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Goguryeo language

April 08, 2024

The Goguryeo language, or Koguryoan, was the language of the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo (37 BCE – 668 CE), one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Early Chinese histories state that the language was similar to those of Buyeo, Okjeo and Ye. Lee Ki-Moon grouped these four as the Puyŏ languages. The histories also stated that these languages were different from those of the Yilou and Mohe. All of these languages are unattested except for Goguryeo, for which evidence is limited and controversial.[1]

Goguryeo
Koguryŏ
Native toGoguryeo, Balhae?
RegionManchuria, Korea
Extinct7th–10th century?
Koreanic?
Language codes
ISO 639-3zkg
Glottologkogu1234
The Three Kingdoms of Korea, with Goguryeo and Buyeo in blue (Kaya is not included in the Three Kingdoms)

The most cited evidence is a body of placename glosses in the Samguk sagi. Most researchers in Korea, assuming that the people of Goguryeo spoke a dialect of Old Korean, have treated these words as Korean, while other scholars have emphasized similarities with Japonic languages.[2] Lee and Ramsey suggest that the language was intermediate between the two families.[3] Other authors suggest that these placenames reflect the languages of other peoples in the part of central Korea captured by Goguryeo in the 5th century, rather than Goguryeo itself.

Other evidence is extremely sparse, and is limited to peculiarities in the Chinese language of Goguryeo inscriptions and a very few Goguryeo words glossed in Chinese texts. Vovin and Unger suggest that it was the original form of Koreanic, which subsequently replaced Japonic languages in the south of the peninsula.[4][5] Others maintain that it was Tungusic, or that there is insufficient evidence to establish its affiliation.

Descriptions in Chinese sources edit

 
Chinese commanderies (in purple) and their eastern neighbours mentioned in the Records of the Three Kingdoms[6]

Chinese histories provide the only contemporaneous descriptions of peoples of the Korean peninsula and eastern Manchuria in the early centuries of the common era.[7] They contain impressionistic remarks about the languages of the area based on second-hand reports, and sometimes contradict one another.[8] Later Korean histories, such as the Samguk sagi, do not describe the languages of the three kingdoms.[8]

The state of Buyeo, in the upper Songhua basin, was known to the Chinese from the 3rd century BCE.[9] Chapter 30 "Description of the Eastern Barbarians" of the Records of the Three Kingdoms records a survey carried out by the Chinese state of Wei after their defeat of Goguryeo in 244.[10] Another version of this report, likely from a common source, is found in chapter 85 of the Book of the Later Han (5th century).[10][11] The report states that the languages of Buyeo, Goguryeo and Ye were similar, and that the language of Okjeo was only slightly different from them.[10][12] Goguryeo, originally inhabiting the valley of the Hun River, believed themselves to be a southern offshoot of Buyeo. Over the next few centuries they would expand to rule much of eastern Manchuria and northern Korea.[9]

To the south of the Chinese Lelang Commandery lay the Samhan ('three Han'), Mahan, Byeonhan and Jinhan, who the Records of the Three Kingdoms described in quite different terms from Buyeo and Goguryeo.[13] Based on this text, Lee Ki-Moon divided the languages spoken on the Korean peninsula at that time into Puyŏ and Han groups.[14]

The same text states that the language of the Yilou to the northeast differed from that of Buyeo and Goguryeo. Chapter 94 of the History of the Northern Dynasties (compiled in 659) states that the language of the Mohe in the same area was different from that of Goguryeo. These languages are completely unattested, but are believed, on the basis of their location and the description of the people, to have been Tungusic.[13]

The Book of Liang (635) states that the language of Baekje was the same as that of Goguryeo.[3] According to Korean traditional history, the kingdom of Baekje was founded by immigrants from Goguryeo who took over Mahan.[15]

Placename glosses in the Samguk sagi edit

Main article: Placename glosses in the Samguk sagi
 
The Korean peninsula in the late 5th century

The most widely cited evidence for Goguryeo is chapter 37 of the Samguk sagi, a history of the Three Kingdoms period written in Classical Chinese and compiled in 1145 from earlier records that are no longer extant.[16] This chapter surveys the part of Goguryeo annexed by Silla, with entries like

七重縣一云難隱別

The phrase 一云 'one calls' separates two alternative names for a place. The first part, 七重縣, can be read in Chinese as 'seven-fold county', while 難隱別 is meaningless, and hence seems to use Chinese characters to represent the sound of the name. From other examples, scholars infer that 難隱 means 'seven' and 別 means '-fold, layer', while the 'county' part of the gloss is not represented.[17] In this way, a vocabulary of 80 to 100 words has been extracted from these place names.[18] Although the pronunciations recorded using Chinese characters are difficult to interpret, some of these words appear to resemble Koreanic, Japonic and Tungusic words.[19] It is generally agreed that these glosses demonstrate that Japonic languages were once spoken in part of the Korean peninsula, but there is no consensus on the identity of the speakers.[20]

Scholars who take these words as representing the language of Goguryeo have come to a range of conclusions about the language.[20] Most Korean scholars view it as a form of Old Korean and focus on Korean interpretations of the data.[21][22][23] In the early 20th century, Japanese scholars such as Naitō Konan and Shinmura Izuru pointed out similarities to Japanese, particularly in the only attested numerals, 3, 5, 7 and 10.[24][25] Beckwith proposed Japonic etymologies for most of the words, and argued that Koguryoan was Japonic.[26] Beckwith's linguistic analysis has been criticized for the ad hoc nature of his Chinese reconstructions, for his handling of Japonic material and for hasty rejection of possible cognates in other languages.[27][28] Lee and Ramsey argue that Koguryoan was somehow intermediate between Koreanic and Japonic.[2]

Other authors point out that most of the place names come from central Korea, an area captured by Goguryeo from Baekje and other states in the 5th century, and none from the historical homeland of Goguryeo north of the Taedong River.[29] By the 5th century, Goguryeo ruled a huge area encompassing many ethnic groups and languages.[30][31] These authors suggest that the place names reflect the languages of those states rather than that of Goguryeo.[32][33] This would explain why they seem to reflect multiple language groups.[34]

Other data edit

 
Goguryeo monument in Jungwon, Chungju

Other data on the language of Goguryeo is extremely sparse,[35] and its affiliation remains unclear.[36]

A small number of inscriptions have been found in Goguryeo territory, including the Gwanggaeto Stele (erected in Ji'an in 414), four inscriptions on the walls of Pyongyang Castle, and a stele in Jungwon, Chungju (590s).[37] All are written in Chinese, but some of them contain irregularities, including a few examples of object–verb order (as found in Korean and other northeast Asian languages) instead of the usual Chinese verb–object order, and some uses of the characters 之 and 伊, which some authors have connected to their use to represent Korean particles in later Idu texts from Unified Silla.[38][39]

Beckwith identified a dozen names of places and people in Chinese histories that he argued were Goguryeo words.[40] In his review of Beckwith's book, Byington criticized the historical basis of these identifications, as well as Beckwith's theories of Goguryeo origins in western Liaoning.[41]

Chinese histories contain a few glosses of Goguryeo words:

  • Chapter 30 of the Records of the Three Kingdoms (late 3rd century) states that 溝漊 (Eastern Han Chinese *koro, Middle Chinese kuw-luw) is the Goguryeo word for 'castle'.[42] Beckwith compared this word with Old Japanese kura 'storehouse'.[43] Alexander Vovin compared it with Middle Mongolian qoto-n and Manchu hoton 'fortified town', but with lenition of t as in Korean.[44]
  • Chapter 100 of the Book of Wei (mid-6th century) gives 謁奢 ʔjot-syæ 'big elder brother' and 太奢 thajH-syae 'little elder brother'. Vovin compared ʔjot with Late Middle Korean nyěys 'old' and thajH with an Early Middle Korean word 'small, young' transcribed as ʔæH-thwojH (亞退) in the Jilin leishi (1103–1104). The word syæ is closely matched by Old Japanese se 'elder brother', but this has a limited distribution in Japonic, and may be a loanword.[45]
  • The same chapter gives the name of Jumong, the legendary founder of Goguryeo, as 朱蒙 (Middle Chinese tsyu-muwng), glossed as 'good archer'. This name appears in the Gwanggaeto Stele as 鶵牟 (Eastern Han Chinese *dẓo-mu, Middle Chinese tsrhju-mjuw). Vovin compared the first syllable with Middle Korean tywǒh- 'be good', but was unable to identify a match for the second part.[4]
  • Chapter 41 of the Book of Zhou (early 7th century) gives 骨蘇 kwot-su 'ceremonial headgear', which Vovin compared with the first part of Middle Korean kwoskál 'ceremonial headgear'.[46]

Vovin also pointed to Koreanic loanwords in Jurchen and Manchu, and argued that the Goguryeo language was the ancestor of Koreanic, and spread southwards to replace the Japonic languages of the Samhan.[47] James Unger has proposed a similar model on historical grounds.[5]

Other authors suggest that the Goguryeo language was a Tungusic language.[48]Juha Janhunen argues for a Tungusic affiliation based on historical evidence that the Jurchens of the Jin dynasty and later the Manchus of the Qing dynasty that rose from the former territory of Goguryeo were Tungusic speakers.[49]

See also edit

References edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ Lee & Ramsey (2011), pp. 34–35.
  2. ^ a b Lee & Ramsey (2011), pp. 43–44.
  3. ^ a b Lee & Ramsey (2011), p. 44.
  4. ^ a b Vovin (2013), pp. 231–232.
  5. ^ a b Unger (2009), p. 87.
  6. ^ Shin (2014), pp. 16, 19.
  7. ^ Lee & Ramsey (2011), p. 31.
  8. ^ a b Lee & Ramsey (2011), p. 36.
  9. ^ a b Seth (2020), p. 20.
  10. ^ a b c Lee & Ramsey (2011), p. 34.
  11. ^ Gardiner (2012a), p. 24.
  12. ^ Gardiner (2012b), pp. 98, 108.
  13. ^ a b Lee & Ramsey (2011), p. 35.
  14. ^ Lee & Ramsey (2011), pp. 34–36.
  15. ^ Sohn (1999), p. 38.
  16. ^ Lee & Ramsey (2011), p. 37.
  17. ^ Unger (2009), p. 73.
  18. ^ Lee & Ramsey (2011), p. 39.
  19. ^ Lee & Ramsey (2011), pp. 37–44.
  20. ^ a b Whitman (2011), p. 154.
  21. ^ Lee & Ramsey (2011), p. 43.
  22. ^ Nam (2012), pp. 51, 53–54.
  23. ^ Kim (1987), p. 883.
  24. ^ Toh (2005), p. 12.
  25. ^ Beckwith (2004), p. 9.
  26. ^ Beckwith (2004), pp. 27–28.
  27. ^ Pellard (2005), pp. 168–169.
  28. ^ Unger (2009), pp. 74–80.
  29. ^ Lee & Ramsey (2011), pp. 40–41.
  30. ^ Janhunen (2005), pp. 67–68.
  31. ^ Unger (2009), p. 28.
  32. ^ Lee & Ramsey (2011), p. 40.
  33. ^ Toh (2005), pp. 23–26.
  34. ^ Whitman (2013), pp. 251–252.
  35. ^ Whitman (2015), p. 423.
  36. ^ Georg (2017), p. 151.
  37. ^ Nam (2012), p. 42.
  38. ^ Vovin (2005), pp. 117–119.
  39. ^ Nam (2012), pp. 42, 49.
  40. ^ Beckwith (2004), pp. 32, 37–46, 52–53, 250.
  41. ^ Byington (2006), pp. 148–150, 153.
  42. ^ Gardiner (2012b), p. 98.
  43. ^ Beckwith (2004), p. 41.
  44. ^ Vovin (2013), pp. 230–231.
  45. ^ Vovin (2013), pp. 228–230.
  46. ^ Vovin (2013), p. 230.
  47. ^ Vovin (2013), pp. 224–226, 237–238.
  48. ^ Sohn (1999), p. 39.
  49. ^ Janhunen (2005), p. 84.

Sources edit

  • Beckwith, Christopher I. (2004), Koguryo, the Language of Japan's Continental Relatives, Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-13949-7. ISBN 90-04-13949-4, Second edition, 2007.
  • Byington, Mark E. (2006), "Christopher I. Beckwith—Koguryo, the Language of Japan's Continental Relatives (Leiden: Brill, 2004)", Acta Koreana, 9 (1): 141–166.
  • Gardiner, Kenneth H. J. (2012a), "An Introductory Study of the 'Annals of Koguryŏ' in the Samguk Sagi", The Review of Korean Studies, 15 (1): 15–58, doi:10.25024/review.2012.15.1.001.
  • ——— (2012b), "Chinese Accounts of Koguryŏ and its Neighbours: From the Sanguozhi Ch. 30, Description of the Eastern Barbarians (SGZ 30 pp. 20B-31B; 35A-36B)", The Review of Korean Studies, 15 (2): 91–113, doi:10.25024/review.2012.15.2.004.
  • Georg, Stefan (2017), "Other isolated languages of Asia", in Campbell, Lyle (ed.), Language Isolates, Routledge, pp. 139–161, ISBN 978-1-317-61090-8.
  • Janhunen, Juha (2005), (PDF), Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies, 2 (2): 67–86, archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-26.
  • Kim, Nam-Kil (1987), "Korean", in Comrie, Bernard (ed.), The World's Major Languages, Oxford University Press, pp. 881–898, ISBN 978-0-19-520521-3.
  • Lee, Ki-Moon; Ramsey, S. Robert (2011), A History of the Korean Language, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-139-49448-9.
  • Nam, Pung-hyun (2012), "Old Korean", in Tranter, Nicolas (ed.), The Languages of Japan and Korea, Routledge, pp. 41–72, ISBN 978-0-415-46287-7.
  • Pellard, Thomas (2005), "Koguryo, the Language of Japan's Continental Relatives: An Introduction to the Historical-Comparative Study of the Japanese-Koguryoic Languages with a Preliminary Description of Archaic Northeastern Middle Chinese By Christopher I. Beckwith", Korean Studies, 29: 167–170, doi:10.1353/ks.2006.0008.
  • Seth, Michael J. (2020), A Concise History of Korea (3rd ed.), Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 978-1-5381-2897-8.
  • Shin, Michael D., ed. (2014), Korean History in Maps, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-107-09846-6.
  • Sohn, Ho-Min (1999), The Korean Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-36123-1.
  • Toh, Soo Hee (2005), (PDF), Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies, 2 (2): 13–31, archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-26.
  • Unger, J. Marshall (2009), The role of contact in the origins of the Japanese and Korean languages, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 978-0-8248-3279-7.
  • Vovin, Alexander (2005), (PDF), Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies, 2 (2): 107–140, archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-26.
  • ——— (2013), "From Koguryo to Tamna: Slowly riding to the South with speakers of Proto-Korean", Korean Linguistics, 15 (2): 222–240, doi:10.1075/kl.15.2.03vov.
  • Whitman, John (2011), "Northeast Asian Linguistic Ecology and the Advent of Rice Agriculture in Korea and Japan", Rice, 4 (3–4): 149–158, Bibcode:2011Rice....4..149W, doi:10.1007/s12284-011-9080-0.
  • ——— (2013), "A History of the Korean Language, by Ki-Moon Lee and Robert Ramsey", Korean Linguistics, 15 (2): 246–260, doi:10.1075/kl.15.2.05whi.
  • ——— (2015), "Old Korean", in Brown, Lucien; Yeon, Jaehoon (eds.), The Handbook of Korean Linguistics, Wiley, pp. 421–438, ISBN 978-1-118-35491-9.

Further reading edit

  • Beckwith, Christopher I. (2006), "Methodological Observations on Some Recent Studies of the Early Ethnolinguistic History of Korea and Vicinity", Altai Hakpo, 16: 199–234.
  • ——— (2005), (PDF), Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies, 2 (2): 33–64, archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-26.
  • Vovin, Alexander (2006), "Why Manchu and Jurchen Look so Un-Tungusic?", in Pozzi, Alessandra; Janhunen, Juha Antero; Weiers, Michael (eds.), Tumen Jalafun Jecen Aku: Manchu Studies in Honour of Giovanni Stary, Tunguso Sibirica, vol. 20, Otto Harrassowitz, pp. 255–266, ISBN 978-3-447-05378-5.

April 08, 2024
goguryeo, language, koguryoan, language, ancient, kingdom, goguryeo, three, kingdoms, korea, early, chinese, histories, state, that, language, similar, those, buyeo, okjeo, moon, grouped, these, four, puyŏ, languages, histories, also, stated, that, these, lang. The Goguryeo language or Koguryoan was the language of the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo 37 BCE 668 CE one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea Early Chinese histories state that the language was similar to those of Buyeo Okjeo and Ye Lee Ki Moon grouped these four as the Puyŏ languages The histories also stated that these languages were different from those of the Yilou and Mohe All of these languages are unattested except for Goguryeo for which evidence is limited and controversial 1 GoguryeoKoguryŏNative toGoguryeo Balhae RegionManchuria KoreaExtinct7th 10th century Language familyKoreanic PuyŏGoguryeoLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code zkg class extiw title iso639 3 zkg zkg a Linguist ListGlottologkogu1234The Three Kingdoms of Korea with Goguryeo and Buyeo in blue Kaya is not included in the Three Kingdoms The most cited evidence is a body of placename glosses in the Samguk sagi Most researchers in Korea assuming that the people of Goguryeo spoke a dialect of Old Korean have treated these words as Korean while other scholars have emphasized similarities with Japonic languages 2 Lee and Ramsey suggest that the language was intermediate between the two families 3 Other authors suggest that these placenames reflect the languages of other peoples in the part of central Korea captured by Goguryeo in the 5th century rather than Goguryeo itself Other evidence is extremely sparse and is limited to peculiarities in the Chinese language of Goguryeo inscriptions and a very few Goguryeo words glossed in Chinese texts Vovin and Unger suggest that it was the original form of Koreanic which subsequently replaced Japonic languages in the south of the peninsula 4 5 Others maintain that it was Tungusic or that there is insufficient evidence to establish its affiliation Contents 1 Descriptions in Chinese sources 2 Placename glosses in the Samguk sagi 3 Other data 4 See also 5 References 5 1 Citations 5 2 Sources 6 Further readingDescriptions in Chinese sources edit nbsp Chinese commanderies in purple and their eastern neighbours mentioned in the Records of the Three Kingdoms 6 Chinese histories provide the only contemporaneous descriptions of peoples of the Korean peninsula and eastern Manchuria in the early centuries of the common era 7 They contain impressionistic remarks about the languages of the area based on second hand reports and sometimes contradict one another 8 Later Korean histories such as the Samguk sagi do not describe the languages of the three kingdoms 8 The state of Buyeo in the upper Songhua basin was known to the Chinese from the 3rd century BCE 9 Chapter 30 Description of the Eastern Barbarians of the Records of the Three Kingdoms records a survey carried out by the Chinese state of Wei after their defeat of Goguryeo in 244 10 Another version of this report likely from a common source is found in chapter 85 of the Book of the Later Han 5th century 10 11 The report states that the languages of Buyeo Goguryeo and Ye were similar and that the language of Okjeo was only slightly different from them 10 12 Goguryeo originally inhabiting the valley of the Hun River believed themselves to be a southern offshoot of Buyeo Over the next few centuries they would expand to rule much of eastern Manchuria and northern Korea 9 To the south of the Chinese Lelang Commandery lay the Samhan three Han Mahan Byeonhan and Jinhan who the Records of the Three Kingdoms described in quite different terms from Buyeo and Goguryeo 13 Based on this text Lee Ki Moon divided the languages spoken on the Korean peninsula at that time into Puyŏ and Han groups 14 The same text states that the language of the Yilou to the northeast differed from that of Buyeo and Goguryeo Chapter 94 of the History of the Northern Dynasties compiled in 659 states that the language of the Mohe in the same area was different from that of Goguryeo These languages are completely unattested but are believed on the basis of their location and the description of the people to have been Tungusic 13 The Book of Liang 635 states that the language of Baekje was the same as that of Goguryeo 3 According to Korean traditional history the kingdom of Baekje was founded by immigrants from Goguryeo who took over Mahan 15 Placename glosses in the Samguk sagi editMain article Placename glosses in the Samguk sagi nbsp The Korean peninsula in the late 5th centuryThe most widely cited evidence for Goguryeo is chapter 37 of the Samguk sagi a history of the Three Kingdoms period written in Classical Chinese and compiled in 1145 from earlier records that are no longer extant 16 This chapter surveys the part of Goguryeo annexed by Silla with entries like 七重縣一云難隱別 The phrase 一云 one calls separates two alternative names for a place The first part 七重縣 can be read in Chinese as seven fold county while 難隱別 is meaningless and hence seems to use Chinese characters to represent the sound of the name From other examples scholars infer that 難隱 means seven and 別 means fold layer while the county part of the gloss is not represented 17 In this way a vocabulary of 80 to 100 words has been extracted from these place names 18 Although the pronunciations recorded using Chinese characters are difficult to interpret some of these words appear to resemble Koreanic Japonic and Tungusic words 19 It is generally agreed that these glosses demonstrate that Japonic languages were once spoken in part of the Korean peninsula but there is no consensus on the identity of the speakers 20 Scholars who take these words as representing the language of Goguryeo have come to a range of conclusions about the language 20 Most Korean scholars view it as a form of Old Korean and focus on Korean interpretations of the data 21 22 23 In the early 20th century Japanese scholars such as Naitō Konan and Shinmura Izuru pointed out similarities to Japanese particularly in the only attested numerals 3 5 7 and 10 24 25 Beckwith proposed Japonic etymologies for most of the words and argued that Koguryoan was Japonic 26 Beckwith s linguistic analysis has been criticized for the ad hoc nature of his Chinese reconstructions for his handling of Japonic material and for hasty rejection of possible cognates in other languages 27 28 Lee and Ramsey argue that Koguryoan was somehow intermediate between Koreanic and Japonic 2 Other authors point out that most of the place names come from central Korea an area captured by Goguryeo from Baekje and other states in the 5th century and none from the historical homeland of Goguryeo north of the Taedong River 29 By the 5th century Goguryeo ruled a huge area encompassing many ethnic groups and languages 30 31 These authors suggest that the place names reflect the languages of those states rather than that of Goguryeo 32 33 This would explain why they seem to reflect multiple language groups 34 Other data edit nbsp Goguryeo monument in Jungwon ChungjuOther data on the language of Goguryeo is extremely sparse 35 and its affiliation remains unclear 36 A small number of inscriptions have been found in Goguryeo territory including the Gwanggaeto Stele erected in Ji an in 414 four inscriptions on the walls of Pyongyang Castle and a stele in Jungwon Chungju 590s 37 All are written in Chinese but some of them contain irregularities including a few examples of object verb order as found in Korean and other northeast Asian languages instead of the usual Chinese verb object order and some uses of the characters 之 and 伊 which some authors have connected to their use to represent Korean particles in later Idu texts from Unified Silla 38 39 Beckwith identified a dozen names of places and people in Chinese histories that he argued were Goguryeo words 40 In his review of Beckwith s book Byington criticized the historical basis of these identifications as well as Beckwith s theories of Goguryeo origins in western Liaoning 41 Chinese histories contain a few glosses of Goguryeo words Chapter 30 of the Records of the Three Kingdoms late 3rd century states that 溝漊 Eastern Han Chinese koro Middle Chinese kuw luw is the Goguryeo word for castle 42 Beckwith compared this word with Old Japanese kura storehouse 43 Alexander Vovin compared it with Middle Mongolian qoto n and Manchu hoton fortified town but with lenition of t as in Korean 44 Chapter 100 of the Book of Wei mid 6th century gives 謁奢 ʔjot syae big elder brother and 太奢 thajH syae little elder brother Vovin compared ʔjot with Late Middle Korean nyeys old and thajH with an Early Middle Korean word small young transcribed as ʔaeH thwojH 亞退 in the Jilin leishi 1103 1104 The word syae is closely matched by Old Japanese se elder brother but this has a limited distribution in Japonic and may be a loanword 45 The same chapter gives the name of Jumong the legendary founder of Goguryeo as 朱蒙 Middle Chinese tsyu muwng glossed as good archer This name appears in the Gwanggaeto Stele as 鶵牟 Eastern Han Chinese dẓo mu Middle Chinese tsrhju mjuw Vovin compared the first syllable with Middle Korean tywǒh be good but was unable to identify a match for the second part 4 Chapter 41 of the Book of Zhou early 7th century gives 骨蘇 kwot su ceremonial headgear which Vovin compared with the first part of Middle Korean kwoskal ceremonial headgear 46 Vovin also pointed to Koreanic loanwords in Jurchen and Manchu and argued that the Goguryeo language was the ancestor of Koreanic and spread southwards to replace the Japonic languages of the Samhan 47 James Unger has proposed a similar model on historical grounds 5 Other authors suggest that the Goguryeo language was a Tungusic language 48 Juha Janhunen argues for a Tungusic affiliation based on historical evidence that the Jurchens of the Jin dynasty and later the Manchus of the Qing dynasty that rose from the former territory of Goguryeo were Tungusic speakers 49 See also editBaekje language Balhae History of the Korean language Old KoreanReferences editCitations edit Lee amp Ramsey 2011 pp 34 35 a b Lee amp Ramsey 2011 pp 43 44 a b Lee amp Ramsey 2011 p 44 a b Vovin 2013 pp 231 232 a b Unger 2009 p 87 Shin 2014 pp 16 19 Lee amp Ramsey 2011 p 31 a b Lee amp Ramsey 2011 p 36 a b Seth 2020 p 20 a b c Lee amp Ramsey 2011 p 34 Gardiner 2012a p 24 Gardiner 2012b pp 98 108 a b Lee amp Ramsey 2011 p 35 Lee amp Ramsey 2011 pp 34 36 Sohn 1999 p 38 Lee amp Ramsey 2011 p 37 Unger 2009 p 73 Lee amp Ramsey 2011 p 39 Lee amp Ramsey 2011 pp 37 44 a b Whitman 2011 p 154 Lee amp Ramsey 2011 p 43 Nam 2012 pp 51 53 54 Kim 1987 p 883 Toh 2005 p 12 Beckwith 2004 p 9 Beckwith 2004 pp 27 28 Pellard 2005 pp 168 169 Unger 2009 pp 74 80 Lee amp Ramsey 2011 pp 40 41 Janhunen 2005 pp 67 68 Unger 2009 p 28 Lee amp Ramsey 2011 p 40 Toh 2005 pp 23 26 Whitman 2013 pp 251 252 Whitman 2015 p 423 Georg 2017 p 151 Nam 2012 p 42 Vovin 2005 pp 117 119 Nam 2012 pp 42 49 Beckwith 2004 pp 32 37 46 52 53 250 Byington 2006 pp 148 150 153 Gardiner 2012b p 98 Beckwith 2004 p 41 Vovin 2013 pp 230 231 Vovin 2013 pp 228 230 Vovin 2013 p 230 Vovin 2013 pp 224 226 237 238 Sohn 1999 p 39 Janhunen 2005 p 84 Sources edit Beckwith Christopher I 2004 Koguryo the Language of Japan s Continental Relatives Brill ISBN 978 90 04 13949 7 ISBN 90 04 13949 4 Second edition 2007 Byington Mark E 2006 Christopher I Beckwith Koguryo the Language of Japan s Continental Relatives Leiden Brill 2004 Acta Koreana 9 1 141 166 Gardiner Kenneth H J 2012a An Introductory Study of the Annals of Koguryŏ in the Samguk Sagi The Review of Korean Studies 15 1 15 58 doi 10 25024 review 2012 15 1 001 2012b Chinese Accounts of Koguryŏ and its Neighbours From the Sanguozhi Ch 30 Description of the Eastern Barbarians SGZ 30 pp 20B 31B 35A 36B The Review of Korean Studies 15 2 91 113 doi 10 25024 review 2012 15 2 004 Georg Stefan 2017 Other isolated languages of Asia in Campbell Lyle ed Language Isolates Routledge pp 139 161 ISBN 978 1 317 61090 8 Janhunen Juha 2005 The lost languages of Koguryŏ PDF Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies 2 2 67 86 archived from the original PDF on 2009 02 26 Kim Nam Kil 1987 Korean in Comrie Bernard ed The World s Major Languages Oxford University Press pp 881 898 ISBN 978 0 19 520521 3 Lee Ki Moon Ramsey S Robert 2011 A History of the Korean Language Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 139 49448 9 Nam Pung hyun 2012 Old Korean in Tranter Nicolas ed The Languages of Japan and Korea Routledge pp 41 72 ISBN 978 0 415 46287 7 Pellard Thomas 2005 Koguryo the Language of Japan s Continental Relatives An Introduction to the Historical Comparative Study of the Japanese Koguryoic Languages with a Preliminary Description of Archaic Northeastern Middle Chinese By Christopher I Beckwith Korean Studies 29 167 170 doi 10 1353 ks 2006 0008 Seth Michael J 2020 A Concise History of Korea 3rd ed Rowman amp Littlefield ISBN 978 1 5381 2897 8 Shin Michael D ed 2014 Korean History in Maps Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 107 09846 6 Sohn Ho Min 1999 The Korean Language Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 36123 1 Toh Soo Hee 2005 About Early Paekche language mistaken as being Koguryŏ language PDF Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies 2 2 13 31 archived from the original PDF on 2009 02 26 Unger J Marshall 2009 The role of contact in the origins of the Japanese and Korean languages Honolulu University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 8248 3279 7 Vovin Alexander 2005 Koguryŏ and Paekche different languages or dialects of Old Korean PDF Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies 2 2 107 140 archived from the original PDF on 2009 02 26 2013 From Koguryo to Tamna Slowly riding to the South with speakers of Proto Korean Korean Linguistics 15 2 222 240 doi 10 1075 kl 15 2 03vov Whitman John 2011 Northeast Asian Linguistic Ecology and the Advent of Rice Agriculture in Korea and Japan Rice 4 3 4 149 158 Bibcode 2011Rice 4 149W doi 10 1007 s12284 011 9080 0 2013 A History of the Korean Language by Ki Moon Lee and Robert Ramsey Korean Linguistics 15 2 246 260 doi 10 1075 kl 15 2 05whi 2015 Old Korean in Brown Lucien Yeon Jaehoon eds The Handbook of Korean Linguistics Wiley pp 421 438 ISBN 978 1 118 35491 9 Further reading editBeckwith Christopher I 2006 Methodological Observations on Some Recent Studies of the Early Ethnolinguistic History of Korea and Vicinity Altai Hakpo 16 199 234 2005 The Ethnolinguistic History of the Early Korean Peninsula Region Japanese Koguryŏic and other Languages in the Koguryŏ Paekche and Silla kingdoms PDF Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies 2 2 33 64 archived from the original PDF on 2009 02 26 Vovin Alexander 2006 Why Manchu and Jurchen Look so Un Tungusic in Pozzi Alessandra Janhunen Juha Antero Weiers Michael eds Tumen Jalafun Jecen Aku Manchu Studies in Honour of Giovanni Stary Tunguso Sibirica vol 20 Otto Harrassowitz pp 255 266 ISBN 978 3 447 05378 5 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Goguryeo language amp oldid 1215481317, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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