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Casino Royale (novel)

April 13, 2023

Casino Royale is the first novel by the British author Ian Fleming. Published in 1953, it is the first James Bond book, and it paved the way for a further eleven novels and two short story collections by Fleming, followed by numerous continuation Bond novels by other authors.

Casino Royale
First edition cover, conceived by Fleming
AuthorIan Fleming
CountryUnited Kingdom
SeriesJames Bond
GenreSpy fiction
PublisherJonathan Cape
Publication date
13 April 1953 (hardback)
Pages213
Followed byLive and Let Die 

The story concerns the British secret agent James Bond, gambling at the casino in Royale-les-Eaux to bankrupt Le Chiffre, the treasurer of a French union and a member of the Russian secret service. Bond is supported in his endeavours by Vesper Lynd, a member of his own service, as well as Felix Leiter of the CIA and René Mathis of the French Deuxième Bureau. Fleming used his wartime experiences as a member of the Naval Intelligence Division, and the people he met during his work, to provide plot elements; the character of Bond also reflected many of Fleming's personal tastes. Fleming wrote the draft in early 1952 at his Goldeneye estate in Jamaica while awaiting his marriage. He was initially unsure whether the work was suitable for publication, but was assured by his friend, the novelist William Plomer, that the novel had promise.

Within the spy storyline, Casino Royale deals with themes of Britain's position in the world, particularly the relationship with the US in light of the defections to the Soviet Union of the British agents Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean. The book was given broadly positive reviews by critics at the time and sold out in less than a month after its UK release on 13 April 1953, although US sales upon release a year later were much slower.

Since publication Casino Royale has appeared as a comic strip in The Daily Express, and been adapted for the screen three times: a 1954 episode of the CBS television series Climax! with Barry Nelson as an American Bond, a 1967 film version with David Niven playing "Sir James Bond", and a 2006 film in the Eon Productions film series starring Daniel Craig as James Bond.

Plot

Le Chiffre, the paymaster for a French Communist Party trade union in Alsace, loses 50 million francs in Soviet subsidies by investing in a chain of brothels three months before the French Fourth Republic ratifies the Loi Marthe Richard. He desperately absconds to the Royale-les-Eaux casino in Somme with the remaining 25 million francs in union funds in a last-ditch attempt to recoup his losses by winning a high-stakes baccarat game before his handlers realize anything is amiss. Unbeknownst to him SMERSH has already discovered his perfidy and sent an agent from the Polish People's Republic to assassinate him, while his mistress passes word of his financial troubles to the Head of Station S (Soviet Union) at the British Secret Service. As NATO has determined the union could serve as a fifth column in a war with the Eastern Bloc, the agency's director M approves S's proposal to send a 00 Agent to play against Le Chiffre and bankrupt both him and the union. M chooses the agent James Bond, 007, for the mission because of Bond's expertise in gambling.

As part of Bond's cover as a wealthy Jamaican planter, M also assigns as his companion Vesper Lynd, personal assistant to the Head of Section S. Although Bond and Vesper attempt to maintain a dispassionate working relationship, they nevertheless grow closer. The CIA and the French Deuxième Bureau also send agents Felix Leiter and Rene Mathis as observers. Mathis quickly warns Bond that his cover has somehow been blown and that he is under surveillance from the couple staying in the hotel room above him. That night he narrowly survives a bombing by two of Le Chiffre's Bulgarian henchmen, who are themselves killed after being falsely assured that one of the explosives was merely a smokescreen to help them escape.

The game soon turns into an intense confrontation between Le Chiffre and Bond; Le Chiffre buys the bank, and Bond takes the strategy of constantly calling his bets until one of them have been bankrupted. Although initially Bond costs him millions of francs Le Chiffre wins the first round with a series of sudden coups, cleaning Bond out of his funds. As Bond contemplates the prospect of reporting his failure to M, Leiter gives him an envelope of money and a note: "Marshall Aid. Thirty-two million francs. With the compliments of the USA." Le Chiffre attempts to retrieve his remaining debts by raising the stakes to that amount, the highest bet raised in the history of the game. When Bond unexpectedly calls the bet Le Chiffre's Corsican associate threatens to kill him with a silenced handgun, which Bond disarms while pretending to faint. Bond wins the hand, and goes on to clean out Le Chiffre and win eighty million francs of his funds. Desperate to recover the money, Le Chiffre kidnaps Lynd and captures Bond after a high-speed car chase. Le Chiffre tortures Bond at his villa by beating his genitals with a carpet-beater, threatening to kill both him and Lynd if he does not return the money. Before Le Chiffre can "finish" them, the SMERSH assassin enters and shoots him through the head as punishment for losing the money. The agent does not kill Bond, saying that he has no orders to do so, but cuts a Cyrillic 'Ш' for шпион (shpión, Russian for spy) into Bond's hand with a penknife so that future SMERSH agents will be able to identify him as such.

Bond awakens in hospital two days later. The media reports a cover story that Le Chiffre committed suicide and Bond vanished to southern France and Monaco to continue gambling. Fearful for his life and disillusioned with the morality of the Cold War after his beating, Bond informs a shocked Mathis of his intention to resign from the Secret Service after his recovery. Lynd visits Bond every day as he recuperates, and he gradually realises that he loves her. When he is released from hospital they spend time together at a quiet guest house and eventually become lovers. Bond eventually decides to propose marriage to her, but sees a mysterious man named Adolph Gettler tracking their movements, which greatly distresses Lynd.

Although Vesper's mood seems to improve after a few days, Bond awakens one morning to discover that she has committed suicide. She leaves behind a note explaining that she had been working as an unwilling double agent for the Soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs. SMERSH had kidnapped her lover, a Polish Royal Air Force pilot, who had revealed information about her under torture; SMERSH then used that information to blackmail her into helping them undermine Bond's mission, including her own faked kidnapping. She had tried to start a new life with Bond, but upon seeing Gettler—a SMERSH agent—she realised that she would never be free of her tormentors, and that staying with Bond would only put him in danger. As Bond vows revenge against SMERSH, he coldly telephones his London liaison, "Pass this on at once: 3030 was a double, working for Redland. ... Yes, dammit, I said 'was.' The bitch is dead now."[1]

Background

 
Rear Admiral John Henry Godfrey, Fleming's superior at the Naval Intelligence Division and a basis for the character M

Ian Fleming, born in 1908, was a son of Valentine Fleming, a wealthy banker and MP who died in action on the Western Front in May 1917. Educated at Eton, Sandhurst and, briefly, the universities of Munich and Geneva, Fleming moved through several jobs before he was recruited by Rear Admiral John Godfrey, the Director of Naval Intelligence, to become his personal assistant. Fleming joined the organisation full-time in August 1939,[2][3] with the codename "17F",[4] and worked for them throughout the war. Early in 1939 he began an affair with Ann O'Neill (née Charteris), who was married to the 3rd Baron O'Neill.[5]

In 1942 Fleming attended an Anglo-American intelligence summit in Jamaica and, despite the constant heavy rain during his visit, he decided to live on the island once the war was over.[6] His friend Ivar Bryce helped find a plot of land in Saint Mary Parish where, in 1945, Fleming had a house built, which he named Goldeneye.[7] The name of the house and estate has many possible sources. Fleming mentioned both his wartime Operation Goldeneye[8] and Carson McCullers' 1941 novel Reflections in a Golden Eye, which described the use of British naval bases in the Caribbean by the US Navy.[7]

Upon Fleming's demobilisation in May 1945, he became the Foreign Manager in the Kemsley newspaper group, which at the time owned The Sunday Times. In this role he oversaw the paper's worldwide network of correspondents. His contract allowed him to take two months holiday every winter in Jamaica.[3] In 1948 Charteris gave birth to Fleming's daughter, Mary, who was stillborn; Charteris and Fleming became engaged shortly in 1951.[9]

Fleming had previously mentioned to friends that he wanted to write a spy novel,[3] but it was not until early 1952, to distract himself from his forthcoming nuptials, that he began to write Casino Royale at his Goldeneye estate in Jamaica on 17 February; he typed out 2,000 words in the morning, directly from his own experiences and imagination,[10][11] and finished work on the manuscript in March 1952.[12][13][a] It was a pattern he retained for future Bond books. In May 1963 he wrote a piece for Books and Bookmen magazine in which he said: "I write for about three hours in the morning ... and I do another hour's work between six and seven in the evening. I never correct anything and I never go back to see what I have written ... By following my formula, you write 2,000 words a day."[14]

Back in London, Fleming had his manuscript—which he described as his "dreadful oafish opus"[15]—retyped by Joan Howe, his red-haired secretary at The Times on whom the character Miss Moneypenny was partly based.[16] Clare Blanchard, a former girlfriend, advised him not to publish the book, or at least to do so under a pseudonym.[17] During the book's final draft stages, Fleming allowed his friend, and later editor, William Plomer to see a copy, and remarked "I really am thoroughly ashamed of it ... after rifling through this muck you will probably never speak to me again, but I have got to take that chance."[18] Despite this, Plomer thought the book had sufficient promise and sent a copy to the publishing house Jonathan Cape. At first they were unenthusiastic, but were persuaded to publish on the recommendation of Fleming's older brother, Peter, an established travel writer whose books they managed.[17][19]

Although Fleming provided no dates within his novels, two writers have identified different timelines based on events and situations within the novel series as a whole. John Griswold and Henry Chancellor—both of whom have written books on behalf of Ian Fleming Publications—put the events of Casino Royale in 1951; Griswold allows a possible second timeframe and considers the story could have taken place in either May to July 1951, or May to July 1952.[20][21] In Goldfinger Fleming reveals that Casino Royale took place in 1951, when the character Junius Du Pont says to Bond, "France, '51, Royale les Eaux. [...] That Casino. Ethel, that's Mrs Du Pont, and me were next to you at the table the night you had the big game with the Frenchman."[22]

Development

Plot inspirations

Casino Royale was inspired by certain incidents that took place during Fleming's wartime career at the Naval Intelligence Division (NID), or by events of which he was aware. On a trip to Portugal, en route to the United States, Fleming and the NID Director, Admiral Godfrey, went to the Estoril Casino. Because of Portugal's neutral status, Estoril's population had been swelled by spies and agents from the warring regimes. Fleming claimed that while there he was cleaned out by a "chief German agent" at a table playing chemin de fer.[23] Godfrey told a different story: that Fleming only played Portuguese businessmen, and afterwards fantasised about playing against German agents.[24][25]

The failed attempt to kill Bond at Royale-Les-Eaux was inspired by Fleming's knowledge of the attempted assassination of Franz von Papen, Vice-Chancellor of Germany and an ambassador under Hitler. Both Papen and Bond survived their assassination attempts, carried out by Bulgarians, because trees protected them from the blasts.[26][27] Fleming also included four references in the novel to "Red Indians", including twice on the last page, which came from a unit of commandos, known as No. 30 Commando or 30 Assault Unit (30AU), composed of specialist intelligence troops.[28] The unit was Fleming's idea, and he nicknamed the troops his "Red Indians", although they disliked the name.[29]

Characters

 
Hoagy Carmichael: Fleming's view of James Bond[30]

The lead character of Casino Royale is James Bond, an agent of the Secret Service. Fleming initially named the character James Secretan before he appropriated the name of James Bond, author of the ornithology guide, Birds of the West Indies.[31][32] Fleming explained to the ornithologist's wife "that this brief, unromantic, Anglo-Saxon and yet very masculine name was just what I needed, and so a second James Bond was born".[33] He further explained that "When I wrote the first one in 1953, I wanted Bond to be an extremely dull, uninteresting man to whom things happened; I wanted him to be a blunt instrument ... when I was casting around for a name for my protagonist I thought by God, [James Bond] is the dullest name I ever heard."[34]

Fleming decided that Bond should resemble both the American singer Hoagy Carmichael and himself,[30] and in the novel Lynd remarks that "Bond reminds me rather of Hoagy Carmichael, but there is something cold and ruthless."[35] According to Andrew Lycett, Fleming's biographer, "within the first few pages ... [Fleming] had introduced most of Bond's idiosyncrasies and trademarks", which included his looks, his Bentley and his smoking and drinking habits.[36] The full details of Bond's martini were kept until chapter seven of the book and Bond eventually named it "The Vesper", after Lynd. Bond's order, to be served in a deep champagne goblet, was for "three measures of Gordon's, one of vodka, half a measure of Kina Lillet. Shake it very well until it's ice-cold, then add a large thin slice of lemon peel."[37]

Speaking of Bond's origins, Fleming said that "he was a compound of all the secret agents and commando types I met during the war",[38] although the author gave many of his own traits to the character.[38] Bond's tastes are often taken from Fleming's own,[39] as is some of his behaviour: Fleming used the casino to introduce Bond in his first novel because "skill at gambling and knowledge of how to behave in a casino were seen ... as attributes of a gentleman".[40] Lycett sees much of Bond's character as being "wish fulfilment" by Fleming.[41]

James Bond is the culmination of an important but much-maligned tradition in English literature. As a boy, Fleming devoured the Bulldog Drummond tales of Lieutenant Colonel Herman Cyril McNeile (aka "Sapper") and the Richard Hannay stories of John Buchan. His genius was to repackage these antiquated adventures to fit the fashion of postwar Britain ... In Bond, he created a Bulldog Drummond for the jet age.

William Cook in New Statesman[39]

Bond's superior, M, was largely based on Godfrey, Fleming's NID superior officer;[42] Godfrey was known for his bellicose and irascible temperament.[43] One of the likely models for Le Chiffre was the influential English occultist, astrologer, mystic and ceremonial magician Aleister Crowley, on whose physical features Fleming based Le Chiffre's.[44] Crowley's tastes, especially in sado-masochism, were also ascribed to Le Chiffre; as Fleming's biographer Henry Chancellor notes, "when Le Chiffre goes to work on Bond's testicles with a carpet-beater and a carving knife, the sinister figure of Aleister Crowley is there lurking in the background."[45]

Style

Fleming later said of his work, "while thrillers may not be Literature with a capital L, it is possible to write what I can best describe as 'thrillers designed to be read as literature'".[14] He used well-known brand names and everyday details to produce a sense of realism,[14][46] which the author Kingsley Amis called "the Fleming effect".[47][b] Amis describes it as "the imaginative use of information, whereby the pervading fantastic nature of Bond's world ... [is] bolted down to some sort of reality, or at least counter-balanced."[49] Within the text the novelist Raymond Benson—who later wrote a series of Bond novels—identifies what he described as the "Fleming Sweep", the use of "hooks" at the end of chapters to heighten tension and pull the reader into the next.[50] The hooks combine with what the novelist Anthony Burgess calls "a heightened journalistic style"[51] to produce "a speed of narrative, which hustles the reader past each danger point of mockery".[52]

The semiotician and essayist, Umberto Eco, in his 1979 examination of the Bond books, "The Narrative Structure of Ian Fleming", considered that Fleming "has a rhythm, a polish, a certain sensuous feeling for words. That is not to say that Fleming is an artist; yet he writes with art."[53] When examining the passage relating to the death of Le Chiffre, Eco wrote that "there is a ... baroque feeling for the image, a total adaptation off the image without emotional comment, and a use of words that designate things with accuracy",[54] and he went on to conclude that "Fleming is more literate than he gives one to understand."[55]

Themes

Casino Royale was written after, and was heavily influenced by, the Second World War;[40] Britain was still an imperial power,[56] and the Western and Eastern blocs were engaged in the Cold War.[57] The journalist William Cook observes that with the decline in power of the British Empire, "Bond pandered to Britain's inflated and increasingly insecure self-image, flattering us with the fantasy that Britannia could still punch above her weight."[39] The cultural historians Janet Woollacott and Tony Bennett agree, and consider that "Bond embodied the imaginary possibility that England might once again be placed at the centre of world affairs during a period when its world power status was visibly and rapidly declining."[58]

In 1953 parts of central London, including Oxford Street and High Holborn still had uncleared bomb sites and sweets had ceased being rationed, but coal and other food items were still regulated.[39][59] According to The Times journalist and historian Ben Macintyre, Bond was "the ideal antidote to Britain's postwar austerity, rationing and the looming premonition of lost power".[60]

Casino Royale deals with the question of Anglo-American relations, reflecting the real-world central role of the US in the defence of the West.[61] The academic Jeremy Black points to the 1951 defections of two members of MI6—Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean—to the Soviet Union as having a major impact on how Britain was poorly viewed in US intelligence circles;[40] Fleming was aware of this tension between the two countries, but he did not focus on it too strongly, and Bond and Leiter's warm relationship did not reflect the reality of the US-UK relationship.[40]

Amis, in his exploration of Bond in The James Bond Dossier, pointed out that Leiter is "such a nonentity as a piece of characterization ... he, the American, takes orders from Bond, the Britisher, and that Bond is constantly doing better than he".[62] The journalist and author Christopher Hitchens observed that "the central paradox of the classic Bond stories is that, although superficially devoted to the Anglo-American war against communism, they are full of contempt and resentment for America and Americans".[63] David Seed, in his examination of spy fiction, disagrees, and writes that while Bond beats Le Chiffre, his "activities are constantly supported by American agencies, financing and know-how".[64]

The treachery of Le Chiffre, with the overtones of a fifth column, struck a chord with the largely British readership as Communist influence in the trade unions had been an issue in the press and parliament at the time.[40] Britain had also suffered from defections to the Soviet Union from two MI6 operatives who were part of the Cambridge Five spy ring that betrayed Western secrets to the Soviets.[65] Thus Lycett observes that Casino Royale can be seen as Fleming's "attempt to reflect the disturbing moral ambiguity of a post-war world that could produce traitors like Burgess and Maclean".[23] The journalist and writer Matthew Parker observes that with the defections of the two spies so recent to the publication, it was "perhaps the closest Fleming came to a [John] le Carré-style spy story".[66] Chancellor sees the moral ambiguity of the Cold War reflected in the novel.[67]

Benson considers the most obvious theme of the novel to be good versus evil.[68] Parker agrees, and highlights a conversation between Bond and Matthis in the chapter titled "The Nature of Evil", in which Bond says: "By ... [Le Chiffre's] evil existence ... he was creating a norm of badness by which, and by which alone, an opposite norm of goodness could exist."[69] The subject was also dealt with by the academic Beth Butterfield, in an examination of Bond from an existentialist viewpoint. In light of Bond's conversation, Butterfield identifies a crisis of confidence in Bond's character, where he has "moved beyond good and evil" to the point where he does his job not because of principles, but to pursue personal battles.[70] Eco comes to the same conclusion, stating that Bond "abandon[s] the treacherous life of moral mediation and of psychological anger, with all the dangers they entail."[71]

Black also identifies a mechanism Fleming uses in Casino Royale—and in subsequent Bond novels—which is to use the evil of his opponents both as a justification of his actions, and as a device to foil their own plans. Black refers to the episode of the attempted assassination of Bond by Bulgarian assassins which results in their own deaths.[72]

Publication and reception

Publication history

"The scent and smoke and sweat of a casino are nauseating at three in the morning. Then the soul erosion produced by high gambling – a compost of greed and fear and nervous tension – becomes unbearable and the senses awake and revolt from it."

Opening lines of Casino Royale

Casino Royale was first released on 13 April 1953 in the UK as a hardback edition by publishers Jonathan Cape,[73] with a cover devised by Fleming.[74] Cape printed 4,728 copies of Casino Royale, which sold out in less than a month;[74] a second print run the same month also sold out,[73] as did a third run of more than 8,000 books published in May 1954.[75] The sales figures were strong enough for Cape to offer Fleming a three-book deal.[76] In April 1955 Pan Books issued a paperback version and sold 41,000 copies in the first year.[77]

In the US three publishers turned the book down before Macmillan Publishing Co offered Fleming a deal.[78] Casino Royale was published on 23 March 1954 in the US, but sales were poor, totalling only 4,000 copies across the entire US during the course of the year.[79] When the novel was released as a US paperback in 1955, it was re-titled by publisher American Popular Library; Fleming's suggestions for a new title, The Double-O Agent and The Deadly Gamble, were disregarded in favour of You Asked for It, but this marketing ploy failed to raise the interest.[80] The Popular Library version also changed Bond's name, calling him "Jimmy Bond".[81]

In 2023 Ian Fleming Publications—the company that administers all Fleming's literary works—had the Bond series edited as part of a sensitivity review to remove or reword some racial or ethnic descriptors. The rerelease of the series was for the 70th anniversary of Casino Royale.[82]

Critical reception

Hugh I'Anson Fausset, writing in The Manchester Guardian, thought that Casino Royale was "a first-rate thriller ... with a breathtaking plot".[83] Although he considered the book to be "schoolboy stuff", he felt the novel was "galvanised into life by the hard brilliance of the telling".[83] Alan Ross, writing in The Times Literary Supplement wrote that Casino Royale was "an extremely engaging affair",[84] and that "the especial charm ... is the high poetry with which he invests the green baize lagoons of the casino tables".[84] He concluded that the book was "both exciting and extremely civilized".[84] Reviewing for The Listener, Simon Raven believed that Fleming was a "kind of supersonic John Buchan",[85] but he was somewhat dismissive of the plot, observing that it is "a brilliant but improbable notion" that includes "a deal of champagne-drinking, bomb-throwing, relentless pitting of wits etc ... with a cretinous love-affair".[85] Raven also dismissed Bond as an "infantile" creation,[85] but did allow that "Fleming tells a good story with strength and distinction ... his creation of a scene, both visually and emotionally, is of a very high order indeed."[85]

John Betjeman, writing in The Daily Telegraph, considered that "Ian Fleming has discovered the secret of the narrative art ... which is to work up to a climax unrevealed at the end of each chapter. Thus the reader has to go on reading".[86] Publishers Jonathan Cape included many of the reviews on their advertisements for the book, which appeared in a number of national newspapers; the reviews included those from The Sunday Times, which concluded that Fleming was "the best new English thriller-writer since [Eric] Ambler"[87] and The Observer, which advised their readers: "don't miss this".[87]

The critic for Time magazine examined Raymond Chandler's The Long Goodbye alongside Casino Royale; he praised Casino Royale, saying that "Fleming keeps his incidents and characters spinning through their paces like juggling balls."[88] The Time reviewer went on to say that "As for Bond, he might be [Philip] Marlowe's younger brother except that he never takes coffee for a bracer, just one large Martini laced with vodka."[88]

Writing for The New York Times, Anthony Boucher wrote that the book belongs "pretty much to the private-eye school" of fiction.[89] He praised the first part, saying that Fleming "manages to make baccarat clear even to one who's never played it and produced as exciting a gambling sequence as I've ever read. But then he decides to pad out the book to novel length and leads the weary reader through a set of tough clichés to an ending which surprises nobody save Operative 007. You should certainly begin this book; but you might as well stop when the baccarat game is over."[89]

Adaptations

 
Copyright renewal registration for Casino Royale in the US

In 1954 CBS paid Ian Fleming $1,000 to adapt Casino Royale into a one-hour television adventure as part of its Climax! series.[90][c] The episode aired live on 21 October 1954 and starred Barry Nelson as secret agent "Card Sense" James 'Jimmy' Bond and Peter Lorre as Le Chiffre.[92] A brief tutorial on baccarat is given at the beginning of the show by the presenter of the programme, William Lundigan, to enable viewers to understand a game which was not popular in America at the time. For this Americanised version of the story, Bond is an American agent, described as working for "Combined Intelligence", while the character Leiter from the original novel is British, renamed "Clarence Leiter". The agent for Station S., Mathis, does not appear as such; his surname is given to the leading lady, named Valérie Mathis instead of Vesper Lynd.[93][78]

In March 1955 Ian Fleming sold the film rights of Casino Royale to the producer Gregory Ratoff for $6,000.[92][d] After Ratoff's death, producer Charles K. Feldman represented Ratoff's widow and obtained the rights to make a film version.[94] Feldman decided the best way to profit from the film rights was to make a satirical version, which was produced and released in 1967 by Columbia Pictures. The film, which cast David Niven as Bond, was made with five credited directors (plus one uncredited) and a cast that included Peter Sellers, Ursula Andress, Orson Welles and Woody Allen.[95] The 1967 version is described by the British Film Institute as "an incoherent all-star comedy".[96]

Casino Royale was the first James Bond novel to be adapted as a daily comic strip; it was published in The Daily Express and syndicated worldwide.[97] The strip ran from 7 July 1958 to 13 December 1958,[98] and was written by Anthony Hern and illustrated by John McLusky.[99] To aid The Daily Express in illustrating Bond, Fleming commissioned an artist to create a sketch of what he believed James Bond to look like. McLusky felt that Fleming's 007 looked too "outdated" and "pre-war" and changed Bond to give him a more masculine look.[100] A graphic novel adaptation of the book was released by Dynamite Entertainment in April 2018, written by Van Jensen and illustrated by Dennis Calero.[101]

Following the 1967 adaptation, the rights to the film remained with Columbia Films until 1989 when the studio, and the rights to their intellectual property portfolio was acquired by the Japanese company Sony.[102] In 1999, following legal action between Sony Pictures Entertainment and MGM/UA, Sony traded the rights to Casino Royale for MGM's partial-rights to Spider-Man. This led to Eon Productions making the 2006 film Casino Royale.[103] The film stars Daniel Craig as Bond, supported by Eva Green as Vesper Lynd and Mads Mikkelsen as Le Chiffre; Judi Dench returned for her fifth Bond film as Bond's superior, M. Casino Royale is a reboot,[104] showing Bond at the beginning of his career as a 00-agent, and overall stays true to the original novel.[105][e]

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ^ Sources differ on the end date of writing. Ian Fleming Publications state that it was "in not much more than two months",[13] while the academic Jeremy Black writes that it was on 18 March 1952.[12]
  2. ^ The "Fleming effect" was a mechanism he continued to use in future books; Rupert Hart-Davis, the publisher and editor who was a close friend of Peter Fleming, later remarked that "when Ian Fleming mentions any particular food, clothing or cigarettes in his books, the makers reward him with presents in kind ... Ian's are the only modern thrillers with built-in commercials."[48]
  3. ^ $1,000 in 1954 is approximately $8,400 in 2015.[91]
  4. ^ $6,000 in 1955 is approximately $52,800 in 2015.[91]
  5. ^ A prequel novel to Casino Royale, which also involves Bond before getting his 00 licence, was released in 2018 written by Anthony Horowitz.[106]

References

  1. ^ Fleming 2006, p. 213.
  2. ^ Lycett 1996, p. 99.
  3. ^ a b c Lycett 2004a.
  4. ^ Gant 1966, p. 45.
  5. ^ Lycett 1996, p. 96.
  6. ^ Gant 1966, p. 51.
  7. ^ a b Pearson 1967, p. 161.
  8. ^ Lycett 1996, p. 165.
  9. ^ Lycett 2004b.
  10. ^ Chancellor 2005, p. 4.
  11. ^ Bennett & Woollacott 2003, p. 1, ch 1.
  12. ^ a b Black 2005, p. 4.
  13. ^ a b "Ian Fleming". Ian Fleming Publications. from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
  14. ^ a b c Faulks & Fleming 2009, p. 320.
  15. ^ Macintyre 2008, p. 19.
  16. ^ MacLean 2012, p. 57.
  17. ^ a b Chancellor 2005, p. 5.
  18. ^ Nudd 1989, p. 4.
  19. ^ Lycett 1996, p. 226.
  20. ^ Griswold 2006, p. 13.
  21. ^ Chancellor 2005, pp. 98–99.
  22. ^ Goldfinger, ch. 2.
  23. ^ a b Lycett 1996, p. 221.
  24. ^ Lycett 1996, p. 127.
  25. ^ Macintyre 2008, p. 54.
  26. ^ Upton 1987, p. 6.
  27. ^ Benson 1988, p. 4.
  28. ^ Rankin 2011, p. 136.
  29. ^ Lycett 1996, pp. 152 and 221.
  30. ^ a b Macintyre 2008, p. 67.
  31. ^ Macintyre 2008, p. 46.
  32. ^ O'Brien, Liam (14 April 2013). "'The name's Secretan ... James Secretan': Early draft of Casino Royale reveals what Ian Fleming wanted to call his super spy". The Independent on Sunday. from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  33. ^ Griswold 2006, p. 46.
  34. ^ Hellman, Geoffrey T. (21 April 1962). "Bond's Creator". The New Yorker. p. 32. from the original on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2011.(subscription required)
  35. ^ Fleming 2006, p. 41.
  36. ^ Lycett 1996, p. 257.
  37. ^ Fleming 2006, pp. 52–53.
  38. ^ a b Macintyre 2008, p. 50.
  39. ^ a b c d Cook, William (28 June 2004). "Novel man". New Statesman. p. 40.
  40. ^ a b c d e Black 2005, p. 7.
  41. ^ Lycett 1996, p. 223.
  42. ^ Chancellor 2005, p. 192.
  43. ^ Macintyre 2008, p. 74.
  44. ^ Macintyre 2008, p. 88.
  45. ^ Chancellor 2005, p. 120.
  46. ^ Butler 1973, p. 241.
  47. ^ Amis 1966, p. 112.
  48. ^ Lyttelton & Hart-Davis 1979, p. 92.
  49. ^ Amis 1966, pp. 111–12.
  50. ^ Benson 1988, p. 85.
  51. ^ Burgess 1984, p. 74.
  52. ^ Faulks & Fleming 2009, p. 318.
  53. ^ Eco 2009, p. 47.
  54. ^ Eco 2009, p. 48.
  55. ^ Eco 2009, p. 53.
  56. ^ Black 2005, p. 3.
  57. ^ Black, Jeremy (Winter 2002–2003). "'Oh, James': 007 as International Man of History". The National Interest (70): 106–112. JSTOR 42897447.
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Sources

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External links

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Casino Royale.

April 13, 2023
casino, royale, novel, casino, royale, first, novel, british, author, fleming, published, 1953, first, james, bond, book, paved, further, eleven, novels, short, story, collections, fleming, followed, numerous, continuation, bond, novels, other, authors, casino. Casino Royale is the first novel by the British author Ian Fleming Published in 1953 it is the first James Bond book and it paved the way for a further eleven novels and two short story collections by Fleming followed by numerous continuation Bond novels by other authors Casino RoyaleFirst edition cover conceived by FlemingAuthorIan FlemingCountryUnited KingdomSeriesJames BondGenreSpy fictionPublisherJonathan CapePublication date13 April 1953 hardback Pages213Followed byLive and Let Die The story concerns the British secret agent James Bond gambling at the casino in Royale les Eaux to bankrupt Le Chiffre the treasurer of a French union and a member of the Russian secret service Bond is supported in his endeavours by Vesper Lynd a member of his own service as well as Felix Leiter of the CIA and Rene Mathis of the French Deuxieme Bureau Fleming used his wartime experiences as a member of the Naval Intelligence Division and the people he met during his work to provide plot elements the character of Bond also reflected many of Fleming s personal tastes Fleming wrote the draft in early 1952 at his Goldeneye estate in Jamaica while awaiting his marriage He was initially unsure whether the work was suitable for publication but was assured by his friend the novelist William Plomer that the novel had promise Within the spy storyline Casino Royale deals with themes of Britain s position in the world particularly the relationship with the US in light of the defections to the Soviet Union of the British agents Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean The book was given broadly positive reviews by critics at the time and sold out in less than a month after its UK release on 13 April 1953 although US sales upon release a year later were much slower Since publication Casino Royale has appeared as a comic strip in The Daily Express and been adapted for the screen three times a 1954 episode of the CBS television series Climax with Barry Nelson as an American Bond a 1967 film version with David Niven playing Sir James Bond and a 2006 film in the Eon Productions film series starring Daniel Craig as James Bond Contents 1 Plot 2 Background 3 Development 3 1 Plot inspirations 3 2 Characters 4 Style 5 Themes 6 Publication and reception 6 1 Publication history 6 2 Critical reception 7 Adaptations 8 Notes and references 8 1 Notes 8 2 References 8 3 Sources 9 External linksPlotLe Chiffre the paymaster for a French Communist Party trade union in Alsace loses 50 million francs in Soviet subsidies by investing in a chain of brothels three months before the French Fourth Republic ratifies the Loi Marthe Richard He desperately absconds to the Royale les Eaux casino in Somme with the remaining 25 million francs in union funds in a last ditch attempt to recoup his losses by winning a high stakes baccarat game before his handlers realize anything is amiss Unbeknownst to him SMERSH has already discovered his perfidy and sent an agent from the Polish People s Republic to assassinate him while his mistress passes word of his financial troubles to the Head of Station S Soviet Union at the British Secret Service As NATO has determined the union could serve as a fifth column in a war with the Eastern Bloc the agency s director M approves S s proposal to send a 00 Agent to play against Le Chiffre and bankrupt both him and the union M chooses the agent James Bond 007 for the mission because of Bond s expertise in gambling As part of Bond s cover as a wealthy Jamaican planter M also assigns as his companion Vesper Lynd personal assistant to the Head of Section S Although Bond and Vesper attempt to maintain a dispassionate working relationship they nevertheless grow closer The CIA and the French Deuxieme Bureau also send agents Felix Leiter and Rene Mathis as observers Mathis quickly warns Bond that his cover has somehow been blown and that he is under surveillance from the couple staying in the hotel room above him That night he narrowly survives a bombing by two of Le Chiffre s Bulgarian henchmen who are themselves killed after being falsely assured that one of the explosives was merely a smokescreen to help them escape The game soon turns into an intense confrontation between Le Chiffre and Bond Le Chiffre buys the bank and Bond takes the strategy of constantly calling his bets until one of them have been bankrupted Although initially Bond costs him millions of francs Le Chiffre wins the first round with a series of sudden coups cleaning Bond out of his funds As Bond contemplates the prospect of reporting his failure to M Leiter gives him an envelope of money and a note Marshall Aid Thirty two million francs With the compliments of the USA Le Chiffre attempts to retrieve his remaining debts by raising the stakes to that amount the highest bet raised in the history of the game When Bond unexpectedly calls the bet Le Chiffre s Corsican associate threatens to kill him with a silenced handgun which Bond disarms while pretending to faint Bond wins the hand and goes on to clean out Le Chiffre and win eighty million francs of his funds Desperate to recover the money Le Chiffre kidnaps Lynd and captures Bond after a high speed car chase Le Chiffre tortures Bond at his villa by beating his genitals with a carpet beater threatening to kill both him and Lynd if he does not return the money Before Le Chiffre can finish them the SMERSH assassin enters and shoots him through the head as punishment for losing the money The agent does not kill Bond saying that he has no orders to do so but cuts a Cyrillic Sh for shpion shpion Russian for spy into Bond s hand with a penknife so that future SMERSH agents will be able to identify him as such Bond awakens in hospital two days later The media reports a cover story that Le Chiffre committed suicide and Bond vanished to southern France and Monaco to continue gambling Fearful for his life and disillusioned with the morality of the Cold War after his beating Bond informs a shocked Mathis of his intention to resign from the Secret Service after his recovery Lynd visits Bond every day as he recuperates and he gradually realises that he loves her When he is released from hospital they spend time together at a quiet guest house and eventually become lovers Bond eventually decides to propose marriage to her but sees a mysterious man named Adolph Gettler tracking their movements which greatly distresses Lynd Although Vesper s mood seems to improve after a few days Bond awakens one morning to discover that she has committed suicide She leaves behind a note explaining that she had been working as an unwilling double agent for the Soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs SMERSH had kidnapped her lover a Polish Royal Air Force pilot who had revealed information about her under torture SMERSH then used that information to blackmail her into helping them undermine Bond s mission including her own faked kidnapping She had tried to start a new life with Bond but upon seeing Gettler a SMERSH agent she realised that she would never be free of her tormentors and that staying with Bond would only put him in danger As Bond vows revenge against SMERSH he coldly telephones his London liaison Pass this on at once 3030 was a double working for Redland Yes dammit I said was The bitch is dead now 1 Background Rear Admiral John Henry Godfrey Fleming s superior at the Naval Intelligence Division and a basis for the character M Ian Fleming born in 1908 was a son of Valentine Fleming a wealthy banker and MP who died in action on the Western Front in May 1917 Educated at Eton Sandhurst and briefly the universities of Munich and Geneva Fleming moved through several jobs before he was recruited by Rear Admiral John Godfrey the Director of Naval Intelligence to become his personal assistant Fleming joined the organisation full time in August 1939 2 3 with the codename 17F 4 and worked for them throughout the war Early in 1939 he began an affair with Ann O Neill nee Charteris who was married to the 3rd Baron O Neill 5 In 1942 Fleming attended an Anglo American intelligence summit in Jamaica and despite the constant heavy rain during his visit he decided to live on the island once the war was over 6 His friend Ivar Bryce helped find a plot of land in Saint Mary Parish where in 1945 Fleming had a house built which he named Goldeneye 7 The name of the house and estate has many possible sources Fleming mentioned both his wartime Operation Goldeneye 8 and Carson McCullers 1941 novel Reflections in a Golden Eye which described the use of British naval bases in the Caribbean by the US Navy 7 Upon Fleming s demobilisation in May 1945 he became the Foreign Manager in the Kemsley newspaper group which at the time owned The Sunday Times In this role he oversaw the paper s worldwide network of correspondents His contract allowed him to take two months holiday every winter in Jamaica 3 In 1948 Charteris gave birth to Fleming s daughter Mary who was stillborn Charteris and Fleming became engaged shortly in 1951 9 Fleming had previously mentioned to friends that he wanted to write a spy novel 3 but it was not until early 1952 to distract himself from his forthcoming nuptials that he began to write Casino Royale at his Goldeneye estate in Jamaica on 17 February he typed out 2 000 words in the morning directly from his own experiences and imagination 10 11 and finished work on the manuscript in March 1952 12 13 a It was a pattern he retained for future Bond books In May 1963 he wrote a piece for Books and Bookmen magazine in which he said I write for about three hours in the morning and I do another hour s work between six and seven in the evening I never correct anything and I never go back to see what I have written By following my formula you write 2 000 words a day 14 Back in London Fleming had his manuscript which he described as his dreadful oafish opus 15 retyped by Joan Howe his red haired secretary at The Times on whom the character Miss Moneypenny was partly based 16 Clare Blanchard a former girlfriend advised him not to publish the book or at least to do so under a pseudonym 17 During the book s final draft stages Fleming allowed his friend and later editor William Plomer to see a copy and remarked I really am thoroughly ashamed of it after rifling through this muck you will probably never speak to me again but I have got to take that chance 18 Despite this Plomer thought the book had sufficient promise and sent a copy to the publishing house Jonathan Cape At first they were unenthusiastic but were persuaded to publish on the recommendation of Fleming s older brother Peter an established travel writer whose books they managed 17 19 Although Fleming provided no dates within his novels two writers have identified different timelines based on events and situations within the novel series as a whole John Griswold and Henry Chancellor both of whom have written books on behalf of Ian Fleming Publications put the events of Casino Royale in 1951 Griswold allows a possible second timeframe and considers the story could have taken place in either May to July 1951 or May to July 1952 20 21 In Goldfinger Fleming reveals that Casino Royale took place in 1951 when the character Junius Du Pont says to Bond France 51 Royale les Eaux That Casino Ethel that s Mrs Du Pont and me were next to you at the table the night you had the big game with the Frenchman 22 DevelopmentPlot inspirations Casino Royale was inspired by certain incidents that took place during Fleming s wartime career at the Naval Intelligence Division NID or by events of which he was aware On a trip to Portugal en route to the United States Fleming and the NID Director Admiral Godfrey went to the Estoril Casino Because of Portugal s neutral status Estoril s population had been swelled by spies and agents from the warring regimes Fleming claimed that while there he was cleaned out by a chief German agent at a table playing chemin de fer 23 Godfrey told a different story that Fleming only played Portuguese businessmen and afterwards fantasised about playing against German agents 24 25 The failed attempt to kill Bond at Royale Les Eaux was inspired by Fleming s knowledge of the attempted assassination of Franz von Papen Vice Chancellor of Germany and an ambassador under Hitler Both Papen and Bond survived their assassination attempts carried out by Bulgarians because trees protected them from the blasts 26 27 Fleming also included four references in the novel to Red Indians including twice on the last page which came from a unit of commandos known as No 30 Commando or 30 Assault Unit 30AU composed of specialist intelligence troops 28 The unit was Fleming s idea and he nicknamed the troops his Red Indians although they disliked the name 29 Characters Hoagy Carmichael Fleming s view of James Bond 30 The lead character of Casino Royale is James Bond an agent of the Secret Service Fleming initially named the character James Secretan before he appropriated the name of James Bond author of the ornithology guide Birds of the West Indies 31 32 Fleming explained to the ornithologist s wife that this brief unromantic Anglo Saxon and yet very masculine name was just what I needed and so a second James Bond was born 33 He further explained that When I wrote the first one in 1953 I wanted Bond to be an extremely dull uninteresting man to whom things happened I wanted him to be a blunt instrument when I was casting around for a name for my protagonist I thought by God James Bond is the dullest name I ever heard 34 Fleming decided that Bond should resemble both the American singer Hoagy Carmichael and himself 30 and in the novel Lynd remarks that Bond reminds me rather of Hoagy Carmichael but there is something cold and ruthless 35 According to Andrew Lycett Fleming s biographer within the first few pages Fleming had introduced most of Bond s idiosyncrasies and trademarks which included his looks his Bentley and his smoking and drinking habits 36 The full details of Bond s martini were kept until chapter seven of the book and Bond eventually named it The Vesper after Lynd Bond s order to be served in a deep champagne goblet was for three measures of Gordon s one of vodka half a measure of Kina Lillet Shake it very well until it s ice cold then add a large thin slice of lemon peel 37 Speaking of Bond s origins Fleming said that he was a compound of all the secret agents and commando types I met during the war 38 although the author gave many of his own traits to the character 38 Bond s tastes are often taken from Fleming s own 39 as is some of his behaviour Fleming used the casino to introduce Bond in his first novel because skill at gambling and knowledge of how to behave in a casino were seen as attributes of a gentleman 40 Lycett sees much of Bond s character as being wish fulfilment by Fleming 41 James Bond is the culmination of an important but much maligned tradition in English literature As a boy Fleming devoured the Bulldog Drummond tales of Lieutenant Colonel Herman Cyril McNeile aka Sapper and the Richard Hannay stories of John Buchan His genius was to repackage these antiquated adventures to fit the fashion of postwar Britain In Bond he created a Bulldog Drummond for the jet age William Cook in New Statesman 39 Bond s superior M was largely based on Godfrey Fleming s NID superior officer 42 Godfrey was known for his bellicose and irascible temperament 43 One of the likely models for Le Chiffre was the influential English occultist astrologer mystic and ceremonial magician Aleister Crowley on whose physical features Fleming based Le Chiffre s 44 Crowley s tastes especially in sado masochism were also ascribed to Le Chiffre as Fleming s biographer Henry Chancellor notes when Le Chiffre goes to work on Bond s testicles with a carpet beater and a carving knife the sinister figure of Aleister Crowley is there lurking in the background 45 StyleFleming later said of his work while thrillers may not be Literature with a capital L it is possible to write what I can best describe as thrillers designed to be read as literature 14 He used well known brand names and everyday details to produce a sense of realism 14 46 which the author Kingsley Amis called the Fleming effect 47 b Amis describes it as the imaginative use of information whereby the pervading fantastic nature of Bond s world is bolted down to some sort of reality or at least counter balanced 49 Within the text the novelist Raymond Benson who later wrote a series of Bond novels identifies what he described as the Fleming Sweep the use of hooks at the end of chapters to heighten tension and pull the reader into the next 50 The hooks combine with what the novelist Anthony Burgess calls a heightened journalistic style 51 to produce a speed of narrative which hustles the reader past each danger point of mockery 52 The semiotician and essayist Umberto Eco in his 1979 examination of the Bond books The Narrative Structure of Ian Fleming considered that Fleming has a rhythm a polish a certain sensuous feeling for words That is not to say that Fleming is an artist yet he writes with art 53 When examining the passage relating to the death of Le Chiffre Eco wrote that there is a baroque feeling for the image a total adaptation off the image without emotional comment and a use of words that designate things with accuracy 54 and he went on to conclude that Fleming is more literate than he gives one to understand 55 ThemesCasino Royale was written after and was heavily influenced by the Second World War 40 Britain was still an imperial power 56 and the Western and Eastern blocs were engaged in the Cold War 57 The journalist William Cook observes that with the decline in power of the British Empire Bond pandered to Britain s inflated and increasingly insecure self image flattering us with the fantasy that Britannia could still punch above her weight 39 The cultural historians Janet Woollacott and Tony Bennett agree and consider that Bond embodied the imaginary possibility that England might once again be placed at the centre of world affairs during a period when its world power status was visibly and rapidly declining 58 In 1953 parts of central London including Oxford Street and High Holborn still had uncleared bomb sites and sweets had ceased being rationed but coal and other food items were still regulated 39 59 According to The Times journalist and historian Ben Macintyre Bond was the ideal antidote to Britain s postwar austerity rationing and the looming premonition of lost power 60 Casino Royale deals with the question of Anglo American relations reflecting the real world central role of the US in the defence of the West 61 The academic Jeremy Black points to the 1951 defections of two members of MI6 Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean to the Soviet Union as having a major impact on how Britain was poorly viewed in US intelligence circles 40 Fleming was aware of this tension between the two countries but he did not focus on it too strongly and Bond and Leiter s warm relationship did not reflect the reality of the US UK relationship 40 Amis in his exploration of Bond in The James Bond Dossier pointed out that Leiter is such a nonentity as a piece of characterization he the American takes orders from Bond the Britisher and that Bond is constantly doing better than he 62 The journalist and author Christopher Hitchens observed that the central paradox of the classic Bond stories is that although superficially devoted to the Anglo American war against communism they are full of contempt and resentment for America and Americans 63 David Seed in his examination of spy fiction disagrees and writes that while Bond beats Le Chiffre his activities are constantly supported by American agencies financing and know how 64 The treachery of Le Chiffre with the overtones of a fifth column struck a chord with the largely British readership as Communist influence in the trade unions had been an issue in the press and parliament at the time 40 Britain had also suffered from defections to the Soviet Union from two MI6 operatives who were part of the Cambridge Five spy ring that betrayed Western secrets to the Soviets 65 Thus Lycett observes that Casino Royale can be seen as Fleming s attempt to reflect the disturbing moral ambiguity of a post war world that could produce traitors like Burgess and Maclean 23 The journalist and writer Matthew Parker observes that with the defections of the two spies so recent to the publication it was perhaps the closest Fleming came to a John le Carre style spy story 66 Chancellor sees the moral ambiguity of the Cold War reflected in the novel 67 Benson considers the most obvious theme of the novel to be good versus evil 68 Parker agrees and highlights a conversation between Bond and Matthis in the chapter titled The Nature of Evil in which Bond says By Le Chiffre s evil existence he was creating a norm of badness by which and by which alone an opposite norm of goodness could exist 69 The subject was also dealt with by the academic Beth Butterfield in an examination of Bond from an existentialist viewpoint In light of Bond s conversation Butterfield identifies a crisis of confidence in Bond s character where he has moved beyond good and evil to the point where he does his job not because of principles but to pursue personal battles 70 Eco comes to the same conclusion stating that Bond abandon s the treacherous life of moral mediation and of psychological anger with all the dangers they entail 71 Black also identifies a mechanism Fleming uses in Casino Royale and in subsequent Bond novels which is to use the evil of his opponents both as a justification of his actions and as a device to foil their own plans Black refers to the episode of the attempted assassination of Bond by Bulgarian assassins which results in their own deaths 72 Publication and receptionPublication history The scent and smoke and sweat of a casino are nauseating at three in the morning Then the soul erosion produced by high gambling a compost of greed and fear and nervous tension becomes unbearable and the senses awake and revolt from it Opening lines of Casino Royale Casino Royale was first released on 13 April 1953 in the UK as a hardback edition by publishers Jonathan Cape 73 with a cover devised by Fleming 74 Cape printed 4 728 copies of Casino Royale which sold out in less than a month 74 a second print run the same month also sold out 73 as did a third run of more than 8 000 books published in May 1954 75 The sales figures were strong enough for Cape to offer Fleming a three book deal 76 In April 1955 Pan Books issued a paperback version and sold 41 000 copies in the first year 77 In the US three publishers turned the book down before Macmillan Publishing Co offered Fleming a deal 78 Casino Royale was published on 23 March 1954 in the US but sales were poor totalling only 4 000 copies across the entire US during the course of the year 79 When the novel was released as a US paperback in 1955 it was re titled by publisher American Popular Library Fleming s suggestions for a new title The Double O Agent and The Deadly Gamble were disregarded in favour of You Asked for It but this marketing ploy failed to raise the interest 80 The Popular Library version also changed Bond s name calling him Jimmy Bond 81 In 2023 Ian Fleming Publications the company that administers all Fleming s literary works had the Bond series edited as part of a sensitivity review to remove or reword some racial or ethnic descriptors The rerelease of the series was for the 70th anniversary of Casino Royale 82 Critical reception Hugh I Anson Fausset writing in The Manchester Guardian thought that Casino Royale was a first rate thriller with a breathtaking plot 83 Although he considered the book to be schoolboy stuff he felt the novel was galvanised into life by the hard brilliance of the telling 83 Alan Ross writing in The Times Literary Supplement wrote that Casino Royale was an extremely engaging affair 84 and that the especial charm is the high poetry with which he invests the green baize lagoons of the casino tables 84 He concluded that the book was both exciting and extremely civilized 84 Reviewing for The Listener Simon Raven believed that Fleming was a kind of supersonic John Buchan 85 but he was somewhat dismissive of the plot observing that it is a brilliant but improbable notion that includes a deal of champagne drinking bomb throwing relentless pitting of wits etc with a cretinous love affair 85 Raven also dismissed Bond as an infantile creation 85 but did allow that Fleming tells a good story with strength and distinction his creation of a scene both visually and emotionally is of a very high order indeed 85 John Betjeman writing in The Daily Telegraph considered that Ian Fleming has discovered the secret of the narrative art which is to work up to a climax unrevealed at the end of each chapter Thus the reader has to go on reading 86 Publishers Jonathan Cape included many of the reviews on their advertisements for the book which appeared in a number of national newspapers the reviews included those from The Sunday Times which concluded that Fleming was the best new English thriller writer since Eric Ambler 87 and The Observer which advised their readers don t miss this 87 The critic for Time magazine examined Raymond Chandler s The Long Goodbye alongside Casino Royale he praised Casino Royale saying that Fleming keeps his incidents and characters spinning through their paces like juggling balls 88 The Time reviewer went on to say that As for Bond he might be Philip Marlowe s younger brother except that he never takes coffee for a bracer just one large Martini laced with vodka 88 Writing for The New York Times Anthony Boucher wrote that the book belongs pretty much to the private eye school of fiction 89 He praised the first part saying that Fleming manages to make baccarat clear even to one who s never played it and produced as exciting a gambling sequence as I ve ever read But then he decides to pad out the book to novel length and leads the weary reader through a set of tough cliches to an ending which surprises nobody save Operative 007 You should certainly begin this book but you might as well stop when the baccarat game is over 89 Adaptations Copyright renewal registration for Casino Royale in the US In 1954 CBS paid Ian Fleming 1 000 to adapt Casino Royale into a one hour television adventure as part of its Climax series 90 c The episode aired live on 21 October 1954 and starred Barry Nelson as secret agent Card Sense James Jimmy Bond and Peter Lorre as Le Chiffre 92 A brief tutorial on baccarat is given at the beginning of the show by the presenter of the programme William Lundigan to enable viewers to understand a game which was not popular in America at the time For this Americanised version of the story Bond is an American agent described as working for Combined Intelligence while the character Leiter from the original novel is British renamed Clarence Leiter The agent for Station S Mathis does not appear as such his surname is given to the leading lady named Valerie Mathis instead of Vesper Lynd 93 78 In March 1955 Ian Fleming sold the film rights of Casino Royale to the producer Gregory Ratoff for 6 000 92 d After Ratoff s death producer Charles K Feldman represented Ratoff s widow and obtained the rights to make a film version 94 Feldman decided the best way to profit from the film rights was to make a satirical version which was produced and released in 1967 by Columbia Pictures The film which cast David Niven as Bond was made with five credited directors plus one uncredited and a cast that included Peter Sellers Ursula Andress Orson Welles and Woody Allen 95 The 1967 version is described by the British Film Institute as an incoherent all star comedy 96 Casino Royale was the first James Bond novel to be adapted as a daily comic strip it was published in The Daily Express and syndicated worldwide 97 The strip ran from 7 July 1958 to 13 December 1958 98 and was written by Anthony Hern and illustrated by John McLusky 99 To aid The Daily Express in illustrating Bond Fleming commissioned an artist to create a sketch of what he believed James Bond to look like McLusky felt that Fleming s 007 looked too outdated and pre war and changed Bond to give him a more masculine look 100 A graphic novel adaptation of the book was released by Dynamite Entertainment in April 2018 written by Van Jensen and illustrated by Dennis Calero 101 Following the 1967 adaptation the rights to the film remained with Columbia Films until 1989 when the studio and the rights to their intellectual property portfolio was acquired by the Japanese company Sony 102 In 1999 following legal action between Sony Pictures Entertainment and MGM UA Sony traded the rights to Casino Royale for MGM s partial rights to Spider Man This led to Eon Productions making the 2006 film Casino Royale 103 The film stars Daniel Craig as Bond supported by Eva Green as Vesper Lynd and Mads Mikkelsen as Le Chiffre Judi Dench returned for her fifth Bond film as Bond s superior M Casino Royale is a reboot 104 showing Bond at the beginning of his career as a 00 agent and overall stays true to the original novel 105 e Notes and referencesNotes Sources differ on the end date of writing Ian Fleming Publications state that it was in not much more than two months 13 while the academic Jeremy Black writes that it was on 18 March 1952 12 The Fleming effect was a mechanism he continued to use in future books Rupert Hart Davis the publisher and editor who was a close friend of Peter Fleming later remarked that when Ian Fleming mentions any particular food clothing or cigarettes in his books the makers reward him with presents in kind Ian s are the only modern thrillers with built in commercials 48 1 000 in 1954 is approximately 8 400 in 2015 91 6 000 in 1955 is approximately 52 800 in 2015 91 A prequel novel to Casino Royale which also involves Bond before getting his 00 licence was released in 2018 written by Anthony Horowitz 106 References Fleming 2006 p 213 Lycett 1996 p 99 a b c Lycett 2004a Gant 1966 p 45 Lycett 1996 p 96 Gant 1966 p 51 a b Pearson 1967 p 161 Lycett 1996 p 165 Lycett 2004b Chancellor 2005 p 4 Bennett amp Woollacott 2003 p 1 ch 1 a b Black 2005 p 4 a b Ian Fleming Ian Fleming Publications Archived from the original on 9 June 2020 Retrieved 15 January 2015 a b c Faulks amp Fleming 2009 p 320 Macintyre 2008 p 19 MacLean 2012 p 57 a b Chancellor 2005 p 5 Nudd 1989 p 4 Lycett 1996 p 226 Griswold 2006 p 13 Chancellor 2005 pp 98 99 Goldfinger ch 2 a b Lycett 1996 p 221 Lycett 1996 p 127 Macintyre 2008 p 54 Upton 1987 p 6 Benson 1988 p 4 Rankin 2011 p 136 Lycett 1996 pp 152 and 221 a b Macintyre 2008 p 67 Macintyre 2008 p 46 O Brien Liam 14 April 2013 The name s Secretan James Secretan Early draft of Casino Royale reveals what Ian Fleming wanted to call his super spy The Independent on Sunday Archived from the original on 15 April 2013 Retrieved 19 September 2017 Griswold 2006 p 46 Hellman Geoffrey T 21 April 1962 Bond s Creator The New Yorker p 32 Archived from the original on 21 January 2012 Retrieved 9 September 2011 subscription required Fleming 2006 p 41 Lycett 1996 p 257 Fleming 2006 pp 52 53 a b Macintyre 2008 p 50 a b c d Cook William 28 June 2004 Novel man New Statesman p 40 a b c d e Black 2005 p 7 Lycett 1996 p 223 Chancellor 2005 p 192 Macintyre 2008 p 74 Macintyre 2008 p 88 Chancellor 2005 p 120 Butler 1973 p 241 Amis 1966 p 112 Lyttelton amp Hart Davis 1979 p 92 Amis 1966 pp 111 12 Benson 1988 p 85 Burgess 1984 p 74 Faulks amp Fleming 2009 p 318 Eco 2009 p 47 Eco 2009 p 48 Eco 2009 p 53 Black 2005 p 3 Black Jeremy Winter 2002 2003 Oh James 007 as International Man of History The National Interest 70 106 112 JSTOR 42897447 Bennett amp Woollacott 1987 p 28 Butler 1973 p 248 Macintyre 2008 p 99 Black 2005 p 6 Amis 1966 p 90 Hitchens Christopher 1 April 2006 Bottoms Up The Atlantic Monthly p 101 Archived from the original on 10 September 2017 Retrieved 6 March 2017 Seed 2003 p 126 Kerr 2004 Parker 2014 p 135 Chancellor 2005 p 55 Benson 1988 p 86 Parker 2014 pp 136 37 Butterfield 2006 p 12 Eco 2009 p 35 Black 2005 p 9 a b Lycett 1996 p 244 a b The Great Bond Cover Up The Guardian 8 May 2008 Archived from the original on 22 September 2018 Retrieved 11 December 2016 Lindner 2009 p 14 Parker 2014 p 140 Lindner 2009 p 16 a b Benson 1988 p 7 Benson 1988 p 8 Pfeiffer amp Worrall 1998 p 203 Benson 1988 p 9 Simpson Craig 25 February 2023 James Bond books edited to remove racist references The Sunday Telegraph Archived from the original on 27 February 2023 Retrieved 27 February 2023 a b Fausset Hugh 17 April 1953 New Novels The Manchester Guardian p 4 a b c Ross Alan 17 April 1953 Spies and Charlatans The Times Literary Supplement p 249 a b c d Raven Simon 23 April 1953 New Novels The Listener p 695 Chancellor 2005 p 25 a b Casino Royale The Times 9 May 1953 p 8 a b Books Murder Is Their Business Time 29 March 1954 Archived from the original on 16 November 2010 a b Boucher Anthony 25 April 1954 Criminals at Large The New York Times p BR27 Black 2005 p 14 a b Consumer Price Index estimate 1800 2014 Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Archived from the original on 20 December 2014 Retrieved 20 January 2015 a b Benson 1988 p 11 Black 2005 p 101 Barnes amp Hearn 2001 p 56 Casino Royale 1967 Metro Goldwyn Mayer Archived from the original on 6 December 2012 Retrieved 21 January 2015 Sutton Mike James Bond Screenonline British Film Institute Archived from the original on 7 April 2019 Retrieved 19 January 2015 Lycett 1996 p 316 Fleming Gammidge amp McLusky 1988 p 6 Pfeiffer amp Worrall 1998 p 213 Simpson 2002 p 21 Review James Bond Casino Royale Comicosity 11 April 2018 Archived from the original on 16 June 2018 Retrieved 12 April 2018 Davis 2010 p 102 Shprintz Janet 29 March 1999 Big Bond holder Variety Archived from the original on 5 August 2020 Retrieved 21 January 2015 IGN Interview Campbell on Casino Royale IGN com IGN Entertainment Inc 19 October 2005 Archived from the original on 10 April 2023 Retrieved 19 January 2015 Funnell Lisa June 2011 I Know Where You Keep Your Gun Daniel Craig as the Bond Bond Girl Hybrid in Casino Royale The Journal of Popular Culture 44 3 455 472 doi 10 1111 j 1540 5931 2011 00843 x Poole Steven 23 May 2018 Forever and a Day by Anthony Horowitz review a prequel to Casino Royale The Guardian Archived from the original on 8 June 2020 Retrieved 11 June 2018 Sources Amis Kingsley 1966 The James Bond Dossier London Pan Books OCLC 154139618 Barnes Alan Hearn Marcus 2001 Kiss Kiss Bang Bang the Unofficial James Bond Film Companion London Batsford Books ISBN 978 0 7134 8182 2 Bennett Tony Woollacott Janet 1987 Bond and Beyond The Political Career of a Popular Hero London Routledge ISBN 978 0 416 01361 0 Bennett Tony Woollacott Janet 2003 The Moments of Bond In Lindner Christoph ed The James Bond Phenomenon a Critical Reader Manchester Manchester University Press ISBN 978 0 7190 6541 5 Benson Raymond 1988 The James Bond Bedside Companion London Boxtree Ltd ISBN 978 1 85283 233 9 Black Jeremy 2005 The Politics of James Bond from Fleming s Novel to the Big Screen Lincoln NE University of Nebraska Press ISBN 978 0 8032 6240 9 Archived from the original on 23 March 2023 Retrieved 25 October 2020 Burgess Anthony 1984 99 Novels The Best in English Since 1939 A Personal Choice London Summit Books ISBN 978 0 671 52407 4 Butler William Vivian 1973 The Durable Desperadoes London Macmillan ISBN 978 0 333 14217 2 Butterfield Beth 2006 Being Towards Death and Taking Pleasure in Beauty James Bond and Existentialism In Held Jacob M South James eds James Bond and Philosophy Questions are Forever Chicago IL Open Court Publishing ISBN 978 0 8126 9607 3 Archived from the original on 10 April 2023 Retrieved 25 October 2020 Chancellor Henry 2005 James Bond The Man and His World London John Murray ISBN 978 0 7195 6815 2 Davis Mark 2010 Legal Issues in the Music Industry Shreveport LA BuzzGig LLC ISBN 978 0 615 33686 2 Eco Umberto 2009 The Narrative Structure of Ian Fleming In Lindner Christoph ed The James Bond Phenomenon a Critical Reader Manchester Manchester University Press ISBN 978 0 7190 6541 5 Faulks Sebastian Fleming Ian 2009 Devil May Care London Penguin Books ISBN 978 0 14 103545 1 Fleming Ian 2006 1953 Casino Royale London Penguin Books ISBN 978 0 14 102830 9 Fleming Ian Gammidge Henry McLusky John 1988 Octopussy London Titan Books ISBN 978 1 85286 040 0 Gant Richard 1966 Ian Fleming Man with the Golden Pen London Mayflower Dell OCLC 487676374 Griswold John 2006 Ian Fleming s James Bond Annotations And Chronologies for Ian Fleming s Bond Stories Bloomington IN AuthorHouse ISBN 978 1 4259 3100 1 Archived from the original on 10 April 2023 Retrieved 25 October 2015 Kerr Sheila January 2011 Burgess Guy Francis de Moncy 1911 1963 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 37244 Retrieved 15 January 2015 Subscription or UK public library membership required Lindner Christoph 2009 The James Bond Phenomenon a Critical Reader Manchester Manchester University Press ISBN 978 0 7190 6541 5 Archived from the original on 10 April 2023 Retrieved 25 October 2020 Lycett Andrew 1996 Ian Fleming London Phoenix ISBN 978 1 85799 783 5 Lycett Andrew 2004 Fleming Ian Lancaster 1908 1964 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Vol 1 online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 33168 Retrieved 15 January 2015 Subscription or UK public library membership required Lycett Andrew 2004 Fleming Ann Geraldine Mary other married names Ann Geraldine Mary O Neill Lady O Neill Ann Geraldine Mary Harmsworth Viscountess Rothermere 1913 1981 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 40227 Retrieved 15 January 2015 Subscription or UK public library membership required subscription or UK public library membership required Lyttelton George Hart Davis Rupert 1979 Lyttelton Hart Davis Letters Vol 2 London John Murray ISBN 978 0 7195 3673 1 Macintyre Ben 2008 For Your Eyes Only London Bloomsbury Publishing ISBN 978 0 7475 9527 4 MacLean Rory 2012 Gift of Time London Constable amp Robinson ISBN 978 1 84901 857 9 Nudd John October 1989 Ian Fleming amp James Bond The Book and Magazine Collector 67 Parker Matthew 2014 Goldeneye London Hutchinson ISBN 978 0 09 195410 9 Pearson John 1967 The Life of Ian Fleming Creator of James Bond London Pan Books Pfeiffer Lee Worrall Dave 1998 The Essential Bond London Boxtree Ltd ISBN 978 0 7522 2477 0 Rankin Nicholas 2011 Ian Fleming s Commandos The Story of 30 Assault Unit in WWII London Faber and Faber ISBN 978 0 571 25062 2 Seed David 2003 Spy Fiction In Priestman Martin ed The Cambridge Companion to Crime Fiction Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 00871 6 Simpson Paul 2002 The Rough Guide to James Bond London Rough Guides ISBN 978 1 84353 142 5 Archived from the original on 23 March 2023 Retrieved 25 October 2020 Upton John August 1987 The James Bond Books of Ian Fleming The Book and Magazine Collector 41 External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Casino Royale Ian Fleming com Official website of Ian Fleming Publications Casino Royale at Faded Page Canada Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Casino Royale novel amp oldid 1149584141, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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