsequent monarchs gradually began allowing the hula but it was Kalakaua who brought it back in full force Chants meles and the hula were part of the official entertainment at Kalakaua s coronation and his birthday jubilee He issued an invitation to all Hawaiians with knowledge of the old mele and chants to participate in the coronation and arranged for musicologist A Marques to observe the celebrations 151 Kalakaua s cultural legacy lives on in the Merrie Monarch Festival a large scale annual hula competition in Hilo Hawaiʻi begun in 1964 and named in his honor 152 153 A composer of the ancient chants or mele for the first time Kalakaua published a written version of the Kumulipo a 2 102 line chant that had traditionally been passed down orally It traces the royal lineage and the creation of the cosmos 154 He is also known to have revived the Hawaiian martial art of Lua and surfing 155 The Hawaiian Board of Health different from the governmental Board of Health passed by the 1886 legislature consisted of five Native Hawaiians appointed by Kalakaua who oversaw the licensing and regulation of the traditional practice of native healing arts 156 He also appointed Emma Kaili Metcalf Beckley Nakuina as the first Native Hawaiian curator of the Hawaiian National Museum and increased funding for the institution 150 In 1886 Kalakaua had his Privy Council license the ancient Hale Naua Society for persons of Hawaiian ancestry The original Hale Naua had not been active since Kamehameha I when it had functioned as a genealogical research organization for claims of royal lineage When Kalakaua reactivated it he expanded its purpose to encompass Hawaiian culture as well as modern day arts and sciences and included women as equals The ranks of the society grew to more than 200 members and was a political support for Kalakaua that lasted until his death in 1891 157 In 2004 the National Museum of Natural History displayed Kalakaua s red and yellow feathered Hale Naua ʻahuʻula and feathered kahili as part of its Hawaiian special exhibit 158 Kalakaua s sponsorship of and a brief career in the Hawaiian language press gave him the additional epithet of the Editor King From 1861 to 1863 Kalakaua with G W Mila J W H Kauwahi and John K Kaunamano co edited Ka Hoku o ka Pakipika The Star of the Pacific the first Hawaiian language newspaper solely written by Native Hawaiians without the influence of American missionaries This nationalist paper focused on Hawaiian topics especially traditional folklore and poetry 159 160 In 1870 he also edited the daily newspaper Ka Manawa Times which concerned itself with international news local news and genealogies but only lasted for two months 159 161 He also sponsored the literary journal Ka Hoku o Ke Kai The Star of the Sea which ran from 1883 to 1884 162 The Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame honored Kalakaua and his brother and sisters as Na Lani ʻEha The Heavenly Four for their patronage and enrichment of Hawaiʻi s musical culture and history 152 163 Hawaiʻi Ponoʻi was officially designated the Hawaiʻi state anthem in 1967 Originally titled Hymn to Kamehameha I Henri Berger leader of the Royal Hawaiian Band wrote the instrumental melody in 1872 influenced by the Prussian anthem Heil dir im Siegerkranz Kalakaua added the lyrics in 1874 and the Kawaiahaʻo Church Choir sang it on his birthday that year In 1876 it became the official anthem of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi until the overthrow of the monarchy 164 Other works by the king include Sweet Lei Lehua ʻAkahi Hoʻi E Nihi Ka Hele Ka Momi and Koni Au I Ka Wai Seven of his songs were published in Ka Buke O Na Leo Mele Hawaii 1888 using the pseudonym Figgs He generally wrote only the lyrics for most of his surviving works 165 He established diplomatic relations with the Kingdom of Serbia 166 and was awarded the Order of Cross of Takovo 167 King Kalakaua Scottish writer Robert Louis Stevenson and Kalakaua s Singing Boys his own personal headed choir c 1889 The ukulele was introduced to the Hawaiian islands during the reign of Kalakaua by Manuel Nunes Jose do Espirito Santo and Augusto Dias Portuguese immigrants from Madeira and Cape Verde 168 The king became proficient on the instrument According to American journalist Mary Hannah Krout and Hawaiʻi resident Isobel Osbourne Strong wife of artist Joseph Dwight Strong and stepdaughter of Robert Louis Stevenson he would often play the ukulele and perform meles for his visitors accompanied by his personal musical group Kalakaua s Singing Boys aka King s Singing Boys Strong recalled the Singing Boys as the best singers and performers on the ukulele and guitar in the whole islands 169 Kalakaua was inducted into the Ukulele Hall of Fame in 1997 170 Kalakaua Avenue was created in March 1905 by the House and Senate of the Hawaiʻi Territorial Legislature It renamed the highway known as Waikiki Road to commemorate the name of his late Majesty Kalakaua during whose reign Hawaiʻi made great advancement in material prosperity 171 The King David Kalakaua Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 under its former name U S Post Office Customhouse and Courthouse Located at 335 Merchant Street in Honolulu it was once the official seat of administration for the Territory of Hawaiʻi The building was renamed for Kalakaua in 2003 172 In 1985 a bronze statue of Kalakaua was donated to the City and County of Honolulu to commemorate the 100 year anniversary of the arrival of the first Japanese laborers after the king s visit to Japan 173 It was commissioned by the Oahu Kanyaku Imin Centennial Committee on behalf of the Japanese American community of Hawaiʻi The statue was designed and created by musician Palani Vaughan architect Leland Onekea and Native Hawaiian sculptor Sean Kekamakupaa Kaonohiokalani Lee Loy Browne It is located at the corner of Kalakaua and Kuhio avenues in Waikiki 174 A Hawaiian song about Kalakaua can be heard in the Disney movie Lilo amp Stitch when Lilo is introduced in the movie The mele was written as a mele inoa its original title being He Inoa No Kalani Kalakaua Kulele a namesong for the chief Kalakaua On the Lilo amp Stitch soundtrack it was retitled as He Mele No Lilo 175 Notable published works Edit Na Mele Aimoku Na Mele Kupuna a Me Na Mele Ponoi O Ka Moi Kalakaua I Dynastic Chants Ancestral Chants and Personal Chants of King Kalakaua I 1886 Hawaiian Historical Society Honolulu 2001 176 The Legends and Myths of Hawaii The Fables and Folk lore of a Strange People 1888 C E Tuttle Company New York 1990 177 Honours Edit Kingdom of Hawaii Companion of the Order of Kamehameha I 1867 Founder of the Order of Kalakaua September 28 1874 178 Founder of the Order of Kapiolani August 30 1880 179 Founder of the Order of the Star of Oceania December 16 1886 180 Austria Hungary Commander of the Order of Franz Joseph 1871 181 Grand Cross 1874 182 German Empire Knight of the Red Eagle 1st Class April 21 1878 183 Denmark Grand Cross of the Dannebrog March 11 1880 184 Sweden Norway Commander Grand Cross of the Order of Vasa February 18 1881 185 Empire of Japan Collar of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum March 14 1881 186 Siam Grand Cross of the Crown of Siam April 1881 187 United Kingdom Honorary Grand Cross of St Michael and St George July 28 1881 188 Belgium Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold August 1881 189 Kingdom of Portugal Grand Cross of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Vicosa August 19 1881 186 Kingdom of Serbia 190 Grand Cross of the Cross of Takovo June 28 1883 Grand Cross of St Sava June 28 1883Ancestry EditAncestors of Kalakaua16 High Chief Kameʻeiamoku8 High Chief Kepoʻokalani17 High Chiefess Kamakaʻeheikuli4 High Chief Kamanawa II18 High Chief Kalaninuiamamao of Kaʻu9 High Chiefess Alapaʻiwahine19 High Chiefess Kaolanialiʻi2 High Chief Caesar Kapaʻakea20 High Chief Kaʻihelemoana10 High Chief Kanepawale21 High Chiefess Kaʻopa5 High Chiefess Kamokuiki22 High Chief Kaʻehunuiamamaliʻi11 High Chiefess Uaua23 High Chiefess Koʻi1 Kalakaua24 High Chief Kameʻeiamoku 16 12 High Chief Kepoʻokalani 8 25 High Chiefess Kamakaʻeheikuli 17 6 High Chief ʻAikanaka26 High Chief Keaweaheulu of Waiʻanae13 High Chiefess Keohohiwa27 High Chiefess ʻUlulani of Hilo3 High Chiefess Analea Keohokalole28 High Chief Makakaualiʻi14 High Chief Kahoalani Eia29 High Chiefess Kapalaoa7 High Chiefess Kamaʻeokalani30 High Chief Ahaula15 High Chiefess Keakaula31 High Chiefess Kawehe vteKalakaua family treeKey k Kane male husband w wahine female wife Subjects with bold titles lavender highlighted bold box Direct bloodlineBold title bold grey box Aunts uncles cousins lineBold title bold white box European or American raised to aliʻi status by marriage or monarch s decree Regular name and box makaʻainana or untitled foreign subject Kaneikaiwilani k Kanalohanaui k Keakealani w Ahu a ʻI k Piʻilani w IIMoana k Lonoikahaupu k Kalanikauleleiaiwi w Kauauaʻamahi k Keawe II k Lonomaʻaikanaka w Kauhiahaki k Iliki a Moana w Keawepoepoe k Kanoena w Haʻaeamahi k Kekelakekeokalani w Alapainui k Keaka w Keeaumoku Nui k Kamakaimoku w Kaeamamao k i Kaolanialiʻi w i Kameʻeiamoku k Kamakaʻeheikuli w Keōua k Kahekili II k Kekuiapoiwa II w Ikuaʻana w Heulu k Moana w Keaweʻopala k Nohomualani k Keaweaheulu k Ululani w Hakau w Kanaʻina k Kauwa w Eia k Kepoʻokalani k i Alapai w i Keohohiwa w Keōpuolani w Kamehameha I Kalaniʻōpuʻu k Kanekapōlei w Kiʻilaweau k Nahiʻōleʻa k Kahoʻowaha II w Inaina w Hao K Kailipakalua w Kamanawa II k i Kamokuiki w i ʻAikanaka k Kamaeokalani w Kaōleioku k Keoua w Luahine w KalaʻimamahuKaheiheimalieKamehameha II Kamehameha III Kekuanaoʻa k KahalaiʻaLuanuʻu k Pauahi w Kinaʻu w Paki k Kōnia w Kanaʻina IIKaʻahumanu IIIKapaʻakea 1815 1866 i Keohokalole 1816 1869 i Keʻelikōlani w Kamehameha IV Kamehameha V Kaʻahumanu IV Pauahi Bishop w Bishop k Lunalilo k Kaliokalani 1835 1852 i Kalakaua 1836 1891 i Kapiʻolani 1834 1899 Liliʻuokalani 1838 1917 i Dominis 1832 1891 Kaʻiulani 1842 i Kaʻiminaʻauao 1845 1848 i Cleghorn 1835 1910 Likelike 1851 1887 i Leleiohoku II 1854 1877 i Kaʻiulani 1875 1899 i Notes a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Genealogy of Liliuokalani page 400 appendix B No 2 Queen of Hawaii Liliuokalani 1898 Hawaii s Story by Hawaii s Queen University of Hawaii Press p 400 Retrieved September 29 2016 Kapaakea genealogy See also EditCoins of the Hawaiian dollar Kalakaua s Cabinet Ministers Kalakaua s Privy Council of State Kalakaua s 1881 world tourNotes EditFootnotes Edit Citations Edit Forbes 2003 p 404 a b Crowned Kalakaua s Coronation Accomplished A Large But Unenthusiatic Assemblage The Hawaiian Gazette Honolulu Hawaiian Islands February 14 1883 LCCN sn83025121 Archived from the original on December 29 2017 Retrieved January 17 2017 via Chronicling America Historic American Newspapers Lib of Congress a b c d Biographical Sketch 1884 pp 72 74 a b c Allen 1995 pp 1 6 Liliuokalani 1898 pp 1 2 104 105 399 409 Allen 1982 pp 33 36 Haley 2014 p 96 Liliuokalani 1898 pp 104 105 Kuykendall 1967 p 262 Osorio 2002 p 201 Van Dyke 2008 p 96 Liliuokalani 1898 p 399 Supreme Court of Hawaii 1866 In The Matter Of The Estate Of L H Kaniu Deceased Reports of a Portion of the Decisions Rendered by the Supreme Court of the Hawaiian Islands in Law Equity Admiralty and Probate 1857 1865 Honolulu Government Press pp 82 86 OCLC 29559942 Archived from the original on December 29 2019 Retrieved August 22 2018 Dibble 1843 p 330 CALENDAR Princes and Chiefs eligible to be Rulers The Polynesian Vol 1 no 9 Honolulu July 20 1844 p 1 col 3 Archived from the original on March 11 2017 Retrieved October 5 2017 Cooke amp Cooke 1937 pp v vi Van Dyke 2008 p 364 Liliuokalani 1898 pp 5 9 Allen 1982 pp 45 46 a b c d e f g h i Zambucka 2002 pp 5 10 Cooke amp Cooke 1937 pp 84 85 Gutmanis 1974 p 144 a b Allen 1995 p 8 Haley 2014 p 100 Allen 1995 pp 23 24 Chief Justice Allen resigns Harris appointed to take his place The Pacific Commercial Advertiser at Newspapers com February 3 1877 OCLC 8807872 Archived from the original on August 24 2018 Retrieved August 21 2018 a b Allen 1982 p 22 a b c Damon Samuel C February 1 1876 The Kings of Hawaii The Friend Vol 25 no 2 Honolulu Samuel C Damon pp 9 12 Archived from the original on December 29 2019 Retrieved August 28 2018 By Authority The Polynesian Honolulu Hawaiian Islands November 5 1853 LCCN sn82015408 Archived from the original on June 30 2015 Retrieved January 9 2017 via Chronicling America Historic American Newspapers Lib of Congress Allen 1995 pp 28 29 a b H R H Prince L Kamehameha at Victoria Vancouver s Island Polynesian at Newspapers com November 3 1860 p 2 OCLC 8807758 Archived from the original on August 24 2018 Retrieved August 22 2018 Baur 1922 pp 248 249 Zambucka 2002 p 8 Hawaii amp Lydecker 1918 pp 76 81 86 103 109 113 117 121 124 Appropriation Bill for 1858 1859 The Pacific Commercial Advertiser Honolulu Hawaiian Islands May 12 1859 LCCN sn82015418 Archived from the original on May 28 2017 Retrieved January 9 2017 via Chronicling America Historic American Newspapers Lib of Congress Postmaster General office record PDF state archives digital collections state of Hawaii Archived PDF 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Evening Star Washington D C December 12 1874 LCCN sn83045462 Archived from the original on January 16 2018 Retrieved January 12 2017 via Chronicling America Historic American Newspapers Lib of Congress Monkman Betty C The White House State Dinner The White House Historical Association Archived from the original on December 21 2016 Retrieved January 12 2017 MacLennan 2014 pp 224 228 Medcalf amp Russell 1991 p 5 Kuykendall 1967 pp 59 62 Kuykendall 1967 pp 396 397 The New Hawaiian Treaty The Pacific Commercial Advertiser Honolulu Hawaiian Islands May 15 1886 LCCN sn85047084 Archived from the original on February 2 2017 Retrieved January 26 2017 via Chronicling America Historic American Newspapers Lib of Congress Kuykendall 1967 pp 83 84 Hawaiian Legislature Department of Foreign Affairs The Pacific Commercial Advertiser Honolulu Hawaiian Islands June 10 1882 LCCN sn82015418 Archived from the original on February 2 2017 Retrieved January 24 2017 via Chronicling America Historic American Newspapers Lib of Congress The Legislature The Daily Bulletin Honolulu Hawaiian Islands July 1 1884 LCCN sn82016412 Archived from the original on February 2 2017 Retrieved January 24 2017 via Chronicling America Historic American Newspapers Lib of Congress Resolutions The Pacific Commercial Advertiser Honolulu Hawaiian Islands September 28 1886 LCCN sn85047084 Archived from the original on February 2 2017 Retrieved January 24 2017 via Chronicling America Historic American Newspapers Lib of Congress Quigg 1988 pp 170 208 The King s Tour Round the World Portugal Spain Scotland England Paris etc Honolulu Hawaiian Islands The Pacific Commercial Advertiser October 29 1881 LCCN sn82015418 Archived from the original on January 16 2018 Retrieved January 14 2017 via Chronicling America Historic American Newspapers Lib of Congress Proclamation The Pacific Commercial Advertiser Honolulu Hawaiian Islands February 12 1881 LCCN sn82015418 Archived from the original on January 16 2018 Retrieved January 14 2017 via Chronicling America Historic American Newspapers Lib of Congress Kuykendall 1967 pp 228 230 The King s Tour Around the World Last Days in Japan The Pacific Commercial Advertiser Honolulu Hawaiian Islands June 11 1881 LCCN sn82015418 Archived from the original on January 16 2018 Retrieved January 14 2017 via Chronicling America Historic American Newspapers Lib of Congress Kuykendall 1967 p 232 The King s Tour Round the World Additional Particulars of the Royal Visit to Spain and Portugal The Pacific Commercial Advertiser Honolulu Hawaiian Islands October 15 1881 LCCN sn82015418 Archived from the original on August 24 2018 Retrieved January 14 2017 via Chronicling America Historic American Newspapers Lib of Congress A Royal Visitor Evening Star Washington D C September 28 1881 LCCN sn83045462 Archived from the original on August 24 2018 Retrieved January 14 2017 via Chronicling America Historic American Newspapers Lib of Congress Kalakaua Visits Edison The King in Search of a Means to Light Up Honolulu The Sun New York NY September 26 1881 LCCN sn83030272 Archived from the original on October 29 2016 Retrieved January 14 2017 via Chronicling America Historic American Newspapers Lib of Congress King Kalakaua s Movements His Majesty Examines The Edison Electric Light PDF The New York Times New York September 26 1881 Archived PDF from the original on August 23 2018 Retrieved January 14 2017 News of the Week The Pacific Commercial Advertiser Honolulu Hawaiian Islands June 10 1882 LCCN sn83045462 Archived from the original on October 30 2016 Retrieved January 14 2017 via Chronicling America Historic American Newspapers Lib of Congress The Japanese The Pacific Commercial Advertiser Honolulu Hawaiian Islands February 10 1885 Archived from the original on December 27 2017 Retrieved January 14 2017 via Chronicling America Historic American Newspapers Lib of Congress Thrum 1896 pp 122 123 Thrum 1883 p 12 Kalakaua 1971 pp 90 91 96 Staton Ron March 19 2004 Oahu The Iolani America s only royal palace Seattle Times Archived from the original on March 8 2016 Retrieved March 3 2016 a b c ʻIolani Palace NRHP Asset Details National Park Service Archived from the original on January 13 2017 Retrieved January 10 2017 Legislative Jottings The Pacific Commercial Advertiser Honolulu Hawaiian Islands July 20 1878 LCCN sn82015418 Archived from the original on April 17 2018 Retrieved January 17 2017 via Chronicling America Historic American Newspapers Lib of Congress Kamins amp Adler 1984 p 103 Thrum 1881 p 52 Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage A Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary www nps gov Archived from the original on October 23 2017 Retrieved August 2 2018 Translation from the Hawaiian Address by His Excellency John M Kapena Minister of Foreign Relations The Pacific Commercial Advertiser Honolulu Hawaiian Islands January 3 1880 LCCN sn82015418 Archived from the original on August 2 2018 Retrieved January 16 2017 via Chronicling America Historic American Newspapers Lib of Congress a b The New Palace The Pacific Commercial Advertiser Honolulu Hawaiian Islands January 3 1880 LCCN sn82015418 Archived from the original on March 25 2018 Retrieved January 16 2017 via Chronicling America Historic American Newspapers Lib of Congress Kuykendall 1967 p 262 Grand Masonic Banquet The Pacific Commercial Advertiser Honolulu Hawaiian Islands December 30 1882 LCCN sn82015418 Archived from the original on August 24 2018 Retrieved December 27 2016 via Chronicling America Historic American Newspapers Lib of Congress Electric Light at Palace Square Honolulu Advertiser at Newspapers com July 22 1886 Archived from the original on August 24 2018 Retrieved August 24 2018 Kuykendall 1967 p 97 An Act The Hawaiian Gazette Honolulu Hawaiian Islands August 4 1880 LCCN sn83025121 Archived from the original on August 24 2018 Retrieved January 17 2017 via Chronicling America Historic American Newspapers Lib of Congress That Coronation A Religious Duty Gibson s Reciprocity Policy Favorism at Public Expense Truth Shall Prevail The Hawaiian Gazette Honolulu Hawaiian Islands October 10 1882 Archived from the original on August 24 2018 Retrieved January 17 2017 via Chronicling America Historic American Newspapers Lib of Congress The Pacific Commercial Advertiser 1883 pp 1 19 a b c Kuykendall 1967 pp 259 261 265 a b Postponed Pleasures The Hawaiian Gazette Honolulu Hawaiian Islands February 21 1883 LCCN sn83025121 Archived from the original on August 24 2018 Retrieved January 18 2017 via Chronicling America Historic American Newspapers Lib of Congress Kamins amp Adler 1984 p 9 Wharton 2012 pp 16 49 Kuykendall 1967 p 87 Medcalf amp Russell 1991 pp 5 38 39 Andrade 1977 pp 97 99 Kuykendall 1967 p 82 Andrade 1977 pp 101 107 The Legislature The Pacific Commercial Advertiser Honolulu Hawaiian Islands September 22 1886 LCCN sn85047084 Archived from the original on August 24 2018 Retrieved January 18 2017 via Chronicling America Historic American Newspapers Lib of Congress Local News The Daily Herald Honolulu Hawaiian Islands November 3 1886 LCCN sn85047239 Archived from the original on August 24 2018 Retrieved January 18 2017 via Chronicling America Historic American Newspapers Lib of Congress His Majesty s Jubilee Birthday The Daily Bulletin Honolulu Hawaiian Islands November 17 1886 LCCN sn82016412 Archived from the original on August 24 2018 Retrieved January 18 2017 via Chronicling America Historic American Newspapers Lib of Congress Festivities of the First and Second Days The Daily Herald Honolulu Hawaiian Islands November 18 1886 LCCN sn85047239 Archived from the original on August 21 2018 Retrieved January 18 2017 via Chronicling America Historic American Newspapers Lib of Congress The Luau The Daily Daily Bulletin Honolulu Hawaiian Islands November 23 1886 LCCN sn82016412 Archived from the original on August 21 2018 Retrieved January 18 2017 via Chronicling America Historic American Newspapers Lib of Congress The Jubilee Ball The Daily Herald Honolulu Hawaiian Islands November 25 1886 LCCN sn85047239 Archived from the original on October 29 2016 Retrieved January 18 2017 via Chronicling America Historic American Newspapers Lib of Congress Kuykendall 1967 pp 340 341 Harper s 1891 Kuykendall 1967 p 13 General Order No 1 The Pacific Commercial Advertiser Honolulu February 28 1874 p 1 LCCN sn82015418 Archived from the original on February 4 2015 Retrieved February 10 2017 a b Newbury 2001 p 22 Kuykendall 1967 pp 350 352 Army Commissions office record PDF state archives digital collections state of Hawaii Archived PDF from the original on February 9 2017 Retrieved February 3 2017 a b Chapter XXII Act Act To Organize The Military Forces Of The Kingdom Laws of His Majesty Kalakaua King of the Hawaiian Islands Passed by the Legislative Assembly at Its Session of 1886 Honolulu Black amp Auld 1886 pp 37 41 OCLC 42350849 Archived from the original on February 16 2017 Retrieved February 9 2017 a b Adler 1965 pp 7 21 Kuykendall 1967 pp 327 334 337 Navy Royal Hawaiian Commissions office record PDF state archives digital collections state of Hawaii Archived PDF from the original on February 9 2017 Retrieved February 3 2017 Kuykendall 1967 pp 403 404 Kuykendall 1967 pp 410 411 421 465 466 Chapter XXV An Act Relating To The Military Forces Of The Kingdom Laws of His Majesty Kalakaua King of the Hawaiian Islands Passed by the Legislative Assembly at Its Session of 1888 Honolulu Black amp Auld 1888 pp 55 60 OCLC 42350849 Archived from the original on February 17 2017 Retrieved February 10 2017 Chapter LII An Act To Provide For A Military Force To Be Designated As The King s Royal Guard Laws of His Majesty Kalakaua King of the Hawaiian Islands Passed by the Legislative Assembly at Its Session of 1890 Honolulu Black amp Auld 1890 pp 107 109 OCLC 42350849 Archived from the original on February 17 2017 Retrieved February 10 2017 Kuykendall 1967 pp 305 308 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353 360 Alexander 1896 p 19 Alexander 1894 p 27 Kuykendall 1967 pp 353 360 Dye 1997 pp 208 216 Forbes 2003 p 290 Dole 1936 p 49 Haley 2014 p 265 Zambucka 2002 p 83 Daws 1968 p 245 Dye 1997 p 209 a b Krout 1898 p 7 Forbes 2003 p 290 a b Van Dyke 2008 p 121 Mass Meeting The Daily Bulletin Honolulu Hawaiian Islands June 30 1887 LCCN sn82016412 Archived from the original on February 2 2017 Retrieved August 22 2018 via Chronicling America Historic American Newspapers Lib of Congress Van Dyke 2008 pp 121 122 Kuykendall 1967 pp 366 372 a b Liliuokalani 1898 p 181 Kuykendall 1967 pp 368 372 MacLennan 2014 pp 47 48 Kuykendall 1967 pp 365 366 Kuykendall 1967 pp 424 430 Kuykendall 1967 pp 470 474 Allen 1982 pp 225 226 Liliuokalani 1898 pp 206 207 Rego Nilda April 25 2013 Days Gone By 1890 Hawaii s King Kalakaua visits San Francisco The Mercury News San Francisco OCLC 723850972 Archived from the original on November 4 2016 Retrieved November 3 2016 Karpiel 2000 pp 392 393 Kuykendall 1967 p 472 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Rossi Pualiʻiliʻimaikalani December 2013 No Ka Pono ʻOle O Ka Lehulehu The 1874 Election of Hawaiʻi s Moʻi And The Kanaka Maoli Response PDF Honolulu University of Hawaii at Manoa hdl 10125 100744 Archived PDF from the original on December 29 2016 Retrieved January 17 2017 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Silva Noenoe K 2004 Aloha Betrayed Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism Durham Duke University Press ISBN 978 0 8223 8622 3 OCLC 191222123 Archived from the original on June 26 2020 Retrieved August 27 2018 Thrum Thomas G ed 1881 Portuguese Immigration to the Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1881 Honolulu Honolulu Star Bulletin hdl 10524 23168 Thrum Thomas G ed 1883 Portuguese Immigration to the Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1883 Honolulu Honolulu Star Bulletin hdl 10524 657 Thrum Thomas G ed 1896 Japanese immigration Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1896 Honolulu Honolulu Star Bulletin hdl 10524 23173 Thurston Lorrin A 1936 Memoirs of the Hawaiian Revolution Honolulu Advertiser Publishing Tranquada Jim King John 2012 The ʻUkulele A History Honolulu University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 8248 3544 6 OCLC 767806914 Archived from the original on March 5 2017 Retrieved January 15 2017 via Project MUSE Tsai Tiffany Ing 2016 The 1873 Election in Hawaiʻi between Prince William Charles Lunalilo and the Other Candidate The Hawaiian Journal of History Honolulu Hawaiian Historical Society 50 50 53 73 doi 10 1353 hjh 2016 0002 hdl 10524 59459 OCLC 60626541 S2CID 164663327 Archived from the original on December 25 2016 Retrieved January 18 2017 via Project MUSE Tsai Tiffany Lani Ing 2014 He Ka Waiho Hoʻohemahema Kana Maoli Responses to King Kalakaua s Tour of the Kingdom from 1874 Newspapers in Hawaiʻi Hawaiian Journal of History Honolulu Hawaiian Historical Society 48 115 143 hdl 10524 47258 OCLC 60626541 Twain Mark 1938 Letters from the Sandwich Islands Written for the Sacramento Union Palo Alto Stanford University Press pp 16 137 OCLC 187974 Archived from the original on December 27 2019 Retrieved August 27 2018 Van Dyke Jon M 2008 Who Owns the Crown Lands of Hawai i Honolulu HI University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 8248 3210 0 Archived from the original on February 9 2017 Retrieved January 20 2017 via Project MUSE Vowell Sarah 2011 Unfamiliar Fishes Riverhead Books ISBN 978 1 101 48645 0 OCLC 646111859 Wharton Glenn 2012 The Painted King Honolulu HI University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 8248 3495 1 OCLC 741751139 Archived from the original on January 13 2017 Retrieved January 12 2017 via Project MUSE Zambucka Kristin 2002 Kalakaua Hawaiʻi s Last King Honolulu Mana Publishing Company ISBN 978 0 931897 04 7 OCLC 123305738 Archived from the original on July 17 2014 Retrieved January 29 2017 Further reading EditArmstrong William N 1904 Around the World with a King New York NY F A Stokes Company via HathiTrust Baur John E 1988 When Royalty Came to California California History 67 4 244 265 doi 10 2307 25158494 JSTOR 25158494 Burns Eugene 1952 The Last King of Paradise New York Pellegrini amp Cudahy OCLC 414982 Dukas Neil Bernard 2004 A Military History of Sovereign Hawaiʻi Honolulu Mutual Publishing Company ISBN 978 1 56647 636 2 OCLC 56195693 Girod Andre 2014 American Gothic Une mosaique de personnalites americaines in French L Harmattan ISBN 978 2 343 04037 0 Hallock Leavitt Homan 1911 Hawaii Under King Kalakaua from Personal Experiences of Leavitt H Hallock Portland ME Smith amp Sale OCLC 2802182 via HathiTrust Houston James D 2008 Bird of Another Heaven New York Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group ISBN 978 0 307 38808 7 OCLC 71552454 Ing Tiffany May 2015 Illuminating the American International and Hawaiʻi Representations of David Kalakaua and His Reign 1874 1891 University of Hawaii at Manoa hdl 10125 50983 Kalakaua dead The king dies on a foreign shore at San Francisco Cal January 20 1891 Funeral ceremonies Reception in Honolulu Notes on the king s trip through southern California by Lieut Gen P Blow U S N Reports of Rear Admiral Brown U S N and Medical Inspector Woods Honolulu Bulletin Publishing Company 1891 OCLC 82800064 Archived from the original on February 2 2017 Retrieved January 29 2017 via HathiTrust Kalakaua David Daggett Rollin M 1888 The Legends and Myths of Hawaii The Fables and Folk lore of a Strange People New York NY Charles L Webster amp Company via HathiTrust Lowe Ruby Hasegawa 1999 David Kalakaua Honolulu Kamehameha Schools Press ISBN 978 0 87336 041 8 OCLC 40729128 The Pacific Commercial Advertiser 1883 Coronation of the King and Queen of the Hawaiian Islands at Honolulu Monday Feb 12th 1883 Honolulu Printed at the Advertiser Steam Printing House OCLC 77955761 via HathiTrust Poepoe Joseph M Brown George 1891 Ka Moolelo o ka Moi Kalakaua I Honolulu OCLC 16331688 Rossi Puali ili imaikalani December 2013 No Ka Pono ʻOle O Ka Lehulehu The 1874 Election of Hawaiʻi s Moʻi And The Kanaka Maoli Response University of Hawaii at Manoa p 193 hdl 10125 100744 Schweizer Niklaus R 1991 King Kalakaua An International Perspective The Hawaiian Journal of History Honolulu Hawaiian Historical Society 25 103 120 hdl 10524 539 OCLC 60626541 Tabrah Ruth M 1984 Hawaii A History W W Norton amp Company ISBN 978 0 393 30220 2 Tate Merze 1960 Hawaii s Program of Primacy in Polynesia Oregon Historical Quarterly Oregon Historical Society 61 4 377 407 JSTOR 20612586 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kalakaua Works by Kalakaua at Project Gutenberg Works by Kalakaua at LibriVox public domain audiobooks Lydecker Robert C 1918 full text 1887 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom and Kalakaua s November 3 speech before the Legislative Assembly The Honolulu Gazette Col Ltd pp 159 173 A guide to the Rough log and journal 1880 1881 1891 Palmer Walter B Day Clive Viner Jacob Hornbeck Stanley Kuhl 1919 Reciprocity and commercial treaties Govt Print Off p 25 via HathiTrust KING KALAKAUA PHOTOGRAPH EXHIBITION Honolulu Hawaiʻi State Archives Royal titlesPreceded byLunalilo King of Hawaiʻi1874 1891 Succeeded byLiliʻuokalani link, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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