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Puyŏ languages

January 01, 1970

The Puyŏ (Korean: 부여; RR: Buyeo; MR: Puyŏ; Chinese: 扶餘; pinyin: Fúyú) or Puyo-Koguryoic languages are four languages of northern Korea and eastern Manchuria mentioned in ancient Chinese sources. The languages of Buyeo, Goguryeo, Dongye and Okjeo were said to be similar to one another but different from the language of the Yilou to the north (believed on non-linguistic grounds to be Tungusic).[2] Other sources suggest that the ruling class of Baekje may have spoken a Puyŏ language.[3]

Puyŏ
Puyo-Koguryoic
Geographic
distribution		Korean peninsula, Manchuria
Linguistic classificationKoreanic ?
  • Puyŏ
Subdivisions
GlottologNone
Chinese commanderies (in purple) and their eastern neighbours mentioned in the Records of the Three Kingdoms[1]

The Puyŏ languages are very poorly attested,[4][5] and their affiliation is unclear.[6][7] However, most researchers in Korea assume that Puyŏ is a branch of the Koreanic language family.[8][9] Other researchers hold a range of views on the affiliation of the Goguryeo language: that the evidence is insufficient to classify it,[7] that it was Japonic,[10] that it was Tungusic,[6] or that was the ancestor of Korean that subsequently spread to the south of the peninsula.[11][12]

Puyŏ and Han languages edit

Further information: Han languages

Chinese histories provide the only contemporaneous descriptions of peoples of the Korean peninsula and eastern Manchuria in the early centuries of the common era.[13] They contain impressionistic remarks about the languages of the area based on second-hand reports, and sometimes contradict one another.[14]

Chapter 30 "Description of the Eastern Barbarians" of the Records of the Three Kingdoms records a survey carried out by the Chinese state of Wei after their defeat of Goguryeo in 244. The report states that the languages of Buyeo, Goguryeo and Ye were similar, and that the language of Okjeo was only slightly different from them.[15] The same text records that the language of the Yilou to the north differed from that of Buyeo and Goguryeo. Chapter 94 of the History of the Northern Dynasties (compiled in 659) states that the language of the Mohe in the same area was different from that of Goguryeo. These languages are completely unattested, but are believed, on the basis of their location and the description of the people, to have been Tungusic.[16]

The "Description of the Eastern Barbarians" also describes the Samhan ('three Han') in the southern part of the Korean peninsula as culturally significantly different from the northern peoples.[16] Based on this text, Lee Ki-Moon divided the languages spoken on the Korean peninsula at that time into Puyŏ and Han groups.[17] Lee originally proposed that these were two branches of a Koreanic language family, a view that was widely adopted by scholars in Korea.[18][a] He later argued that the Puyŏ languages were intermediate between Korean and Japanese.[3]

The Book of Liang (635) states that the language of Baekje was the same as that of Goguryeo.[3] According to Korean traditional history, the kingdom of Baekje was founded by immigrants from Goguryeo who took over the Mahan confederacy.[19] Based on a passage in the Book of Zhou (636) and some Baekje words cited in the Japanese history Nihon Shoki (720), Kōno Rokurō argued that the kingdom of Baekje was bilingual, with the gentry speaking a Puyŏ language and the common people a Han language.[20][21]

Christopher Beckwith claimed that the Puyŏ languages (which he called Koguryoic) were most closely related to Japanese.[10] Beckwith's work has been criticized on both linguistic and historical grounds, though the former presence of Japonic languages on the Korean peninsula is widely accepted.[22][23][24] Some authors believe that the Puyŏ languages belong to the Tungusic family.[6][25] Others believe that there is insufficient evidence to support a classification.[7]

Alexander Vovin and James Marshall Unger argue that Goguryeo brought an early form of the Korean language to the peninsula from Manchuria, replacing the Japonic languages which they believe were spoken in the Samhan.[11][12]

Linguistic data edit

See also: Placename glosses in the Samguk sagi

There is no evidence of the languages of Buyeo, Okjeo or Ye, but Goguryeo became a powerful kingdom, conquering much of central Korea before it was destroyed by the armies of Silla and the Chinese Tang dynasty in the late 7th century.[16] The Korean history Samguk sagi contains glosses of placenames from Goguryeo, but these are difficult to interpret, and many scholars also doubt that they reflect the language of Goguryeo.[26] Other evidence of the Goguryeo language is extremely meagre.

Chapter 37 of the Samguk sagi (compiled in 1145) contains a list of pronunciations and meanings of placenames in the former kingdom of Goguryeo. Both are recorded in Chinese characters, making their pronunciations difficult to interpret, but different names appear to resemble Korean, Japonic and Tungusic words.[27][28] Other authors point out that most of the place names come from central Korea, an area captured by Goguryeo from Baekje and other states in the 5th century, and none from the historical homeland of Goguryeo north of the Taedong River.[29] These authors suggest that the place names reflect the languages of those states rather than that of Goguryeo.[30][31] This would explain why they seem to reflect multiple language groups.[32] It is generally agreed that these glosses demonstrate that Japonic languages were once spoken in part of the Korean peninsula, but there is no consensus on the identity of the speakers.[26]

A small number of inscriptions have been found in Goguryeo, the earliest being the Gwanggaeto Stele (erected in Ji'an in 414). All are written in Chinese, but feature some irregularities that reflect the native language of their authors. These include occasional use of object–verb order (as found in Korean) instead of the usual Chinese verb–object order, and particles 之 and 伊, for which some authors have proposed Korean interpretations.[33][34]

Chinese texts such as the Book of Wei (6th century) contain a few Goguryeo words, which appear to have Korean etymologies.[35] The Jurchen and Manchu languages contain loanwords that appear to be Korean; Alexander Vovin proposes Goguryeo as the likely source.[36]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Kim Nam-Kil describes Puyŏ and Han as two dialects of the ancient Korean language.[9]

References edit

  1. ^ Shin (2014), pp. 16, 19.
  2. ^ Lee & Ramsey (2011), pp. 34–35.
  3. ^ a b c Lee & Ramsey (2011), p. 44.
  4. ^ Lee & Ramsey (2011), pp. 35, 43–44.
  5. ^ Tranter (2012), p. 5.
  6. ^ a b c Sohn (1999), p. 39.
  7. ^ a b c Georg (2017), p. 151.
  8. ^ Lee & Ramsey (2011), p. 43, 48.
  9. ^ a b Kim (2009), p. 766.
  10. ^ a b Beckwith (2004), pp. 27–28.
  11. ^ a b Vovin (2013), pp. 237–238.
  12. ^ a b Unger (2009), p. 87.
  13. ^ Lee & Ramsey (2011), p. 31.
  14. ^ Lee & Ramsey (2011), p. 36.
  15. ^ Lee & Ramsey (2011), p. 34.
  16. ^ a b c Lee & Ramsey (2011), p. 35.
  17. ^ Lee & Ramsey (2011), pp. 34–36.
  18. ^ Whitman (2013), pp. 249–250.
  19. ^ Sohn (1999), p. 38.
  20. ^ Vovin (2005), p. 119.
  21. ^ Kōno (1987), pp. 84–85.
  22. ^ Pellard (2005), pp. 168–169.
  23. ^ Unger (2009), pp. 74–80.
  24. ^ Byington (2006), pp. 147–164.
  25. ^ Beckwith (2004), p. 19.
  26. ^ a b Whitman (2011), p. 154.
  27. ^ Lee & Ramsey (2011), pp. 37–44.
  28. ^ Itabashi (2003).
  29. ^ Lee & Ramsey (2011), pp. 40–41.
  30. ^ Lee & Ramsey (2011), p. 40.
  31. ^ Toh (2005), pp. 23–26.
  32. ^ Whitman (2013), pp. 251–252.
  33. ^ Vovin (2005), pp. 117–119.
  34. ^ Nam (2012), p. 42.
  35. ^ Vovin (2013), pp. 228–232.
  36. ^ Vovin (2013), pp. 224–226, 232.

Works cited edit

  • Beckwith, Christopher I. (2004), Koguryo, the Language of Japan's Continental Relatives, Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-13949-7.
  • Byington, Mark E. (2006), "Christopher I. Beckwith—Koguryo, the Language of Japan's Continental Relatives (Leiden: Brill, 2004)", Acta Koreana, 9 (1): 141–166.
  • Georg, Stefan (2017), "Other isolated languages of Asia", in Campbell, Lyle (ed.), Language Isolates, Routledge, pp. 139–161, ISBN 978-1-317-61090-8.
  • Itabashi, Yoshizo (2003), "Kōkuri no chimei kara Kōkurigo to Chōsengo/Nihongo to no shiteki kankei wo saguru" 高句麗の地名から高句麗語と朝鮮語・日本語との史的関係をさぐる [A study of the historical relationship of the Koguryo language, the Old Japanese language, and the Middle Korean language on the basis of fragmentary glosses preserved as place names in the Samguk sagi], in Vovin, Alexander; Osada, Toshiki (eds.), Nihongo keitoron no genzai 日本語系統論の現在 [Perspectives on the Origins of the Japanese Language] (in Japanese), vol. 31, Kyoto: International Center for Japanese Studies, pp. 131–185, doi:10.15055/00005276.
  • Kim, Nam-Kil (2009), "Korean", in Comrie, Bernard (ed.), The World's Major Languages (2nd ed.), London: Routledge, pp. 765–779, ISBN 978-0-415-35339-7.
  • Kōno, Rokurō (1987), "The bilingualism of the Paekche language", Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko, 45: 75–86.
  • Lee, Ki-Moon; Ramsey, S. Robert (2011), A History of the Korean Language, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-139-49448-9.
  • Nam, Pung-hyun (2012), "Old Korean", in Tranter, Nicolas (ed.), The Languages of Japan and Korea, Routledge, pp. 41–72, ISBN 978-0-415-46287-7.
  • Pellard, Thomas (2005), "Koguryo, the Language of Japan's Continental Relatives: An Introduction to the Historical-Comparative Study of the Japanese-Koguryoic Languages with a Preliminary Description of Archaic Northeastern Middle Chinese By Christopher I. Beckwith", Korean Studies, 29: 167–170, doi:10.1353/ks.2006.0008.
  • Shin, Michael D., ed. (2014), Korean History in Maps, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-107-09846-6.
  • Sohn, Ho-Min (1999), The Korean Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-36123-1.
  • Toh, Soo Hee (2005), "About Early Paekche language mistaken as being Koguryŏ language", Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies, 2 (2): 13–31.
  • Tranter, Nicholas (2012), "Introduction: typology and area in Japan and Korea", in Tranter, Nicolas (ed.), The Languages of Japan and Korea, Routledge, pp. 3–23, ISBN 978-0-415-46287-7.
  • Unger, J. Marshall (2009), The role of contact in the origins of the Japanese and Korean languages, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 978-0-8248-3279-7.
  • Vovin, Alexander (2005), "Koguryŏ and Paekche: different languages or dialects of Old Korean?", Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies, 2 (2): 107–140.
  • ——— (2013), "From Koguryo to Tamna: Slowly riding to the South with speakers of Proto-Korean", Korean Linguistics, 15 (2): 222–240, doi:10.1075/kl.15.2.03vov.
  • Whitman, John (2011), "Northeast Asian Linguistic Ecology and the Advent of Rice Agriculture in Korea and Japan", Rice, 4 (3–4): 149–158, doi:10.1007/s12284-011-9080-0.
  • ——— (2013), "A History of the Korean Language, by Ki-Moon Lee and Robert Ramsey", Korean Linguistics, 15 (2): 246–260, doi:10.1075/kl.15.2.05whi.

January 01, 1970
puyŏ, languages, puyŏ, korean, 부여, buyeo, puyŏ, chinese, 扶餘, pinyin, fúyú, puyo, koguryoic, languages, four, languages, northern, korea, eastern, manchuria, mentioned, ancient, chinese, sources, languages, buyeo, goguryeo, dongye, okjeo, were, said, similar, a. The Puyŏ Korean 부여 RR Buyeo MR Puyŏ Chinese 扶餘 pinyin Fuyu or Puyo Koguryoic languages are four languages of northern Korea and eastern Manchuria mentioned in ancient Chinese sources The languages of Buyeo Goguryeo Dongye and Okjeo were said to be similar to one another but different from the language of the Yilou to the north believed on non linguistic grounds to be Tungusic 2 Other sources suggest that the ruling class of Baekje may have spoken a Puyŏ language 3 PuyŏPuyo KoguryoicGeographicdistributionKorean peninsula ManchuriaLinguistic classificationKoreanic PuyŏSubdivisionsBuyeo Goguryeo Okjeo fr Ye Maek Baekje GlottologNoneChinese commanderies in purple and their eastern neighbours mentioned in the Records of the Three Kingdoms 1 The Puyŏ languages are very poorly attested 4 5 and their affiliation is unclear 6 7 However most researchers in Korea assume that Puyŏ is a branch of the Koreanic language family 8 9 Other researchers hold a range of views on the affiliation of the Goguryeo language that the evidence is insufficient to classify it 7 that it was Japonic 10 that it was Tungusic 6 or that was the ancestor of Korean that subsequently spread to the south of the peninsula 11 12 Contents 1 Puyŏ and Han languages 2 Linguistic data 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 5 1 Works citedPuyŏ and Han languages editFurther information Han languages Chinese histories provide the only contemporaneous descriptions of peoples of the Korean peninsula and eastern Manchuria in the early centuries of the common era 13 They contain impressionistic remarks about the languages of the area based on second hand reports and sometimes contradict one another 14 Chapter 30 Description of the Eastern Barbarians of the Records of the Three Kingdoms records a survey carried out by the Chinese state of Wei after their defeat of Goguryeo in 244 The report states that the languages of Buyeo Goguryeo and Ye were similar and that the language of Okjeo was only slightly different from them 15 The same text records that the language of the Yilou to the north differed from that of Buyeo and Goguryeo Chapter 94 of the History of the Northern Dynasties compiled in 659 states that the language of the Mohe in the same area was different from that of Goguryeo These languages are completely unattested but are believed on the basis of their location and the description of the people to have been Tungusic 16 The Description of the Eastern Barbarians also describes the Samhan three Han in the southern part of the Korean peninsula as culturally significantly different from the northern peoples 16 Based on this text Lee Ki Moon divided the languages spoken on the Korean peninsula at that time into Puyŏ and Han groups 17 Lee originally proposed that these were two branches of a Koreanic language family a view that was widely adopted by scholars in Korea 18 a He later argued that the Puyŏ languages were intermediate between Korean and Japanese 3 The Book of Liang 635 states that the language of Baekje was the same as that of Goguryeo 3 According to Korean traditional history the kingdom of Baekje was founded by immigrants from Goguryeo who took over the Mahan confederacy 19 Based on a passage in the Book of Zhou 636 and some Baekje words cited in the Japanese history Nihon Shoki 720 Kōno Rokurō argued that the kingdom of Baekje was bilingual with the gentry speaking a Puyŏ language and the common people a Han language 20 21 Christopher Beckwith claimed that the Puyŏ languages which he called Koguryoic were most closely related to Japanese 10 Beckwith s work has been criticized on both linguistic and historical grounds though the former presence of Japonic languages on the Korean peninsula is widely accepted 22 23 24 Some authors believe that the Puyŏ languages belong to the Tungusic family 6 25 Others believe that there is insufficient evidence to support a classification 7 Alexander Vovin and James Marshall Unger argue that Goguryeo brought an early form of the Korean language to the peninsula from Manchuria replacing the Japonic languages which they believe were spoken in the Samhan 11 12 Linguistic data editSee also Placename glosses in the Samguk sagi There is no evidence of the languages of Buyeo Okjeo or Ye but Goguryeo became a powerful kingdom conquering much of central Korea before it was destroyed by the armies of Silla and the Chinese Tang dynasty in the late 7th century 16 The Korean history Samguk sagi contains glosses of placenames from Goguryeo but these are difficult to interpret and many scholars also doubt that they reflect the language of Goguryeo 26 Other evidence of the Goguryeo language is extremely meagre Chapter 37 of the Samguk sagi compiled in 1145 contains a list of pronunciations and meanings of placenames in the former kingdom of Goguryeo Both are recorded in Chinese characters making their pronunciations difficult to interpret but different names appear to resemble Korean Japonic and Tungusic words 27 28 Other authors point out that most of the place names come from central Korea an area captured by Goguryeo from Baekje and other states in the 5th century and none from the historical homeland of Goguryeo north of the Taedong River 29 These authors suggest that the place names reflect the languages of those states rather than that of Goguryeo 30 31 This would explain why they seem to reflect multiple language groups 32 It is generally agreed that these glosses demonstrate that Japonic languages were once spoken in part of the Korean peninsula but there is no consensus on the identity of the speakers 26 A small number of inscriptions have been found in Goguryeo the earliest being the Gwanggaeto Stele erected in Ji an in 414 All are written in Chinese but feature some irregularities that reflect the native language of their authors These include occasional use of object verb order as found in Korean instead of the usual Chinese verb object order and particles 之 and 伊 for which some authors have proposed Korean interpretations 33 34 Chinese texts such as the Book of Wei 6th century contain a few Goguryeo words which appear to have Korean etymologies 35 The Jurchen and Manchu languages contain loanwords that appear to be Korean Alexander Vovin proposes Goguryeo as the likely source 36 See also editHistory of Korean Old Korean Peninsular JaponicNotes edit Kim Nam Kil describes Puyŏ and Han as two dialects of the ancient Korean language 9 References edit Shin 2014 pp 16 19 Lee amp Ramsey 2011 pp 34 35 a b c Lee amp Ramsey 2011 p 44 Lee amp Ramsey 2011 pp 35 43 44 Tranter 2012 p 5 a b c Sohn 1999 p 39 a b c Georg 2017 p 151 Lee amp Ramsey 2011 p 43 48 a b Kim 2009 p 766 a b Beckwith 2004 pp 27 28 a b Vovin 2013 pp 237 238 a b Unger 2009 p 87 Lee amp Ramsey 2011 p 31 Lee amp Ramsey 2011 p 36 Lee amp Ramsey 2011 p 34 a b c Lee amp Ramsey 2011 p 35 Lee amp Ramsey 2011 pp 34 36 Whitman 2013 pp 249 250 Sohn 1999 p 38 Vovin 2005 p 119 Kōno 1987 pp 84 85 Pellard 2005 pp 168 169 Unger 2009 pp 74 80 Byington 2006 pp 147 164 Beckwith 2004 p 19 a b Whitman 2011 p 154 Lee amp Ramsey 2011 pp 37 44 Itabashi 2003 Lee amp Ramsey 2011 pp 40 41 Lee amp Ramsey 2011 p 40 Toh 2005 pp 23 26 Whitman 2013 pp 251 252 Vovin 2005 pp 117 119 Nam 2012 p 42 Vovin 2013 pp 228 232 Vovin 2013 pp 224 226 232 Works cited edit Beckwith Christopher I 2004 Koguryo the Language of Japan s Continental Relatives Brill ISBN 978 90 04 13949 7 Byington Mark E 2006 Christopher I Beckwith Koguryo the Language of Japan s Continental Relatives Leiden Brill 2004 Acta Koreana 9 1 141 166 Georg Stefan 2017 Other isolated languages of Asia in Campbell Lyle ed Language Isolates Routledge pp 139 161 ISBN 978 1 317 61090 8 Itabashi Yoshizo 2003 Kōkuri no chimei kara Kōkurigo to Chōsengo Nihongo to no shiteki kankei wo saguru 高句麗の地名から高句麗語と朝鮮語 日本語との史的関係をさぐる A study of the historical relationship of the Koguryo language the Old Japanese language and the Middle Korean language on the basis of fragmentary glosses preserved as place names in the Samguk sagi in Vovin Alexander Osada Toshiki eds Nihongo keitoron no genzai 日本語系統論の現在 Perspectives on the Origins of the Japanese Language in Japanese vol 31 Kyoto International Center for Japanese Studies pp 131 185 doi 10 15055 00005276 Kim Nam Kil 2009 Korean in Comrie Bernard ed The World s Major Languages 2nd ed London Routledge pp 765 779 ISBN 978 0 415 35339 7 Kōno Rokurō 1987 The bilingualism of the Paekche language Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko 45 75 86 Lee Ki Moon Ramsey S Robert 2011 A History of the Korean Language Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 139 49448 9 Nam Pung hyun 2012 Old Korean in Tranter Nicolas ed The Languages of Japan and Korea Routledge pp 41 72 ISBN 978 0 415 46287 7 Pellard Thomas 2005 Koguryo the Language of Japan s Continental Relatives An Introduction to the Historical Comparative Study of the Japanese Koguryoic Languages with a Preliminary Description of Archaic Northeastern Middle Chinese By Christopher I Beckwith Korean Studies 29 167 170 doi 10 1353 ks 2006 0008 Shin Michael D ed 2014 Korean History in Maps Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 107 09846 6 Sohn Ho Min 1999 The Korean Language Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 36123 1 Toh Soo Hee 2005 About Early Paekche language mistaken as being Koguryŏ language Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies 2 2 13 31 Tranter Nicholas 2012 Introduction typology and area in Japan and Korea in Tranter Nicolas ed The Languages of Japan and Korea Routledge pp 3 23 ISBN 978 0 415 46287 7 Unger J Marshall 2009 The role of contact in the origins of the Japanese and Korean languages Honolulu University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 8248 3279 7 Vovin Alexander 2005 Koguryŏ and Paekche different languages or dialects of Old Korean Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies 2 2 107 140 2013 From Koguryo to Tamna Slowly riding to the South with speakers of Proto Korean Korean Linguistics 15 2 222 240 doi 10 1075 kl 15 2 03vov Whitman John 2011 Northeast Asian Linguistic Ecology and the Advent of Rice Agriculture in Korea and Japan Rice 4 3 4 149 158 doi 10 1007 s12284 011 9080 0 2013 A History of the Korean Language by Ki Moon Lee and Robert Ramsey Korean Linguistics 15 2 246 260 doi 10 1075 kl 15 2 05whi Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Puyŏ languages amp oldid 1219837088, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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