fbpx
Wikipedia

Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)

August 20, 2023

This article is about the administration of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu. For the history, see Kashmir § History.

Jammu and Kashmir, also known as Kashmir and Jammu,[1] was a princely state in a subsidiary alliance under British East India Company rule from 1846 to 1858 and under the paramountcy (or tutelage[2][3]) of the British Crown, from 1858 until the Partition of India in 1947, when it became a disputed territory, now administered by three countries: China, India, and Pakistan.[4][5][6] The princely state was created after the First Anglo-Sikh War, when the East India Company, which had annexed the Kashmir Valley,[7] from the Sikhs as war indemnity, then sold it to the Raja of Jammu, Gulab Singh, for rupees 75 lakhs.

Jammu and Kashmir
1846–1952
Map of Kashmir showing the borders of the princely state in dark red
StatusPrincely State
CapitalSrinagar
Jammu
Common languagesKashmiri, Dogri, Ladakhi, Balti, Shina, Pahari-Pothwari, Gujari, Kundal Shahi, Bhaderwahi, Burushaski, Brokskat, Domaaki, Khowar, Bateri, Purgi, Zangskari, Tibetan, Punjabi, Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu), Sanskrit
Religion
Hinduism (state), Islam (majority), Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism
GovernmentPrincely state
Maharaja 
• 16 March 1846 – 30 June 1857
Gulab Singh (first)
• 23 September 1925 – 17 November 1952
Hari Singh (last)
Dewan 
• 15 October 1947 – 5 March 1948
Mehr Chand Mahajan (first)
• 5 March 1948 – 17 November 1952
Sheikh Abdullah (last)
History 
1846
• Independence from British India
15 Aug 1947
22 Oct 1947
• Accession to the Indian Union
26–27 Oct 1947
• Constitutional state of India
17 November 1952
• Disestablished
1952
Today part ofIndia
Pakistan
China

At the time of the partition of India and the political integration of India, Hari Singh, the ruler of the state, delayed making a decision about the future of his state. However, an uprising in the western districts of the State followed by an attack by raiders from the neighbouring Northwest Frontier Province, supported by Pakistan, forced his hand. On 26 October 1947, Hari Singh acceded to India in return for the Indian military being airlifted to Kashmir, to engage the Pakistan-supported forces.[8] The western and northern districts now known as Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan passed to the control of Pakistan, while the remaining territory stayed under Indian control, later becoming the Indian administered state of Jammu and Kashmir.[9]

Administration

According to the census reports of 1911, 1921 and 1931, the administration was organised as follows:[10][11]

In the 1941 census, further details of the frontier districts were given:[10]

Prime ministers (Jammu & Kashmir)

# Name Took office Left office
1 Raja Sir Daljit Singh 1917 1921
2 Raja Hari Singh 1925 1927
3 Sir Albion Banerjee January 1927 March 1929
4 G. E. C. Wakefield 1929 1931
5 Hari Krishan Kaul[12] 1931 1932
6 Elliot James Dowell Colvin[12] 1932 1936
7 Sir Barjor J. Dalal 1936 1936
8 Sir N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar 1937 July 1943
9 Kailash Narain Haksar July 1943 February 1944
10 Sir B. N. Rau February 1944 28 June 1945
11 Ram Chandra Kak 28 June 1945 11 August 1947
12 Janak Singh 11 August 1947 15 October 1947
13 Mehr Chand Mahajan 15 October 1947 5 March 1948
14 Sheikh Abdullah 5 March 1948 8 August 1953

See also

References

  1. ^ "Kashmir and Jammu", Imperial Gazetteer of India, Secretary of State for India in Council: Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 15: 71–, 1908
  2. ^ Sneddon, Christopher (2021), Independent Kashmir: An incomplete aspiration, Manchester University Press, pp. 12–13, Paramountcy was the 'vague and undefined' feudatory system whereby the British, as the suzerain power, dominated and controlled India's princely rulers. ... These 'loyal collaborators of the Raj' were 'afforded [British] protection in exchange for helpful behavior in a relationship of tutelage, called paramountcy'.
  3. ^ Ganguly, Sumit; Hagerty, Devin T. (2005), Fearful Symmetry: India-Pakistan Crises in the Shadow of Nuclear Weapons, Seattle and New Delhi: University of Washington Press, and Oxford University Press, p. 22, ISBN 0-295-98525-9, ... the problem of the 'princely states'. These states had accepted the tutelage of the British Crown under the terms of the doctrine of 'paramountcy' under which they acknowledged the Crown as the 'paramount' authority in the subcontinent.
  4. ^ "Kashmir: region, Indian subcontinent". Encyclopædia Britannica. from the original on 13 August 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2016. Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent. It is bounded by the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang to the northeast and the Tibet Autonomous Region to the east (both parts of China), by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south, by Pakistan to the west, and by Afghanistan to the northwest. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, ... The southern and southeastern portions constitute the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The Indian- and Pakistani-administered portions are divided by a "line of control" agreed to in 1972, although neither country recognizes it as an international boundary. In addition, China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and since 1962 has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region)."
  5. ^ "Kashmir", Encyclopedia Americana, Scholastic Library Publishing, 2006, p. 328, ISBN 978-0-7172-0139-6, from the original on 17 January 2023, retrieved 18 December 2021 C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947";
  6. ^ Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan (2003), Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M, Taylor & Francis, pp. 1191–, ISBN 978-0-415-93922-5, from the original on 17 January 2023, retrieved 18 December 2021 Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."
  7. ^ Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930, p. 111–125.
  8. ^ "Q&A: Kashmir dispute - BBC News". BBC News. 7 July 2010.
  9. ^ Bose, Sumantra (2003). Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace. Harvard University Press. pp. 32–37. ISBN 0-674-01173-2.
  10. ^ a b Karim, Maj Gen Afsir (2013), Kashmir The Troubled Frontiers, Lancer Publishers LLC, pp. 29–32, ISBN 978-1-935501-76-3
  11. ^ Behera, Demystifying Kashmir 2007, p. 15.
  12. ^ a b Copland, Ian (1981), "Islam and Political Mobilization in Kashmir, 1931–34", Pacific Affairs, 54 (2): 228–259, doi:10.2307/2757363, JSTOR 2757363

Bibliography

  • Behera, Navnita Chadha (2007), Demystifying Kashmir, Pearson Education India, ISBN 978-8131708460
  • Das Gupta, Jyoti Bhusan (2012), Jammu and Kashmir, Springer, ISBN 978-94-011-9231-6
  • Birdwood, Lord (1956), Two Nations and Kashmir, R. Hale
  • Huttenback, Robert A. (1961), (PDF), The Journal of Asian Studies, 20 (4): 477–488, doi:10.2307/2049956, JSTOR 2049956, S2CID 162144034, archived from the original (PDF) on 15 August 2016
  • Mahajan, Mehr Chand (1963), Looking Back: The Autobiography of Mehr Chand Mahajan, Former Chief Justice of India, Asia Publishing House
  • Major, Andrew J. (1996), Return to Empire: Punjab under the Sikhs and British in the Mid-nineteenth Century Limited, New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, ISBN 81-207-1806-2
    • Major, Andrew J. (1981), Return to Empire: Punjab under the Sikhs and British in the Mid-nineteenth Century, Australian National University, doi:10.25911/5d74e5bedfa9d
  • Noorani, A. G. (2011), Article 370: A Constitutional History of Jammu and Kashmir, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-807408-3
  • Panikkar, K. M. (1930). Gulab Singh. London: Martin Hopkinson Ltd.
  • Raghavan, Srinath (2010), War and Peace in Modern India, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 101–, ISBN 978-1-137-00737-7[permanent dead link]
  • Rai, Mridu (2004), Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir, C. Hurst & Co, ISBN 1850656614
  • Schofield, Victoria (2003) [First published in 2000], Kashmir in Conflict, London and New York: I. B. Taurus & Co, ISBN 1860648983
  • Singh, Bawa Satinder (1971), "Raja Gulab Singh's Role in the First Anglo-Sikh War", Modern Asian Studies, 5 (1): 35–59, doi:10.1017/s0026749x00002845, JSTOR 311654, S2CID 145500298

This article incorporates text from the Imperial Gazetteer of India, a publication now in the public domain.

August 20, 2023
jammu, kashmir, princely, state, this, article, about, administration, princely, state, kashmir, jammu, history, kashmir, history, jammu, kashmir, also, known, kashmir, jammu, princely, state, subsidiary, alliance, under, british, east, india, company, rule, f. This article is about the administration of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu For the history see Kashmir History Jammu and Kashmir also known as Kashmir and Jammu 1 was a princely state in a subsidiary alliance under British East India Company rule from 1846 to 1858 and under the paramountcy or tutelage 2 3 of the British Crown from 1858 until the Partition of India in 1947 when it became a disputed territory now administered by three countries China India and Pakistan 4 5 6 The princely state was created after the First Anglo Sikh War when the East India Company which had annexed the Kashmir Valley 7 from the Sikhs as war indemnity then sold it to the Raja of Jammu Gulab Singh for rupees 75 lakhs Jammu and Kashmir1846 1952Flag EmblemMap of Kashmir showing the borders of the princely state in dark redStatusPrincely StateCapitalSrinagarJammuCommon languagesKashmiri Dogri Ladakhi Balti Shina Pahari Pothwari Gujari Kundal Shahi Bhaderwahi Burushaski Brokskat Domaaki Khowar Bateri Purgi Zangskari Tibetan Punjabi Hindustani Hindi Urdu SanskritReligionHinduism state Islam majority Buddhism Jainism SikhismGovernmentPrincely stateMaharaja 16 March 1846 30 June 1857Gulab Singh first 23 September 1925 17 November 1952Hari Singh last Dewan 15 October 1947 5 March 1948Mehr Chand Mahajan first 5 March 1948 17 November 1952Sheikh Abdullah last History Princely state of the Company rule in India and later British India1846 Independence from British India15 Aug 1947 First Kashmir War cession of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit Baltistan 22 Oct 1947 Accession to the Indian Union26 27 Oct 1947 Constitutional state of India17 November 1952 Disestablished1952Preceded by Succeeded bySikh Empire Jammu and Kashmir IndiaAzad KashmirGilgit BaltistanToday part ofIndiaPakistanChinaAt the time of the partition of India and the political integration of India Hari Singh the ruler of the state delayed making a decision about the future of his state However an uprising in the western districts of the State followed by an attack by raiders from the neighbouring Northwest Frontier Province supported by Pakistan forced his hand On 26 October 1947 Hari Singh acceded to India in return for the Indian military being airlifted to Kashmir to engage the Pakistan supported forces 8 The western and northern districts now known as Azad Kashmir and Gilgit Baltistan passed to the control of Pakistan while the remaining territory stayed under Indian control later becoming the Indian administered state of Jammu and Kashmir 9 Contents 1 Administration 1 1 Prime ministers Jammu amp Kashmir 2 See also 3 References 4 BibliographyAdministration EditAccording to the census reports of 1911 1921 and 1931 the administration was organised as follows 10 11 Jammu province Districts of Jammu Jasrota Kathua Udhampur Reasi and Mirpur Kashmir province Districts of Kashmir South Anantnag Kashmir North Baramulla and Muzaffarabad Frontier districts Wazarats of Ladakh and Gilgit Internal jagirs Poonch Bhaderwah and Chenani In the 1941 census further details of the frontier districts were given 10 Ladakh wazarat Tehsils of Leh Skardu and Kargil Gilgit wazarat Tehsils of Gilgit and Astore Frontier illaqas under the Gilgit Agency Punial Ishkoman Yasin Kuh Ghizer Hunza Nagar Chilas Prime ministers Jammu amp Kashmir Edit Name Took office Left office1 Raja Sir Daljit Singh 1917 19212 Raja Hari Singh 1925 19273 Sir Albion Banerjee January 1927 March 19294 G E C Wakefield 1929 19315 Hari Krishan Kaul 12 1931 19326 Elliot James Dowell Colvin 12 1932 19367 Sir Barjor J Dalal 1936 19368 Sir N Gopalaswami Ayyangar 1937 July 19439 Kailash Narain Haksar July 1943 February 194410 Sir B N Rau February 1944 28 June 194511 Ram Chandra Kak 28 June 1945 11 August 194712 Janak Singh 11 August 1947 15 October 194713 Mehr Chand Mahajan 15 October 1947 5 March 194814 Sheikh Abdullah 5 March 1948 8 August 1953See also EditList of political parties in Jammu and Kashmir princely state Tehreek e Azaadi Jammu and Kashmir Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir Dogra dynastyReferences Edit Kashmir and Jammu Imperial Gazetteer of India Secretary of State for India in Council Oxford at the Clarendon Press 15 71 1908 Sneddon Christopher 2021 Independent Kashmir An incomplete aspiration Manchester University Press pp 12 13 Paramountcy was the vague and undefined feudatory system whereby the British as the suzerain power dominated and controlled India s princely rulers These loyal collaborators of the Raj were afforded British protection in exchange for helpful behavior in a relationship of tutelage called paramountcy Ganguly Sumit Hagerty Devin T 2005 Fearful Symmetry India Pakistan Crises in the Shadow of Nuclear Weapons Seattle and New Delhi University of Washington Press and Oxford University Press p 22 ISBN 0 295 98525 9 the problem of the princely states These states had accepted the tutelage of the British Crown under the terms of the doctrine of paramountcy under which they acknowledged the Crown as the paramount authority in the subcontinent Kashmir region Indian subcontinent Encyclopaedia Britannica Archived from the original on 13 August 2019 Retrieved 16 July 2016 Quote Kashmir region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent It is bounded by the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang to the northeast and the Tibet Autonomous Region to the east both parts of China by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south by Pakistan to the west and by Afghanistan to the northwest The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas Azad Kashmir Gilgit and Baltistan The southern and southeastern portions constitute the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir The Indian and Pakistani administered portions are divided by a line of control agreed to in 1972 although neither country recognizes it as an international boundary In addition China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and since 1962 has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh the easternmost portion of the region Kashmir Encyclopedia Americana Scholastic Library Publishing 2006 p 328 ISBN 978 0 7172 0139 6 archived from the original on 17 January 2023 retrieved 18 December 2021 C E Bosworth University of Manchester Quote KASHMIR kash mer the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent administered partlv by India partly by Pakistan and partly by China The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947 Osmanczyk Edmund Jan 2003 Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements G to M Taylor amp Francis pp 1191 ISBN 978 0 415 93922 5 archived from the original on 17 January 2023 retrieved 18 December 2021 Quote Jammu and Kashmir Territory in northwestern India subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan It has borders with Pakistan and China Panikkar Gulab Singh 1930 p 111 125 Q amp A Kashmir dispute BBC News BBC News 7 July 2010 Bose Sumantra 2003 Kashmir Roots of Conflict Paths to Peace Harvard University Press pp 32 37 ISBN 0 674 01173 2 a b Karim Maj Gen Afsir 2013 Kashmir The Troubled Frontiers Lancer Publishers LLC pp 29 32 ISBN 978 1 935501 76 3 Behera Demystifying Kashmir 2007 p 15 a b Copland Ian 1981 Islam and Political Mobilization in Kashmir 1931 34 Pacific Affairs 54 2 228 259 doi 10 2307 2757363 JSTOR 2757363Bibliography EditBehera Navnita Chadha 2007 Demystifying Kashmir Pearson Education India ISBN 978 8131708460 Das Gupta Jyoti Bhusan 2012 Jammu and Kashmir Springer ISBN 978 94 011 9231 6 Birdwood Lord 1956 Two Nations and Kashmir R Hale Huttenback Robert A 1961 Gulab Singh and the Creation of the Dogra State of Jammu Kashmir and Ladakh PDF The Journal of Asian Studies 20 4 477 488 doi 10 2307 2049956 JSTOR 2049956 S2CID 162144034 archived from the original PDF on 15 August 2016 Mahajan Mehr Chand 1963 Looking Back The Autobiography of Mehr Chand Mahajan Former Chief Justice of India Asia Publishing House Major Andrew J 1996 Return to Empire Punjab under the Sikhs and British in the Mid nineteenth Century Limited New Delhi Sterling Publishers ISBN 81 207 1806 2 Major Andrew J 1981 Return to Empire Punjab under the Sikhs and British in the Mid nineteenth Century Australian National University doi 10 25911 5d74e5bedfa9d Noorani A G 2011 Article 370 A Constitutional History of Jammu and Kashmir Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 807408 3 Panikkar K M 1930 Gulab Singh London Martin Hopkinson Ltd Raghavan Srinath 2010 War and Peace in Modern India Palgrave Macmillan pp 101 ISBN 978 1 137 00737 7 permanent dead link Rai Mridu 2004 Hindu Rulers Muslim Subjects Islam Rights and the History of Kashmir C Hurst amp Co ISBN 1850656614 Schofield Victoria 2003 First published in 2000 Kashmir in Conflict London and New York I B Taurus amp Co ISBN 1860648983 Singh Bawa Satinder 1971 Raja Gulab Singh s Role in the First Anglo Sikh War Modern Asian Studies 5 1 35 59 doi 10 1017 s0026749x00002845 JSTOR 311654 S2CID 145500298 This article incorporates text from theImperial Gazetteer of India a publication now in the public domain Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jammu and Kashmir princely state amp oldid 1171167132, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.