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Beatlemania

February 09, 2023

For the musical, see Beatlemania (musical).

Beatlemania was the fanaticism surrounding the English rock band the Beatles in the 1960s. The group's popularity grew in the United Kingdom throughout 1963, propelled by the singles "Please Please Me", "From Me to You" and "She Loves You". By October, the press adopted the term "Beatlemania" to describe the scenes of adulation that attended the band's concert performances. From the start of 1964, their world tours were characterised by the same levels of hysteria and high-pitched screaming by female fans, both at concerts and during the group's travels. Commentators likened the intensity of this adulation to a religious fervour and to a female masturbation fantasy. Among the displays of deity-like worship, fans would approach the band in the belief that they possessed supernatural healing powers.

In February 1964, the Beatles arrived in the United States and their televised performances on The Ed Sullivan Show were viewed by approximately 73 million people. There, the band's instant popularity established their international stature, and their unprecedented domination of the national sales charts was mirrored in numerous other countries. Their August 1965 concert at New York's Shea Stadium marked the first time that a large outdoor stadium was used for such a purpose, and with an audience of 55,000, set records for attendance and revenue generation. To protect them from their fans, the Beatles typically travelled to these concerts by armoured car. From the end of that year, the band embraced promo clips for their singles to avoid the difficulties of making personal appearances on television programmes. Their December 1965 album Rubber Soul marked a profound change in the dynamic between fans and artists, as many Beatles fans sought to appreciate the progressive quality in the band's look, lyrics and sound.

In 1966, John Lennon controversially remarked that the group had become "more popular than Jesus". Soon afterwards, when the Beatles toured Japan, the Philippines and the US, they were entangled in mob revolt, violence, political backlash and threats of assassination. Frustrated by the restrictions of Beatlemania and unable to hear themselves play above their fans' screams, the group stopped touring and became a studio-only band. Their popularity and influence expanded in various social and political arenas, while Beatlemania continued on a reduced scale from then and into the members' solo careers.

Beatlemania surpassed any previous examples of fan worship in its intensity and scope. Initially, the fans were predominantly young adolescent females, sometimes called "teenyboppers", and their behaviour was scorned by many commentators. By 1965, their fanbase included listeners who traditionally shunned youth-driven pop culture, which helped bridge divisions between folk and rock enthusiasts. During the 1960s, Beatlemania was the subject of analysis by psychologists and sociologists; a 1997 study recognised the phenomenon as an early demonstration of proto-feminist girl power. The receptions of subsequent pop acts – particularly boy bands – have drawn comparisons to Beatlemania, although none have replicated the breadth and depth of the Beatles' fandom nor its cultural impact.

Interpretations and precursors

 
Nuremberg Rally, 1937. The size and passion of the crowds that gathered to see the Beatles led to comparisons with the Nazi rallies held in Germany.

From 1963, the Beatles provided one of the first opportunities for female teenagers in Britain to exhibit spending power and publicly express sexual desire, while the group's image suggested a disregard for adults' opinions and parents' ideas of morality.[1] In the description of author and musician Bob Stanley, the band's domestic breakthrough represented a "final liberation" for the nation's teenagers and, by coinciding with the end of National Service, the group "effectively signaled the end of World War II in Britain".[2]

During the 1840s, fans of Hungarian pianist and composer Franz Liszt showed a level of fanaticism similar to that of the Beatles. Poet Heinrich Heine coined "Lisztomania" to describe this.[3] Once it became an international phenomenon in 1964, Beatlemania surpassed in intensity and reach any previous examples of fan worship, including those afforded to Rudy Vallée,[4] Frank Sinatra, and Elvis Presley.[5] One factor in this development may have been the post–World War II baby boom, which gave the Beatles a larger audience of young fans than Sinatra and Presley had a decade earlier.[3]

Psychologists during the 1960s were especially drawn to the significance of the long hair preferred by the Beatles and the bands that emerged soon after their breakthrough. Academics proposed that the long hair signalled androgyny and thus presented a less threatening version of male sexuality to teenage girls, as well as allowing male fans to view the group in a sexual regard that they normally reserved for young females. Other concerns related to the Beatles' own sexuality; whether the haircuts were a projection of latent homosexuality or confident heterosexuality.[6] In their 1986 book Re-making Love: The Feminization of Sex, authors Barbara Ehrenreich, Elizabeth Hess and Gloria Jacobs argued that the band's presentable suits meant that they seemed less "sleazy" than Presley to middle-class whites.[5]

In February 1964, Paul Johnson wrote an article in the New Statesman which stated that the mania was a modern incarnation of female hysteria and that the wild fans at the Beatles' concerts were "the least fortunate of their generation, the dull, the idle, the failures".[7] The article became the "most complained-about piece" in the magazine's history.[8] A 1966 study published in the British Journal of Clinical Psychology rejected Johnson's assertion; the researchers found that Beatles fans were not likelier to score higher on Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory's hysteria scale, nor were they unusually neurotic. Instead, they described Beatlemania as "the passing reaction of predominantly young adolescent females to group pressures of such a kind that meet their special emotional needs".[9]

1963: UK success

"Please Please Me" and first UK tours

See also: The Beatles at The Cavern Club

The Beatles attracted a fan frenzy in the north of England since the start of the 1960s. Beatles historian Mark Lewisohn says that some who attended the band's 27 December 1960 show in Litherland claim that Beatlemania was "born" there, while Bob Wooler, who regularly presented the Beatles at Liverpool's Cavern Club, wrote in August 1961 that they were "the stuff that screams are made of" and were already playing to "fever-pitch audiences" at the Cavern. However, national recognition of "Beatlemania" eluded the band until late 1963.[10]

 
The Beatles outside the Birmingham Hippodrome, November 1963. Because the crowds were so thick, they had to be smuggled into the venue with assistance from local police.[11]

With the success of their second single "Please Please Me", the Beatles found themselves in demand for the whole of 1963. In the UK, the song reached number two on the Record Retailer chart (subsequently adopted as the UK Singles Chart),[12] and topped both the NME and Melody Maker charts.[13] The band released their first album in March 1963, also titled Please Please Me.[14] They completed four nationwide tours and performed at a great many single shows around the UK throughout the year, often finishing one show only to travel straight to the next show in another location – sometimes even to perform again the same day.[15][16] The music papers were full of stories about the Beatles, and magazines for teenage girls regularly contained interviews with the band members, colour posters, and other Beatle-related articles.[17] Lennon's August 1962 marriage to Cynthia Powell was kept from public view as a closely guarded secret.[18][nb 1]

On 2 February 1963, the Beatles opened their first nationwide tour at a show in Bradford featuring Helen Shapiro, Danny Williams, Kenny Lynch, Kestrels, and the Red Price Orchestra.[19] Heading the tour bill was 16-year-old Shapiro followed by the other five acts – the last of which was the Beatles. The band proved immensely popular during the tour, however, as journalist Gordon Sampson observed. His report did not use the word "Beatlemania", but the phenomenon was evident. Sampson wrote that "a great reception went to the colourfully dressed Beatles, who almost stole the show, for the audience repeatedly called for them while other artists were performing!"[20] The Beatles' second nationwide tour began on 9 March at the Granada Cinema in London, where the group appeared on a bill headed by American stars Tommy Roe and Chris Montez, both of whom had firmly established themselves in the UK singles charts.[21] Throughout the tour, the crowds repeatedly screamed for the Beatles, and the American stars were less popular than a homegrown act for the first time. The Beatles enjoyed the overwhelming enthusiasm, but they also felt embarrassment for the American performers at this unexpected turn of events, which persisted at every show on the tour.[22]

In May, the Beatles achieved their first number 1 single on the Record Retailer chart with "From Me to You".[2] McCartney later cited the song title, along with that of its B-side, "Thank You Girl", as an example of him and Lennon directly addressing the group's fans and appreciating that such a seemingly personal message resonated with their audience.[23] According to Stanley, the band provided a sense of liberation for fans of both sexes, in that "The boys could make as much noise as possible; the girls had something with dirt under its fingernails they could scream at."[2]

The Beatles began their third nationwide tour on 18 May, the bill this time headed by Roy Orbison. Orbison had established even greater UK chart success than either Montez or Roe, with four hits in the top 10,[24] but he proved less popular than the Beatles at the tour's opening show staged at the Adelphi Cinema, Slough. It soon became obvious that this was not going to change, and a week into the tour the covers of the souvenir programs were reprinted to place the Beatles above Orbison. Starr was nonetheless impressed with the response that Orbison still commanded, saying: "We would be backstage, listening to the tremendous applause he was getting. He was just doing it by his voice. Just standing there singing, not moving or anything."[25] The tour lasted three weeks and ended on 9 June.[26]

"She Loves You" and coinage of "Beatlemania"

 
"She Loves You" (1963)
Beatles historian Mark Lewisohn says that while Beatlemania was "cooking in the summer of 1963", the release of "She Loves You" "brought it to the boil". He highlights the falsetto cries of "Ooh!" and the "yeah, yeah, yeah" refrain as elements that ensured the song became an anthem for British teenagers.[27]
Problems playing this file? See media help.

There was tremendous anticipation ahead of the release of the Beatles' fourth single, "She Loves You". Thousands of fans ordered the single as early as June 1963, well before its title had been known.[28] In July, the band convened at EMI Studios for the song's recording session, an occasion that was publicised in advance by the weekly pop papers.[29] More than a hundred fans congregated outside the studios, and dozens broke through a police blockade, swarming the building in search of the band.[30] By the day before the single went on sale in August, some 500,000 advanced orders had been placed for it.[28] "She Loves You" topped the charts and set several UK sales records.[31] The song included a "Yeah, yeah, yeah" refrain that became a signature hook for their European audiences; in addition, the song's falsetto "Ooh!"s elicited further fan delirium when accompanied by the vocalists' exaggerated shaking of their moptop hair.[32]

 
McCartney, Harrison, Swedish pop singer Lill-Babs, and Lennon on the set of the Swedish television show Drop-In, 30 October 1963

On 13 October, the Beatles starred on Val Parnell's Sunday Night at the London Palladium, the UK's top variety show.[33] Their performance was televised live and watched by 15 million viewers. One national paper's headlines in the following days coined the term "Beatlemania" to describe the phenomenal and increasingly hysterical interest in the Beatles – and it stuck.[33] Publicist Tony Barrow saw Beatlemania as beginning with the band's appearance on that program,[32] at which point he no longer had to contact the press but had the press contacting him.[34] Scottish music promoter Andi Lothian said that he coined "Beatlemania" while speaking to a reporter at the band's Caird Hall concert, which took place as part of the Beatles' mini-tour of Scotland on 7 October.[35][36] The word appeared in the Daily Mail on 21 October for a feature story by Vincent Mulchrone headlined "This Beatlemania".[37]

The band returned from a five-day Swedish tour on 31 October 1963[38] and were greeted at Heathrow Airport in heavy rain by thousands of screaming fans, 50 journalists and photographers, and a BBC TV camera crew. The wild scenes at the airport delayed the British Prime Minister Alec Douglas-Home, being chauffeured in the vicinity, as his car was obstructed by the crowds. The Miss World of the time was passing through the airport, as well, but she was completely ignored by journalists and the public.[39][nb 2]

Autumn UK tour and Christmas shows

An admirer from their pre-fame days in Liverpool was shocked to witness a Beatles performance in 1963, at which every note of their music was buried beneath the screams of young girls. Why didn't they listen to their idols? she asked. "We came to see the Beatles", a fan replied. "We can hear them on records. Anyway, we might be disappointed if we heard them in real life."[41]

– Author Peter Doggett

On 1 November, the Beatles began their 1963 Autumn Tour, their first tour as undisputed headliners.[38] It produced much the same reaction from those attending, with a fervent, riotous response from fans everywhere they went. Police attempting to control the crowds employed high-pressure water hoses, and the safety of the police became a matter of national concern, provoking controversial discussions in Parliament over the thousands of police officers putting themselves at risk to protect the Beatles.[42]

On the first tour date, at the Odeon in Cheltenham, the volume of sound from the screaming crowds was so great that the Beatles' amplification equipment proved unequal to it – the band members could not hear themselves speaking, singing or playing.[39] The next day, the Daily Mirror carried the headline "BEATLEMANIA! It's happening everywhere ... even in sedate Cheltenham".[37] The Daily Telegraph published a disapproving article in which Beatlemania and the scenes of adulation were likened to Hitler's Nuremberg Rallies.[38][43] Adults, who had been accustomed to wartime deprivation in their youth, expressed concerns at the frenzied reaction given to pop groups such as the Beatles.[44] Alternatively, a Church of England clergyman remarked that a Beatles version of the Christmas carol "O Come, All Ye Faithful", sung as "O Come, All Ye Faithful Yeah Yeah Yeah",[27] might restore the popularity and relevance of the church in Britain.[45]

The tour continued until 13 December, with stops in Dublin and Belfast,[46] and marked the "pinnacle of British Beatlemania", according to Lewisohn.[47][nb 3] Maureen Lipman attended a concert in Hull as a sceptic, but 50 years later she recalled her "road to Damascus moment" when Lennon sang "Money (That's What I Want)": "Someone very close to me screamed the most piercing of screams, a primal mating call … I realised with an electric shock that the screaming someone was me." Lipman heard that the theatre "cleared away 40 pairs of abandoned knickers" from other young female fans, and she concluded, "life, as I knew it, was never the same again."[49]

On 21 and 22 December, the band gave preview performances of The Beatles' Christmas Show in Bradford and Liverpool, respectively.[50] Designed for children and performed with several other acts, the presentation combined comedy with musical sets and was subsequently performed twice daily (apart from on New Year's Eve) at the Finsbury Park Astoria in north London from 24 December to 11 January 1964.[51][nb 4] The Beatles also recorded the first of their annual fan club Christmas records, an initiative suggested by Barrow, which again included comedy skits and musical segments.[52] With the November 1963 release of their second album, With the Beatles, the group inaugurated a tradition of issuing a new Beatles LP in time for the Christmas sell-in period,[53] leading fans to congregate and hold listening parties over the holiday season.[54] Author Nicholas Schaffner, a teenager during the 1960s, said that these albums came to "evoke an intangible sense of Christmas" for many listeners as a result.[55]

1964–1965: International success

US breakthrough and "I Want to Hold Your Hand"

EMI owned Capitol Records, but Capitol had declined to issue any of the band's singles in the US for most of the year.[56] The American press regarded the phenomenon of Beatlemania in the UK with amusement.[57] Newspaper and magazine articles about the Beatles began to appear in the US towards the end of 1963, and they cited the English stereotype of eccentricity, reporting that the UK had finally developed an interest in rock and roll, which had come and gone a long time previously in the US.[57] Headlines included "The New Madness"[58] and "Beatle Bug Bites Britain",[57] and writers employed word-play linking "beetle" with the "infestation" afflicting the UK.[57] The Baltimore Sun reflected the dismissive view of most adults: "America had better take thought as to how it will deal with the invasion. Indeed a restrained 'Beatles go home' might be just the thing."[59] Rather than dissuading American teenagers, such disapproval from adults strengthened their connection with the band.[59]

The Beatles' American television debut was on 18 November 1963 on The Huntley–Brinkley Report, with a four-minute report by Edwin Newman.[60][61] On 22 November, the CBS Morning News ran a five-minute feature on Beatlemania in the UK which heavily featured their UK hit "She Loves You". The evening's scheduled repeat was cancelled following the assassination of President John F. Kennedy the same day. On 10 December, Walter Cronkite decided to run the piece on the CBS Evening News.[62]

American chart success began after disc jockey Carroll James obtained a copy of the British single "I Want to Hold Your Hand" in mid-December and began playing it on AM radio station WWDC in Washington, DC.[63] Listeners repeatedly phoned in to request a replay of the song, while local record shops were flooded with requests for a record that they did not have in stock.[64] James sent the record to other disc jockeys around the country, sparking similar reaction.[59] On 26 December, Capitol released the record three weeks ahead of schedule.[64] It sold a million copies and became a number-one hit in the US by mid-January.[65] Epstein arranged for a $40,000 American marketing campaign,[63] a deal Capitol accepted due to Ed Sullivan's agreement to headline the Beatles on The Ed Sullivan Show.[66]

First visit to the US and Ed Sullivan Show performances

Main article: The Beatles on The Ed Sullivan Show

In advance of the Beatles' arrival in the US, Time magazine reported that the "raucous sound" of the band's screaming fans made their concerts "slightly orgiastic". The seating at venues would be soaked in urine after each show and, in Doggett's description, "Sociologists noted that witnessing a pop group provoked orgasms amongst girls too young to understand what they were feeling."[41] David Holbrook wrote in the New Statesman that it was "painfully clear that the Beatles are a masturbation fantasy, such as a girl presumably has during the onanistic act – the genial smiling young male images, the music like a buzzing of the blood in the head, the rhythm, the cries, the shouted names, the climaxes."[67]

On 3 January 1964, The Jack Paar Program ran Beatles concert footage licensed from the BBC "as a joke" to an audience of 30 million viewers.[59] On 7 February, an estimated 4,000 Beatles fans were present as Pan Am Flight 101 left Heathrow Airport.[68] Among the passengers were the Beatles on their first trip to the US as a band, along with Phil Spector and an entourage of photographers and journalists.[69] On arrival at New York's newly renamed John F. Kennedy International Airport, they were greeted by a crowd of 4,000 Beatles fans and 200 journalists.[70] A few people in the crowd were injured, and the airport had not previously experienced such a large crowd.[71] The band held a press conference where they met disc jockey Murray the K, then they were driven to New York City, each in a separate limousine.[72] On the way, McCartney turned on a radio and listened to a running commentary: "They have just left the airport and are coming to New York City."[73] When they reached the Plaza Hotel, they were besieged by fans and reporters.[74] Author André Millard, writing in his book Beatlemania: Technology, Business, and Teen Culture in Cold War America, says that it was this constant fan presence – outside the band's hotels, UK residences, and recording studios – that gave Beatlemania an "extra dimension that lifted it above all other incidents of fan worship".[75]

 
The Beatles with Ed Sullivan, February 1964

The Beatles made their first live US television appearance on 9 February,[76] when 73 million viewers watched them perform on The Ed Sullivan Show at 8 pm – about two-fifths of the American population.[77] According to the Nielsen ratings audience measurement system, the show had the largest number of viewers that had been recorded for an American television program.[78] The Beatles performed their first American concert on 11 February at Washington Coliseum, a sports arena in Washington, DC, attended by 8,000. They performed a second concert the next day at New York's Carnegie Hall, which was attended by 2,000, and both concerts were well received.[79] The Beatles then flew to Miami Beach and made their second television appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show on 16 February, which was broadcast live from the Napoleon Ballroom of the Deauville Hotel in Miami Beach with another 70 million viewers. On 22 February, the Beatles returned to the UK and arrived at Heathrow airport at 7 am, where they were met by an estimated 10,000 fans.[79]

An article in The New York Times Magazine described Beatlemania as a "religion of teenage culture" that was indicative of how American youth now looked to their own age group for social values and role models.[80] The US had been in mourning, fear and disbelief over the assassination of President John F. Kennedy on 22 November 1963,[81] and contemporary pundits identified a link between the public shock and the adulation afforded the Beatles eleven weeks later.[82] According to these writers, the Beatles reignited the sense of excitement and possibility that had faded in the wake of the assassination.[82] Other factors cited included the threat of nuclear war, racial tensions in the US, and reports of the country's increased involvement in the Vietnam War.[83][nb 5]

The first Beatles album issued by Capitol, Meet the Beatles, hit number one on the Billboard Top LPs chart (later the Billboard 200) on 15 February, and it maintained that position for 11 weeks of its 74-week chart stay.[85] On 4 April, the group occupied the top five US single chart positions, as well as seven other positions in the Billboard Hot 100.[86] As of 2013, they remained the only act to have done so, having also broken 11 other chart records on the Hot 100 and the Billboard 200.[87] Author David Szatmary states, "In the nine days, during the Beatles' brief visit, Americans had bought more than two million Beatles records and more than 2.5 million US dollars worth of Beatles-related goods."[88] The Beatles' Second Album on Capitol topped the charts on 2 May and kept its peak for five weeks of its 55-week chart stay.[89]

1964 world tour

 
Members of the media swarm the Beatles at Amsterdam's Schiphol Airport in June 1964, as fans await them on top of the airport terminal.
 
Holding a press conference in the Netherlands at the start of their first world tour, June 1964

The Beatles' success established the popularity of British musical acts for the first time in the US. By mid 1964, several more UK acts came to the US, including the Dave Clark Five, the Rolling Stones, Billy J. Kramer, and Gerry & the Pacemakers.[90][91] Completing what commentators termed the British Invasion of the US pop market, one-third of all top ten hits there in 1964 were performed by British acts.[92] The Beatles' chart domination was repeated in countries around the world during 1964, as were the familiar displays of mania wherever the band played.[93] Fans besieged their hotels, where sheets and pillowcases were stolen for souvenirs. As the phenomenon escalated over 1964–65, travelling to concert venues involved a journey via helicopter and armoured car.[94] These arrangements came to resemble military operations, with decoy vehicles and a level of security normally afforded a head of state.[95][nb 6] Contrary to the presentable image the Beatles maintained for reporters covering the tours, their evening parties often descended into orgies with female admirers, which Lennon later likened to the scenes of Roman decadence in Frederico Fellini's film Satyricon.[94]

When the group toured Australia in June, as part of their 1964 world tour, the population afforded the visit the status of a national event.[96] Despite arriving in Sydney on 11 June amid heavy rain, the Beatles were paraded at the airport on an open-top truck. A woman ran across the airport tarmac and threw her intellectually disabled young child into the truck, shouting, "Catch him, Paul!" McCartney did so before telling her the boy was "lovely" and that she should take him back. Once the truck had slowed, the woman kissed her boy and declared: "He's better! Oh, he's better!"[97] Starr later said that scenes of alleged miracle working by the Beatles were commonplace around the world, including in the UK.[98][nb 7]

A crowd of 300,000 – roughly half the city – welcomed the Beatles to Adelaide on 12 June.[100] This figure was the largest recorded gathering of Australians in one place,[101] and twice the number of people that had greeted Queen Elizabeth II on her royal visit in 1963.[102] They were given a similar welcome in Melbourne on 14 June.[101][103] Fans lined the city streets and then lay siege outside the Beatles' hotel; cars were crushed and 50 people were hospitalised, some having fallen from trees in an attempt to gain a vantage point of their heroes. The Beatles were asked to make an appearance on their hotel balcony in the hope of placating the crowd. The mass of people and sound was reminiscent of film footage of 1930s Nuremberg rallies.[103] According to author Keith Badman, this prompted Lennon to give a Nazi salute "and shout 'Sieg Heil!', even holding his finger to his upper lip as a Hitler-style moustache".[104][nb 8] Lennon also took to giving crowds an open-palmed benediction in the style of the Pope.[106]

During the first concert in Sydney, on 18 June, the audience's habit of hurling Jelly Babies at the stage – a legacy of Harrison saying earlier in the year that he liked Jelly Babies[107] – forced the band to twice stop the show, with McCartney complaining that it was "like bullets coming from all directions".[108] In addition to the sweets, fans threw miniature koalas and packages as gifts for the band.[108] Hurling objects at the group became a fan ritual carried out wherever the Beatles performed.[107]

The world tour moved on to New Zealand later in the month. There, the authorities expressed their disapproval of the Beatles and their fans' behaviour by refusing to supply a police escort and by allocating a maximum of three officers to control the thousands of screaming fans outside venues and hotels. In Auckland and Dunedin, the band were left to fight their way through crowds with the help of their road managers, Mal Evans and Neil Aspinall; Lennon was later vocal in his disgust with the local authorities.[109] On 22 June, a young woman broke into the hotel in Wellington where the Beatles were staying, and slashed her wrists when Evans refused her access to the band's rooms.[110] Following the Beatles' arrival in Christchurch on 27 June, a girl threw herself in front of the band's limousine and bounced off the car's bonnet. Unharmed, she was invited by the group to join them at their hotel.[111]

A Hard Day's Night

 
The London Pavilion showing A Hard Day's Night, August 1964

The Beatles starred as fictionalised versions of themselves in the feature-length motion picture A Hard Day's Night.[112] Originally to be titled Beatlemania,[113] it portrayed the members as struggling with the trappings of their fame and popularity.[114] The making was complicated by the real-life Beatlemania that arose wherever the crew were shooting on a given day.[114] Some reviewers felt that its concert scene, filmed at a London theatre with an audience of fans who were paid extras, had been deliberately sanitised in its depiction of Beatlemania.[114]

A Hard Day's Night had its world premiere on 6 July, attended by members of the royal family; 12,000 fans filled Piccadilly Circus in central London, which had to be closed to traffic.[113] A separate premiere was held for the north of England on 10 July, for which the Beatles returned to Liverpool. A crowd estimated at 200,000 (a quarter of the city's population) lined the streets as the band members were driven to Liverpool Town Hall to meet local dignitaries; once there, in Barry Miles' description, Lennon "enlivened proceedings by making a series of Hitler salutes to the crowd".[115][nb 9]

Stanley highlights the Hard Day's Night LP as the album that best demonstrates the band's international appeal, saying: "There was adventure, knowingness, love, and abundant charm [in the songs] ... the drug was adrenaline. The world loved them, and the world was their plaything."[117] The album spent 14 weeks at number one on the Billboard Top LPs chart during a 56-week stay – the longest run of any album that year.[118] In the UK, it was number one for 21 weeks and became the second best selling album of the year, behind the group's December 1964 release, Beatles for Sale, which replaced it at the top of the chart.[119]

First US tour

I went absolutely mad round about 1964. My head was just so swollen. I thought I was a God, a living God. And the other three looked at me and said, Excuse me, I am the God. We all went through a period of going mad.[120]

– Ringo Starr

The band returned to the US for a second visit on 18 August 1964,[121] this time remaining for a month-long tour.[122] The Beatles performed 30 concerts in 23 cities, starting in California and ending in New York.[122] One of the major stipulations was that the band would not perform for segregated audiences or at venues which excluded blacks.[123] The tour was characterised by intense levels of hysteria and high-pitched screaming by female fans, both at concerts and during their travels.[88] At each venue, the concert was treated as a major event by the local press and attended by 10,000 to 20,000 fans whose enthusiastic response produced sound levels that left the music only semi-audible.[122]

George Martin, the Beatles' record producer, assisted in taping the band's 23 August Hollywood Bowl concert for a proposed live album; given the audience's relentless screaming, he said it was "like putting a microphone at the end of a 747 jet".[124] When the Beatles played in Chicago on 5 September, a local policeman described the adulation as "kind of like Sinatra multiplied by 50 or 100".[125] Variety reported that 160 females were treated for injuries and distress in Vancouver, after thousands of fans charged at the security barriers in front of the stage.[126] At Jacksonville on 11 September, 500 fans kept the Beatles trapped in the George Washington Hotel car park after the group had given a press conference at the hotel. With only a dozen police officers on hand, it took the band 15 minutes to move the 25 feet from the lift to their limousine.[127] Harrison refused to take part in the scheduled ticker-tape parades, given Kennedy's assassination the previous year.[128] He said that the constant demand on their time, from fans, city officials, hotel management and others, was such that the band often locked themselves in their hotel bathroom to gain some peace.[129]

 
Police escort Harrison and McCartney through fans gathered at the George Washington Hotel in Jacksonville, Florida, September 1964.

The tour earned the group over a million dollars in ticket sales, and stimulated a further increase in record and Beatles-related merchandise sales.[122] Robert Shelton of The New York Times criticised the Beatles for "creat[ing] a monster in their audience" and said that the band should try to subdue their fans "before this contrived hysteria reaches uncontrollable proportions".[130][75] Reports at this time likened the intensity of the fans' adulation to a religious fervour.[106] Derek Taylor, the band's press officer, was quoted in the New York Post as saying, "Cripples threw away their sticks [and] sick people rushed up to the car ... It was as if some savior had arrived and all these people were happy and relieved." In a report from London for the Partisan Review, Jonathan Miller wrote of the effects of the Beatles' extended absence overseas: "They have become a religion in fact ... All over the place though there are icons, devotional photos and illuminated messiahs which keep the tiny earthbound fans in touch with the provocatively absconded deities."[106] American social commentators Grace and Fred Hechinger complained that adults had failed to provide youth with an adequate foundation for their creativity, and they especially deplored the tendency for "creeping adult adolescence", whereby parents sought to share their children's "banal pleasures".[131]

During the 1964 tour, the Beatles met Bob Dylan in their New York hotel. Lennon later enthused about the meeting; he said that Beatlemania was "something Dylan can understand and relate to" and recalled Dylan explaining the intensity of his following.[132] In his book Can't Buy Me Love: The Beatles, Britain, and America, author Jonathan Gould comments on the musical and cultural significance of this meeting, since the Beatles' fanbase and that of Dylan were "perceived as inhabiting two separate subcultural worlds".[133][nb 10] As a result, according to Gould, the traditional division between folk and rock enthusiasts "nearly evaporated" over the following year, as the Beatles' fans began to mature in their outlook and Dylan's audience embraced the new, youth-driven pop culture.[136]

Capitol Records exploited the band's popularity with a 48-minute documentary double LP The Beatles' Story,[137] released in November 1964 and purporting to be a "narrative and musical biography of Beatlemania".[138] It included a portion of "Twist and Shout" from the Hollywood Bowl concert[139] and segments such as "How Beatlemania Began", "Beatlemania in Action" and "'Victims' of Beatlemania".[137]

Shea Stadium and 1965 US tour

 
The Beatles at a press conference during their August 1965 North American tour

The Beatles attended the London premiere of their film Help! in July 1965, after completing a two-week tour of France, Italy and Spain, and then returned to the US for another two-week tour.[140] In advance of the tour, the American cultural press published appreciations of the Beatles' music, marking a turnaround from the dismissiveness shown towards the band in 1964. Written by musicologists, these articles were informed by the media's realisation that, rather than a short-term fad, Beatlemania had become more ingrained in society, and by the group's influence on contemporary music.[141]

 
The Beatles' August 1965 performance at Shea Stadium (pictured in 1964) was the first of its kind.

The US tour commenced at Shea Stadium in New York City on 15 August. The circular stadium had been constructed the previous year with seating arranged in four ascending decks, all of which were filled for the concert.[140] It was the first time that a large outdoor stadium had been used for such a purpose[142][143] and attracted an audience of over 55,000 – the largest of any live concert that the Beatles performed.[140] The event set records for attendance and revenue generation, with takings of $304,000 (equivalent to $2.61 million in 2021).[144][nb 11] According to The New York Times, the collective scream produced by the Shea Stadium audience escalated to a level that represented "the classic Greek meaning of the word pandemonium – the region of all demons".[146] The band were astonished at the spectacle of the event, to which Lennon responded by acting in a mock-crazed manner[147] and reducing Harrison to hysterical laughter as they played the closing song, "I'm Down".[148][149] Starr later said: "I feel that on that show John cracked up ... not mentally ill, but he just got crazy ... playing the piano with his elbows."[148]

The rest of the tour was highly successful, with well-attended shows on each of its ten dates,[140] most of which took place in stadiums and sports arenas.[145] In Houston, fans swarmed over the wings of the Beatles' chartered Lockheed Elektra; three days later, one of the plane's engines caught fire, resulting in a terrifying ordeal for the band on the descent into Portland.[150][nb 12] A 50-minute concert film titled The Beatles at Shea Stadium was broadcast in the UK in March 1966.[152] In the view of music critic Richie Unterberger, "there are few more thrilling Beatles concert sequences than the [film's] 'I'm Down' finale".[153]

Also in 1965, the band's influence on American youth was the subject of condemnation by Christian conservatives such as Bob Larson and David Noebel,[154] the latter a Baptist minister and member of the Christian Crusade.[155] In a widely distributed pamphlet titled Communism, Hypnotism, and the Beatles, Noebel wrote that patriotic Americans were "in the fight of our lives and the lives of our children", and urged: "Let's make sure four mop-headed anti-Christ beatniks don't destroy our children's mental and emotional stability and ultimately destroy our nation."[155] Later that year, Lennon complained about the 1965 US tour: "people kept bringing blind, crippled and deformed children into our dressing room and this boy's mother would say, 'Go on, kiss him, maybe you'll bring back his sight.' We're not cruel. We've seen enough tragedy in Merseyside ... We're going to remain normal if it kills us."[156]

Rubber Soul and December 1965 UK tour

On 26 October 1965, 4,000 fans gathered outside Buckingham Palace in central London while the Beatles received their MBEs from the Queen. As the crowd chanted "Yeah, yeah, yeah!", some fans jostled with police officers and scaled the palace gates.[157] The impossibility of travelling without being mobbed led to the Beatles abandoning live television appearances to promote their singles.[158] In November, they filmed promotional clips for their double A-side single, "Day Tripper" / "We Can Work It Out", which could be played on shows such as Ready Steady Go! and Top of the Pops. This relieved the band from travelling to TV studios around the UK and allowed them to focus on recording their next album, Rubber Soul.[159] In her study of Beatlemania, sociologist Candy Leonard says that Rubber Soul challenged some young fans, due to its more sophisticated lyrical and musical content, but its release in December 1965 marked the moment when "the Beatles came to occupy a role in fans' lives and a place in their psyches that was different from any previous fan–performer relationship."[160]

 
Front cover of the Rubber Soul LP (designed by Robert Freeman)

The LP's cover contained a distorted, stretched image of the band's faces, which were nevertheless so instantly recognisable that no artist credit was necessary.[161][162] Its surreal quality led some fans to write to the band's official fanzine, Beatles Monthly, alarmed that the group's appearance resembled that of corpses.[161] Leonard writes that Rubber Soul initiated "close listening" among the Beatles' fanbase, particularly with regard to song lyrics, and studying the cover was part of the listening experience.[163] Fans were fascinated by the photo and the change in the band's look. In Leonard's study, male fans recalled the significance of the band members' longer hair, individual clothes, and collective self-assuredness. The reaction from female fans varied; one found the cover "very sensual ... they looked grown up and sexy", while another described it as "scary, difficult, unpleasant", adding: "They looked menacing, like they were looking down on a victim. They looked like wooly mammoths, brown and leathery."[164]

In the UK, the release was accompanied by speculation that the group's success would soon end, given that most acts there faded after two or three years at the top.[165] The Beatles had also defied convention and Epstein's wishes by drastically reducing their concert schedule in 1965,[166] and they disappointed fans by refusing to reprise their annual Christmas Show season.[167] During the band's UK tour that December, some newspapers reported that the intensity of the fans' passion appeared to have diminished. In his review of the opening show in Glasgow, Alan Smith of the NME wrote that "Crazy Beatlemania is over, certainly", despite the prevalence of "fainting fits, and thunderous waves of screams".[168] By the end of the tour, however, following a series of concerts in London, Smith wrote: "without question, BEATLEMANIA IS BACK! ... I have not seen hysteria like this at a Beatles show since the word Beatlemania erupted into headlines!"[169]

1966: Final tours and controversies

Germany, Japan and the Philippines

After spending three months away from the public eye in early 1966, the Beatles were eager to depart from the formula imposed on them as pop stars, both in their music and in their presentation.[170] Their first full group activity of the year was a photo session with photographer Robert Whitaker,[171] who, having witnessed Beatlemania throughout the 1965 US tour, sought to humanise the band and counter impressions of their iconic status.[172] A photo from this shoot, showing the group dressed in white butchers' coats and draped with pieces of raw meat and parts from plastic baby dolls, was submitted as the original cover image of a forthcoming US album, Yesterday and Today.[173] In one explanation he subsequently gave, Whitaker said the meat and dismembered limbs symbolised the violence behind Beatlemania and what the band's fans would do to them without the presence of heavy security at their concerts.[174]

By 1966, the Beatles were no longer willing to play shows in small venues such as the UK cinemas, but recognised the merit in continuing to perform in large stadiums.[175] They played their final UK show on 1 May 1966 when they performed a short set at the NME Poll-Winners Concert, held at the Empire Pool in north-west London.[176] In an opinion poll published in Melody Maker, 80 per cent of respondents expressed deep disappointment in the group for their paucity of concert, TV and radio appearances, and most of those readers said that Beatlemania was in decline.[177]

 
The Beatles' performance at the Budokan in Tokyo (pictured 2009) caused controversy as the venue was considered sacred ground.

After completing the recording for Revolver in late June, the Beatles set off on a tour combining concerts in West Germany, Japan and the Philippines. German police used tear gas and guard dogs to control fans in Essen, and in Tokyo, there was fear of terrorism surrounding the band's stay, forcing the members to be placed under heavy security in response to death threats from the country's hardline traditionalists.[178] While in the Philippines in July, the group unintentionally snubbed first lady Imelda Marcos, who had expected them to attend her breakfast reception at Malacañang Palace in Manila.[179] Epstein had declined the invitation on the band's behalf, as it had never been his policy to accept such official invitations.[180] Riots resulted which endangered the group, and they escaped the Philippines with difficulty.[181]

According to author Steve Turner, the three-country tour represented the dark side of Beatlemania and the band's fame. Whereas crowds breaking through a police barrier would have been the biggest concern up until the previous year, "Now it was mob revolt, violence, political backlash, and threats of assassination."[182] In George Harrison's recollection:

Everywhere we were going [in 1966], there was a demonstration about one thing or another. In America the race riots were going on when Beatlemania had come to town. In Japan there were student riots, plus people were demonstrating because the Budokan (where we were playing) was supposed to be a special spiritual hall reserved for martial arts ... [In Manila] the whole place turned on us ... there were all the government officials or police, who were trying to punch us ... and then underneath that were the young kids who were still around doing the mania.[183][excessive quote]

"More popular than Jesus" and third US tour

The Beatles returned to the US on 11 August, shortly after the release of Revolver, for what became their last tour.[184] It coincided with a storm of American public protest caused by Lennon's remark that the Beatles had become more popular than Christ.[185][186][nb 13] Epstein had considered cancelling the 14-concert tour, fearing for their lives because of the severity of the protests, which included Beatles' records publicly burned and claims that the Beatles were "anti-Christ".[188] There were disturbances on the tour, and one performance was brought to a temporary halt when a member of the audience threw a firecracker, leading the Beatles to believe that they were being shot at.[184] They received telephone threats, and the Ku Klux Klan picketed some concerts.[184] An ITN news team sent from London to cover the controversy reported that many teenagers in the US Bible Belt were among those offended by the Beatles.[189] Lennon's comments had caused no upset when originally published in the UK, in March.[190] However, John Grigg, in his column for The Guardian, had applied Lennon's description of Christ's disciples as "thick and ordinary" to the band's fans, saying: "Beatle maniacs are a distinct obstacle to higher appreciation of the Beatles."[191]

 
Candlestick Park, the last concert venue the Beatles performed

When the group arrived in New York, midtown traffic was brought to a standstill as two female fans, perched on a 22nd-storey ledge above Sixth Avenue, threatened to jump unless the Beatles visited them. Outside the Warwick Hotel, where the band stayed, clashes ensued between Christian demonstrators and the crowd of adoring fans.[192] Throughout the tour, the US press nevertheless seized the opportunity to predict the end of Beatlemania, citing the bonfires and radio bans, but also, as detrimental factors to the Beatles' teenage appeal, the group's financial wealth and the artiness of their latest records.[193]

The US tour ended on 29 August with a concert at Candlestick Park in San Francisco.[184] While commercially successful, the tour had been affected by the prevailing mood of controversy; there were rows of empty seats at some venues[194] and, according to Schaffner, "The screaming had also abated somewhat – one could occasionally even hear snatches of music."[192] Comparing the 1966 Shea Stadium concert with the previous year's event, one commentator recalled that as before, "when the Beatles sang, the looks in the girls' eyes were faraway", but "It was different ... This time, we boys were almost as entranced, and the experience was more unifying than dividing."[195] The band's final concert marked the end of a four-year period dominated by touring and concerts, with over 1,400 shows performed worldwide.[196]

By 1966 the Beatles had become disenchanted with all aspects of touring – including fans offering themselves sexually to the band, the high-pitched screaming, and regular confinement in hotel rooms – and they were frustrated that the quality of their live performances was so at odds with the increasingly sophisticated music they created in the studio.[197][nb 14] Harrison was the first to tire of Beatlemania, while McCartney had continued to thrive on the adulation. McCartney finally ceded to his bandmates' insistence that the group stop touring towards the end of the 1966 tour.[199] Lennon said that their concerts had become "bloody tribal rites" where crowds came merely to scream.[200] Harrison later likened Beatlemania to the premise of Ken Kesey's novel One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest, "where you are sane in the middle of something and they're all crackers".[201] According to Starr, they gave up touring "at the right time", since "Four years of Beatlemania was enough for anyone."[202]

Post-touring fan culture and legacy

Response to revamped image and retirement from touring

1966 certainly marked the end of, as one irate Beatles Monthly correspondent put it, "The Beatles we used to know before they went stark, raving mad" ... But to the vast majority there was something uncanny, almost magical, about the Beatles' startling evolution. John, Paul, George, and Ringo seemed to have an unerring knack for staying one step ahead of their fans, so we made them our leaders and spokesmen, fondly imagining they had all the answers.[203]

– Author Nicholas Schaffner

The Beatles gave no more commercial concerts from the end of their 1966 US tour until their break-up in 1970, instead devoting their efforts to creating new material in the recording studio.[204] By late 1966, many young fans in the US had temporarily turned away from the Beatles, having found Revolver overly austere and lacking the fun aspect they expected of the band's music.[205] Sensing this, two Hollywood television executives created The Monkees, a show starring an eponymous four-piece band in the Beatles' mould[206] and evoking the spirit of their films A Hard Day's Night and Help![207] An immediate commercial success, the Monkees captured the teenybopper audience[208][209] and elicited the frenzied adulation of early Beatlemania.[210] For the younger Beatles fans, a weekly King Features cartoon series, titled The Beatles, maintained the innocent "moptop" image of previous years.[210]

Following their final tour, the band members focused on individual interests and projects,[211] and willingly ceded their traditionally dominant position over the Christmas sales period for 1966.[212] The group's inactivity and lack of new music was reflected in the results of the end-of-year popularity polls conducted by magazines such as the NME, Record Mirror and Bravo.[213][nb 15] Their comments to the press also reflected a disillusionment with fame. In a feature article in Woman's Mirror magazine, Starr was quoted as saying that their image had become a "trap" in which they were pigeonholed as "Siamese quads eating out of the same bowl", while Lennon said, "We sort of half hope for the downfall. A nice downfall."[215][nb 16]

 
Lennon in 1967

The Beatles issued a double A-side single containing "Strawberry Fields Forever" and "Penny Lane" – their first new music since Revolver – in February 1967. The accompanying promotional films eschewed performance in favour of avant-garde imagery;[217] they showed the band members' adoption of facial hair,[218][219] a detail that challenged the convention for youthful-looking pop stars.[220][221] The films confused many of their fans[222] and drew unfavourable responses from the audience on American Bandstand, the leading pop music show in the US.[223][224] When the single failed to reach number one on the Record Retailer chart, British press agencies speculated that the group's run of success might have ended, with headlines such as "Beatles Fail to Reach the Top", "First Time in Four Years" and "Has the Bubble Burst?"[225] However, the American cultural press, responding to appreciations of the Beatles' artistry in Time and Newsweek, lauded the two songs for their experimental qualities. According to author Bernard Gendron, "An adult Beatlemania was in effect replacing the apparently fading 'teenybopper' Beatlemania, supplanting the screams and rituals of worship with breathless reportage and grandiloquent praise."[226]

Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band was released in May and became a major critical and commercial success. According to Gould, the album immediately revolutionised "both the aesthetics and the economics of the record business in ways that far outstripped the earlier pop explosions triggered by the Elvis phenomenon of 1956 and the Beatlemania phenomenon of 1963".[227]

Final public gatherings

Beatlemania continued on a reduced scale after the band's retirement from live performances and into their solo careers.[228] In late August 1967, 2000 fans protested outside Shea Stadium at the band's failure to perform in the US that summer.[229] When the Beatles traveled around the south of England filming their television film Magical Mystery Tour in September 1967, it was the first opportunity for most members of the public to see the band together in over a year.[230] Gavrik Losey, a production assistant on the film, recalled: "We were staying in a little hotel outside West Malling and the crowd that came pushed in the front window of the hotel ... That level of adoration is just amazing to be around."[231]

The last mass display of fan adulation took place at the world premiere of the Beatles' animated film Yellow Submarine,[232][233] held at the London Pavilion in Piccadilly Circus on 17 July 1968.[234] The event was attended by the four band members and, according to Miles, "Fans as usual brought traffic to a standstill and blocked the streets."[234] A rare example of the Beatles interacting with fans was when they filmed a promotional clip for their "Hey Jude" single in September 1968, surrounded by a studio audience.[235] Marc Sinden, later an actor and film director, recalled: "It was the days of screaming, but nobody screamed. We were suddenly in the presence of God. That's the only way I can describe it. These people had changed history. We grew up with them."[236]

Social impact

The Beatles' popularity and influence grew into what was seen as an embodiment of socio-cultural movements of the decade. In Gould's view, they became icons of the 1960s counterculture and a catalyst for bohemianism and activism in various social and political arenas, fuelling movements such as women's liberation and environmentalism.[237] A 1997 study titled "Beatlemania: A sexually defiant consumer subculture?" argued that Beatlemania represented a proto-feminist demonstration of girl power.[238] In their 1986 book, Ehrenreich, Hess and Jacobs comment that, but for the girls' hairstyles and clothing, the photos and footage of young Beatles fans in confrontation with police suggest a women's liberation demonstration from the late 1960s rather than a 1964 pop event. The authors add: "Yet if it was not the 'movement,' or a clear-cut protest of any kind, Beatlemania was the first mass outburst of the '60s to feature women – in this case girls, who would not reach full adulthood until the '70s – and the emergence of a genuinely political movement for women's liberation."[5] Derek Taylor, the band's press officer in 1964 and from 1968 until their break-up, described the relationship between the Beatles and their fans as "the twentieth century's greatest romance".[239]

The first band after the Beatles to receive widespread attention for its fan following in the UK was T.Rex,[240] a glam-rock group led by Marc Bolan.[241] In the early 1970s, the fan frenzy surrounding the band earned comparisons with Beatlemania and became known as "Bolanmania"[242] and "T.Rextasy".[241][243] Later in the decade, the British press coined the term "Rollermania" for female fans' adulation of the Bay City Rollers.[244] Writing in The Observer in 2013, Dorian Lynskey said, "the tropes of Beatlemania have recurred in fan crazes from the Bay City Rollers to Bros, East 17 to One Direction: the screaming, the queuing, the waiting, the longing, the trophy-collecting, the craving for even the briefest contact."[3] In their book Encyclopedia of Classic Rock, David Luhrssen and Michael Larson state that while boy bands such as One Direction continue to attract audiences of screaming girls, "none of those acts moved pop culture forward or achieved the breadth and depth of the Beatles' fandom."[245] André Millard similarly writes that, just as Beatlemania's "scale and ferocity" far surpassed the scenes of adulation inspired by Sinatra, Presley and Johnnie Ray, "nobody in popular entertainment has been able to repeat this moment in all its economic and cultural significance."[246]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Lennon's son Julian was born on 8 April 1963. Lennon visited the hospital to see his wife and meet his new son for the first time, but he attempted to disguise himself to prevent people in the hospital from recognising him.[18]
  2. ^ Ed Sullivan was also among those held up at Heathrow. He was told the reason for the delay and responded: "Who the hell are The Beatles?"[40]
  3. ^ On 4 November, the Beatles sang before the Queen Mother and Princess Margaret at the Royal Variety Performance, sharing the large bill with non-pop acts including Marlene Dietrich and Harry Secombe.[48]
  4. ^ Chris Charlesworth, subsequently a Melody Maker journalist, recalled of the Bradford show: "There were very few boys in the audience ... I couldn't hear a note they sang or played [above the girls' screams] ... but it was the most exciting thing I'd ever seen in my life – an unbelievable experience. The next day all I could think about was getting a guitar."[50]
  5. ^ Writing for Mojo in 2002, Lewisohn said that while some people dismiss the Kennedy association as "psychobabble", "it does make sense."[84]
  6. ^ One report said the group's travel plans were like those for a shipment of gold from Fort Knox.[95]
  7. ^ Lennon said it was especially common in the US, where nurses or mothers would bring blind children and "cripples" backstage in the belief that a Beatle's touch could cure them.[99] The band took to signalling roadie Mal Evans with the words "Cripples, Mal!", which became a code for him to remove any visitors the Beatles did not wish to see.[98]
  8. ^ During the group's years on the Hamburg club circuit, Lennon had taken to giving mock-Hitler tirades from the stage and baiting audiences with jokes about Germany's loss in World War II.[105]
  9. ^ According to Aspinall, a fellow Liverpudlian, Lennon's "Hitler bit on the balcony" was an example of his irreverent attitude in high-pressure situations. Aspinall recalled, "Nobody seemed to pick up on it."[116]
  10. ^ Dylan recalled in 1971: "I just kept it to myself that I really dug them. Everybody else thought they were for the teenyboppers, that they were gonna pass right away. But it was obvious to me that they had staying power."[134] During their first meeting, Dylan answered the constantly ringing telephone in the band's hotel suite, saying, "This is Beatlemania here."[135]
  11. ^ The group played a standard 30-minute set. Their earnings were estimated at $100 (equivalent to $860.00 in 2021) for each second they were on stage.[145]
  12. ^ Witnessing the scene at Houston, Lennon joked, "It happens every time we come to Texas, we nearly get killed."[145] In the early 1970s, Harrison met with their tour pilot who told him that the Elektra would routinely be riddled with bullet-holes – a result of fans' jealous boyfriends shooting at the plane on the runway.[151]
  13. ^ This development followed the controversy surrounding the artwork for Yesterday and Today in June, which was soon withdrawn and replaced with another group portrait.[187]
  14. ^ Author Jon Savage describes the band's career as inhabiting "two separate time zones" by the summer of 1966 – "their present as increasingly experimental artists, and the past of Beatlemania".[198]
  15. ^ In the NME's readers poll, they came second to the Beach Boys in the top World Vocal Group category, marking the only year between 1963 and 1969 that the Beatles did not win in that category.[214]
  16. ^ The same writer, Maureen Cleave, cited a comment by Harrison in her round-up of 1966 for The Evening Standard: "If we do slip [in popularity], so what? ... Being a Beatle isn't the living end."[216]

References

Citations

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Sources

February 09, 2023
beatlemania, musical, musical, fanaticism, surrounding, english, rock, band, beatles, 1960s, group, popularity, grew, united, kingdom, throughout, 1963, propelled, singles, please, please, from, loves, october, press, adopted, term, describe, scenes, adulation. For the musical see Beatlemania musical Beatlemania was the fanaticism surrounding the English rock band the Beatles in the 1960s The group s popularity grew in the United Kingdom throughout 1963 propelled by the singles Please Please Me From Me to You and She Loves You By October the press adopted the term Beatlemania to describe the scenes of adulation that attended the band s concert performances From the start of 1964 their world tours were characterised by the same levels of hysteria and high pitched screaming by female fans both at concerts and during the group s travels Commentators likened the intensity of this adulation to a religious fervour and to a female masturbation fantasy Among the displays of deity like worship fans would approach the band in the belief that they possessed supernatural healing powers In February 1964 the Beatles arrived in the United States and their televised performances on The Ed Sullivan Show were viewed by approximately 73 million people There the band s instant popularity established their international stature and their unprecedented domination of the national sales charts was mirrored in numerous other countries Their August 1965 concert at New York s Shea Stadium marked the first time that a large outdoor stadium was used for such a purpose and with an audience of 55 000 set records for attendance and revenue generation To protect them from their fans the Beatles typically travelled to these concerts by armoured car From the end of that year the band embraced promo clips for their singles to avoid the difficulties of making personal appearances on television programmes Their December 1965 album Rubber Soul marked a profound change in the dynamic between fans and artists as many Beatles fans sought to appreciate the progressive quality in the band s look lyrics and sound In 1966 John Lennon controversially remarked that the group had become more popular than Jesus Soon afterwards when the Beatles toured Japan the Philippines and the US they were entangled in mob revolt violence political backlash and threats of assassination Frustrated by the restrictions of Beatlemania and unable to hear themselves play above their fans screams the group stopped touring and became a studio only band Their popularity and influence expanded in various social and political arenas while Beatlemania continued on a reduced scale from then and into the members solo careers Beatlemania surpassed any previous examples of fan worship in its intensity and scope Initially the fans were predominantly young adolescent females sometimes called teenyboppers and their behaviour was scorned by many commentators By 1965 their fanbase included listeners who traditionally shunned youth driven pop culture which helped bridge divisions between folk and rock enthusiasts During the 1960s Beatlemania was the subject of analysis by psychologists and sociologists a 1997 study recognised the phenomenon as an early demonstration of proto feminist girl power The receptions of subsequent pop acts particularly boy bands have drawn comparisons to Beatlemania although none have replicated the breadth and depth of the Beatles fandom nor its cultural impact Contents 1 Interpretations and precursors 2 1963 UK success 2 1 Please Please Me and first UK tours 2 2 She Loves You and coinage of Beatlemania 2 3 Autumn UK tour and Christmas shows 3 1964 1965 International success 3 1 US breakthrough and I Want to Hold Your Hand 3 2 First visit to the US and Ed Sullivan Show performances 3 3 1964 world tour 3 4 A Hard Day s Night 3 5 First US tour 3 6 Shea Stadium and 1965 US tour 3 7 Rubber Soul and December 1965 UK tour 4 1966 Final tours and controversies 4 1 Germany Japan and the Philippines 4 2 More popular than Jesus and third US tour 5 Post touring fan culture and legacy 5 1 Response to revamped image and retirement from touring 5 2 Final public gatherings 5 3 Social impact 6 See also 7 Notes 8 ReferencesInterpretations and precursors Edit Nuremberg Rally 1937 The size and passion of the crowds that gathered to see the Beatles led to comparisons with the Nazi rallies held in Germany From 1963 the Beatles provided one of the first opportunities for female teenagers in Britain to exhibit spending power and publicly express sexual desire while the group s image suggested a disregard for adults opinions and parents ideas of morality 1 In the description of author and musician Bob Stanley the band s domestic breakthrough represented a final liberation for the nation s teenagers and by coinciding with the end of National Service the group effectively signaled the end of World War II in Britain 2 During the 1840s fans of Hungarian pianist and composer Franz Liszt showed a level of fanaticism similar to that of the Beatles Poet Heinrich Heine coined Lisztomania to describe this 3 Once it became an international phenomenon in 1964 Beatlemania surpassed in intensity and reach any previous examples of fan worship including those afforded to Rudy Vallee 4 Frank Sinatra and Elvis Presley 5 One factor in this development may have been the post World War II baby boom which gave the Beatles a larger audience of young fans than Sinatra and Presley had a decade earlier 3 Psychologists during the 1960s were especially drawn to the significance of the long hair preferred by the Beatles and the bands that emerged soon after their breakthrough Academics proposed that the long hair signalled androgyny and thus presented a less threatening version of male sexuality to teenage girls as well as allowing male fans to view the group in a sexual regard that they normally reserved for young females Other concerns related to the Beatles own sexuality whether the haircuts were a projection of latent homosexuality or confident heterosexuality 6 In their 1986 book Re making Love The Feminization of Sex authors Barbara Ehrenreich Elizabeth Hess and Gloria Jacobs argued that the band s presentable suits meant that they seemed less sleazy than Presley to middle class whites 5 In February 1964 Paul Johnson wrote an article in the New Statesman which stated that the mania was a modern incarnation of female hysteria and that the wild fans at the Beatles concerts were the least fortunate of their generation the dull the idle the failures 7 The article became the most complained about piece in the magazine s history 8 A 1966 study published in the British Journal of Clinical Psychology rejected Johnson s assertion the researchers found that Beatles fans were not likelier to score higher on Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory s hysteria scale nor were they unusually neurotic Instead they described Beatlemania as the passing reaction of predominantly young adolescent females to group pressures of such a kind that meet their special emotional needs 9 1963 UK success Edit Please Please Me and first UK tours Edit See also The Beatles at The Cavern Club The Beatles attracted a fan frenzy in the north of England since the start of the 1960s Beatles historian Mark Lewisohn says that some who attended the band s 27 December 1960 show in Litherland claim that Beatlemania was born there while Bob Wooler who regularly presented the Beatles at Liverpool s Cavern Club wrote in August 1961 that they were the stuff that screams are made of and were already playing to fever pitch audiences at the Cavern However national recognition of Beatlemania eluded the band until late 1963 10 The Beatles outside the Birmingham Hippodrome November 1963 Because the crowds were so thick they had to be smuggled into the venue with assistance from local police 11 With the success of their second single Please Please Me the Beatles found themselves in demand for the whole of 1963 In the UK the song reached number two on the Record Retailer chart subsequently adopted as the UK Singles Chart 12 and topped both the NME and Melody Maker charts 13 The band released their first album in March 1963 also titled Please Please Me 14 They completed four nationwide tours and performed at a great many single shows around the UK throughout the year often finishing one show only to travel straight to the next show in another location sometimes even to perform again the same day 15 16 The music papers were full of stories about the Beatles and magazines for teenage girls regularly contained interviews with the band members colour posters and other Beatle related articles 17 Lennon s August 1962 marriage to Cynthia Powell was kept from public view as a closely guarded secret 18 nb 1 On 2 February 1963 the Beatles opened their first nationwide tour at a show in Bradford featuring Helen Shapiro Danny Williams Kenny Lynch Kestrels and the Red Price Orchestra 19 Heading the tour bill was 16 year old Shapiro followed by the other five acts the last of which was the Beatles The band proved immensely popular during the tour however as journalist Gordon Sampson observed His report did not use the word Beatlemania but the phenomenon was evident Sampson wrote that a great reception went to the colourfully dressed Beatles who almost stole the show for the audience repeatedly called for them while other artists were performing 20 The Beatles second nationwide tour began on 9 March at the Granada Cinema in London where the group appeared on a bill headed by American stars Tommy Roe and Chris Montez both of whom had firmly established themselves in the UK singles charts 21 Throughout the tour the crowds repeatedly screamed for the Beatles and the American stars were less popular than a homegrown act for the first time The Beatles enjoyed the overwhelming enthusiasm but they also felt embarrassment for the American performers at this unexpected turn of events which persisted at every show on the tour 22 In May the Beatles achieved their first number 1 single on the Record Retailer chart with From Me to You 2 McCartney later cited the song title along with that of its B side Thank You Girl as an example of him and Lennon directly addressing the group s fans and appreciating that such a seemingly personal message resonated with their audience 23 According to Stanley the band provided a sense of liberation for fans of both sexes in that The boys could make as much noise as possible the girls had something with dirt under its fingernails they could scream at 2 The Beatles began their third nationwide tour on 18 May the bill this time headed by Roy Orbison Orbison had established even greater UK chart success than either Montez or Roe with four hits in the top 10 24 but he proved less popular than the Beatles at the tour s opening show staged at the Adelphi Cinema Slough It soon became obvious that this was not going to change and a week into the tour the covers of the souvenir programs were reprinted to place the Beatles above Orbison Starr was nonetheless impressed with the response that Orbison still commanded saying We would be backstage listening to the tremendous applause he was getting He was just doing it by his voice Just standing there singing not moving or anything 25 The tour lasted three weeks and ended on 9 June 26 She Loves You and coinage of Beatlemania Edit She Loves You 1963 source source track Beatles historian Mark Lewisohn says that while Beatlemania was cooking in the summer of 1963 the release of She Loves You brought it to the boil He highlights the falsetto cries of Ooh and the yeah yeah yeah refrain as elements that ensured the song became an anthem for British teenagers 27 Problems playing this file See media help There was tremendous anticipation ahead of the release of the Beatles fourth single She Loves You Thousands of fans ordered the single as early as June 1963 well before its title had been known 28 In July the band convened at EMI Studios for the song s recording session an occasion that was publicised in advance by the weekly pop papers 29 More than a hundred fans congregated outside the studios and dozens broke through a police blockade swarming the building in search of the band 30 By the day before the single went on sale in August some 500 000 advanced orders had been placed for it 28 She Loves You topped the charts and set several UK sales records 31 The song included a Yeah yeah yeah refrain that became a signature hook for their European audiences in addition the song s falsetto Ooh s elicited further fan delirium when accompanied by the vocalists exaggerated shaking of their moptop hair 32 McCartney Harrison Swedish pop singer Lill Babs and Lennon on the set of the Swedish television show Drop In 30 October 1963 On 13 October the Beatles starred on Val Parnell s Sunday Night at the London Palladium the UK s top variety show 33 Their performance was televised live and watched by 15 million viewers One national paper s headlines in the following days coined the term Beatlemania to describe the phenomenal and increasingly hysterical interest in the Beatles and it stuck 33 Publicist Tony Barrow saw Beatlemania as beginning with the band s appearance on that program 32 at which point he no longer had to contact the press but had the press contacting him 34 Scottish music promoter Andi Lothian said that he coined Beatlemania while speaking to a reporter at the band s Caird Hall concert which took place as part of the Beatles mini tour of Scotland on 7 October 35 36 The word appeared in the Daily Mail on 21 October for a feature story by Vincent Mulchrone headlined This Beatlemania 37 The band returned from a five day Swedish tour on 31 October 1963 38 and were greeted at Heathrow Airport in heavy rain by thousands of screaming fans 50 journalists and photographers and a BBC TV camera crew The wild scenes at the airport delayed the British Prime Minister Alec Douglas Home being chauffeured in the vicinity as his car was obstructed by the crowds The Miss World of the time was passing through the airport as well but she was completely ignored by journalists and the public 39 nb 2 Autumn UK tour and Christmas shows Edit An admirer from their pre fame days in Liverpool was shocked to witness a Beatles performance in 1963 at which every note of their music was buried beneath the screams of young girls Why didn t they listen to their idols she asked We came to see the Beatles a fan replied We can hear them on records Anyway we might be disappointed if we heard them in real life 41 Author Peter Doggett On 1 November the Beatles began their 1963 Autumn Tour their first tour as undisputed headliners 38 It produced much the same reaction from those attending with a fervent riotous response from fans everywhere they went Police attempting to control the crowds employed high pressure water hoses and the safety of the police became a matter of national concern provoking controversial discussions in Parliament over the thousands of police officers putting themselves at risk to protect the Beatles 42 On the first tour date at the Odeon in Cheltenham the volume of sound from the screaming crowds was so great that the Beatles amplification equipment proved unequal to it the band members could not hear themselves speaking singing or playing 39 The next day the Daily Mirror carried the headline BEATLEMANIA It s happening everywhere even in sedate Cheltenham 37 The Daily Telegraph published a disapproving article in which Beatlemania and the scenes of adulation were likened to Hitler s Nuremberg Rallies 38 43 Adults who had been accustomed to wartime deprivation in their youth expressed concerns at the frenzied reaction given to pop groups such as the Beatles 44 Alternatively a Church of England clergyman remarked that a Beatles version of the Christmas carol O Come All Ye Faithful sung as O Come All Ye Faithful Yeah Yeah Yeah 27 might restore the popularity and relevance of the church in Britain 45 The tour continued until 13 December with stops in Dublin and Belfast 46 and marked the pinnacle of British Beatlemania according to Lewisohn 47 nb 3 Maureen Lipman attended a concert in Hull as a sceptic but 50 years later she recalled her road to Damascus moment when Lennon sang Money That s What I Want Someone very close to me screamed the most piercing of screams a primal mating call I realised with an electric shock that the screaming someone was me Lipman heard that the theatre cleared away 40 pairs of abandoned knickers from other young female fans and she concluded life as I knew it was never the same again 49 On 21 and 22 December the band gave preview performances of The Beatles Christmas Show in Bradford and Liverpool respectively 50 Designed for children and performed with several other acts the presentation combined comedy with musical sets and was subsequently performed twice daily apart from on New Year s Eve at the Finsbury Park Astoria in north London from 24 December to 11 January 1964 51 nb 4 The Beatles also recorded the first of their annual fan club Christmas records an initiative suggested by Barrow which again included comedy skits and musical segments 52 With the November 1963 release of their second album With the Beatles the group inaugurated a tradition of issuing a new Beatles LP in time for the Christmas sell in period 53 leading fans to congregate and hold listening parties over the holiday season 54 Author Nicholas Schaffner a teenager during the 1960s said that these albums came to evoke an intangible sense of Christmas for many listeners as a result 55 1964 1965 International success EditUS breakthrough and I Want to Hold Your Hand Edit EMI owned Capitol Records but Capitol had declined to issue any of the band s singles in the US for most of the year 56 The American press regarded the phenomenon of Beatlemania in the UK with amusement 57 Newspaper and magazine articles about the Beatles began to appear in the US towards the end of 1963 and they cited the English stereotype of eccentricity reporting that the UK had finally developed an interest in rock and roll which had come and gone a long time previously in the US 57 Headlines included The New Madness 58 and Beatle Bug Bites Britain 57 and writers employed word play linking beetle with the infestation afflicting the UK 57 The Baltimore Sun reflected the dismissive view of most adults America had better take thought as to how it will deal with the invasion Indeed a restrained Beatles go home might be just the thing 59 Rather than dissuading American teenagers such disapproval from adults strengthened their connection with the band 59 The Beatles American television debut was on 18 November 1963 on The Huntley Brinkley Report with a four minute report by Edwin Newman 60 61 On 22 November the CBS Morning News ran a five minute feature on Beatlemania in the UK which heavily featured their UK hit She Loves You The evening s scheduled repeat was cancelled following the assassination of President John F Kennedy the same day On 10 December Walter Cronkite decided to run the piece on the CBS Evening News 62 American chart success began after disc jockey Carroll James obtained a copy of the British single I Want to Hold Your Hand in mid December and began playing it on AM radio station WWDC in Washington DC 63 Listeners repeatedly phoned in to request a replay of the song while local record shops were flooded with requests for a record that they did not have in stock 64 James sent the record to other disc jockeys around the country sparking similar reaction 59 On 26 December Capitol released the record three weeks ahead of schedule 64 It sold a million copies and became a number one hit in the US by mid January 65 Epstein arranged for a 40 000 American marketing campaign 63 a deal Capitol accepted due to Ed Sullivan s agreement to headline the Beatles on The Ed Sullivan Show 66 First visit to the US and Ed Sullivan Show performances Edit Main article The Beatles on The Ed Sullivan Show In advance of the Beatles arrival in the US Time magazine reported that the raucous sound of the band s screaming fans made their concerts slightly orgiastic The seating at venues would be soaked in urine after each show and in Doggett s description Sociologists noted that witnessing a pop group provoked orgasms amongst girls too young to understand what they were feeling 41 David Holbrook wrote in the New Statesman that it was painfully clear that the Beatles are a masturbation fantasy such as a girl presumably has during the onanistic act the genial smiling young male images the music like a buzzing of the blood in the head the rhythm the cries the shouted names the climaxes 67 On 3 January 1964 The Jack Paar Program ran Beatles concert footage licensed from the BBC as a joke to an audience of 30 million viewers 59 On 7 February an estimated 4 000 Beatles fans were present as Pan Am Flight 101 left Heathrow Airport 68 Among the passengers were the Beatles on their first trip to the US as a band along with Phil Spector and an entourage of photographers and journalists 69 On arrival at New York s newly renamed John F Kennedy International Airport they were greeted by a crowd of 4 000 Beatles fans and 200 journalists 70 A few people in the crowd were injured and the airport had not previously experienced such a large crowd 71 The band held a press conference where they met disc jockey Murray the K then they were driven to New York City each in a separate limousine 72 On the way McCartney turned on a radio and listened to a running commentary They have just left the airport and are coming to New York City 73 When they reached the Plaza Hotel they were besieged by fans and reporters 74 Author Andre Millard writing in his book Beatlemania Technology Business and Teen Culture in Cold War America says that it was this constant fan presence outside the band s hotels UK residences and recording studios that gave Beatlemania an extra dimension that lifted it above all other incidents of fan worship 75 The Beatles with Ed Sullivan February 1964 The Beatles made their first live US television appearance on 9 February 76 when 73 million viewers watched them perform on The Ed Sullivan Show at 8 pm about two fifths of the American population 77 According to the Nielsen ratings audience measurement system the show had the largest number of viewers that had been recorded for an American television program 78 The Beatles performed their first American concert on 11 February at Washington Coliseum a sports arena in Washington DC attended by 8 000 They performed a second concert the next day at New York s Carnegie Hall which was attended by 2 000 and both concerts were well received 79 The Beatles then flew to Miami Beach and made their second television appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show on 16 February which was broadcast live from the Napoleon Ballroom of the Deauville Hotel in Miami Beach with another 70 million viewers On 22 February the Beatles returned to the UK and arrived at Heathrow airport at 7 am where they were met by an estimated 10 000 fans 79 An article in The New York Times Magazine described Beatlemania as a religion of teenage culture that was indicative of how American youth now looked to their own age group for social values and role models 80 The US had been in mourning fear and disbelief over the assassination of President John F Kennedy on 22 November 1963 81 and contemporary pundits identified a link between the public shock and the adulation afforded the Beatles eleven weeks later 82 According to these writers the Beatles reignited the sense of excitement and possibility that had faded in the wake of the assassination 82 Other factors cited included the threat of nuclear war racial tensions in the US and reports of the country s increased involvement in the Vietnam War 83 nb 5 The first Beatles album issued by Capitol Meet the Beatles hit number one on the Billboard Top LPs chart later the Billboard 200 on 15 February and it maintained that position for 11 weeks of its 74 week chart stay 85 On 4 April the group occupied the top five US single chart positions as well as seven other positions in the Billboard Hot 100 86 As of 2013 they remained the only act to have done so having also broken 11 other chart records on the Hot 100 and the Billboard 200 87 Author David Szatmary states In the nine days during the Beatles brief visit Americans had bought more than two million Beatles records and more than 2 5 million US dollars worth of Beatles related goods 88 The Beatles Second Album on Capitol topped the charts on 2 May and kept its peak for five weeks of its 55 week chart stay 89 1964 world tour Edit Members of the media swarm the Beatles at Amsterdam s Schiphol Airport in June 1964 as fans await them on top of the airport terminal Holding a press conference in the Netherlands at the start of their first world tour June 1964 The Beatles success established the popularity of British musical acts for the first time in the US By mid 1964 several more UK acts came to the US including the Dave Clark Five the Rolling Stones Billy J Kramer and Gerry amp the Pacemakers 90 91 Completing what commentators termed the British Invasion of the US pop market one third of all top ten hits there in 1964 were performed by British acts 92 The Beatles chart domination was repeated in countries around the world during 1964 as were the familiar displays of mania wherever the band played 93 Fans besieged their hotels where sheets and pillowcases were stolen for souvenirs As the phenomenon escalated over 1964 65 travelling to concert venues involved a journey via helicopter and armoured car 94 These arrangements came to resemble military operations with decoy vehicles and a level of security normally afforded a head of state 95 nb 6 Contrary to the presentable image the Beatles maintained for reporters covering the tours their evening parties often descended into orgies with female admirers which Lennon later likened to the scenes of Roman decadence in Frederico Fellini s film Satyricon 94 When the group toured Australia in June as part of their 1964 world tour the population afforded the visit the status of a national event 96 Despite arriving in Sydney on 11 June amid heavy rain the Beatles were paraded at the airport on an open top truck A woman ran across the airport tarmac and threw her intellectually disabled young child into the truck shouting Catch him Paul McCartney did so before telling her the boy was lovely and that she should take him back Once the truck had slowed the woman kissed her boy and declared He s better Oh he s better 97 Starr later said that scenes of alleged miracle working by the Beatles were commonplace around the world including in the UK 98 nb 7 A crowd of 300 000 roughly half the city welcomed the Beatles to Adelaide on 12 June 100 This figure was the largest recorded gathering of Australians in one place 101 and twice the number of people that had greeted Queen Elizabeth II on her royal visit in 1963 102 They were given a similar welcome in Melbourne on 14 June 101 103 Fans lined the city streets and then lay siege outside the Beatles hotel cars were crushed and 50 people were hospitalised some having fallen from trees in an attempt to gain a vantage point of their heroes The Beatles were asked to make an appearance on their hotel balcony in the hope of placating the crowd The mass of people and sound was reminiscent of film footage of 1930s Nuremberg rallies 103 According to author Keith Badman this prompted Lennon to give a Nazi salute and shout Sieg Heil even holding his finger to his upper lip as a Hitler style moustache 104 nb 8 Lennon also took to giving crowds an open palmed benediction in the style of the Pope 106 During the first concert in Sydney on 18 June the audience s habit of hurling Jelly Babies at the stage a legacy of Harrison saying earlier in the year that he liked Jelly Babies 107 forced the band to twice stop the show with McCartney complaining that it was like bullets coming from all directions 108 In addition to the sweets fans threw miniature koalas and packages as gifts for the band 108 Hurling objects at the group became a fan ritual carried out wherever the Beatles performed 107 The world tour moved on to New Zealand later in the month There the authorities expressed their disapproval of the Beatles and their fans behaviour by refusing to supply a police escort and by allocating a maximum of three officers to control the thousands of screaming fans outside venues and hotels In Auckland and Dunedin the band were left to fight their way through crowds with the help of their road managers Mal Evans and Neil Aspinall Lennon was later vocal in his disgust with the local authorities 109 On 22 June a young woman broke into the hotel in Wellington where the Beatles were staying and slashed her wrists when Evans refused her access to the band s rooms 110 Following the Beatles arrival in Christchurch on 27 June a girl threw herself in front of the band s limousine and bounced off the car s bonnet Unharmed she was invited by the group to join them at their hotel 111 A Hard Day s Night Edit The London Pavilion showing A Hard Day s Night August 1964 The Beatles starred as fictionalised versions of themselves in the feature length motion picture A Hard Day s Night 112 Originally to be titled Beatlemania 113 it portrayed the members as struggling with the trappings of their fame and popularity 114 The making was complicated by the real life Beatlemania that arose wherever the crew were shooting on a given day 114 Some reviewers felt that its concert scene filmed at a London theatre with an audience of fans who were paid extras had been deliberately sanitised in its depiction of Beatlemania 114 A Hard Day s Night had its world premiere on 6 July attended by members of the royal family 12 000 fans filled Piccadilly Circus in central London which had to be closed to traffic 113 A separate premiere was held for the north of England on 10 July for which the Beatles returned to Liverpool A crowd estimated at 200 000 a quarter of the city s population lined the streets as the band members were driven to Liverpool Town Hall to meet local dignitaries once there in Barry Miles description Lennon enlivened proceedings by making a series of Hitler salutes to the crowd 115 nb 9 Stanley highlights the Hard Day s Night LP as the album that best demonstrates the band s international appeal saying There was adventure knowingness love and abundant charm in the songs the drug was adrenaline The world loved them and the world was their plaything 117 The album spent 14 weeks at number one on the Billboard Top LPs chart during a 56 week stay the longest run of any album that year 118 In the UK it was number one for 21 weeks and became the second best selling album of the year behind the group s December 1964 release Beatles for Sale which replaced it at the top of the chart 119 First US tour Edit I went absolutely mad round about 1964 My head was just so swollen I thought I was a God a living God And the other three looked at me and said Excuse me I am the God We all went through a period of going mad 120 Ringo Starr The band returned to the US for a second visit on 18 August 1964 121 this time remaining for a month long tour 122 The Beatles performed 30 concerts in 23 cities starting in California and ending in New York 122 One of the major stipulations was that the band would not perform for segregated audiences or at venues which excluded blacks 123 The tour was characterised by intense levels of hysteria and high pitched screaming by female fans both at concerts and during their travels 88 At each venue the concert was treated as a major event by the local press and attended by 10 000 to 20 000 fans whose enthusiastic response produced sound levels that left the music only semi audible 122 George Martin the Beatles record producer assisted in taping the band s 23 August Hollywood Bowl concert for a proposed live album given the audience s relentless screaming he said it was like putting a microphone at the end of a 747 jet 124 When the Beatles played in Chicago on 5 September a local policeman described the adulation as kind of like Sinatra multiplied by 50 or 100 125 Variety reported that 160 females were treated for injuries and distress in Vancouver after thousands of fans charged at the security barriers in front of the stage 126 At Jacksonville on 11 September 500 fans kept the Beatles trapped in the George Washington Hotel car park after the group had given a press conference at the hotel With only a dozen police officers on hand it took the band 15 minutes to move the 25 feet from the lift to their limousine 127 Harrison refused to take part in the scheduled ticker tape parades given Kennedy s assassination the previous year 128 He said that the constant demand on their time from fans city officials hotel management and others was such that the band often locked themselves in their hotel bathroom to gain some peace 129 Police escort Harrison and McCartney through fans gathered at the George Washington Hotel in Jacksonville Florida September 1964 The tour earned the group over a million dollars in ticket sales and stimulated a further increase in record and Beatles related merchandise sales 122 Robert Shelton of The New York Times criticised the Beatles for creat ing a monster in their audience and said that the band should try to subdue their fans before this contrived hysteria reaches uncontrollable proportions 130 75 Reports at this time likened the intensity of the fans adulation to a religious fervour 106 Derek Taylor the band s press officer was quoted in the New York Post as saying Cripples threw away their sticks and sick people rushed up to the car It was as if some savior had arrived and all these people were happy and relieved In a report from London for the Partisan Review Jonathan Miller wrote of the effects of the Beatles extended absence overseas They have become a religion in fact All over the place though there are icons devotional photos and illuminated messiahs which keep the tiny earthbound fans in touch with the provocatively absconded deities 106 American social commentators Grace and Fred Hechinger complained that adults had failed to provide youth with an adequate foundation for their creativity and they especially deplored the tendency for creeping adult adolescence whereby parents sought to share their children s banal pleasures 131 During the 1964 tour the Beatles met Bob Dylan in their New York hotel Lennon later enthused about the meeting he said that Beatlemania was something Dylan can understand and relate to and recalled Dylan explaining the intensity of his following 132 In his book Can t Buy Me Love The Beatles Britain and America author Jonathan Gould comments on the musical and cultural significance of this meeting since the Beatles fanbase and that of Dylan were perceived as inhabiting two separate subcultural worlds 133 nb 10 As a result according to Gould the traditional division between folk and rock enthusiasts nearly evaporated over the following year as the Beatles fans began to mature in their outlook and Dylan s audience embraced the new youth driven pop culture 136 Capitol Records exploited the band s popularity with a 48 minute documentary double LP The Beatles Story 137 released in November 1964 and purporting to be a narrative and musical biography of Beatlemania 138 It included a portion of Twist and Shout from the Hollywood Bowl concert 139 and segments such as How Beatlemania Began Beatlemania in Action and Victims of Beatlemania 137 Shea Stadium and 1965 US tour Edit The Beatles at a press conference during their August 1965 North American tour The Beatles attended the London premiere of their film Help in July 1965 after completing a two week tour of France Italy and Spain and then returned to the US for another two week tour 140 In advance of the tour the American cultural press published appreciations of the Beatles music marking a turnaround from the dismissiveness shown towards the band in 1964 Written by musicologists these articles were informed by the media s realisation that rather than a short term fad Beatlemania had become more ingrained in society and by the group s influence on contemporary music 141 The Beatles August 1965 performance at Shea Stadium pictured in 1964 was the first of its kind The US tour commenced at Shea Stadium in New York City on 15 August The circular stadium had been constructed the previous year with seating arranged in four ascending decks all of which were filled for the concert 140 It was the first time that a large outdoor stadium had been used for such a purpose 142 143 and attracted an audience of over 55 000 the largest of any live concert that the Beatles performed 140 The event set records for attendance and revenue generation with takings of 304 000 equivalent to 2 61 million in 2021 144 nb 11 According to The New York Times the collective scream produced by the Shea Stadium audience escalated to a level that represented the classic Greek meaning of the word pandemonium the region of all demons 146 The band were astonished at the spectacle of the event to which Lennon responded by acting in a mock crazed manner 147 and reducing Harrison to hysterical laughter as they played the closing song I m Down 148 149 Starr later said I feel that on that show John cracked up not mentally ill but he just got crazy playing the piano with his elbows 148 The rest of the tour was highly successful with well attended shows on each of its ten dates 140 most of which took place in stadiums and sports arenas 145 In Houston fans swarmed over the wings of the Beatles chartered Lockheed Elektra three days later one of the plane s engines caught fire resulting in a terrifying ordeal for the band on the descent into Portland 150 nb 12 A 50 minute concert film titled The Beatles at Shea Stadium was broadcast in the UK in March 1966 152 In the view of music critic Richie Unterberger there are few more thrilling Beatles concert sequences than the film s I m Down finale 153 Also in 1965 the band s influence on American youth was the subject of condemnation by Christian conservatives such as Bob Larson and David Noebel 154 the latter a Baptist minister and member of the Christian Crusade 155 In a widely distributed pamphlet titled Communism Hypnotism and the Beatles Noebel wrote that patriotic Americans were in the fight of our lives and the lives of our children and urged Let s make sure four mop headed anti Christ beatniks don t destroy our children s mental and emotional stability and ultimately destroy our nation 155 Later that year Lennon complained about the 1965 US tour people kept bringing blind crippled and deformed children into our dressing room and this boy s mother would say Go on kiss him maybe you ll bring back his sight We re not cruel We ve seen enough tragedy in Merseyside We re going to remain normal if it kills us 156 Rubber Soul and December 1965 UK tour Edit On 26 October 1965 4 000 fans gathered outside Buckingham Palace in central London while the Beatles received their MBEs from the Queen As the crowd chanted Yeah yeah yeah some fans jostled with police officers and scaled the palace gates 157 The impossibility of travelling without being mobbed led to the Beatles abandoning live television appearances to promote their singles 158 In November they filmed promotional clips for their double A side single Day Tripper We Can Work It Out which could be played on shows such as Ready Steady Go and Top of the Pops This relieved the band from travelling to TV studios around the UK and allowed them to focus on recording their next album Rubber Soul 159 In her study of Beatlemania sociologist Candy Leonard says that Rubber Soul challenged some young fans due to its more sophisticated lyrical and musical content but its release in December 1965 marked the moment when the Beatles came to occupy a role in fans lives and a place in their psyches that was different from any previous fan performer relationship 160 Front cover of the Rubber Soul LP designed by Robert Freeman The LP s cover contained a distorted stretched image of the band s faces which were nevertheless so instantly recognisable that no artist credit was necessary 161 162 Its surreal quality led some fans to write to the band s official fanzine Beatles Monthly alarmed that the group s appearance resembled that of corpses 161 Leonard writes that Rubber Soul initiated close listening among the Beatles fanbase particularly with regard to song lyrics and studying the cover was part of the listening experience 163 Fans were fascinated by the photo and the change in the band s look In Leonard s study male fans recalled the significance of the band members longer hair individual clothes and collective self assuredness The reaction from female fans varied one found the cover very sensual they looked grown up and sexy while another described it as scary difficult unpleasant adding They looked menacing like they were looking down on a victim They looked like wooly mammoths brown and leathery 164 In the UK the release was accompanied by speculation that the group s success would soon end given that most acts there faded after two or three years at the top 165 The Beatles had also defied convention and Epstein s wishes by drastically reducing their concert schedule in 1965 166 and they disappointed fans by refusing to reprise their annual Christmas Show season 167 During the band s UK tour that December some newspapers reported that the intensity of the fans passion appeared to have diminished In his review of the opening show in Glasgow Alan Smith of the NME wrote that Crazy Beatlemania is over certainly despite the prevalence of fainting fits and thunderous waves of screams 168 By the end of the tour however following a series of concerts in London Smith wrote without question BEATLEMANIA IS BACK I have not seen hysteria like this at a Beatles show since the word Beatlemania erupted into headlines 169 1966 Final tours and controversies EditGermany Japan and the Philippines Edit After spending three months away from the public eye in early 1966 the Beatles were eager to depart from the formula imposed on them as pop stars both in their music and in their presentation 170 Their first full group activity of the year was a photo session with photographer Robert Whitaker 171 who having witnessed Beatlemania throughout the 1965 US tour sought to humanise the band and counter impressions of their iconic status 172 A photo from this shoot showing the group dressed in white butchers coats and draped with pieces of raw meat and parts from plastic baby dolls was submitted as the original cover image of a forthcoming US album Yesterday and Today 173 In one explanation he subsequently gave Whitaker said the meat and dismembered limbs symbolised the violence behind Beatlemania and what the band s fans would do to them without the presence of heavy security at their concerts 174 By 1966 the Beatles were no longer willing to play shows in small venues such as the UK cinemas but recognised the merit in continuing to perform in large stadiums 175 They played their final UK show on 1 May 1966 when they performed a short set at the NME Poll Winners Concert held at the Empire Pool in north west London 176 In an opinion poll published in Melody Maker 80 per cent of respondents expressed deep disappointment in the group for their paucity of concert TV and radio appearances and most of those readers said that Beatlemania was in decline 177 The Beatles performance at the Budokan in Tokyo pictured 2009 caused controversy as the venue was considered sacred ground After completing the recording for Revolver in late June the Beatles set off on a tour combining concerts in West Germany Japan and the Philippines German police used tear gas and guard dogs to control fans in Essen and in Tokyo there was fear of terrorism surrounding the band s stay forcing the members to be placed under heavy security in response to death threats from the country s hardline traditionalists 178 While in the Philippines in July the group unintentionally snubbed first lady Imelda Marcos who had expected them to attend her breakfast reception at Malacanang Palace in Manila 179 Epstein had declined the invitation on the band s behalf as it had never been his policy to accept such official invitations 180 Riots resulted which endangered the group and they escaped the Philippines with difficulty 181 According to author Steve Turner the three country tour represented the dark side of Beatlemania and the band s fame Whereas crowds breaking through a police barrier would have been the biggest concern up until the previous year Now it was mob revolt violence political backlash and threats of assassination 182 In George Harrison s recollection Everywhere we were going in 1966 there was a demonstration about one thing or another In America the race riots were going on when Beatlemania had come to town In Japan there were student riots plus people were demonstrating because the Budokan where we were playing was supposed to be a special spiritual hall reserved for martial arts In Manila the whole place turned on us there were all the government officials or police who were trying to punch us and then underneath that were the young kids who were still around doing the mania 183 excessive quote More popular than Jesus and third US tour Edit The Beatles returned to the US on 11 August shortly after the release of Revolver for what became their last tour 184 It coincided with a storm of American public protest caused by Lennon s remark that the Beatles had become more popular than Christ 185 186 nb 13 Epstein had considered cancelling the 14 concert tour fearing for their lives because of the severity of the protests which included Beatles records publicly burned and claims that the Beatles were anti Christ 188 There were disturbances on the tour and one performance was brought to a temporary halt when a member of the audience threw a firecracker leading the Beatles to believe that they were being shot at 184 They received telephone threats and the Ku Klux Klan picketed some concerts 184 An ITN news team sent from London to cover the controversy reported that many teenagers in the US Bible Belt were among those offended by the Beatles 189 Lennon s comments had caused no upset when originally published in the UK in March 190 However John Grigg in his column for The Guardian had applied Lennon s description of Christ s disciples as thick and ordinary to the band s fans saying Beatle maniacs are a distinct obstacle to higher appreciation of the Beatles 191 Candlestick Park the last concert venue the Beatles performed When the group arrived in New York midtown traffic was brought to a standstill as two female fans perched on a 22nd storey ledge above Sixth Avenue threatened to jump unless the Beatles visited them Outside the Warwick Hotel where the band stayed clashes ensued between Christian demonstrators and the crowd of adoring fans 192 Throughout the tour the US press nevertheless seized the opportunity to predict the end of Beatlemania citing the bonfires and radio bans but also as detrimental factors to the Beatles teenage appeal the group s financial wealth and the artiness of their latest records 193 The US tour ended on 29 August with a concert at Candlestick Park in San Francisco 184 While commercially successful the tour had been affected by the prevailing mood of controversy there were rows of empty seats at some venues 194 and according to Schaffner The screaming had also abated somewhat one could occasionally even hear snatches of music 192 Comparing the 1966 Shea Stadium concert with the previous year s event one commentator recalled that as before when the Beatles sang the looks in the girls eyes were faraway but It was different This time we boys were almost as entranced and the experience was more unifying than dividing 195 The band s final concert marked the end of a four year period dominated by touring and concerts with over 1 400 shows performed worldwide 196 By 1966 the Beatles had become disenchanted with all aspects of touring including fans offering themselves sexually to the band the high pitched screaming and regular confinement in hotel rooms and they were frustrated that the quality of their live performances was so at odds with the increasingly sophisticated music they created in the studio 197 nb 14 Harrison was the first to tire of Beatlemania while McCartney had continued to thrive on the adulation McCartney finally ceded to his bandmates insistence that the group stop touring towards the end of the 1966 tour 199 Lennon said that their concerts had become bloody tribal rites where crowds came merely to scream 200 Harrison later likened Beatlemania to the premise of Ken Kesey s novel One Flew over the Cuckoo s Nest where you are sane in the middle of something and they re all crackers 201 According to Starr they gave up touring at the right time since Four years of Beatlemania was enough for anyone 202 Post touring fan culture and legacy EditResponse to revamped image and retirement from touring Edit 1966 certainly marked the end of as one irate Beatles Monthly correspondent put it The Beatles we used to know before they went stark raving mad But to the vast majority there was something uncanny almost magical about the Beatles startling evolution John Paul George and Ringo seemed to have an unerring knack for staying one step ahead of their fans so we made them our leaders and spokesmen fondly imagining they had all the answers 203 Author Nicholas Schaffner The Beatles gave no more commercial concerts from the end of their 1966 US tour until their break up in 1970 instead devoting their efforts to creating new material in the recording studio 204 By late 1966 many young fans in the US had temporarily turned away from the Beatles having found Revolver overly austere and lacking the fun aspect they expected of the band s music 205 Sensing this two Hollywood television executives created The Monkees a show starring an eponymous four piece band in the Beatles mould 206 and evoking the spirit of their films A Hard Day s Night and Help 207 An immediate commercial success the Monkees captured the teenybopper audience 208 209 and elicited the frenzied adulation of early Beatlemania 210 For the younger Beatles fans a weekly King Features cartoon series titled The Beatles maintained the innocent moptop image of previous years 210 Following their final tour the band members focused on individual interests and projects 211 and willingly ceded their traditionally dominant position over the Christmas sales period for 1966 212 The group s inactivity and lack of new music was reflected in the results of the end of year popularity polls conducted by magazines such as the NME Record Mirror and Bravo 213 nb 15 Their comments to the press also reflected a disillusionment with fame In a feature article in Woman s Mirror magazine Starr was quoted as saying that their image had become a trap in which they were pigeonholed as Siamese quads eating out of the same bowl while Lennon said We sort of half hope for the downfall A nice downfall 215 nb 16 Lennon in 1967 The Beatles issued a double A side single containing Strawberry Fields Forever and Penny Lane their first new music since Revolver in February 1967 The accompanying promotional films eschewed performance in favour of avant garde imagery 217 they showed the band members adoption of facial hair 218 219 a detail that challenged the convention for youthful looking pop stars 220 221 The films confused many of their fans 222 and drew unfavourable responses from the audience on American Bandstand the leading pop music show in the US 223 224 When the single failed to reach number one on the Record Retailer chart British press agencies speculated that the group s run of success might have ended with headlines such as Beatles Fail to Reach the Top First Time in Four Years and Has the Bubble Burst 225 However the American cultural press responding to appreciations of the Beatles artistry in Time and Newsweek lauded the two songs for their experimental qualities According to author Bernard Gendron An adult Beatlemania was in effect replacing the apparently fading teenybopper Beatlemania supplanting the screams and rituals of worship with breathless reportage and grandiloquent praise 226 Sgt Pepper s Lonely Hearts Club Band was released in May and became a major critical and commercial success According to Gould the album immediately revolutionised both the aesthetics and the economics of the record business in ways that far outstripped the earlier pop explosions triggered by the Elvis phenomenon of 1956 and the Beatlemania phenomenon of 1963 227 Final public gatherings Edit Beatlemania continued on a reduced scale after the band s retirement from live performances and into their solo careers 228 In late August 1967 2000 fans protested outside Shea Stadium at the band s failure to perform in the US that summer 229 When the Beatles traveled around the south of England filming their television film Magical Mystery Tour in September 1967 it was the first opportunity for most members of the public to see the band together in over a year 230 Gavrik Losey a production assistant on the film recalled We were staying in a little hotel outside West Malling and the crowd that came pushed in the front window of the hotel That level of adoration is just amazing to be around 231 The last mass display of fan adulation took place at the world premiere of the Beatles animated film Yellow Submarine 232 233 held at the London Pavilion in Piccadilly Circus on 17 July 1968 234 The event was attended by the four band members and according to Miles Fans as usual brought traffic to a standstill and blocked the streets 234 A rare example of the Beatles interacting with fans was when they filmed a promotional clip for their Hey Jude single in September 1968 surrounded by a studio audience 235 Marc Sinden later an actor and film director recalled It was the days of screaming but nobody screamed We were suddenly in the presence of God That s the only way I can describe it These people had changed history We grew up with them 236 Social impact Edit The Beatles popularity and influence grew into what was seen as an embodiment of socio cultural movements of the decade In Gould s view they became icons of the 1960s counterculture and a catalyst for bohemianism and activism in various social and political arenas fuelling movements such as women s liberation and environmentalism 237 A 1997 study titled Beatlemania A sexually defiant consumer subculture argued that Beatlemania represented a proto feminist demonstration of girl power 238 In their 1986 book Ehrenreich Hess and Jacobs comment that but for the girls hairstyles and clothing the photos and footage of young Beatles fans in confrontation with police suggest a women s liberation demonstration from the late 1960s rather than a 1964 pop event The authors add Yet if it was not the movement or a clear cut protest of any kind Beatlemania was the first mass outburst of the 60s to feature women in this case girls who would not reach full adulthood until the 70s and the emergence of a genuinely political movement for women s liberation 5 Derek Taylor the band s press officer in 1964 and from 1968 until their break up described the relationship between the Beatles and their fans as the twentieth century s greatest romance 239 The first band after the Beatles to receive widespread attention for its fan following in the UK was T Rex 240 a glam rock group led by Marc Bolan 241 In the early 1970s the fan frenzy surrounding the band earned comparisons with Beatlemania and became known as Bolanmania 242 and T Rextasy 241 243 Later in the decade the British press coined the term Rollermania for female fans adulation of the Bay City Rollers 244 Writing in The Observer in 2013 Dorian Lynskey said the tropes of Beatlemania have recurred in fan crazes from the Bay City Rollers to Bros East 17 to One Direction the screaming the queuing the waiting the longing the trophy collecting the craving for even the briefest contact 3 In their book Encyclopedia of Classic Rock David Luhrssen and Michael Larson state that while boy bands such as One Direction continue to attract audiences of screaming girls none of those acts moved pop culture forward or achieved the breadth and depth of the Beatles fandom 245 Andre Millard similarly writes that just as Beatlemania s scale and ferocity far surpassed the scenes of adulation inspired by Sinatra Presley and Johnnie Ray nobody in popular entertainment has been able to repeat this moment in all its economic and cultural significance 246 See also EditThe Beatles Eight Days a Week 2016 documentary film on the Beatles touring years Apple scruffs a loosely knit group of Beatles fans who were known for congregating outside the Apple Corps building and at the gates of Abbey Road Studios The Fest for Beatles Fans twice annual Beatles convention first held in New York in 1974Notes Edit Lennon s son Julian was born on 8 April 1963 Lennon visited the hospital to see his wife and meet his new son for the first time but he attempted to disguise himself to prevent people in the hospital from recognising him 18 Ed Sullivan was also among those held up at Heathrow He was told the reason for the delay and responded Who the hell are The Beatles 40 On 4 November the Beatles sang before the Queen Mother and Princess Margaret at the Royal Variety Performance sharing the large bill with non pop acts including Marlene Dietrich and Harry Secombe 48 Chris Charlesworth subsequently a Melody Maker journalist recalled of the Bradford show There were very few boys in the audience I couldn t hear a note they sang or played above the girls screams but it was the most exciting thing I d ever seen in my life an unbelievable experience The next day all I could think about was getting a guitar 50 Writing for Mojo in 2002 Lewisohn said that while some people dismiss the Kennedy association as psychobabble it does make sense 84 One report said the group s travel plans were like those for a shipment of gold from Fort Knox 95 Lennon said it was especially common in the US where nurses or mothers would bring blind children and cripples backstage in the belief that a Beatle s touch could cure them 99 The band took to signalling roadie Mal Evans with the words Cripples Mal which became a code for him to remove any visitors the Beatles did not wish to see 98 During the group s years on the Hamburg club circuit Lennon had taken to giving mock Hitler tirades from the stage and baiting audiences with jokes about Germany s loss in World War II 105 According to Aspinall a fellow Liverpudlian Lennon s Hitler bit on the balcony was an example of his irreverent attitude in high pressure situations Aspinall recalled Nobody seemed to pick up on it 116 Dylan recalled in 1971 I just kept it to myself that I really dug them Everybody else thought they were for the teenyboppers that they were gonna pass right away But it was obvious to me that they had staying power 134 During their first meeting Dylan answered the constantly ringing telephone in the band s hotel suite saying This is Beatlemania here 135 The group played a standard 30 minute set Their earnings were estimated at 100 equivalent to 860 00 in 2021 for each second they were on stage 145 Witnessing the scene at Houston Lennon joked It happens every time we come to Texas we nearly get killed 145 In the early 1970s Harrison met with their tour pilot who told him that the Elektra would routinely be riddled with bullet holes a result of fans jealous boyfriends shooting at the plane on the runway 151 This development followed the controversy surrounding the artwork for Yesterday and Today in June which was soon withdrawn and replaced with another group portrait 187 Author Jon Savage describes the band s career as inhabiting two separate time zones by the summer of 1966 their present as increasingly experimental artists and the past of Beatlemania 198 In the NME s readers poll they came second to the Beach Boys in the top World Vocal Group category marking the only year between 1963 and 1969 that the Beatles did not win in that category 214 The same writer Maureen Cleave cited a comment by Harrison in her round up of 1966 for The Evening Standard If we do slip in popularity so what Being a Beatle isn t the living end 216 References EditCitations Simonelli 2013 pp 19 22 23 a b c Stanley 2014 p 85 a b c Lynskey Dorian 28 September 2013 Beatlemania the screamers and other tales of fandom The Observer The Guardian Retrieved 23 September 2014 Whitcomb Ian The Coming of the Crooners Sam 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David P 2014 Rockin in Time A Social History of Rock and Roll Pearson p 105 The Beatles The Beatles Second Album Chart History billboard com Retrieved 18 December 2018 Gould 2007 p 250 Gilliland 1969 show 29 Gould 2007 pp 250 251 Clayson 2003b p 119 a b Jackson 2015 pp 159 60 a b Millard 2012 pp 27 28 Gould 2007 pp 338 39 Miles 2001 p 147 a b The Beatles 2000 p 142 The Beatles 2000 p 143 Hertsgaard 1996 p 90 a b Schaffner 1978 p 31 Spitz 2005 p 509 a b Miles 2001 p 148 Badman Keith 2002 Aussie Rulers Mojo Special Limited Edition 1000 Days of Beatlemania The Early Years April 1 1962 to December 31 1964 London Emap p 111 Clayson 2003a p 75 a b c Gould 2007 p 341 a b Millard 2012 p 26 a b Miles 2001 pp 149 50 Miles 2001 pp 151 52 Miles 2001 p 151 Miles 2001 p 152 Gould 2007 pp 230 232 a b Miles 2001 pp 153 155 56 a b c Gould 2007 Miles 2001 p 154 The Beatles 2000 p 144 Stanley 2014 p 79 The Beatles A Hard Day s Night Soundtrack Chart History billboard com Retrieved 18 December 2018 Mawer 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via beatlesmovies co uk chapter Magical Mystery Tour Part 1 Background and Production Schaffner 1978 p 99 Gould 2007 p 484 a b Miles 2001 p 303 Unterberger 2006 pp 212 214 Pinchabout Emma 6 March 2009 Marc Sinden on John Lennon We were in the presence of God Liverpool Daily Post Archived from the original on 10 March 2009 Retrieved 10 May 2019 Gould 2007 pp 8 9 Kimsey 2016 pp 126 173 Frontani 2007 pp 19 224 Morgan amp Wardle 2015 p 153 a b Schaffner 1978 p 151 Clayson 2003b p 226 Woffinden 1981 p 68 Clayson 2003b p 216 Luhrssen amp Larson 2017 p 27 Millard 2012 p 22 Sources Badman Keith 1999 The Beatles After the Breakup 1970 2000 A Day by Day Diary London Omnibus ISBN 978 0 7119 7520 0 The Beatles 2000 The Beatles Anthology San Francisco CA Chronicle Books ISBN 978 0 8118 2684 6 Clayson Alan 2003a George Harrison London Sanctuary ISBN 1 86074 489 3 Clayson Alan 2003b Ringo Starr London Sanctuary ISBN 1 86074 488 5 Courrier Kevin 2009 Artificial Paradise The Dark Side of the Beatles Utopian Dream Westport CT Praeger ISBN 978 0 313 34586 9 Davies Hunter 1968 The Beatles The Authorized Biography New York NY Dell Publishing Doggett Peter 2015 Electric Shock From the Gramophone to the iPhone 125 Years of Pop Music London The Bodley Head ISBN 978 1 84792 218 2 Emerick Geoff Massey Howard 2006 Here There and Everywhere My Life Recording the Music of the Beatles New York NY Gotham Books ISBN 978 1 59240 269 4 Everett Walter 2001 The Beatles as Musicians The Quarry Men through Rubber Soul New York NY Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 514105 9 Frontani Michael R 2007 The Beatles Image and the Media Jackson MS University Press of Mississippi ISBN 978 1 57806 966 8 Gendron Bernard 2002 Between Montmartre and the Mudd Club Popular Music and the Avant Garde Chicago IL University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 28737 9 Gilliland John 1969 The British Are Coming The British Art Coming The U S A is invaded by a wave of long haired English rockers audio Pop Chronicles University of North Texas Libraries Gould Jonathan 2007 Can t Buy Me Love The Beatles Britain and America New York NY Harmony Books ISBN 978 0 307 35337 5 Harrison George 2002 1980 I Me Mine San Francisco CA Chronicle Books ISBN 978 0 8118 5900 4 Harry Bill 2000 The John Lennon Encyclopedia London Virgin Books ISBN 978 0 7535 0404 8 Harry Bill 2002 The Paul McCartney Encyclopedia London Virgin ISBN 978 0 7535 0716 2 Hertsgaard Mark 1996 A Day in the Life The Music and Artistry of the Beatles London Pan Books ISBN 0 330 33891 9 Ingham Chris 2006 The Rough Guide to the Beatles London Rough Guides Penguin ISBN 978 1 84836 525 4 Jackson Andrew Grant 2015 1965 The Most Revolutionary Year in Music New York NY Thomas Dunne Books ISBN 978 1 250 05962 8 Kimsey John 2016 2008 The Whatchamucallit in the Garden Sgt Pepper and fables of interference In Julien Olivier ed Sgt Pepper and the Beatles It Was Forty Years Ago Today Abingdon UK Routledge ISBN 978 0 7546 6708 7 Leonard Candy 2014 Beatleness How the Beatles and Their Fans Remade the World New York NY Arcade Publishing ISBN 978 1 62872 417 2 Lewisohn Mark 2002 I Wanna Be Your Fan Mojo Special Limited Edition 1000 Days of Beatlemania The Early Years April 1 1962 to December 31 1964 London Emap pp 44 49 Lewisohn Mark 2005 1988 The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions The Official Story of the Abbey Road Years 1962 1970 London Bounty Books ISBN 978 0 7537 2545 0 Lewisohn Mark 2010 1992 The Complete Beatles Chronicle The Definitive Day by Day Guide to the Beatles Entire Career Chicago IL Chicago Review Press ISBN 978 1 56976 534 0 Luhrssen David Larson Michael 2017 Encyclopedia of Classic Rock Santa Barbara CA Greenwood ISBN 978 1 4408 3513 1 MacDonald Ian 1998 Revolution in the Head The Beatles Records and the Sixties London Pimlico ISBN 978 0 7126 6697 8 Miles Barry 1997 Paul McCartney Many Years from Now Vintage ISBN 978 0 7493 8658 0 Miles Barry 2001 The Beatles Diary Volume 1 The Beatles Years London Omnibus Press ISBN 0 7119 8308 9 Millard Andre 2012 Beatlemania Technology Business and Teen Culture in Cold War America Baltimore MD Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 978 1 4214 0525 4 Morgan Johnny Wardle Ben 2015 2010 The Art of the LP Classic Album Covers 1955 1995 New York NY Sterling ISBN 978 1 4549 1806 6 Pawlowski Gareth L 1990 How They Became The Beatles McDonald amp Co Publishers Ltd ISBN 978 0 356 19052 5 Roberts David ed 2001 The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles Guinness World Records Ltd ISBN 978 0 85112 156 7 Rodriguez Robert 2012 Revolver How the Beatles Reimagined Rock n Roll Milwaukee WI Backbeat Books ISBN 978 1 61713 009 0 Romanowski William D 2006 1996 Pop Culture Wars Religion and the Role of Entertainment in American Life Eugene OR Wipf and Stock ISBN 978 1 59752 577 0 Savage Jon 2015 1966 The Year the Decade Exploded London Faber amp Faber ISBN 978 0 571 27763 6 Schaffner Nicholas 1978 The Beatles Forever New York NY McGraw Hill ISBN 0 07 055087 5 Simonelli David 2013 Working Class Heroes Rock Music and British Society in the 1960s and 1970s Lanham MD Lexington Books ISBN 978 0 7391 7051 9 Spitz Bob 2005 The Beatles The Biography Little Brown ISBN 978 0 316 80352 6 Stanley Bob 2014 Yeah Yeah Yeah The Story of Pop Music from Bill Haley to Beyonce New York NY W W Norton ISBN 978 0 393 24269 0 Stark Steven D 2005 Meet the Beatles A Cultural History of the Band That Shook Youth Gender and the World New York NY HarperCollins ISBN 978 0 06 000893 2 The Beatles et al 2000 The Beatles Anthology Apple Corps ISBN 978 0 304 35605 8 Turner Steve 2016 Beatles 66 The Revolutionary Year New York NY Ecco ISBN 978 0 06 247558 9 Unterberger Richie 2006 The Unreleased Beatles Music amp Film San Francisco CA Backbeat Books ISBN 978 0 87930 892 6 Winn John C 2009 That Magic Feeling The Beatles Recorded Legacy Volume Two 1966 1970 New York NY Three Rivers Press ISBN 978 0 307 45239 9 Woffinden Bob 1981 The Beatles Apart London Proteus ISBN 0 906071 89 5 Womack Kenneth 2014 The Beatles Encyclopedia Everything Fab Four Santa Barbara CA ABC CLIO ISBN 978 0 313 39171 2 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Beatlemania amp oldid 1132690078, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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