K. L. Saigal
Kundan Lal Saigal, often abbreviated as K. L. Saigal (11 April 1904 – 18 January 1947), was an Indian singer and actor who is considered the first superstar of the Hindi film industry, which was centred in Calcutta (Kolkata) during Saigal's time, but is currently centred in Bombay (Mumbai).[1][2] Saigal's unique voice quality which was a mixture of baritone and soft tenor was the benchmark for most of the singers who followed him. In fact it remains the gold standard even today shining through very early and practically primitive recording technology.
K.L. Saigal | |
|---|---|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Kundanlal Saigal |
| Born | 11 April 1904 Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, British India (present-day Jammu and Kashmir, India) |
| Died | 18 January 1947 (aged 42) Jalandhar, Punjab, British India (present-day Punjab, India) |
| Genres | Playback singing |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, actor |
| Years active | 1932–1947 |
Early life
Saigal was born on 11 April 1904 in Jammu to a Punjabi family.[3][4] His father, Amarchand Saigal was a tehsildar at the court of the Maharaja Pratap Singh of Jammu and Kashmir, while his mother, Kesarbai Saigal, was a deeply religious Hindu lady who was very fond of music. She used to take her young son to religious functions where bhajan, kirtan, and shabad were sung in traditional styles based on classical Indian music.[5] Saigal was the fourth-born child of five, following two elder brothers and an elder sister, and preceding a younger brother. His formal schooling was brief and uneventful. As a child, he occasionally played the Sitar in the Ramlila of Jammu. He was the first cousin of famous character actors, Chaman Puri, Madan Puri and Amrish Puri.[6]
Saigal dropped out of school and started earning money by working as a railway timekeeper. Later, he worked as a typewriter salesman for the Remington Typewriter Company, in Simla (now Shimla)[7] which allowed him to tour several parts of India. His travels brought him to Lahore, where he became friends with Mehrchand Jain (who later went on to start the Assam Soap Factory in Shillong) at the Anarkali Bazaar. Mehrchand and Kundan remained friends when they both moved to Calcutta and had many a mehfil-e-mushaira. In those days Saigal was a budding singer and Mehrchand encouraged him to pursue his talent. Saigal often remarked that he was what he was because of Mehrchand's encouragement and early support. He also briefly worked as a hotel manager. Meanwhile, his passion for singing continued and became more intense with the passage of time.[8]
Career at New Theatres
In the early 1930s, classical musician and music director Harishchandra Bali brought K.L. Saigal to Calcutta and introduced him to R. C. Boral. R.C. Boral took an instant liking to his talents. Saigal was hired by B. N. Sircar's Calcutta-based film studio New Theatres on a contract of Rs. 200 per month. There he came into contact with contemporaries like Pankaj Mullick, K. C. Dey and Pahari Sanyal.
Meanwhile, Indian Gramophone Company had released Saigal's record containing a couple of Punjabi songs, composed by Harishchandra Bali. In this way, Bali became Saigal's first music director. The first film in which Saigal had a role was the film Mohabbat Ke Ansu, followed by Subah Ka Sitara and Zinda Lash, all released in 1932. However, these films did not do very well. Saigal used the name Saigal Kashmiri for his first three films and used his own name Kundan Lal Saigal (K. L. Saigal) from Yahudi Ki Ladki (1933).[9] In 1933, four bhajans sung by Saigal for the film Puran Bhagat created a sensation throughout India.[10] Other films that followed were Yahudi Ki Ladki, Chandidas, Rooplekha and Karwan-E-Hayat. As a youngster, Lata Mangeshkar is alleged to have said that she wanted to marry K.L. Saigal after seeing his performance in Chandidas (1934). In 1935, Saigal played the role that would come to define his acting career: that of the drunken title character in Devdas, based on Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay's novel of the same name and directed by P.C. Barua.[11] His songs in the film Devdas (1935), "Balam Aaye Baso Moray Man Mein" and "Dukh Ke Ab Din Beetat Naahi", became popular throughout the country.[12]
Saigal picked up Bengali very well and acted in seven Bengali films, produced by New Theatres. Rabindranath Tagore first heard Saigal before giving consent for the first time to a non-Bengali singing his songs. Saigal endeared himself to the whole of Bengal through his 30 Bengali songs.[citation needed]
Saigal's association with New Theatres continued to bear fruit in the successful films Didi (Bengali), President (Hindi) in 1937, Desher Mati (Bengali), Dharti Mata (Hindi) in 1938, Saathi (Bengali), Street Singer (Hindi) in 1938, Dushman (1939), Jiban Maran (1939) and Zindagi in 1940, with Saigal in the lead. There are a number of songs of this era which form the rich heritage of film music in India. Also, in Street Singer, Saigal rendered the song "Babul Mora Naihar Chhooto Jaye" live in front of the camera, even though playback was becoming the preferred method of singing songs in films.[13]
Move to Bombay and death
In December 1941, Saigal moved to Bombay to work with Ranjit Movietone. Here he acted and sang in a number of successful films. Bhakta Surdas (1942) and Tansen (1943) were hits during this period. The latter film is still remembered for Saigal's performance of the song "Diya Jalao" in Raga Deepak; in the same movie, he also sang "Sapta Suran," "Tin .. Gaa-o Saba Guni Jan" and "Room Jhoom Room Jhoom Chaal tihari". In 1944, he returned to New Theatres to complete My Sister. This film contained the songs "Do Naina Matware" and "Ae Katib-e-Taqdeer Mujhe Itna Bata De".
By this time, alcohol had become a predominant factor in Saigal's life. His dependence on alcohol had begun affecting his work and his health. It was said that he could only record a song after being fortified with liquor. He survived ten years of drinking; however, his alcoholism was too advanced for even a single attempt at abstinence, and Saigal died in his ancestral city of Jullundur (now Jalandhar) on 18 January 1947, at the age of 42.[14] However, before his death, he was able to churn out three more hits under the baton of Naushad Ali for the film Shahjehan (1946). These are "Mere Sapnon Ki Rani", "Ae Dil-e-Beqaraar Jhoom" and "Jab Dil Hi Toot Gaya". Parwana (1947) was his last film, released after his death, in which he sang under the baton of Khawaja Khurshid Anwar. The four songs which Saigal sang in Parwana are: "Toot gaye sab sapne mere", "Mohabbat mein kabhi aisi bhi haalat", "Jeene ka dhang sikhaae ja", and "Kahin ulajh na jaana". Saigal was survived by his wife Asha Rani (whom he married in 1935); three children, a son and two daughters: Madan Mohan, Nina (born 1937) and Bina (born 1941); and an adopted child, his late elder brother's daughter, Durgesh Nandani, whom he adopted when he was still single.
In a career of fifteen years, Saigal acted in 36 feature films – 28 in Hindi, seven in Bengali, and one in Tamil. In addition, he acted in a short comedy Hindi film, Dulari Bibi (three reels), released in 1933. In 1955, B.N. Sircar released a documentary film based on the life of K.L. Saigal, Amar Saigal. In the film, G. Mungheri performed the title role of Saigal. The film contained 19 songs lifted from Saigal's films. In all, Saigal rendered 185 songs which includes 142 film songs and 43 non-film songs. Of the film songs, there are 110 in Hindi, 30 in Bengali and two in Tamil. There are 37 non-film songs in Hindi, and two each in Bengali, Pashto,[15] Punjabi and Persian. His non-film songs comprise bhajans, ghazals and hori. He has rendered the creations of poets such as Ghalib, Zauq, and Seemab.
Saigal's distinctive singing was revered and idolised by the first generation of post-independence Hindi Film playback singers, including Kishore Kumar, Mohammad Rafi, Lata Mangeshkar and Mukesh have even gone on record in an interview that they consider Kundan Lal Saigal to be their musical Guru. [16]
Discography
Filmography
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1932 | Mohabbat Ke Ansu | Debut Movie. | |
| Zinda Lash | |||
| Subah Ka Sitara | |||
| 1933 | Yahudi Ki Ladki | Prince Marcus | First hit of K.L Saigal |
| Rajrani Meera | |||
| Puran Bhagat a.k.a. The Devotee | Puran | ||
| Dulari Bibi | |||
| 1934 | Daku Mansoor | ||
| Mohabbat Ki Kasauti | Arup | In Hindi version. | |
| Chandidas | Chandidas | ||
| 1935 | Karwan-E-Hayat | Pervez | |
| Devdas (Bengali) | Guest at Chandramukhi's House | Bengali | |
| Devdas (Hindi)[11] | Devdas | First superhit of K.L Saigal | |
| 1936 | Pujarin | Jibananda | |
| Karodpati a.k.a. Millionaire | |||
| 1937 | Didi (Bengali) | Prakash | as Kundan Lal Saigal, Bengali |
| President a.k.a. Badi Bahen | Prakash | Hindi version of Didi | |
| 1938 | Street Singer | Bhalwa | |
| Sathi | Bhulwa | Bengali version of Street Singer | |
| Jiban Maran | Mohan | Bengali version of Dushman | |
| Dharti Mata | Ashok | ||
| Deshar Mati | Ashok | Bengali | |
| 1939 | Dushman | Mohan | |
| 1940 | Zindagi | Ratan | |
| 1941 | Parichay | Composer | Bengali version of Lagan |
| Lagan | Composer | ||
| 1942 | Bhakta Surdas | as K.L.Saigal | Debut in Bombay |
| 1943 | Tansen | Tansen | as Saigal |
| 1944 | My Sister | Ramesh | |
| Bhanwara | |||
| 1945 | Tadbir | Kanhaiyalal | |
| Kurukshetra | |||
| 1946 | Shahjehan | Sohail | |
| Omar Khaiyyam | |||
| 1947 | Parwana | Inder |
In popular culture
- The song "Saigal Blues" from the Bollywood film Delhi Belly (2011) pays tribute to him.
- On 11 April 2018, on the occasion of his 114th birthday, Google paid homage to Saigal with a doodle.[17]
See also
References
- ^ Nevile, Pran (2004). K L Saigal: Immortal Singer and Superstar. India: Nevile Books. ISBN 9788190116619. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ Chaudhuri, Shantanu Ray. "Cinema of Bengal: A Historical Narrative (Part I)". projectorhead.in. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ Saṅgīt Mahābhāratī (2011). "Saigal, K.L". The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Music of India. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195650983.
- ^ Jagannathan, Maithily (13 January 1980). "The Sound of Saigal's Music". The Illustrated Weekly of India. Vol. 101, no. 1–13. The Times Group. p. 35.
- ^ "K.L. Saigal, a musician of the masses". Retrieved 7 April 2011.
- ^ Nevile, Pran (2011). K. L. Saigal: The Definitive Biography. Penguin UK.
- ^ "Kundan Lal Saigal and his relationship with Shimla". Retrieved 7 April 2021.
- ^ R.Raghava Menon, K.L.Saigal, The Pilgrim of the Swara New Delhi:Hind Pocket Books, 1989
- ^ "The Music Greats K. L. Saigal". sangeetmahal.com. Sangeet Mahal. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ Gulazāra; Govind Nihalani; Saibal Chatterjee (2003). Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema. Popular Prakashan. pp. 308–. ISBN 978-81-7991-066-5. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ a b Sabine Haenni; Sarah Barrow; John White (27 August 2014). The Routledge Encyclopedia of Films. Routledge. pp. 199–. ISBN 978-1-317-68261-5. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ Karan Bali (11 April 2004). "Profile of Kundan Lal Saigal". Upperstall.com website. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
- ^ Haenni, Sabine; Barrow, Sarah; White, John (15 September 2014). The Routledge Encyclopedia of Films. ISBN 9781317682615.
- ^ "Kundanlal Saigal Dead of alcoholism". The Indian Express. 20 January 1947. p. 1. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
- ^ "K L Saigal – K L Sehgal Biography, Life History of K L Saigal, Kundan Lal Sehgal Songs". Culturalindia.net. 11 April 1904. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
- ^ KL Saigal Culturalindia.net
- ^ "K. L. Saigal's 114th Birthday". www.google.com. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
- "Tribute: King of pain". The Tribune. 16 January 2005.
Further reading
- Ashish Rajadhyaksha and Paul Willemen: Saigal, Kundan Lal. [In] Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, revised edition, 1999, p. 203.
- Pran Nevile (11 May 2011). K. L. Saigal: The Definitive Biography. Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 978-93-5214-160-9.
- Pran Nevile (1 January 2004). K L Saigal: Immortal Singer and Superstar. Nevile Books. ISBN 978-81-901166-1-9.
- Śarada Datta (2007). Kundan (Hindi) (in Hindi). Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-310156-7.
External links
- http://www.kundanlalsaigal.org/ : A comprehensive resource centre for research and documentation of K.L. Saigal songs & related memorabilia
- K. L. Saigal at IMDb
- Detailed K.L. Saigal profile