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LGBT rights in France

January 01, 1970

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in France are progressive by world standards.[1][2] Although same-sex sexual activity was a capital crime that often resulted in the death penalty during the Ancien Régime, all sodomy laws were repealed in 1791 during the French Revolution. However, a lesser-known indecent exposure law that often targeted LGBT people was introduced in 1960, before being repealed in 1980.

LGBT rights in France
Location of Metropolitan France (dark green)

– in Europe (light green & dark grey)
– in the European Union (light green)  –  [Legend]

StatusHomosexuality decriminalized since 1791,
age of consent (re)equalised in 1982
Gender identityTransgender people allowed to change legal gender without surgery
MilitaryLGBT people allowed to serve openly
Discrimination protectionsSexual orientation and gender identity protections (see below)
Family rights
Recognition of relationshipsCivil solidarity pact since 1999/2009
Same-sex marriage since 2013
AdoptionFull adoption rights since 2013

The age of consent for same-sex sexual activity was altered more than once before being equalised in 1982 under President François Mitterrand. After granting same-sex couples domestic partnership benefits known as the civil solidarity pact in 1999, France became the thirteenth country in the world to legalise same-sex marriage in 2013. Laws prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity were enacted in 1985 and 2012, respectively. In 2010, France became the first country in the world to declassify gender dysphoria as a mental illness. Additionally, since 2017, transgender people have been allowed to change their legal gender without undergoing surgery or receiving any medical diagnosis.[3]

France has frequently been named one of the most gay-friendly countries in the world.[3] Recent polls have indicated that a majority of the French people support same-sex marriage and in 2013,[4] another poll indicated that 77% of the French population believed homosexuality should be accepted by society, one of the highest in the 39 countries polled.[5] Gabriel Attal, the Prime Minister of France, is one of the few openly gay heads of government in the world.[6] Paris has been named by many publications as one of the most gay-friendly cities in the world, with Le Marais, Quartier Pigalle and Bois de Boulogne being said to have a thriving LGBT community and nightlife.[7]

Law regarding same-sex sexual activity edit

 
Gay Pride, Paris, 2008

Sodomy laws edit

Before the French Revolution, sodomy was a serious crime. Jean Diot and Bruno Lenoir were the last gay people burned to death on 6 July 1750.[8] The first French Revolution decriminalised homosexuality when the Penal Code of 1791 made no mention of same-sex relations in private. This policy on private sexual conduct was retained in the Penal Code of 1810 and followed in nations and French colonies that adopted the Code. Still, homosexuality and cross-dressing were widely seen as being immoral, and LGBT people were still subjected to legal harassment under various laws concerning public morality and order. Some LGBT people from the regions of Alsace and Lorraine, which were annexed by Nazi Germany in 1940, were persecuted and interned in concentration camps. LGBT people were also persecuted under the Vichy Regime, despite there being no laws criminalizing homosexuality.

Higher age of consent edit

An age of consent was introduced on 28 April 1832. It was fixed to 11 years for both sexes and later raised to 13 years in 1863. On 6 August 1942, the Vichy Government introduced a discriminative law in the Penal Code: article 334 (moved to article 331 on 8 February 1945 by the Provisional Government of the French Republic)[9] which increased the age of consent to 21 for homosexual relations and 15 for heterosexual ones. The age of 21 was then lowered to 18 in 1974, which had become the age of legal majority.[10] This law remained valid until 4 August 1982, when it was repealed under President François Mitterrand to equalise the age of consent at 15 years of age,[11] despite the vocal opposition of Jean Foyer in the French National Assembly.[12]

Indecent exposure edit

A less known discriminative law was adopted in 1960, inserting into the Penal Code (article 330, 2nd alinea) a clause that doubled the penalty for indecent exposure for homosexual activity. This ordonnance was intended to repress pimping.[13] The clause against homosexuality was adopted due to a wish of Parliament, as follows:

This ordonnance was adopted by the executive after it was authorised by Parliament to take legislative measures against national scourges such as alcoholism. Paul Mirguet, a Member of the National Assembly, felt that homosexuality was also a scourge, and thus proposed a sub-amendment, therefore known as the Mirguet amendment, tasking the Government to enact measures against homosexuality, which was adopted.[14][15]

Article 330 alinea 2 was repealed in 1980 as part of an act redefining several sexual offenses.[16]

Compensation and Article 330 edit

In March 2024, the French House of Representatives (lower house) unanimously passed a bill to victims for "compensation regarding the gay men arrested under Article 330 prior to 1980". The French Senate (upper house) is yet to vote on the bill.[17]

Recognition of same-sex relationships edit

Main articles: Civil solidarity pact and Same-sex marriage in France

Civil solidarity pacts (PACS for pacte civil de solidarité), a form of registered domestic partnerships, were enacted in 1999 for both same-sex and unmarried opposite-sex couples by the Government of Lionel Jospin. Couples who enter into a PACS contract are afforded most of the legal protections, rights, and responsibilities of marriage. The right to adoption and artificial insemination are, however, denied to PACS partners (and are largely restricted to married couples). Unlike married couples, they were originally not allowed to file joint tax returns until after three years, though this was changed in 2005.[18]

 
Two protesters supporting same-sex marriage, waving a sign reading Mieux vaut un mariage gay qu'un mariage triste ("better a gay marriage than a sad marriage"), January 2013, Paris

On 14 June 2011, the National Assembly of France voted 293–222 against legalising same-sex marriage.[19] Deputies of the majority party Union for a Popular Movement voted mostly against the measure, while deputies of the Socialist Party mostly voted in favor. Members of the Socialist Party stated that legalisation of same-sex marriage would become a priority should they gain a majority in the 2012 elections.[20]

On 7 May 2012, François Hollande won the election, and the Socialist Party and its coalition partners, Miscellaneous Left, Europe Ecology - The Greens and Radical Party of the Left, won a majority of seats in the National Assembly. In October, a marriage bill was introduced by the Aryault Government.[21] On 2 February 2013, the National Assembly approved the first article of the bill, by 249 votes against 97.[22] On 12 February 2013, the National Assembly approved the bill as a whole in a 329–229 vote and sent it to the country's Senate.[23] The majority of the ruling Socialist Party voted in favor of the bill (only four of its members voted "no") while the majority of the opposition party UMP voted against it (only two of its members voted "yes").[24]

On 4 April 2013, the Senate started the debate on the bill and five days later approved its first article in a 179–157 vote.[25] On 12 April, the Senate approved the bill with minor amendments, which were accepted by the National Assembly on 23 April.[1]

A challenge to the law by the conservative UMP party was filed with the Constitutional Council following the vote.[26][27] On 17 May 2013, the Council ruled that the law is constitutional.[28] On 18 May 2013, President Francois Hollande signed the bill into law,[29] which was officially published the next day in the Journal Officiel.[30] The first official same-sex ceremony took place on 29 May in the city of Montpellier.[31]

Adoption and family planning edit

Same-sex couples have been legally able to adopt children since May 2013, when the same-sex marriage law took effect. The first joint adoption by a same-sex couple was announced on 18 October 2013.[32][33]

In April 2018, the Association of Gay and Lesbian Parents reported that only four same-sex couples had been able to jointly adopt a child,[34] and the Association of LGBT Families (ADFH) reported that "some families" were able to foster a French child and "less than ten" families were able to foster a foreign child.[35] Between May 2013 and May 2019, 10 same-sex adoptions occurred in Paris.[36]

Lesbian couples used to not have access to assisted reproductive technology (procréation médicalement assistée, PMA), as it would only be available to heterosexual couples. A poll in 2012 showed that 51% of the French population supported allowing lesbian couples to access it.[37] The French Socialist Party also supports it.[38] In June 2017, a spokesperson for French President Emmanuel Macron stated that the government intends to legislate to allow assisted reproduction for lesbian couples. This followed a report by an independent ethics panel in France which recommended that PMA law be revised to include lesbian couples and single people.[39][40] In 2017, a poll indicated that 64% of the French people supported the extension of assisted reproduction to lesbian couples.[41]

In July 2018, MP Guillaume Chiche introduced a bill to legalise assisted reproduction for lesbian couples and single women.[42][43] In June 2019, Prime Minister Édouard Philippe told the National Assembly that the legislation will be examined in the Assembly from the end of September 2019.[44][45][46][47] The bill was adopted in its first reading by the National Assembly on 15 October 2019 by a vote of 359–114.[48][49] It passed its second reading on 31 July 2020 by 60 votes to 37 (the low turnout being due to most Assembly members having gone on summer holidays).[50][51] The Senate approved the bill in first reading on 4 February 2020 by 153 votes to 143 with 45 abstentions.[52] The proposal also foresees the state covering the cost of the assisted reproduction procedures for all women under 43 and allowing children born with donated sperm to find out their donor's identity when they reach the age of 18. The bill came into effect in September 2021.[53][54]

Up until 2015, France refused to recognise surrogate children as French citizens. This left many such children in legal limbo. On 5 July 2017, the Court of Cassation ruled that a child born to a surrogate abroad can be adopted by the partner of his or her biological father.[55] That same year, the Tribunal de grande instance de Paris granted French citizenship to twin boys born through surrogacy in Ontario, Canada, to a same-sex couple (both French citizens). However, it refused to register the children in the vital records. In May 2019, the Court of Appeal of Paris reversed certain parts of the decision, holding that the Canadian birth certificate must be recognised by the French state.[56] In December 2019, the Court of Cassation ruled that foreign birth certificates that recognise same-sex partners must be fully recognised in France.[57]

Discrimination protections edit

In 1985, national legislation was enacted to prohibit sexual orientation based discrimination in employment, housing and other public and private provisions of services and goods.[3] In July 2012, the French Parliament added "sexual identity" to the protected grounds of discrimination in French law. The phrase "sexual identity" was used synonymous with "gender identity" despite some criticism from ILGA-Europe, who nevertheless still considered it an important step.[58][59] On 18 November 2016, a new law amended article 225-1 of the French Penal Code to replace "sexual identity" with "gender identity".[60]

Chapter 2 of the Labour Code (French: Code du travail)[a] reads as follows:[61]

No person may be excluded from a recruitment process or from access to an internship or a period of training in a company, no employee may be sanctioned, dismissed or subject to a discriminatory measure, direct or indirect, [...], on account of origin, gender, morals, sexual orientation, gender identity, age, family situation or pregnancy, genetic characteristics, economic situation, membership or non-membership, true or supposed, to an ethnic group, nation or race, political opinions, trade union or mutualist activities, religious beliefs, physical appearance, last name, place of residence, health conditions, loss of autonomy or disability, or usage of a language other than French.

Discrimination in schools edit

In March 2008, Xavier Darcos, Minister of Education, announced a policy fighting against all forms of discrimination, including homophobia, in schools. It was one of 15 national priorities of education for the 2008–2009 school year. The Fédération Indépendante et Démocratique Lycéenne (FIDL; Independent and Democratic Federation of High School Students)–the first high school student union in France–has also launched campaigns against homophobia in schools and among young people.

In January 2019, the Ministry of Education launched a new campaign to tackle anti-LGBT bullying in schools. The campaign, called Tous égaux, tous alliés (All equal, all allied), helps students access services to report bullying, established a helpline for students and staff to use, and requires all French schools to provide guidance about LGBT issues. The International Day Against Homophobia (17 May) will also be a special day to promote actions of sensitisation.[62][63]

In February 2019, it was reported that France uses the words "parent 1" and "parent 2" rather than "mother" and "father" on application forms to enroll children into schools. This caused widespread outrage among conservatives in France, despite both same-sex marriage and LGBT adoption having been legal in the country for six years.[64]

In March 2019, Frédérique Vidal, Minister of Higher Education, announced that she wanted all higher education institutions to use transgender people's preferred names, including on student cards, exam forms, etc.[65]

Hate crime laws edit

On 31 December 2004, the National Assembly approved an amendment to existing anti-discrimination legislation, making homophobic, sexist, racist, xenophobic etc. comments illegal. The maximum penalty of a €45,000 fine and/or 12 months' imprisonment has been criticised by civil liberty groups such as Reporters Without Borders as a serious infringement on free speech. But the conservative Chirac Government pointed to a rise in anti-gay violence as justification for the measure. Ironically, an MP in Chirac's own UMP party, Christian Vanneste, became the first person to be convicted under the law in January 2006 although this conviction was later cancelled by the Court of Cassation after a refused appeal.[66]

The law of December 2004 created the Haute autorité de lutte contre les discriminations et pour l'égalité (High Authority against Discrimination and for Equality). Title 3 and articles 20 and 21 of the law amended the Law on the Freedom of the Press of 29 July 1881 to make provisions for more specific offenses including injury, defamation, insult, incitement to hatred or violence, or discrimination against a person or group of persons because of their gender, sexual orientation or disability. When a physical assault or murder is motivated by the sexual orientation of the victim, the law increases the penalties that are normally given.

In October 2018, after a rise in a series of homophobic attacks, President Emmanuel Macron denounced the homophobic violence as being "unworthy of France", announcing future "concrete measures". He tweeted: "Homophobic violence must be a concern for our entire society. They are unworthy of France. Concrete measures will be announced but they [cannot] replace humanity and tolerance which are at the heart of our culture", without specifying the content of these future measures.[67][68][69]

A report released on 16 May 2020, right before the International Day Against Homophobia, Transphobia and Biphobia, showed that homophobic and transphobic attacks and insults rose by 36% in 2019. Police identified around 1,870 victims of transphobic and homophobic attacks. In 2018, the figures were around 1,380.[70]

Transgender rights edit

 
Transgender rights protest, Paris, 2005

In 2010, France removed gender identity disorder as a diagnosis by decree,[71][72][73] but according to French transgender rights organizations, beyond the impact of the announcement itself, nothing changed.[74] Transsexualism is part of the ALD 31 (fr) and treatment is funded by Sécurité Sociale.[75]

Discrimination on the basis of "sexual identity" has been banned since 2012.[58][59] In 2016, the term "sexual identity" was replaced by "gender identity".[60]

On 6 November 2015, a bill to allow transgender people to legally change their gender without the need for sex reassignment surgery and forced sterilisation was approved by the French Senate.[76] On 24 May 2016, the National Assembly approved the bill.[76][77][78] MP Pascale Crozon, who introduced the bill, reminded MPs before the vote about the long, uncertain and humiliating procedures by which transgender people must go through to change their gender on vital records. Due to differing texts, a joint session was established. On 12 July 2016, the National Assembly approved a modified version of the bill which maintained the provisions outlawing psychiatrist certificates and proofs of sex reassignment surgery, while also dropping the original bill's provision of allowing self-certification of gender.[79] On 28 September, the French Senate discussed the bill.[80] The National Assembly then met on 12 October in a plenary session to approve the bill once more and rejected amendments proposed by the Senate which would have required proof of medical treatment.[81][82] On 17 November, the Constitutional Council ruled that the bill is constitutional.[83][84] It was signed by the President on 18 November 2016, published in the Journal Officiel the next day,[85] and took effect on 1 January 2017.[86] While no longer requiring proof of surgery or medical interventions, transgender people need to go before a court in order to have their gender marker changed.[65] Changing the first name can be also done by registry office.

In 2017, transphobia became a cause of aggravation for all crimes that can be punished by prison.[87]

In 2022, a court of appeal ruled that a transgender woman should be considered the mother of the child she conceived with her partner before her sex change.[88]

Healthcare edit

A report published in 2022 by ILGA-Europe found significant issues with the provision of gender affirming healthcare in France, including lack of self-determination, extended waiting times, and inequitable access depending on location.[89] The report recommended implementing a system based on informed consent and self determination.

The French Académie Nationale de Médecine, or National Academy of Medicine, has characterized the rise in trans people seeking treatment as an “epidemic-like phenomenon”, and a “primarily social problem”, and has advised extreme caution on allowing access to such treatments.[90]

DILCRAH controversy edit

In 2022, it was revealed that the president of the scientific committee for the French Interministerial Delegation for the Fight Against Racism, Anti-Semitism, and Anti-LGBT Hatred (DILCRAH [fr]), was a member of the anti-trans group L’Observatoire de la Petite Sirene (The Little Mermaid Observatory [fr]), a group which had previous referred to gender affirming healthcare as “mutilation”.[89][91] One DILCRAH scientific committee member resigned over the controversy, while the committee president himself publicly stepped away from The Observatory.

Intersex rights edit

Main article: Intersex rights in France

Intersex people in France have some of the same rights as other people, but with significant gaps in protection from non-consensual medical interventions and protection from discrimination. In response to pressure from intersex activists and recommendations by United Nations Treaty Bodies, the Senate published an inquiry into the treatment of intersex people in February 2017. A legal challenge by Gaëtan Schmitt to obtain "neutral sex" (sexe neutre) classification was rejected by the Court of Cassation in May 2017.[92][93] On 17 March 2017, the President of the Republic, François Hollande, described medical interventions to make the bodies of intersex children more typically male or female as increasingly considered to be mutilations.[94]

Conversion therapy edit

Conversion therapy has a negative effect on the lives of LGBT people, and can lead to low self-esteem, depression and suicidal ideation. The pseudoscientific practice is believed to include electroconvulsive therapy, exorcisms, starvation or, especially, talk therapy. A French survivor of a conversion therapy workshop described the practice as "psychological rape". The extent of the practice in France is unknown. The association Le Refuge estimated that around 3% to 4% of its helpline calls dealt with the issue. In summer 2019, MP Laurence Vanceunebrock-Mialon announced her intention to introduce a proposal to the National Assembly in 2020 to prohibit the usage of such 'treatments'. Punishments would be two years' imprisonment and/or a fine of 30,000 euros.[95][96][97]

The bill to legally ban conversion therapy passed the Senate on 7 December 2020. It was concurred to by the National Assembly on 25 January 2022 and was officially published on 1 February 2022.[98][99][100][101]

Military service edit

Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender individuals are allowed to serve openly in the French Armed Forces.[102][103]

Blood donation edit

A circulaire from the Directorate General of Health, which dates back to 20 June 1983 at the height of the HIV epidemic, banned men who have sex with men (MSM) from donating blood. However, it was recalled by a ministerial decree on 12 January 2009.[104]

On 3 April 2015, a deputy member of the UMP party, Arnaud Richard, presented an amendment against the exclusion of MSM, which was eventually adopted later in the same month.[105] In November 2015, Minister of Health Marisol Touraine announced that gay and bisexual men in France can donate blood after one year of abstinence from sex. This policy was implemented and went into effect on 10 July 2016.[106][107] In July 2019, Minister of Health Agnès Buzyn announced that the deferral period would be reduced to four months of abstinence from 2 April 2020.[108][109]

On 16 March 2022, France removed the four-month deferral period policy on gay and bi men donating blood. The new policy applies to all individuals regardless of sexual orientation.[110][111][112]

LGBT rights movement in France edit

 
Gay pride parade in Toulouse in June 2011
 
Paris Pride is held annually at the end of June, and attracts thousands of attendees.
 
Participants at the 2015 Marseille Pride parade
See also: LGBT social movements

LGBT rights organisations in France include Act Up Paris, SOS Homophobie, Arcadie, FHAR (Front homosexuel d'action révolutionnaire), Gouines rouges, GLH (Groupe de libération homosexuelle), CUARH (Comité d'urgence anti-répression homosexuelle), L'Association Trans Aide, ("Trans Aid Association", established in September 2004) and Bi'Cause.

The first pride parade in France was held in Paris on 4 April 1981 at the Place Maubert. It was organised by CUARH, and saw the participation of around 10,000 people. Paris Pride (Marche des Fiertés de Paris) is held annually in June. Its turnout has increased significantly since the 1980s, reaching around 100,000 participants in the late 1990s. Its 2019 edition saw a turnout of 500,000 people.[113] The event is the third-largest in the city, following the Paris Marathon and the Paris Techno Parade, and includes about 60 associations, various human rights groups, political parties and several companies.

Outside Paris, pride events are also held in numerous cities around the country, including Rennes and Marseille, which held their first in 1994. Nantes, Montpellier and Toulouse organised their first pride festivals in 1995, followed by Lyon, Lille, Bordeaux, Grenoble, Cannes and Aix-en-Provence in 1996, Rouen, Biarritz,[114] Angers and Poitiers in 2000, and Caen and Strasbourg in 2001. Others including Auxerre, Dijon, Nice and Avignon also hold pride events.[115]

Public opinion edit

See also: Bill 344 § Public reaction

Paris Mayor Bertrand Delanoë publicly revealed his homosexuality in 1998, before his first election in 2001.

In December 2006, an Ipsos-MORI Eurobarometer survey showed that 62% of the French public supported same-sex marriage, while 37% were opposed. 55% believed gay and lesbian couples should not have parenting rights, while 44% believed same-sex couples should be able to adopt.[116]

In June 2011, an Ifop poll found that 63% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage, while 58% supported adoption rights for same-sex couples.[4] In 2012, an Ifop poll showed that 90% of French perceived homosexuality like one way as another to live their sexuality.[117]

A 2013 Pew Research Center opinion survey showed that 77% of the French population believed homosexuality should be accepted by society, while 22% believed it should not.[5] Younger people were more accepting: 81% of people between 18 and 29 believed it should be accepted, 79% of people between 30 and 49 and 74% of people over 50.

In May 2015, PlanetRomeo, an LGBT social network, published its first Gay Happiness Index (GHI). Gay men from over 120 countries were asked about how they feel about society's view on homosexuality, how do they experience the way they are treated by other people and how satisfied are they with their lives. France was ranked 21st, just above South Africa and below Australia, with a GHI score of 63.[118]

A 2017 Pew Research Center poll found that 73% of French people were in favour of same-sex marriage, while 23% were opposed.[119] The 2019 Eurobarometer found that 79% of French respondents thought same-sex marriage should be allowed throughout Europe, 15% were against. Additionally, 85% believed gay, lesbian and bisexual people should enjoy the same rights as heterosexual people.[120]

The 2023 Eurobarometer found that 79% of French people thought same-sex marriage should be allowed throughout Europe, and 84% agreed that "there is nothing wrong in a sexual relationship between two persons of the same sex".[121]

Overseas departments and territories edit

Same-sex marriage is legal in all of France's overseas departments and territories. Despite this, acceptance of homosexuality and same-sex relationships tends to be lower than in metropolitan France, as residents are in general more religious, and religion plays a bigger role in public life. Many of these societies are very family and tribe-oriented where family honor is highly regarded. In some of these territories, homosexuality is occasionally perceived as "foreign" and "practiced only by the white population".[122] The first same-sex marriages in Saint Martin and French Polynesia caused public demonstrations against such marriages.[123][124] Ignorance about homosexuality can lead to violence and hatred, or on the other hand curiosity. A 2014 study showed that about 20% of Overseas residents saw homosexuality as a sexuality like any other, compared to 77% in metropolitan France. Nevertheless, the 2013 same-sex marriage law has resulted in increased discussion about the previously taboo and neglected topic. LGBT people have gained notable visibility since 2013.[125]

Of the 27 overseas deputies in the French Parliament, 11 (2 from Mayotte, 3 from Réunion, 1 from French Guiana, 1 from Guadeloupe, 1 from Martinique, 2 from New Caledonia and 1 from Saint Pierre and Miquelon) voted in favor of same-sex marriage, 11 (2 from Guadeloupe, 3 from Martinique, 3 from French Polynesia, 2 from Réunion and 1 from Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy) voted against, 1 (from French Guiana) abstained and 3 (1 each from Réunion, Guadeloupe and Wallis and Futuna) were not present during the vote.[126]

 
After the Caribbean Netherlands, the French departments of Guadeloupe and Martinique and the overseas collectivities of Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy are the second group of Caribbean islands to perform same-sex weddings.

The group Let's go (French Creole: An Nou Allé) is an LGBT organization active in the French Caribbean. Other groups include AIDES Territoire Martinique, KAP Caraïbe, Tjenbé Rèd Prévention and SAFE SXM (originally from Sint Maarten). Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy are famous internationally for their beaches and tourist attractions, which include gay bars, discos, saunas and beaches.[127] The first "Caribbean Gay Pride" was held in the Martinique city of Le Carbet in June 2017. Regarded as successful, the event was attended by a few thousand people and included a beach party and musical dances.[128] In addition, Saint Barthélemy's reputation as an international celebrity tourist destination has resulted in a more open and relaxed social climate for LGBT people than the other French Caribbean territories.[125]

LGBT people in New Caledonia are widely accepted, and enjoy a large nightlife and dating scene.[129] This is much more notable in the South Province than the Kanak-majority North Province or the Loyalty Islands. According to a 2008 survey, 65% of boys and 77% of girls in New Caledonia agreed with the statement "homosexuals are people like everybody else". However, the Kanak people reported a lower acceptance. In 2006, Lifou Island proposed a "family code", which sought to ban homosexuality and foresee punishments of eviction or lynching for LGBT people. The proposal was not approved.[125]

Similarly, Réunion is known for being welcoming to LGBT people and has been described as a "gay-friendly haven in Africa". In 2007, the local tourism authorities launched a "gay-welcoming" charter in tour operators, hotels, bars and restaurants. There are famous gay beaches in Saint-Leu and L'Étang-Salé.[130] The association LGBT Réunion organised the island's first pride parade in October 2012.[131] Mayotte, on the other hand, is overwhelmingly Muslim and possesses a strong Arab-Bantu culture. This heavily influences public perception of the LGBT community, as there have been frequent reports of family rejections, harassment and discrimination on the island. Homosexuality is typically a taboo topic among the Mahorais, and many LGBT people have chosen to move to neighbouring Réunion or to metropolitan France.[122] Nevertheless, the first same-sex marriage in Mayotte, the first in a majoritarily Muslim jurisdiction, was performed in September 2013 with little fanfare.[132] Mayotte has a long-standing tradition of sarambavis, which in Shimaore refers to men who choose the follow "the law of women", and thus dress, act and behave as women and partake in traditional female activities. In recent years, the term has been used as an insult towards LGBT people.[125]

The gay scene is more limited in French Guiana, though local LGBT people have reported a "growing sense of acceptance", which many attribute to French Guiana's closely knit families and communities.[133] Homosexuality tends to be more taboo among the Amerindian and Bushinengue people, where the pressure to conform and to marry a heterosexual partner is very strong. Family and tribal honour are highly regarded in these cultures, and those who "bring shame to their families" are typically ostracised.[134][125]

While French Polynesia tends to be more socially conservative, it has become more accepting and tolerant of LGBT people in recent years. In 2009, the first LGBT organization (called Cousins Cousines) was founded in the territory, and the first LGBT event was also held that same year.[135] Furthermore, French Polynesian society has a long tradition of raising some boys as girls to play important domestic roles in communal life (including dancing, singing and house chores). Such individuals are known as the māhū, and are perceived by society as belonging to a third gender. This is similar to the fa'afafine of Samoa and the whakawāhine of New Zealand. Historically, the māhū would hold important positions among nobles, and unlike eunuchs were not castrated. The Tahitian term rae rae, on the other hand, refers to modern-day transsexuals who undergo medical operations to change gender. Māhū and rae rae are not to be confused, as the former is a cultural and traditional recognized Polynesian identity, while the latter encompasses contemporary transgender identity.[136][125]

In Saint Pierre and Miquelon, the gay scene is very limited, due mostly to its small population. Nonetheless, homosexuality tends to be accepted and there is very little controversy surrounding the issue.[137][138] In Wallis and Futuna, like in other Polynesian nations, the family holds a significant societal role. Homosexuality is usually treated with indifference, unless it adversely affects the family. Wallis and Futuna, like French Polynesia, also has a traditional third gender population: the fakafafine.[139] The first same-sex marriage in Wallis and Futuna was performed in 2016.[125]

Summary table edit

Same-sex sexual activity legal   (Since 1791)
Equal age of consent (15)   (Since 1982)
Anti-discrimination laws in employment   (Since 1985)
Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services   (Since 1985)
Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech)   (Since 2004)
Anti-discrimination laws concerning gender identity   (Since 2012)
Same-sex marriage   (Since 2013)
Recognition of same-sex unions   (Since 1999)
Stepchild adoption by same-sex couples   (Since 2013)
Joint adoption by same-sex couples   (Since 2013)
Adoption by a single LGBT person  
Automatic parenthood on birth certificates for children of same-sex couples   (Since 2021 for lesbian couples that have accessed IVF, and for same-sex couples who have had access to surrogacy abroad; Not for surrogacy inside France)
LGBT people allowed to serve openly in the military  
Right to change legal gender   (Surgery and sterilization not required since 2016)
Non-binary gender recognition  
Access to IVF for lesbian couples   (Since 2021)
Conversion therapy legally banned   (Since 2022)
Homosexuality declassified as an illness   (Since 1981)
Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples   (Since 1994; Surrogacy is illegal for all couples regardless of sexual orientation)
MSMs allowed to donate blood   (Since 2022)[112]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Occitan: Còde del trabalh; Breton: Kod al labour; Corsican: Codice di u travagliu

References edit

  1. ^ a b French parliament allows gay marriage despite protests Reuters, 23 April 2013
  2. ^ "The 203 Worst (& Safest) Countries for LGBTQ+ Travel in 2023". Asher & Lyric. 5 June 2023. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  3. ^ a b c "Rainbow Europe". rainbow-europe.org.
  4. ^ a b . Tetu.com. 24 January 2013. Archived from the original on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
  5. ^ a b "The 20 most and least gay-friendly countries in the world". GlobalPost. 26 June 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
  6. ^ Willsher, Kim (9 January 2024). "Who is Gabriel Attal, the French PM who climbed the ranks in record time?". The Guardian. from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  7. ^ "Paris The city of Proust and Piaf is a natural environment for a flourishin". The Independent. 17 September 2008. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
  8. ^ . Devoiretmemoire.org. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to LGBT rights in France.

Further reading edit

  • Claudina Richards, The Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Couples: The French Perspective, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 51, No. 2 (Apr. 2002), pp. 305–324
  • Gunther, Scott Eric (2009). The Elastic Closet: A History of Homosexuality in France, 1942-present. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-59510-1.

January 01, 1970
lgbt, rights, france, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, lgbt, rights, france, progressive, world, standards, although, same, sexual, activity, capital, crime, that, often, resulted, death, penalty, during, ancien, régime, sodomy, laws, were, repealed, 1791, duri. Lesbian gay bisexual and transgender LGBT rights in France are progressive by world standards 1 2 Although same sex sexual activity was a capital crime that often resulted in the death penalty during the Ancien Regime all sodomy laws were repealed in 1791 during the French Revolution However a lesser known indecent exposure law that often targeted LGBT people was introduced in 1960 before being repealed in 1980 LGBT rights in FranceLocation of Metropolitan France dark green in Europe light green amp dark grey in the European Union light green Legend StatusHomosexuality decriminalized since 1791 age of consent re equalised in 1982Gender identityTransgender people allowed to change legal gender without surgeryMilitaryLGBT people allowed to serve openlyDiscrimination protectionsSexual orientation and gender identity protections see below Family rightsRecognition of relationshipsCivil solidarity pact since 1999 2009 Same sex marriage since 2013AdoptionFull adoption rights since 2013 The age of consent for same sex sexual activity was altered more than once before being equalised in 1982 under President Francois Mitterrand After granting same sex couples domestic partnership benefits known as the civil solidarity pact in 1999 France became the thirteenth country in the world to legalise same sex marriage in 2013 Laws prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity were enacted in 1985 and 2012 respectively In 2010 France became the first country in the world to declassify gender dysphoria as a mental illness Additionally since 2017 transgender people have been allowed to change their legal gender without undergoing surgery or receiving any medical diagnosis 3 France has frequently been named one of the most gay friendly countries in the world 3 Recent polls have indicated that a majority of the French people support same sex marriage and in 2013 4 another poll indicated that 77 of the French population believed homosexuality should be accepted by society one of the highest in the 39 countries polled 5 Gabriel Attal the Prime Minister of France is one of the few openly gay heads of government in the world 6 Paris has been named by many publications as one of the most gay friendly cities in the world with Le Marais Quartier Pigalle and Bois de Boulogne being said to have a thriving LGBT community and nightlife 7 Contents 1 Law regarding same sex sexual activity 1 1 Sodomy laws 1 2 Higher age of consent 1 3 Indecent exposure 1 4 Compensation and Article 330 2 Recognition of same sex relationships 3 Adoption and family planning 4 Discrimination protections 4 1 Discrimination in schools 5 Hate crime laws 6 Transgender rights 6 1 Healthcare 6 2 DILCRAH controversy 7 Intersex rights 8 Conversion therapy 9 Military service 10 Blood donation 11 LGBT rights movement in France 12 Public opinion 13 Overseas departments and territories 14 Summary table 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 Further readingLaw regarding same sex sexual activity edit nbsp Gay Pride Paris 2008 Sodomy laws edit Before the French Revolution sodomy was a serious crime Jean Diot and Bruno Lenoir were the last gay people burned to death on 6 July 1750 8 The first French Revolution decriminalised homosexuality when the Penal Code of 1791 made no mention of same sex relations in private This policy on private sexual conduct was retained in the Penal Code of 1810 and followed in nations and French colonies that adopted the Code Still homosexuality and cross dressing were widely seen as being immoral and LGBT people were still subjected to legal harassment under various laws concerning public morality and order Some LGBT people from the regions of Alsace and Lorraine which were annexed by Nazi Germany in 1940 were persecuted and interned in concentration camps LGBT people were also persecuted under the Vichy Regime despite there being no laws criminalizing homosexuality Higher age of consent edit An age of consent was introduced on 28 April 1832 It was fixed to 11 years for both sexes and later raised to 13 years in 1863 On 6 August 1942 the Vichy Government introduced a discriminative law in the Penal Code article 334 moved to article 331 on 8 February 1945 by the Provisional Government of the French Republic 9 which increased the age of consent to 21 for homosexual relations and 15 for heterosexual ones The age of 21 was then lowered to 18 in 1974 which had become the age of legal majority 10 This law remained valid until 4 August 1982 when it was repealed under President Francois Mitterrand to equalise the age of consent at 15 years of age 11 despite the vocal opposition of Jean Foyer in the French National Assembly 12 Indecent exposure edit A less known discriminative law was adopted in 1960 inserting into the Penal Code article 330 2nd alinea a clause that doubled the penalty for indecent exposure for homosexual activity This ordonnance was intended to repress pimping 13 The clause against homosexuality was adopted due to a wish of Parliament as follows This ordonnance was adopted by the executive after it was authorised by Parliament to take legislative measures against national scourges such as alcoholism Paul Mirguet a Member of the National Assembly felt that homosexuality was also a scourge and thus proposed a sub amendment therefore known as the Mirguet amendment tasking the Government to enact measures against homosexuality which was adopted 14 15 Article 330 alinea 2 was repealed in 1980 as part of an act redefining several sexual offenses 16 Compensation and Article 330 edit In March 2024 the French House of Representatives lower house unanimously passed a bill to victims for compensation regarding the gay men arrested under Article 330 prior to 1980 The French Senate upper house is yet to vote on the bill 17 Recognition of same sex relationships editMain articles Civil solidarity pact and Same sex marriage in France Civil solidarity pacts PACS for pacte civil de solidarite a form of registered domestic partnerships were enacted in 1999 for both same sex and unmarried opposite sex couples by the Government of Lionel Jospin Couples who enter into a PACS contract are afforded most of the legal protections rights and responsibilities of marriage The right to adoption and artificial insemination are however denied to PACS partners and are largely restricted to married couples Unlike married couples they were originally not allowed to file joint tax returns until after three years though this was changed in 2005 18 nbsp Two protesters supporting same sex marriage waving a sign reading Mieux vaut un mariage gay qu un mariage triste better a gay marriage than a sad marriage January 2013 Paris On 14 June 2011 the National Assembly of France voted 293 222 against legalising same sex marriage 19 Deputies of the majority party Union for a Popular Movement voted mostly against the measure while deputies of the Socialist Party mostly voted in favor Members of the Socialist Party stated that legalisation of same sex marriage would become a priority should they gain a majority in the 2012 elections 20 On 7 May 2012 Francois Hollande won the election and the Socialist Party and its coalition partners Miscellaneous Left Europe Ecology The Greens and Radical Party of the Left won a majority of seats in the National Assembly In October a marriage bill was introduced by the Aryault Government 21 On 2 February 2013 the National Assembly approved the first article of the bill by 249 votes against 97 22 On 12 February 2013 the National Assembly approved the bill as a whole in a 329 229 vote and sent it to the country s Senate 23 The majority of the ruling Socialist Party voted in favor of the bill only four of its members voted no while the majority of the opposition party UMP voted against it only two of its members voted yes 24 On 4 April 2013 the Senate started the debate on the bill and five days later approved its first article in a 179 157 vote 25 On 12 April the Senate approved the bill with minor amendments which were accepted by the National Assembly on 23 April 1 A challenge to the law by the conservative UMP party was filed with the Constitutional Council following the vote 26 27 On 17 May 2013 the Council ruled that the law is constitutional 28 On 18 May 2013 President Francois Hollande signed the bill into law 29 which was officially published the next day in the Journal Officiel 30 The first official same sex ceremony took place on 29 May in the city of Montpellier 31 Adoption and family planning editSame sex couples have been legally able to adopt children since May 2013 when the same sex marriage law took effect The first joint adoption by a same sex couple was announced on 18 October 2013 32 33 In April 2018 the Association of Gay and Lesbian Parents reported that only four same sex couples had been able to jointly adopt a child 34 and the Association of LGBT Families ADFH reported that some families were able to foster a French child and less than ten families were able to foster a foreign child 35 Between May 2013 and May 2019 10 same sex adoptions occurred in Paris 36 Lesbian couples used to not have access to assisted reproductive technology procreation medicalement assistee PMA as it would only be available to heterosexual couples A poll in 2012 showed that 51 of the French population supported allowing lesbian couples to access it 37 The French Socialist Party also supports it 38 In June 2017 a spokesperson for French President Emmanuel Macron stated that the government intends to legislate to allow assisted reproduction for lesbian couples This followed a report by an independent ethics panel in France which recommended that PMA law be revised to include lesbian couples and single people 39 40 In 2017 a poll indicated that 64 of the French people supported the extension of assisted reproduction to lesbian couples 41 In July 2018 MP Guillaume Chiche introduced a bill to legalise assisted reproduction for lesbian couples and single women 42 43 In June 2019 Prime Minister Edouard Philippe told the National Assembly that the legislation will be examined in the Assembly from the end of September 2019 44 45 46 47 The bill was adopted in its first reading by the National Assembly on 15 October 2019 by a vote of 359 114 48 49 It passed its second reading on 31 July 2020 by 60 votes to 37 the low turnout being due to most Assembly members having gone on summer holidays 50 51 The Senate approved the bill in first reading on 4 February 2020 by 153 votes to 143 with 45 abstentions 52 The proposal also foresees the state covering the cost of the assisted reproduction procedures for all women under 43 and allowing children born with donated sperm to find out their donor s identity when they reach the age of 18 The bill came into effect in September 2021 53 54 Up until 2015 France refused to recognise surrogate children as French citizens This left many such children in legal limbo On 5 July 2017 the Court of Cassation ruled that a child born to a surrogate abroad can be adopted by the partner of his or her biological father 55 That same year the Tribunal de grande instance de Paris granted French citizenship to twin boys born through surrogacy in Ontario Canada to a same sex couple both French citizens However it refused to register the children in the vital records In May 2019 the Court of Appeal of Paris reversed certain parts of the decision holding that the Canadian birth certificate must be recognised by the French state 56 In December 2019 the Court of Cassation ruled that foreign birth certificates that recognise same sex partners must be fully recognised in France 57 Discrimination protections editIn 1985 national legislation was enacted to prohibit sexual orientation based discrimination in employment housing and other public and private provisions of services and goods 3 In July 2012 the French Parliament added sexual identity to the protected grounds of discrimination in French law The phrase sexual identity was used synonymous with gender identity despite some criticism from ILGA Europe who nevertheless still considered it an important step 58 59 On 18 November 2016 a new law amended article 225 1 of the French Penal Code to replace sexual identity with gender identity 60 Chapter 2 of the Labour Code French Code du travail a reads as follows 61 No person may be excluded from a recruitment process or from access to an internship or a period of training in a company no employee may be sanctioned dismissed or subject to a discriminatory measure direct or indirect on account of origin gender morals sexual orientation gender identity age family situation or pregnancy genetic characteristics economic situation membership or non membership true or supposed to an ethnic group nation or race political opinions trade union or mutualist activities religious beliefs physical appearance last name place of residence health conditions loss of autonomy or disability or usage of a language other than French Discrimination in schools edit In March 2008 Xavier Darcos Minister of Education announced a policy fighting against all forms of discrimination including homophobia in schools It was one of 15 national priorities of education for the 2008 2009 school year The Federation Independante et Democratique Lyceenne FIDL Independent and Democratic Federation of High School Students the first high school student union in France has also launched campaigns against homophobia in schools and among young people In January 2019 the Ministry of Education launched a new campaign to tackle anti LGBT bullying in schools The campaign called Tous egaux tous allies All equal all allied helps students access services to report bullying established a helpline for students and staff to use and requires all French schools to provide guidance about LGBT issues The International Day Against Homophobia 17 May will also be a special day to promote actions of sensitisation 62 63 In February 2019 it was reported that France uses the words parent 1 and parent 2 rather than mother and father on application forms to enroll children into schools This caused widespread outrage among conservatives in France despite both same sex marriage and LGBT adoption having been legal in the country for six years 64 In March 2019 Frederique Vidal Minister of Higher Education announced that she wanted all higher education institutions to use transgender people s preferred names including on student cards exam forms etc 65 Hate crime laws editOn 31 December 2004 the National Assembly approved an amendment to existing anti discrimination legislation making homophobic sexist racist xenophobic etc comments illegal The maximum penalty of a 45 000 fine and or 12 months imprisonment has been criticised by civil liberty groups such as Reporters Without Borders as a serious infringement on free speech But the conservative Chirac Government pointed to a rise in anti gay violence as justification for the measure Ironically an MP in Chirac s own UMP party Christian Vanneste became the first person to be convicted under the law in January 2006 although this conviction was later cancelled by the Court of Cassation after a refused appeal 66 The law of December 2004 created the Haute autorite de lutte contre les discriminations et pour l egalite High Authority against Discrimination and for Equality Title 3 and articles 20 and 21 of the law amended the Law on the Freedom of the Press of 29 July 1881 to make provisions for more specific offenses including injury defamation insult incitement to hatred or violence or discrimination against a person or group of persons because of their gender sexual orientation or disability When a physical assault or murder is motivated by the sexual orientation of the victim the law increases the penalties that are normally given In October 2018 after a rise in a series of homophobic attacks President Emmanuel Macron denounced the homophobic violence as being unworthy of France announcing future concrete measures He tweeted Homophobic violence must be a concern for our entire society They are unworthy of France Concrete measures will be announced but they cannot replace humanity and tolerance which are at the heart of our culture without specifying the content of these future measures 67 68 69 A report released on 16 May 2020 right before the International Day Against Homophobia Transphobia and Biphobia showed that homophobic and transphobic attacks and insults rose by 36 in 2019 Police identified around 1 870 victims of transphobic and homophobic attacks In 2018 the figures were around 1 380 70 Transgender rights edit nbsp Transgender rights protest Paris 2005 In 2010 France removed gender identity disorder as a diagnosis by decree 71 72 73 but according to French transgender rights organizations beyond the impact of the announcement itself nothing changed 74 Transsexualism is part of the ALD 31 fr and treatment is funded by Securite Sociale 75 Discrimination on the basis of sexual identity has been banned since 2012 58 59 In 2016 the term sexual identity was replaced by gender identity 60 On 6 November 2015 a bill to allow transgender people to legally change their gender without the need for sex reassignment surgery and forced sterilisation was approved by the French Senate 76 On 24 May 2016 the National Assembly approved the bill 76 77 78 MP Pascale Crozon who introduced the bill reminded MPs before the vote about the long uncertain and humiliating procedures by which transgender people must go through to change their gender on vital records Due to differing texts a joint session was established On 12 July 2016 the National Assembly approved a modified version of the bill which maintained the provisions outlawing psychiatrist certificates and proofs of sex reassignment surgery while also dropping the original bill s provision of allowing self certification of gender 79 On 28 September the French Senate discussed the bill 80 The National Assembly then met on 12 October in a plenary session to approve the bill once more and rejected amendments proposed by the Senate which would have required proof of medical treatment 81 82 On 17 November the Constitutional Council ruled that the bill is constitutional 83 84 It was signed by the President on 18 November 2016 published in the Journal Officiel the next day 85 and took effect on 1 January 2017 86 While no longer requiring proof of surgery or medical interventions transgender people need to go before a court in order to have their gender marker changed 65 Changing the first name can be also done by registry office In 2017 transphobia became a cause of aggravation for all crimes that can be punished by prison 87 In 2022 a court of appeal ruled that a transgender woman should be considered the mother of the child she conceived with her partner before her sex change 88 Healthcare edit A report published in 2022 by ILGA Europe found significant issues with the provision of gender affirming healthcare in France including lack of self determination extended waiting times and inequitable access depending on location 89 The report recommended implementing a system based on informed consent and self determination The French Academie Nationale de Medecine or National Academy of Medicine has characterized the rise in trans people seeking treatment as an epidemic like phenomenon and a primarily social problem and has advised extreme caution on allowing access to such treatments 90 DILCRAH controversy edit In 2022 it was revealed that the president of the scientific committee for the French Interministerial Delegation for the Fight Against Racism Anti Semitism and Anti LGBT Hatred DILCRAH fr was a member of the anti trans group L Observatoire de la Petite Sirene The Little Mermaid Observatory fr a group which had previous referred to gender affirming healthcare as mutilation 89 91 One DILCRAH scientific committee member resigned over the controversy while the committee president himself publicly stepped away from The Observatory Intersex rights editMain article Intersex rights in France Intersex people in France have some of the same rights as other people but with significant gaps in protection from non consensual medical interventions and protection from discrimination In response to pressure from intersex activists and recommendations by United Nations Treaty Bodies the Senate published an inquiry into the treatment of intersex people in February 2017 A legal challenge by Gaetan Schmitt to obtain neutral sex sexe neutre classification was rejected by the Court of Cassation in May 2017 92 93 On 17 March 2017 the President of the Republic Francois Hollande described medical interventions to make the bodies of intersex children more typically male or female as increasingly considered to be mutilations 94 Conversion therapy editConversion therapy has a negative effect on the lives of LGBT people and can lead to low self esteem depression and suicidal ideation The pseudoscientific practice is believed to include electroconvulsive therapy exorcisms starvation or especially talk therapy A French survivor of a conversion therapy workshop described the practice as psychological rape The extent of the practice in France is unknown The association Le Refuge estimated that around 3 to 4 of its helpline calls dealt with the issue In summer 2019 MP Laurence Vanceunebrock Mialon announced her intention to introduce a proposal to the National Assembly in 2020 to prohibit the usage of such treatments Punishments would be two years imprisonment and or a fine of 30 000 euros 95 96 97 The bill to legally ban conversion therapy passed the Senate on 7 December 2020 It was concurred to by the National Assembly on 25 January 2022 and was officially published on 1 February 2022 98 99 100 101 Military service editLesbian gay bisexual and transgender individuals are allowed to serve openly in the French Armed Forces 102 103 Blood donation editA circulaire from the Directorate General of Health which dates back to 20 June 1983 at the height of the HIV epidemic banned men who have sex with men MSM from donating blood However it was recalled by a ministerial decree on 12 January 2009 104 On 3 April 2015 a deputy member of the UMP party Arnaud Richard presented an amendment against the exclusion of MSM which was eventually adopted later in the same month 105 In November 2015 Minister of Health Marisol Touraine announced that gay and bisexual men in France can donate blood after one year of abstinence from sex This policy was implemented and went into effect on 10 July 2016 106 107 In July 2019 Minister of Health Agnes Buzyn announced that the deferral period would be reduced to four months of abstinence from 2 April 2020 108 109 On 16 March 2022 France removed the four month deferral period policy on gay and bi men donating blood The new policy applies to all individuals regardless of sexual orientation 110 111 112 LGBT rights movement in France edit nbsp Gay pride parade in Toulouse in June 2011 nbsp Paris Pride is held annually at the end of June and attracts thousands of attendees nbsp Participants at the 2015 Marseille Pride parade See also LGBT social movements LGBT rights organisations in France include Act Up Paris SOS Homophobie Arcadie FHAR Front homosexuel d action revolutionnaire Gouines rouges GLH Groupe de liberation homosexuelle CUARH Comite d urgence anti repression homosexuelle L Association Trans Aide Trans Aid Association established in September 2004 and Bi Cause The first pride parade in France was held in Paris on 4 April 1981 at the Place Maubert It was organised by CUARH and saw the participation of around 10 000 people Paris Pride Marche des Fiertes de Paris is held annually in June Its turnout has increased significantly since the 1980s reaching around 100 000 participants in the late 1990s Its 2019 edition saw a turnout of 500 000 people 113 The event is the third largest in the city following the Paris Marathon and the Paris Techno Parade and includes about 60 associations various human rights groups political parties and several companies Outside Paris pride events are also held in numerous cities around the country including Rennes and Marseille which held their first in 1994 Nantes Montpellier and Toulouse organised their first pride festivals in 1995 followed by Lyon Lille Bordeaux Grenoble Cannes and Aix en Provence in 1996 Rouen Biarritz 114 Angers and Poitiers in 2000 and Caen and Strasbourg in 2001 Others including Auxerre Dijon Nice and Avignon also hold pride events 115 Public opinion editSee also Bill 344 Public reaction Paris Mayor Bertrand Delanoe publicly revealed his homosexuality in 1998 before his first election in 2001 In December 2006 an Ipsos MORI Eurobarometer survey showed that 62 of the French public supported same sex marriage while 37 were opposed 55 believed gay and lesbian couples should not have parenting rights while 44 believed same sex couples should be able to adopt 116 In June 2011 an Ifop poll found that 63 of respondents were in favour of same sex marriage while 58 supported adoption rights for same sex couples 4 In 2012 an Ifop poll showed that 90 of French perceived homosexuality like one way as another to live their sexuality 117 A 2013 Pew Research Center opinion survey showed that 77 of the French population believed homosexuality should be accepted by society while 22 believed it should not 5 Younger people were more accepting 81 of people between 18 and 29 believed it should be accepted 79 of people between 30 and 49 and 74 of people over 50 In May 2015 PlanetRomeo an LGBT social network published its first Gay Happiness Index GHI Gay men from over 120 countries were asked about how they feel about society s view on homosexuality how do they experience the way they are treated by other people and how satisfied are they with their lives France was ranked 21st just above South Africa and below Australia with a GHI score of 63 118 A 2017 Pew Research Center poll found that 73 of French people were in favour of same sex marriage while 23 were opposed 119 The 2019 Eurobarometer found that 79 of French respondents thought same sex marriage should be allowed throughout Europe 15 were against Additionally 85 believed gay lesbian and bisexual people should enjoy the same rights as heterosexual people 120 The 2023 Eurobarometer found that 79 of French people thought same sex marriage should be allowed throughout Europe and 84 agreed that there is nothing wrong in a sexual relationship between two persons of the same sex 121 Overseas departments and territories editSame sex marriage is legal in all of France s overseas departments and territories Despite this acceptance of homosexuality and same sex relationships tends to be lower than in metropolitan France as residents are in general more religious and religion plays a bigger role in public life Many of these societies are very family and tribe oriented where family honor is highly regarded In some of these territories homosexuality is occasionally perceived as foreign and practiced only by the white population 122 The first same sex marriages in Saint Martin and French Polynesia caused public demonstrations against such marriages 123 124 Ignorance about homosexuality can lead to violence and hatred or on the other hand curiosity A 2014 study showed that about 20 of Overseas residents saw homosexuality as a sexuality like any other compared to 77 in metropolitan France Nevertheless the 2013 same sex marriage law has resulted in increased discussion about the previously taboo and neglected topic LGBT people have gained notable visibility since 2013 125 Of the 27 overseas deputies in the French Parliament 11 2 from Mayotte 3 from Reunion 1 from French Guiana 1 from Guadeloupe 1 from Martinique 2 from New Caledonia and 1 from Saint Pierre and Miquelon voted in favor of same sex marriage 11 2 from Guadeloupe 3 from Martinique 3 from French Polynesia 2 from Reunion and 1 from Saint Martin and Saint Barthelemy voted against 1 from French Guiana abstained and 3 1 each from Reunion Guadeloupe and Wallis and Futuna were not present during the vote 126 nbsp After the Caribbean Netherlands the French departments of Guadeloupe and Martinique and the overseas collectivities of Saint Martin and Saint Barthelemy are the second group of Caribbean islands to perform same sex weddings The group Let s go French Creole An Nou Alle is an LGBT organization active in the French Caribbean Other groups include AIDES Territoire Martinique KAP Caraibe Tjenbe Red Prevention and SAFE SXM originally from Sint Maarten Guadeloupe Martinique Saint Martin and Saint Barthelemy are famous internationally for their beaches and tourist attractions which include gay bars discos saunas and beaches 127 The first Caribbean Gay Pride was held in the Martinique city of Le Carbet in June 2017 Regarded as successful the event was attended by a few thousand people and included a beach party and musical dances 128 In addition Saint Barthelemy s reputation as an international celebrity tourist destination has resulted in a more open and relaxed social climate for LGBT people than the other French Caribbean territories 125 LGBT people in New Caledonia are widely accepted and enjoy a large nightlife and dating scene 129 This is much more notable in the South Province than the Kanak majority North Province or the Loyalty Islands According to a 2008 survey 65 of boys and 77 of girls in New Caledonia agreed with the statement homosexuals are people like everybody else However the Kanak people reported a lower acceptance In 2006 Lifou Island proposed a family code which sought to ban homosexuality and foresee punishments of eviction or lynching for LGBT people The proposal was not approved 125 Similarly Reunion is known for being welcoming to LGBT people and has been described as a gay friendly haven in Africa In 2007 the local tourism authorities launched a gay welcoming charter in tour operators hotels bars and restaurants There are famous gay beaches in Saint Leu and L Etang Sale 130 The association LGBT Reunion organised the island s first pride parade in October 2012 131 Mayotte on the other hand is overwhelmingly Muslim and possesses a strong Arab Bantu culture This heavily influences public perception of the LGBT community as there have been frequent reports of family rejections harassment and discrimination on the island Homosexuality is typically a taboo topic among the Mahorais and many LGBT people have chosen to move to neighbouring Reunion or to metropolitan France 122 Nevertheless the first same sex marriage in Mayotte the first in a majoritarily Muslim jurisdiction was performed in September 2013 with little fanfare 132 Mayotte has a long standing tradition of sarambavis which in Shimaore refers to men who choose the follow the law of women and thus dress act and behave as women and partake in traditional female activities In recent years the term has been used as an insult towards LGBT people 125 The gay scene is more limited in French Guiana though local LGBT people have reported a growing sense of acceptance which many attribute to French Guiana s closely knit families and communities 133 Homosexuality tends to be more taboo among the Amerindian and Bushinengue people where the pressure to conform and to marry a heterosexual partner is very strong Family and tribal honour are highly regarded in these cultures and those who bring shame to their families are typically ostracised 134 125 While French Polynesia tends to be more socially conservative it has become more accepting and tolerant of LGBT people in recent years In 2009 the first LGBT organization called Cousins Cousines was founded in the territory and the first LGBT event was also held that same year 135 Furthermore French Polynesian society has a long tradition of raising some boys as girls to play important domestic roles in communal life including dancing singing and house chores Such individuals are known as the mahu and are perceived by society as belonging to a third gender This is similar to the fa afafine of Samoa and the whakawahine of New Zealand Historically the mahu would hold important positions among nobles and unlike eunuchs were not castrated The Tahitian term rae rae on the other hand refers to modern day transsexuals who undergo medical operations to change gender Mahu and rae rae are not to be confused as the former is a cultural and traditional recognized Polynesian identity while the latter encompasses contemporary transgender identity 136 125 In Saint Pierre and Miquelon the gay scene is very limited due mostly to its small population Nonetheless homosexuality tends to be accepted and there is very little controversy surrounding the issue 137 138 In Wallis and Futuna like in other Polynesian nations the family holds a significant societal role Homosexuality is usually treated with indifference unless it adversely affects the family Wallis and Futuna like French Polynesia also has a traditional third gender population the fakafafine 139 The first same sex marriage in Wallis and Futuna was performed in 2016 125 Summary table editSame sex sexual activity legal nbsp Since 1791 Equal age of consent 15 nbsp Since 1982 Anti discrimination laws in employment nbsp Since 1985 Anti discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services nbsp Since 1985 Anti discrimination laws in all other areas incl indirect discrimination hate speech nbsp Since 2004 Anti discrimination laws concerning gender identity nbsp Since 2012 Same sex marriage nbsp Since 2013 Recognition of same sex unions nbsp Since 1999 Stepchild adoption by same sex couples nbsp Since 2013 Joint adoption by same sex couples nbsp Since 2013 Adoption by a single LGBT person nbsp Automatic parenthood on birth certificates for children of same sex couples nbsp Since 2021 for lesbian couples that have accessed IVF and for same sex couples who have had access to surrogacy abroad Not for surrogacy inside France LGBT people allowed to serve openly in the military nbsp Right to change legal gender nbsp Surgery and sterilization not required since 2016 Non binary gender recognition nbsp Access to IVF for lesbian couples nbsp Since 2021 Conversion therapy legally banned nbsp Since 2022 Homosexuality declassified as an illness nbsp Since 1981 Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples nbsp Since 1994 Surrogacy is illegal for all couples regardless of sexual orientation MSMs allowed to donate blood nbsp Since 2022 112 See also edit nbsp LGBT portal nbsp France portal Human rights in France Intersex rights in France LGBT history in France Same sex marriage in France Feminism in France LGBT culture in Paris LGBT rights in Europe LGBT rights in the European UnionNotes edit Occitan Code del trabalh Breton Kod al labour Corsican Codice di u travagliuReferences edit a b French parliament allows gay marriage despite protests Reuters 23 April 2013 The 203 Worst amp Safest Countries for LGBTQ Travel in 2023 Asher amp Lyric 5 June 2023 Retrieved 20 August 2023 a b c Rainbow Europe rainbow europe org a b Yagg Tetu com 24 January 2013 Archived from the original on 2 September 2011 Retrieved 21 November 2013 a b The 20 most and least gay friendly countries in the world GlobalPost 26 June 2013 Retrieved 21 November 2013 Willsher Kim 9 January 2024 Who is Gabriel Attal the French PM who climbed the ranks in record time The Guardian Archived from the original on 9 January 2024 Retrieved 9 January 2024 Paris The city of Proust and Piaf is a natural environment for a flourishin The Independent 17 September 2008 Retrieved 21 November 2013 Comment rejoindre l association Les Oublie e s de la Memoire Devoiretmemoire org Archived from the original on 11 October 2017 Retrieved 21 November 2013 Ordonnance 45 190 Loi n 74 631 du 5 juillet 1974 FIXANT A 18 ANS L AGE DE LA MAJORITE in French Legifrance Retrieved 21 November 2013 Fac simile JO du 05 08 1982 page 02502 in French Legifrance Retrieved 21 November 2013 Proceedings of the National assembly 2nd sitting of 20 December 1981 Fac simile JO du 27 11 1960 page 10603 in French Legifrance 27 November 1960 Retrieved 21 November 2013 Olivier Jablonski 1960 sous amendement Mirguet Semgai free fr Retrieved 21 November 2013 Constitution Du 4 Octobbre 1958 PDF Archives assemblee nationale fr Retrieved 21 November 2013 Loi n 80 1041 du 23 decembre 1980 RELATIVE A LA REPRESSION DU VIOL ET DE CERTAINS ATTENTATS AUX MOEURS in French Legifrance Retrieved 21 November 2013 1 Filiation et adoption couple homosexuel Avocat a Lille Roubaix www lebel avocats com French parliament rejects gay marriage bill China Daily 15 June 2011 Retrieved 21 November 2013 French parliament rejects same sex marriage bill France 24 Agence France Presse 14 June 2011 Retrieved 14 June 2011 Same sex marriage bill to be introduced in France this October Pinknews co uk 26 August 2012 Retrieved 21 November 2013 France s parliament approve gay marriage article BBC News 2 February 2013 France s parliament passes gay marriage bill World CBC News Cbc ca 12 February 2013 Retrieved 21 November 2013 Le projet de loi sur le mariage homosexuel adopte par l Assemblee Le Monde fr Lemonde fr 12 February 2013 Retrieved 21 November 2013 Le Senat adopte l article qui ouvre le mariage aux homosexuels Le Monde fr 10 April 2013 via Le Monde France gay marriage faces constitution threat but activists upbeat Gay Star News 25 April 2013 Archived from the original on 15 January 2016 Retrieved 15 May 2013 French lawmakers approve same sex marriage bill CNN International 24 April 2013 Retrieved 6 May 2013 Communique de presse 2013 669 DC Loi ouvrant le mariage aux couples de personnes de meme sexe Constitutional Council of France retrieved on 17 May 2013 Hugh Schofield 18 May 2013 BBC News France gay marriage Hollande signs bill into law Bbc co uk Retrieved 21 November 2013 LOI n 2013 404 du 17 mai 2013 ouvrant le mariage aux couples de personnes de meme sexe Legifrance French couple ties the knot in first same sex wedding CNN Retrieved 21 November 2013 Sarah Begley 18 October 2013 First Gay Adoption Approved in France Time Time Magazine LeMonde fr 18 October 2013 Premiere adoption des enfants du conjoint dans une famille homoparentale First time adoption of stepchildren in a same sex family Le Monde fr Le Monde L adoption pour les couples homosexuels en France un parcours du combattant France Culture in French 23 April 2018 ENQUETE FRANCEINFO Les couples homosexuels ont le droit d adopter mais le peuvent ils vraiment France Info in French 23 April 2018 L adoption par les couples homosexuels a Paris va etre facilitee HuffPost in French 8 February 2019 Pour ou contre la procreation medicalement assistee dans la loi autorisant le mariage homosexuel Marie Claire La PMA victime de l opposition au mariage homosexuel Le Monde fr 25 April 2013 via Le Monde France to legislate on assisted reproduction spokesman Reuters 28 June 2017 France eyes legalizing assisted reproduction for gay women in 2018 Reuters 12 September 2017 PMA pour toutes les Francais largement favorables 26 September 2017 Retrieved 27 May 2018 PMA pour toutes Un depute LREM annonce une proposition de loi Ouest France fr 15 July 2018 PMA pour toutes un depute LREM espere une adoption avant la fin 2018 Atlantico fr 15 July 2018 Chrisafis Angelique 12 June 2019 France to end ban on IVF for lesbian couples and single women The Guardian Fin du suspense pour la PMA pour toutes examinee fin septembre France 24 in French 12 June 2019 Mateus Christine 12 June 2019 La PMA pour toutes les femmes examinee au Parlement en septembre Le Parisien in French Nationale Assemblee Bioethique Assemblee nationale in French Retrieved 29 October 2022 France l Assemblee nationale vote en faveur de la PMA pour toutes euronews in French 27 September 2019 France OKs bill legalizing IVF for lesbians single women ABC News 15 October 2019 PMA pour toutes l Assemblee adopte a loi bioethique en deuxieme lecture Le Parisien in French 1 August 2020 Coronavirus la loi sur la PMA pour toutes ne sera pas adoptee avant cet ete France Bleu in French 22 May 2020 Le projet de loi de bioethique et l ouverture de la PMA adoptes de justesse au Senat Le Monde in French 4 February 2020 Bradpiece Sam Vanier Cyril 2 October 2021 France has legalized fertility treatments for lesbian and single women A sperm shortage may slow things down CNN Retrieved 10 January 2022 La PMA pour toutes les femmes est desormais autorisee en France Gouvernement francais in French 30 September 2021 French high court grants new rights to gay parents France 24 5 July 2017 Retrieved 27 May 2018 Chatelin Marion 3 June 2019 Une premiere historique pour la reconnaissance en France des enfants nes par GPA a l etranger Tetu in French Mercredi 18 decembre 2019 Arret n 1111 et Arret n 1112 PDF courtdecassation fr in French Archived from the original PDF on 3 August 2020 Retrieved 23 May 2020 a b France adds sexual identity to the protected grounds of discrimination Latest news News Home ilga ILGA Europe Archived from the original on 3 February 2014 Retrieved 21 November 2013 a b Le Corre Maelle 25 July 2012 L identite sexuelle devient un motif de discrimination dans le code penal in French Yagg a b LOI n 2016 1547 du 18 novembre 2016 de modernisation de la justice du XXIe siecle 18 November 2016 retrieved 5 November 2017 Code du travail legifrance gouv fr in French Contre l homophobie et la transphobie a l Ecole Ministere de l Education Nationale et de la Jeunesse France combats anti LGBT bullying with new school campaign PinkNews 28 January 2019 Mother and Father banned from French school documents 18 February 2019 a b Le gouvernement veut que les personnes trans puissent utiliser leur prenom d usage a l universite 20minutes in French 29 March 2019 Cour de cassation criminelle Chambre criminelle 12 novembre 2008 07 83 398 Publie au bulletin in French Legifrance Retrieved 21 November 2013 Agressions homophobes des violences indignes de la France pour Macron 20 Minutes in French 29 October 2018 Homophobie denoncant des violences indignes Emmanuel Macron annonce des mesures concretes Liberation in French 29 October 2018 Archived from the original on 22 November 2018 Retrieved 21 November 2018 Macron juge les violences homophobes indignes de la France Europe 1 in French 29 October 2018 Homophobic crimes rise by more than a third in France The Guardian 17 May 2020 Retrieved 17 May 2020 France Transsexualism will no longer be classified as a mental illness in France News Welcome to the ILGA Trans Secretariat Trans ilga ILGA Trans ilga org 16 May 2009 Archived from the original on 10 September 2013 Retrieved 21 November 2013 Atwill Nicole 17 February 2010 France Gender Identity Disorder Dropped from List of Mental Illnesses Global Legal Monitor www loc gov Archived from the original on 11 May 2017 Retrieved 18 October 2017 La transsexualite ne sera plus classee comme affectation psychiatrique Le Monde 16 May 2009 Archived from the original on 26 February 2018 Retrieved 14 March 2018 La France est tres en retard dans la prise en charge des transsexuels Liberation in French 17 May 2011 Archived from the original on 30 November 2014 En realite ce decret n a ete rien d autre qu un coup mediatique un tres bel effet d annonce Sur le terrain rien n a change Qu est ce qu une affection de longue duree Ameli fr Archived from the original on 22 November 2013 Retrieved 21 November 2013 a b AMENDEMENT N 282 Assemblee Nationale Retrieved 4 June 2016 Le Corre Maelle 19 May 2016 L Assemblee nationale adopte l amendement visant a faciliter le changement d etat civil pour les personnes trans in French Yagg Transsexuels simplification du changement d etat civil votee par l Assemblee nationale Retrieved 27 May 2018 Fae Jane 13 July 2016 Transgender people win major victory in France Gay Star News Archived from the original on 2 August 2017 Retrieved 22 July 2016 Seance du 28 septembre 2016 compte rendu integral des debats www senat fr It s official France adopts a new legal gender recognition procedure ILGA Europe ilga europe org Archived from the original on 2 August 2017 Retrieved 27 May 2018 Assemblee nationale Premiere seance du mercredi 12 octobre 2016 www assemblee nationale fr Decision n 2016 739 DC du 17 novembre 2016 Archived from the original on 23 November 2016 Le Conseil constitutionnel valide le projet de loi J21 justice gouv fr LOI n 2016 1547 du 18 novembre 2016 de modernisation de la justice du XXIe siecle Legifrance J21 La loi de modernisation de la Justice entre en vigueur justice gouv fr LOI n 2017 86 du 27 janvier 2017 relative a l egalite et a la citoyennete 1 Article 171 Legifrance www legifrance gouv fr Retrieved 21 July 2019 French court recognises transgender woman as the mother of her child RFI 10 February 2022 Retrieved 31 May 2022 a b 2023 Annual Review of the Human Rights Situation of Lesbian Gay Bisexual Trans and Iintersex People in Europe and Central Asia PDF ILGA Europe Medicine and gender transidentity in children and adolescents Mineurs trans Des groupuscules conservateurs passent a l offensive Mallaval Catherine 4 May 2017 La Cour de cassation refuse la mention sexe neutre pour un intersexe Liberation in French Cavelier Jeanne 21 March 2017 Vincent Guillot Il faut cesser les mutilations des enfants intersexes en France Le Monde fr ISSN 1950 6244 Retrieved 24 March 2017 Ballet Virginie 17 March 2017 Hollande prone l interdiction des chirurgies sur les enfants intersexes Liberation LGBT les therapies de conversion ces pratiques bientot interdites en France LCI in French 3 September 2019 Eau benite electrochocs Le projet de loi interdisant les therapies de conversion en France attendu pour 2020 BFM TV in French 12 September 2019 Pratiques pretendant modifier l orientation sexuelle ou l identite de genre d une personne Assemblee Nationale in French Retrieved 23 May 2020 France s parliament has voted to ban gay conversion practices SBS News Retrieved 1 February 2022 France moves closer to banning so called gay conversion therapy euronews 6 October 2021 Retrieved 1 February 2022 Nationale Assemblee Interdiction des pratiques visant a modifier l orientation sexuelle ou l identite de genre d une personne Assemblee nationale in French Retrieved 22 April 2022 France Passed Law To Protect LGBTQ People From Conversion Therapy LQIOO 3 February 2022 Retrieved 24 February 2023 Countries that Allow Military Service by Openly Gay People PDF Archived from the original PDF on 26 October 2016 Retrieved 27 May 2018 Une militaire transgenre doit prouver son changement de sexe irreversible Liberation fr 11 October 2010 Ministerial decree of 2009 Jan 12th fixing blood donor selection criteria Retrieved 27 May 2018 Les homosexuels pourront donner leur sang c est un symbole fort 4 April 2015 Retrieved 27 May 2018 France to lift ban on gay men giving blood health minister says ABC News Australian Broadcasting Corporation ABC News 4 November 2015 Retrieved 27 May 2018 Susannah Cullinane Saskya Vandoorne 4 November 2015 France lifts ban on gay men as blood donors CNN Retrieved 27 May 2018 France to end 12 month gay blood donation ban Gay Star News 17 July 2019 Archived from the original on 28 December 2021 Retrieved 17 July 2019 Felix Eric 2 April 2020 Don du sang autorisation pour homosexuels et bisexuels sous condition de quatre mois d abstinence sexuelle franceinfo in French Migdon Brooke 12 January 2022 Gay men will soon be able to give blood in France TheHill Retrieved 1 February 2022 France lifts absurd barrier to gay men giving blood The Local France 12 January 2022 Retrieved 1 February 2022 a b Bollinger Alex France ends ban on gay amp bisexual male blood donors LGBTQ Nation Retrieved 1 February 2022 Des dizaines de milliers de personnes defilent a Paris pour la Marche des fiertes France24 in French 29 June 2019 Gay Pride de Biarritz mygayprides com in French Le Gay Cirkus cherche sa place dans la Cite des papes laprovence com in French 28 June 2009 French Public Endorse Gay Marriage 365gay com 14 December 2006 Archived from the original on 8 January 2007 Retrieved 12 November 2009 Les Francais et la perception de l homosexualite PDF Archived from the original PDF on 24 September 2015 Retrieved 27 May 2018 The Gay Happiness Index The very first worldwide country ranking based on the input of 115 000 gay men Planet Romeo Religion and society Pew Research Center 29 May 2018 Eurobarometer on Discrimination 2019 The social acceptance of LGBTI people in the EU TNS European Commission p 2 Retrieved 23 September 2019 Discrimination in the EU sp535 volumeA xlsx QB15 2 and QB15 3 xls data europa eu 22 December 2023 Retrieved 29 December 2023 a b La haine anti LGBT plus virulente en Outre mer que dans l Hexagone selon un rapport LExpress fr 19 June 2018 Polynesie francaise le premier mariage gay derange Egalite amp Reconciliation fr Saint Martin Un premier mariage gay pour la presque Friendly Island 14 October 2013 a b c d e f g Nationale Assemblee Rapport d information depose par la delegation aux outre mer sur la lutte contre les discriminations anti LGBT dans les outre mer M Raphael Gerard M Gabriel Serville et Mme Laurence Vanceunebrock Assemblee nationale Mariage pour tous le vote des deputes d Outre mer Outre mer la 1ere Gay Life in French West Indies Gaudeloupe Martinique Saint Barts Saint Martin GlobalGayz www globalgayz com La Gay Pride attire des adeptes et des curieux Martinique la 1ere Practical Information Gay friendly destination www newcaledonia travel Reunion a gay friendly stop in the Indian Ocean misterb amp b www misterbandb com La Reunion la premiere Marche pour l egalite et la legalite aura lieu samedi 18 October 2012 Mayotte premier mariage gay celebre BFMTV Mariage pour tous la Guyane semble plus tolerante Guyane la 1ere En Guyane la souffrance de jeunes LGBT rejetes par leur famille Le Monde fr 19 June 2018 via Le Monde Tahiti decouvre l homosexualite We are all made of stars Stip E 2015 RaeRae and Mahu third polynesian gender Sante Mentale au Quebec 40 3 193 208 doi 10 7202 1034918ar PMID 26966855 Vivre gay a Wallis et Futuna sur VoyageForum com VoyageForum com Premier mariage pour tous celebre a la Mairie de Saint Pierre PDF Archived from the original PDF on 11 September 2017 Retrieved 31 August 2018 Marmouch Maroua 15 December 2017 Migration urbanisation et emergence des transgenres wallisiennes dans la ville de Noumea Journal de la Societe des Oceanistes 144 145 185 194 doi 10 4000 jso 7822 via journals openedition org nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to LGBT rights in France Further reading editClaudina Richards The Legal Recognition of Same Sex Couples The French Perspective The International and Comparative Law Quarterly Vol 51 No 2 Apr 2002 pp 305 324 Gunther Scott Eric 2009 The Elastic Closet A History of Homosexuality in France 1942 present New York Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978 0 230 59510 1 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title LGBT rights in France amp oldid 1213904264, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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