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Ifugao

January 07, 2023

For the ethnic group, see Ifugao people. For the language, see Ifugao language. For other uses, see Ifugao (disambiguation).

Ifugao, officially the Province of Ifugao (Ilocano: Probinsia ti Ifugao; Tagalog: Lalawigan ng Ifugao), is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Its capital is Lagawe and it borders Benguet to the west, Mountain Province to the north, Isabela to the east, and Nueva Vizcaya to the south.

Ifugao
Province
Province of Ifugao
(from top: left to right) UNESCO World Heritage Site Banaue Rice Terraces, Batad Rice Terraces, Ifugao hogang guardian carved from tree, Hapao rice terraces in Hungduan, Batad Rice terraces and Nagacadan rice terraces.
Flag
Seal
Location in the Philippines
OpenStreetMap
Coordinates: 16°50′N 121°10′E / 16.83°N 121.17°E / 16.83; 121.17Coordinates: 16°50′N 121°10′E / 16.83°N 121.17°E / 16.83; 121.17
CountryPhilippines
RegionCordillera Administrative Region
FoundedJune 18, 1966
CapitalLagawe
Largest MunicipalityAlfonso Lista
Government
 • GovernorJerry U. Dalipog (KBL)
 • Vice GovernorGlenn D. Prudenciano (LP)
 • LegislatureIfugao Provincial Board
Area
[1]
 • Total2,628.21 km2 (1,014.76 sq mi)
 • Rank50th out of 81
Highest elevation
(Mount Pulag)
2,928 m (9,606 ft)
Population
 (2020 census) [3]
 • Total207,498
 • Estimate 
(2020)
210,669[2]
 • Rank72nd out of 81
 • Density79/km2 (200/sq mi)
  • Rank74th out of 81
Divisions
 • Independent cities0
 • Component cities0
 • Municipalities
11
 • Barangays176
 • DistrictsLegislative district of Ifugao
Time zoneUTC+8 (PHT)
ZIP code
3600–3610
IDD : area code +63 (0)74
ISO 3166 codePH-IFU
Spoken languages

The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras and Banaue Rice Terraces are the main tourist attractions in the province. These terraces are believed to have been hand-carved into the mountains 2,000 years ago to plant rice. However, recent research by carbon dating suggests that they were built much later.[4] In 1995, the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras were declared as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[5] In 2008 and 2015, the Hudhud chants of the Ifugao and the Punnuk (Tugging rituals and games) were inscribed in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.[6][7]

Etymology

Ifugao is named after the term i-pugo ("i" [from/people] and pugo [hill]), which translates to people of the hill.[8] Alternatively, the province's name may have come from the word pugaw, which means "the cosmic earth",[9] ipugaw then referring to "mortals". Finally, the name may have been derived from ipugo, a type of grain in local mythology given to the people by Matungulan, the god of grains.[9]

History

Spanish regime

The Spanish had great difficulty in taking over Ifugao, like most of the Cordilleras due to the fierce belief of the Cordillera people of their rights since ancient times. The Ifugao battled colonizers for hundreds of years, even after the state was colonized and was transformed into a part of Nueva Vizcaya province of the Spanish-administered Philippines.[10][11] In 1891, the Spanish government established Quiangan as a comandancia-politico-militar[12][13] for the Ifugao area.[14] The Spanish occupation in the province ended with the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution.

In the Northern Philippines, the Ifugao people are one of many minority ethnolinguistic groups best documented by ethnohistoric and anthropological scholars. However, there is a dearth of historical information in the region particularly during the Spanish conquest. Changes in both demographics and cultural orientation among existing communities were to be expected during the time as certain groups resulted to migration towards the highlands. According to studies, the Ifugao succeeded multiple times resisting against the Spanish at conquest.[15] The groups that migrated to the highlands were believed to be those that resisted the Spanish colonial control, which became prevalent in the lowlands. According to Acabado, the rugged nature of the highlands around the Ifugao region did not out rightly provide a hindrance to the Spanish conquest. Other regions that had similar rugged environment as found in Ifugao were subjected to colonial rule. Archeological research shows Ifugao practices of successful resistance by strengthening their political and economic resources. Spanish conquest and population increase was the source of shifting to wet-rice agriculture.

American occupation

 
Participants in Ifugao uyauwe ceremony, c. 1903

On August 18, 1908, Ifugao was separated from Nueva Vizcaya[16] and, along with Amburayan, Apayao, Benguet, Bontoc, Kalinga and Lepanto, was annexed to the newly created Mountain Province established by the Philippine Commission with the enactment of Act No. 1876.[10][12][17][18]

World War II

Ifugao became the center of warfare in the last year of World War II when Gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita launched his last stand against the American and Philippine Commonwealth forces at Mount Napulawan. He informally surrendered to Captain Grisham of the 6th US Army in the Philippines based in Kiangan,[10] then formally surrendered at Camp John Hay on 3 Sept. 1945.[19]

Post-war era

On June 18, 1966, Republic Act No. 4695 was enacted, and Ifugao was converted into a regular province when the huge Mountain Province was split into four (the other three being Benguet, Mountain Province, and Kalinga-Apayao).[8][20] Ifugao and Kalinga-Apayao were placed under the jurisdiction of the Cagayan Valley region.[10][21] The capital was moved from Kiangan to Lagawe due to the harsh landscape of Kiangan which made it unsuitable for public transportation and as a capital.

Post-martial law era

On July 15, 1987, the Cordillera Administrative Region was established by then-President Corazon Aquino through Executive Order 220, and Ifugao was made one of its provinces.[10][22][23]

Contemporary history

 
Ifugao youth in their traditional clothing.

In 1992, Republic Act No. 07173 was enacted, separating several barangays from Kiangan and constituting them under a new municipality known as Asipulo.[24][25]

Since 1992, the province has observed every September 2 as "Victory Day", commemorating the valor of Philippine war veterans and the surrender of General Yamashita in the municipality of Kiangan on September 2, 1945.[26][27][28]

In 1995, the Batad Rice Terraces, Bangaan Rice Terraces (both in Banaue), Mayoyao Rice Terraces (in Mayoyao), Hungduan Rice Terraces (in Hungduan) and Nagacadan Rice Terraces (in Kiangan, Ifugao) were inscribed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site under the collective name "Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras".[5]

In 2001, the Hudhud Chants of the Ifugao was chosen as one of the 11 Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. It was then formally inscribed as a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2008.[29][30][31]

In 2013, the official Intangible Heritage Book of the Philippine was published, and 13 of its elements were from Ifugao.

In 2014, the Philippines joined other Asian nations in establishing the support and submission of the "Tug of war" — a multinational cultural heritage or Tugging rituals and games, an Intangible Cultural Heritage that encompasses tug-of-war games in Vietnam, Cambodia, and the Philippines. The initial move of the Philippines started in 2013. The Philippines' part in the new element is represented by the tug-of-war of the Ifugaos (in Barangay Hapao, Municipality of Hungduan) called the punnuk. The element is expected to be declared as a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2015.

Since the 20th century, the province has been central to the archaeological research of various international institutions, mostly from the United States and the Philippines. A major discovery was the archaeological site of Kiangan, which proved the oral tradition of the Ifugao that the first settlement in the province was in Kiangan.[32]

Geography

Ifugao covers a total area of 2,628.21 square kilometres (1,014.76 sq mi)[33] occupying the southeastern section of the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. The province is bordered by Benguet to the west, Mountain Province to the north, Isabela to the east, and Nueva Vizcaya to the south.

Situated within the Cordillera Central mountain range, Ifugao is characterized by rugged terrain, river valleys, and massive forests.

Administrative divisions

Ifugao comprises 11 municipalities, all encompassed by a lone legislative district. [34][33]

 
Political divisions

Barangays

The 11 municipalities of the province comprise a total of 175 barangays, with Santa Maria in Alfonso Lista (Potia) as the most populous in 2010, and Banga in Lagawe as the least. [35][33]

Further information: List of barangays in Ifugao

Climate

The rainy season in Ifugao begins in July and runs through January. The weather remains cool from November to February.[36][better source needed]

Demographics

Population census of Ifugao
YearPop.±% p.a.
1903 30,528—    
1918 64,400+5.10%
1939 68,598+0.30%
1948 49,902−3.47%
1960 76,788+3.66%
1970 92,487+1.88%
1975 104,707+2.52%
1980 111,368+1.24%
1990 147,281+2.83%
1995 149,598+0.29%
2000 161,623+1.67%
2007 180,815+1.56%
2010 191,078+2.03%
2015 202,802+1.14%
2020 207,498+0.45%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority [34] [35] [37]
Population by ethnicity (2000)[38]
Ethnicity Number
Ifugao
 
 109,659 (67.91%)
Ilocano
 
 22,171 (13.73%)
Kalanguya/Ikalahan
 
 13,946 (8.64%)
Ayungan
 
 9,935 (6.15%)
Kankanaey
 
 1,037 (0.64%)
Other foreign ethnicity
 
 21 (0.01%)
Others
 
 4,192 (2.60%)
Not Reported
 
 522 (0.32%)

The population of Ifugao in the 2020 census was 207,498 people, [3] with a density of 79 inhabitants per square kilometre or 200 inhabitants per square mile.

Ethnicity

 
Ifugao people in their traditional clothing
 
A traditional Ifugao house with the Batad rice terraces in the background
 
Fabric weaved from Ifugao

Based on the 2000 census survey, the Ifugao comprised 67.91% (109,659) of the total provincial population of 161,483. Other ethnic groups in the province included the Ilocanos at 13.73% (22,171), Kalahan at 8.64% (13,946), Ayangan at 6.15% (9,935), and Kankanaey at 0.64% (1,037).[38]

The total number of Tinguian in the province of Ifugao is 2,609. (source: Philippine Statistics Authority)[full citation needed]

Religion

The Ifugao people have an indigenous religion unique to their traditional culture, and highly significant to the preservation of their life ways and valued traditions. They believe in the existence of thousands of gods, which may enter specific sacred objects such as the bul-ul.

Roman Catholicism has a growing influence in the province with approximately 60%[citation needed] of the population being converted by missionaries. In most areas, especially at the east and south of the province, indigenous traditions have degraded due to the influx of Christianity. In 2014, the Apostolic Vicariate of Bontoc-Lagawe recorded a 61.5% Roman Catholic adherence. The most significant religion other than Roman Catholicism is Protestantism that make up 20%-30%[39][40] of the population and are mostly found in the central and south-western parts of this province. Other religions includes animism.

Wet rice cultivation and ritual feasting

Shifting to wet rice cultivation is one factor that intensified the social ranking that was already present among the Ifugao society. Those who adopted wet rice cultivation were able to consolidate political resources. “In Ifugao, the adoption of wet-rice agriculture is at the forefront in discussions regarding social ranking vis-à-vis prestige economy.” [15] The Ifugao social status is based on their rice lands and ability to sponsor feasts. One reason being is that an individual needs to be skilled in mobilizing rice terraces, and because rice terraces require labor-intensive work. Stephen Acabado states that since the village was increasing in population, the shift to wet rice cultivation, increase of exotic goods procurement, and finally increase in the distribution of ritual animals indicates “political elaboration as a response to Spanish conquest.”[15] In addition, according to Queeny G. Lapeña and Stephen B. Acabado, in order to successfully resist against a colonizing power it requires a constructive military organization within a complete polity. The Spanish took conquest of the Magat Valley and between 1600 CE and 1700 CE it drove the Ifugao to strategically resettle in the interior of the Cordillera Mountains. Wet-rice agriculture was adopted soon after, and extensive rice terraces were built. This was a subsistence shift for the Ifugao because they cultivated taro before the start of the wet rice cultivation. The author emphasizes that the Ifugao people kept their culture and identity alive by spending large amounts of time in rice fields, since they treated them as ritual areas to “reinforce community solidarity."[41]

Furthermore, archeologists state that there was an increase of pig consumption. This increase had to do with the increase in ritual feasting. In the Old Kiyyangan Village, there were morphometric evidence of the vast increase in pig consumption. Stephen Acabado states that since the village was increasing in population the shift to wet rice cultivation, increase of exotic goods procurement, and finally increase in the distribution of ritual animals indicates “political elaboration as a response to Spanish conquest”.[15] In the article Resistance through rituals: The role of Philippine “native pig” (Sus scrofa) in Ifugao feasting and socio-political organization, the authors conclude that domesticated pigs were intertwined in the maintenance of a rank social order that came into view from the Ifugao's resistance against Spanish colonialism.

The domestication of pigs and terrace cultivation within the Ifugao region provides a perfect scenario of how societies respond to challenges and needs in their immediate environment. Since wild pigs were considered unfit for rituals, emphasis was placed towards the domestication pigs, which illustrated an individual's social status. The bigger the feast, the higher regard a person was likely to receive from both kin and non-kin members as the ceremony would involve the sharing of sacrificed pig meat.[15] The relationship between the elites who in this case owned the land and the lower social classes worsened during the period after the Spanish conquest. Social immobility became more apparent, since to have enough rice to trade for a pig, one would need to own a rice terrace and vice versa. The cultural value attached to the pig and rice cultivation guaranteed the survival of the communities, in spite of moving to the highlands as they migrated further from the invading Spanish. The importance of rituals and ceremonies meant that people were pushed into practicing pig domestication not merely as a source of food, but as a way of honoring their culture. On the other hand, the cultivation of rice on the terraces required extensive organization of labor, which led to the creation of socio-political shifts.[42]

 
 
Bululs, rice granary guardian deities from Ifugao

Rice culture

 
 
Hagabi (left) and native dress (right) in Banaue Museum

The Spanish first described the Ifugao rice terraces in 1801. Though as William Scott notes, "These impressive stone-walled fields, irrigated for both rice and taro, had been known from the time of the first expeditions in to Kiangan in the 1750s..."[43][44]: 2 

Ifugao culture revolves around rice, which is considered a prestige crop. There is an elaborate and complex array of rice culture feasts inextricably linked with taboos and intricate agricultural rites, from rice cultivation to rice consumption. Harvest season calls for grandiose thanksgiving feasts, while the concluding harvest rites tungo or tungul (the day of rest) entail a strict taboo of any agricultural work. Partaking of the rice wine (bayah), rice cakes, and moma (mixture of several herbs, powdered snail shell and betel nut/arecoline which is used as a chewing gum to the Ifugaos) is an indelible practice during the festivities and ritual activities. Agricultural terracing and farming are the principal means of livelihood. Their social status is measured by the number of rice field granaries, family heirlooms, gold earrings, and carabaos (water buffaloes). Prestige is also conferred through time and tradition.

A prayer is said by an elderly woman when harvest begins, directed towards Cabunian, the goddess of rice. Then, a protective prayer is said before the rice is placed in the granary.[44]: 21 

The Ifugao solar calendar included a 365-day year, broken down into 13 months of 28 days each, plus one extra day.[44]: 37 

Ifugao culture values kinship, family ties, religious and cultural beliefs. Ifugao are unique among all ethnic groups in the mountain province for their narrative literature such as the hudhud, an epic dealing with hero ancestors sung in a poetic manner. Also unique to the Ifugao is their woodcarving art, most notably the carved granary guardians bulul and the prestige bench of the upper class, the hagabi. Their textiles are renowned for their sheer beauty, colorful blankets and clothing woven on looms.[45]

Traditional attire for male Ifugaos consists of a simple G-string. Ifugao women, on the contrary, wear tapis, a wraparound skirt.[44]: 81–83, 89 

Economy

Poverty Incidence of Ifugao
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[46][47]
[48][49][50][51][52]


Infrastructure

Electricity

 

UNESCO recognitions in Ifugao

UNESCO has inscribed two Ifugao elements in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2008 and 2015, respectively. UNESCO has also inscribed one Ifugao site with five properties in the World Heritage Site in 1995.

Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras

 
An Ifugao woman harvesting rice at the Banaue Rice Terraces

In 1995, the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras was inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List. UNESCO states:

"For 2,000 years, the high rice fields of the Ifugao have followed the contours of the mountains. The fruit of knowledge handed down from one generation to the next, and the expression of sacred traditions and a delicate social balance, they have helped to create a landscape of great beauty that expresses the harmony between humankind and the environment."

The inscription has five sites: the Batad Rice Terraces, Bangaan Rice Terraces (both in Banaue), Mayoyao Rice Terraces (in Mayoyao), Hungduan Rice Terraces (in Hungduan) and Nagacadan Rice Terraces (in Kiangan), all in the Ifugao Province, the Philippines. The Banaue Rice Terraces are not included in the inscription, but may be included through an extension nomination to UNESCO, along with other rice terraces sites in other Philippine Cordillera provinces.[53]

Hudhud Chants of the Ifugao

In 2001, the Hudhud ni Aliguyon (or Hudhud Chants of the Ifugao) became one of the first 11 Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity in 2001. The element was inscribed in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2008. UNESCO describes the element as follows:[30]

The Hudhud consists of narrative chants traditionally performed by the Ifugao community, which is well known for its rice terraces extending over the highlands of the northern island of the Philippine archipelago. It is practised during the rice sowing season, at harvest time and at funeral wakes and rituals. Thought to have originated before the seventh century, the Hudhud comprises more than 200 chants, each divided into 40 episodes. A complete recitation may last several days. Since the Ifugao’s culture is matrilineal, the wife generally takes the main part in the chants, and her brother occupies a higher position than her husband. The language of the stories abounds in figurative expressions and repetitions and employs metonymy, metaphor and onomatopoeia, rendering transcription very difficult. Thus, there are very few written expressions of this tradition. The chant tells about ancestral heroes, customary law, religious beliefs and traditional practices, and reflects the importance of rice cultivation. The narrators, mainly elderly women, hold a key position in the community, both as historians and preachers. The Hudhud epic is chanted alternately by the first narrator and a choir, employing a single melody for all the verses. The conversion of the Ifugao to Catholicism has weakened their traditional culture. Furthermore, the Hudhud is linked to the manual harvesting of rice, which is now mechanized. Although the rice terraces are listed as a World Heritage Site, the number of growers has been in constant decline.The few remaining narrators, who are already very old, need to be supported in their efforts to transmit their knowledge and to raise awareness among young people.

Tugging Games and Ritual: Punnuk of the Ifugao

The Punnuk of the Ifugao was inscribed in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2015 under the multinational inscription of the Tugging Rituals and Games element.[54]

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  51. ^ https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/Table%202.%20%20Annual%20Per%20Capita%20Poverty%20Threshold%2C%20Poverty%20Incidence%20and%20Magnitude%20of%20Poor%20Population%2C%20by%20Region%20and%20Province%20%20-%202006%2C%202009%2C%202012%20and%202015.xlsx; publication date: 27 August 2016; publisher: Philippine Statistics Authority.
  52. ^ https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/Table%202.%20%20Updated%20Annual%20Per%20Capita%20Poverty%20Threshold%2C%20Poverty%20Incidence%20and%20Magnitude%20of%20Poor%20Population%20with%20Measures%20of%20Precision%2C%20by%20Region%20and%20Province_2015%20and%202018.xlsx; publication date: 4 June 2020; publisher: Philippine Statistics Authority.
  53. ^ "Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2022-08-14.
  54. ^ "Tugging Rituals and Games". UNESCO. Retrieved 2022-08-14.

Further reading

  • Kwiatkowski, Lynn M. (2018) [First published 1998]. Struggling with Development: The Politics of Hunger and Gender in the Philippines. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780429965623.

External links

Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap 
Download coordinates as: KML
  •   Media related to Ifugao at Wikimedia Commons
  •   Ifugao travel guide from Wikivoyage
  •   Geographic data related to Ifugao at OpenStreetMap

January 07, 2023
ifugao, ethnic, group, people, language, language, other, uses, disambiguation, officially, province, ilocano, probinsia, tagalog, lalawigan, landlocked, province, philippines, cordillera, administrative, region, luzon, capital, lagawe, borders, benguet, west,. For the ethnic group see Ifugao people For the language see Ifugao language For other uses see Ifugao disambiguation Ifugao officially the Province of Ifugao Ilocano Probinsia ti Ifugao Tagalog Lalawigan ng Ifugao is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon Its capital is Lagawe and it borders Benguet to the west Mountain Province to the north Isabela to the east and Nueva Vizcaya to the south IfugaoProvinceProvince of Ifugao from top left to right UNESCO World Heritage Site Banaue Rice Terraces Batad Rice Terraces Ifugao hogang guardian carved from tree Hapao rice terraces in Hungduan Batad Rice terraces and Nagacadan rice terraces FlagSealLocation in the PhilippinesOpenStreetMapCoordinates 16 50 N 121 10 E 16 83 N 121 17 E 16 83 121 17 Coordinates 16 50 N 121 10 E 16 83 N 121 17 E 16 83 121 17CountryPhilippinesRegionCordillera Administrative RegionFoundedJune 18 1966CapitalLagaweLargest MunicipalityAlfonso ListaGovernment GovernorJerry U Dalipog KBL Vice GovernorGlenn D Prudenciano LP LegislatureIfugao Provincial BoardArea 1 Total2 628 21 km2 1 014 76 sq mi Rank50th out of 81Highest elevation Mount Pulag 2 928 m 9 606 ft Population 2020 census 3 Total207 498 Estimate 2020 210 669 2 Rank72nd out of 81 Density79 km2 200 sq mi Rank74th out of 81Divisions Independent cities0 Component cities0 Municipalities11 AguinaldoAlfonso ListaAsipuloBanaueHingyonHungduanKianganLagaweLamutMayoyaoTinoc Barangays176 DistrictsLegislative district of IfugaoTime zoneUTC 8 PHT ZIP code3600 3610IDD area code 63 0 74ISO 3166 codePH IFUSpoken languagesIfugaoTuwaliKalanguyaIlocanoTagalogEnglishThe Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras and Banaue Rice Terraces are the main tourist attractions in the province These terraces are believed to have been hand carved into the mountains 2 000 years ago to plant rice However recent research by carbon dating suggests that they were built much later 4 In 1995 the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras were declared as a UNESCO World Heritage Site 5 In 2008 and 2015 the Hudhud chants of the Ifugao and the Punnuk Tugging rituals and games were inscribed in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists 6 7 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Spanish regime 2 2 American occupation 2 3 World War II 2 4 Post war era 2 5 Post martial law era 2 6 Contemporary history 3 Geography 3 1 Administrative divisions 4 Barangays 4 1 Climate 5 Demographics 5 1 Ethnicity 5 2 Religion 6 Wet rice cultivation and ritual feasting 7 Rice culture 8 Economy 9 Infrastructure 9 1 Electricity 10 UNESCO recognitions in Ifugao 10 1 Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras 10 2 Hudhud Chants of the Ifugao 10 3 Tugging Games and Ritual Punnuk of the Ifugao 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External linksEtymology EditIfugao is named after the term i pugo i from people and pugo hill which translates to people of the hill 8 Alternatively the province s name may have come from the word pugaw which means the cosmic earth 9 ipugaw then referring to mortals Finally the name may have been derived from ipugo a type of grain in local mythology given to the people by Matungulan the god of grains 9 History EditSpanish regime Edit The Spanish had great difficulty in taking over Ifugao like most of the Cordilleras due to the fierce belief of the Cordillera people of their rights since ancient times The Ifugao battled colonizers for hundreds of years even after the state was colonized and was transformed into a part of Nueva Vizcaya province of the Spanish administered Philippines 10 11 In 1891 the Spanish government established Quiangan as a comandancia politico militar 12 13 for the Ifugao area 14 The Spanish occupation in the province ended with the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution In the Northern Philippines the Ifugao people are one of many minority ethnolinguistic groups best documented by ethnohistoric and anthropological scholars However there is a dearth of historical information in the region particularly during the Spanish conquest Changes in both demographics and cultural orientation among existing communities were to be expected during the time as certain groups resulted to migration towards the highlands According to studies the Ifugao succeeded multiple times resisting against the Spanish at conquest 15 The groups that migrated to the highlands were believed to be those that resisted the Spanish colonial control which became prevalent in the lowlands According to Acabado the rugged nature of the highlands around the Ifugao region did not out rightly provide a hindrance to the Spanish conquest Other regions that had similar rugged environment as found in Ifugao were subjected to colonial rule Archeological research shows Ifugao practices of successful resistance by strengthening their political and economic resources Spanish conquest and population increase was the source of shifting to wet rice agriculture American occupation Edit Participants in Ifugao uyauwe ceremony c 1903 On August 18 1908 Ifugao was separated from Nueva Vizcaya 16 and along with Amburayan Apayao Benguet Bontoc Kalinga and Lepanto was annexed to the newly created Mountain Province established by the Philippine Commission with the enactment of Act No 1876 10 12 17 18 World War II Edit Ifugao became the center of warfare in the last year of World War II when Gen Tomoyuki Yamashita launched his last stand against the American and Philippine Commonwealth forces at Mount Napulawan He informally surrendered to Captain Grisham of the 6th US Army in the Philippines based in Kiangan 10 then formally surrendered at Camp John Hay on 3 Sept 1945 19 Post war era Edit On June 18 1966 Republic Act No 4695 was enacted and Ifugao was converted into a regular province when the huge Mountain Province was split into four the other three being Benguet Mountain Province and Kalinga Apayao 8 20 Ifugao and Kalinga Apayao were placed under the jurisdiction of the Cagayan Valley region 10 21 The capital was moved from Kiangan to Lagawe due to the harsh landscape of Kiangan which made it unsuitable for public transportation and as a capital Post martial law era Edit On July 15 1987 the Cordillera Administrative Region was established by then President Corazon Aquino through Executive Order 220 and Ifugao was made one of its provinces 10 22 23 Contemporary history Edit Ifugao youth in their traditional clothing In 1992 Republic Act No 07173 was enacted separating several barangays from Kiangan and constituting them under a new municipality known as Asipulo 24 25 Since 1992 the province has observed every September 2 as Victory Day commemorating the valor of Philippine war veterans and the surrender of General Yamashita in the municipality of Kiangan on September 2 1945 26 27 28 In 1995 the Batad Rice Terraces Bangaan Rice Terraces both in Banaue Mayoyao Rice Terraces in Mayoyao Hungduan Rice Terraces in Hungduan and Nagacadan Rice Terraces in Kiangan Ifugao were inscribed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site under the collective name Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras 5 In 2001 the Hudhud Chants of the Ifugao was chosen as one of the 11 Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity It was then formally inscribed as a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2008 29 30 31 In 2013 the official Intangible Heritage Book of the Philippine was published and 13 of its elements were from Ifugao In 2014 the Philippines joined other Asian nations in establishing the support and submission of the Tug of war a multinational cultural heritage or Tugging rituals and games an Intangible Cultural Heritage that encompasses tug of war games in Vietnam Cambodia and the Philippines The initial move of the Philippines started in 2013 The Philippines part in the new element is represented by the tug of war of the Ifugaos in Barangay Hapao Municipality of Hungduan called the punnuk The element is expected to be declared as a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2015 Since the 20th century the province has been central to the archaeological research of various international institutions mostly from the United States and the Philippines A major discovery was the archaeological site of Kiangan which proved the oral tradition of the Ifugao that the first settlement in the province was in Kiangan 32 Geography EditIfugao covers a total area of 2 628 21 square kilometres 1 014 76 sq mi 33 occupying the southeastern section of the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon The province is bordered by Benguet to the west Mountain Province to the north Isabela to the east and Nueva Vizcaya to the south Situated within the Cordillera Central mountain range Ifugao is characterized by rugged terrain river valleys and massive forests Administrative divisions Edit Ifugao comprises 11 municipalities all encompassed by a lone legislative district 34 33 Political divisions Municipality i Population p a Area 33 Density Barangay 2020 3 2015 34 km2 sq mi km2 sq mi16 58 43 N 121 19 37 E 16 9785 N 121 3269 E 16 9785 121 3269 Aguinaldo Aguinaldo 10 2 21 128 19 408 1 63 538 05 207 74 39 100 1616 55 23 N 121 29 11 E 16 9230 N 121 4864 E 16 9230 121 4864 Alfonso Lista Alfonso Lista 16 4 34 061 32 119 1 12 347 46 134 16 98 250 2016 43 18 N 121 04 04 E 16 7216 N 121 0677 E 16 7216 121 0677 Asipulo Asipulo 7 7 15 963 15 261 0 86 182 87 70 61 87 230 1016 54 39 N 121 03 42 E 16 9109 N 121 0616 E 16 9109 121 0616 Banaue Banaue 10 0 20 652 21 837 1 06 191 20 73 82 110 280 1816 51 04 N 121 05 59 E 16 8510 N 121 0996 E 16 8510 121 0996 Hingyon Hingyon 4 8 9 930 9 227 1 41 62 02 23 95 160 410 1216 50 06 N 121 00 11 E 16 8350 N 121 0030 E 16 8350 121 0030 Hungduan Hungduan 4 3 8 866 9 400 1 11 260 30 100 50 34 88 916 46 41 N 121 05 11 E 16 7780 N 121 0863 E 16 7780 121 0863 Kiangan Kiangan 8 5 17 691 17 048 0 71 200 00 77 22 88 230 1416 48 01 N 121 07 18 E 16 8002 N 121 1218 E 16 8002 121 1218 Lagawe Lagawe 9 1 18 876 19 333 0 45 208 91 80 66 90 230 2016 39 02 N 121 13 17 E 16 6506 N 121 2215 E 16 6506 121 2215 Lamut Lamut 12 6 26 235 25 279 0 71 149 45 57 70 180 470 1816 58 24 N 121 13 19 E 16 9732 N 121 2219 E 16 9732 121 2219 Mayoyao Mayoyao 7 5 15 621 17 331 1 96 238 05 91 91 66 170 2716 36 06 N 120 57 10 E 16 6016 N 120 9528 E 16 6016 120 9528 Tinoc Tinoc 8 9 18 475 16 559 2 11 239 70 92 55 77 200 12Total 207 498 202 802 0 44 2 628 21 1 014 76 79 200 176 Provincial capital Municipality The globe icon marks the town center Barangays EditThe 11 municipalities of the province comprise a total of 175 barangays with Santa Maria in Alfonso Lista Potia as the most populous in 2010 and Banga in Lagawe as the least 35 33 Further information List of barangays in Ifugao Climate Edit The rainy season in Ifugao begins in July and runs through January The weather remains cool from November to February 36 better source needed Demographics EditPopulation census of IfugaoYearPop p a 190330 528 191864 400 5 10 193968 598 0 30 194849 902 3 47 196076 788 3 66 197092 487 1 88 1975104 707 2 52 1980111 368 1 24 1990147 281 2 83 1995149 598 0 29 2000161 623 1 67 2007180 815 1 56 2010191 078 2 03 2015202 802 1 14 2020207 498 0 45 Source Philippine Statistics Authority 34 35 37 Population by ethnicity 2000 38 Ethnicity NumberIfugao 109 659 67 91 Ilocano 22 171 13 73 Kalanguya Ikalahan 13 946 8 64 Ayungan 9 935 6 15 Kankanaey 1 037 0 64 Other foreign ethnicity 21 0 01 Others 4 192 2 60 Not Reported 522 0 32 The population of Ifugao in the 2020 census was 207 498 people 3 with a density of 79 inhabitants per square kilometre or 200 inhabitants per square mile Ethnicity Edit Ifugao people in their traditional clothing A traditional Ifugao house with the Batad rice terraces in the background Fabric weaved from Ifugao Based on the 2000 census survey the Ifugao comprised 67 91 109 659 of the total provincial population of 161 483 Other ethnic groups in the province included the Ilocanos at 13 73 22 171 Kalahan at 8 64 13 946 Ayangan at 6 15 9 935 and Kankanaey at 0 64 1 037 38 The total number of Tinguian in the province of Ifugao is 2 609 source Philippine Statistics Authority full citation needed Religion Edit The Ifugao people have an indigenous religion unique to their traditional culture and highly significant to the preservation of their life ways and valued traditions They believe in the existence of thousands of gods which may enter specific sacred objects such as the bul ul Roman Catholicism has a growing influence in the province with approximately 60 citation needed of the population being converted by missionaries In most areas especially at the east and south of the province indigenous traditions have degraded due to the influx of Christianity In 2014 the Apostolic Vicariate of Bontoc Lagawe recorded a 61 5 Roman Catholic adherence The most significant religion other than Roman Catholicism is Protestantism that make up 20 30 39 40 of the population and are mostly found in the central and south western parts of this province Other religions includes animism Wet rice cultivation and ritual feasting EditShifting to wet rice cultivation is one factor that intensified the social ranking that was already present among the Ifugao society Those who adopted wet rice cultivation were able to consolidate political resources In Ifugao the adoption of wet rice agriculture is at the forefront in discussions regarding social ranking vis a vis prestige economy 15 The Ifugao social status is based on their rice lands and ability to sponsor feasts One reason being is that an individual needs to be skilled in mobilizing rice terraces and because rice terraces require labor intensive work Stephen Acabado states that since the village was increasing in population the shift to wet rice cultivation increase of exotic goods procurement and finally increase in the distribution of ritual animals indicates political elaboration as a response to Spanish conquest 15 In addition according to Queeny G Lapena and Stephen B Acabado in order to successfully resist against a colonizing power it requires a constructive military organization within a complete polity The Spanish took conquest of the Magat Valley and between 1600 CE and 1700 CE it drove the Ifugao to strategically resettle in the interior of the Cordillera Mountains Wet rice agriculture was adopted soon after and extensive rice terraces were built This was a subsistence shift for the Ifugao because they cultivated taro before the start of the wet rice cultivation The author emphasizes that the Ifugao people kept their culture and identity alive by spending large amounts of time in rice fields since they treated them as ritual areas to reinforce community solidarity 41 Furthermore archeologists state that there was an increase of pig consumption This increase had to do with the increase in ritual feasting In the Old Kiyyangan Village there were morphometric evidence of the vast increase in pig consumption Stephen Acabado states that since the village was increasing in population the shift to wet rice cultivation increase of exotic goods procurement and finally increase in the distribution of ritual animals indicates political elaboration as a response to Spanish conquest 15 In the article Resistance through rituals The role of Philippine native pig Sus scrofa in Ifugao feasting and socio political organization the authors conclude that domesticated pigs were intertwined in the maintenance of a rank social order that came into view from the Ifugao s resistance against Spanish colonialism The domestication of pigs and terrace cultivation within the Ifugao region provides a perfect scenario of how societies respond to challenges and needs in their immediate environment Since wild pigs were considered unfit for rituals emphasis was placed towards the domestication pigs which illustrated an individual s social status The bigger the feast the higher regard a person was likely to receive from both kin and non kin members as the ceremony would involve the sharing of sacrificed pig meat 15 The relationship between the elites who in this case owned the land and the lower social classes worsened during the period after the Spanish conquest Social immobility became more apparent since to have enough rice to trade for a pig one would need to own a rice terrace and vice versa The cultural value attached to the pig and rice cultivation guaranteed the survival of the communities in spite of moving to the highlands as they migrated further from the invading Spanish The importance of rituals and ceremonies meant that people were pushed into practicing pig domestication not merely as a source of food but as a way of honoring their culture On the other hand the cultivation of rice on the terraces required extensive organization of labor which led to the creation of socio political shifts 42 Bululs rice granary guardian deities from IfugaoRice culture Edit Hagabi left and native dress right in Banaue Museum The Spanish first described the Ifugao rice terraces in 1801 Though as William Scott notes These impressive stone walled fields irrigated for both rice and taro had been known from the time of the first expeditions in to Kiangan in the 1750s 43 44 2 Ifugao culture revolves around rice which is considered a prestige crop There is an elaborate and complex array of rice culture feasts inextricably linked with taboos and intricate agricultural rites from rice cultivation to rice consumption Harvest season calls for grandiose thanksgiving feasts while the concluding harvest rites tungo or tungul the day of rest entail a strict taboo of any agricultural work Partaking of the rice wine bayah rice cakes and moma mixture of several herbs powdered snail shell and betel nut arecoline which is used as a chewing gum to the Ifugaos is an indelible practice during the festivities and ritual activities Agricultural terracing and farming are the principal means of livelihood Their social status is measured by the number of rice field granaries family heirlooms gold earrings and carabaos water buffaloes Prestige is also conferred through time and tradition A prayer is said by an elderly woman when harvest begins directed towards Cabunian the goddess of rice Then a protective prayer is said before the rice is placed in the granary 44 21 The Ifugao solar calendar included a 365 day year broken down into 13 months of 28 days each plus one extra day 44 37 Ifugao culture values kinship family ties religious and cultural beliefs Ifugao are unique among all ethnic groups in the mountain province for their narrative literature such as the hudhud an epic dealing with hero ancestors sung in a poetic manner Also unique to the Ifugao is their woodcarving art most notably the carved granary guardians bulul and the prestige bench of the upper class the hagabi Their textiles are renowned for their sheer beauty colorful blankets and clothing woven on looms 45 Traditional attire for male Ifugaos consists of a simple G string Ifugao women on the contrary wear tapis a wraparound skirt 44 81 83 89 Economy EditPoverty Incidence of Ifugao Source Philippine Statistics Authority 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 Infrastructure EditElectricity Edit UNESCO recognitions in Ifugao EditUNESCO has inscribed two Ifugao elements in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2008 and 2015 respectively UNESCO has also inscribed one Ifugao site with five properties in the World Heritage Site in 1995 Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras Edit An Ifugao woman harvesting rice at the Banaue Rice Terraces In 1995 the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras was inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List UNESCO states For 2 000 years the high rice fields of the Ifugao have followed the contours of the mountains The fruit of knowledge handed down from one generation to the next and the expression of sacred traditions and a delicate social balance they have helped to create a landscape of great beauty that expresses the harmony between humankind and the environment The inscription has five sites the Batad Rice Terraces Bangaan Rice Terraces both in Banaue Mayoyao Rice Terraces in Mayoyao Hungduan Rice Terraces in Hungduan and Nagacadan Rice Terraces in Kiangan all in the Ifugao Province the Philippines The Banaue Rice Terraces are not included in the inscription but may be included through an extension nomination to UNESCO along with other rice terraces sites in other Philippine Cordillera provinces 53 Hudhud Chants of the Ifugao Edit In 2001 the Hudhud ni Aliguyon or Hudhud Chants of the Ifugao became one of the first 11 Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity in 2001 The element was inscribed in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2008 UNESCO describes the element as follows 30 The Hudhud consists of narrative chants traditionally performed by the Ifugao community which is well known for its rice terraces extending over the highlands of the northern island of the Philippine archipelago It is practised during the rice sowing season at harvest time and at funeral wakes and rituals Thought to have originated before the seventh century the Hudhud comprises more than 200 chants each divided into 40 episodes A complete recitation may last several days Since the Ifugao s culture is matrilineal the wife generally takes the main part in the chants and her brother occupies a higher position than her husband The language of the stories abounds in figurative expressions and repetitions and employs metonymy metaphor and onomatopoeia rendering transcription very difficult Thus there are very few written expressions of this tradition The chant tells about ancestral heroes customary law religious beliefs and traditional practices and reflects the importance of rice cultivation The narrators mainly elderly women hold a key position in the community both as historians and preachers The Hudhud epic is chanted alternately by the first narrator and a choir employing a single melody for all the verses The conversion of the Ifugao to Catholicism has weakened their traditional culture Furthermore the Hudhud is linked to the manual harvesting of rice which is now mechanized Although the rice terraces are listed as a World Heritage Site the number of growers has been in constant decline The few remaining narrators who are already very old need to be supported in their efforts to transmit their knowledge and to raise awareness among young people Tugging Games and Ritual Punnuk of the Ifugao Edit The Punnuk of the Ifugao was inscribed in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2015 under the multinational inscription of the Tugging Rituals and Games element 54 References Edit List of Provinces PSGC Interactive National Statistical Coordination Board Archived from the original on 17 January 2013 Retrieved 20 December 2013 Population Projections by Region Province Cities and Municipalities 2020 2025 Department of Health August 27 2020 Archived from the original on May 14 2021 Retrieved October 16 2020 a b c Census of Population 2020 Table B Population and Annual Growth Rates by Province City and Municipality By Region PSA Retrieved 8 July 2021 Cabreza Vincent July 15 2013 For Ifugao Rice Terraces Age Should Not Matter Inquirer net Retrieved 2022 08 15 a b Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras UNESCO World Heritage Centre Retrieved 2 January 2015 Respicio Norma A n d Punnuk the Tugging Ritual in Hungduan Closing an Agricultural Cycle ICH Courier Online Archived from the original on 2018 04 02 Retrieved 2018 01 16 The Hudhud Chants of the Ifugao UNESCO Retrieved 2022 08 14 a b Facts amp Figures Ifugao Province Philippine Statistics Authority National Statistical Coordination Board Department of the Interior and Local Government Cordillera Administrative Region Archived from the original on 13 November 2012 Retrieved 2 January 2015 a b Ifugao PDF Philippine Ethnography Archived from the original PDF on 2019 02 15 Retrieved 2018 05 27 via NLP Digital Collections a b c d e Lancion Conrado M Jr 1995 The Provinces Fast Facts about Philippine Provinces Cartography by Rey de Guzman The 2000 Millenium ed Makati Metro Manila Tahanan Books pp 76 77 ISBN 971 630 037 9 Retrieved 16 January 2015 Natural Attractions found in Atok Province of Benguet Retrieved 13 August 2013 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link a b Seventh Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior to the Philippine Commission for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30 1908 Report Manila Bureau of Printing 1908 pp 17 19 via Internet Archive Keesing Felix M Keesing Marie 1934 Taming Philippine Headhunters A Study of Government and of Cultural Change in Northern Luzon Stanford University Press p 69 Retrieved 2 January 2015 Felix M Keesing 1962 The Upper Cagayan Area The Ethnohistory of Northern Luzon Stanford University Press p 297 ISBN 9780804700498 Retrieved 2 January 2015 a b c d e Lapena Queeny G Acabado Stephen B 2017 Resistance Through Rituals The Role of Philippine Native Pig sus Scrofa in Ifugao Feasting and Socio Political Organization Journal of Archaeological Science Reports 13 583 594 doi 10 1016 j jasrep 2017 05 009 National Historical Institute Philippines contributor 1978 Kasaysayan Volume 3 Issues 1 4 Digitized by Google on 26 Sep 2009 National Historical Institute p 16 Retrieved 2 January 2015 Original file from the University of Michigan a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a last has generic name help Ingles Raul Rafael 2008 1908 The Way it Really Was Historical Journal for the UP Centennial 1908 2008 Diliman Quezon City University of the Philippines Press p 330 ISBN 978 971 542 580 3 Retrieved 2 January 2015 Act No 1876 via Supreme Court E Library Bagamaspad Anavic Hamada Pawid Zenaida 1985 A People s History of Benguet Baguio Printing amp Publishing Company pp 297 300 Republic Act No 4695 Supreme Court E Library Historical Background Provincial Government of Apayao 15 April 2013 Archived from the original on 4 January 2015 Retrieved 3 January 2015 Regional Profile Cordillera Administrative Region CAR CountrySTAT Philippines Philippine Statistics Authority Archived from the original on 22 October 2014 Retrieved 18 September 2014 The Cordillera Administrative Region CAR Department of Agriculture Retrieved 18 September 2014 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Republic Act No 7173 via Supreme Court E Library Municipality of Asipulo Ifugao Department of the Interior and Local Government Cordillera Administrative Region 29 April 2013 Archived from the original on 6 February 2015 Retrieved 2 January 2015 PVAO Recognizes Ifugao Town for Promoting Valor and Heroism of Veterans Philippine Information Agency 9 December 2014 Archived from the original on 2 January 2015 Retrieved 2 January 2015 Re Enactment of WWII Episodes Steal Show During Victory Day Celebration in Ifugao War History Online Philippine Information Agency 3 September 2012 Archived from the original on 21 August 2016 Retrieved 2 January 2015 Bitog Rubyloida 18 August 2012 Ifugaos to Mark Liberation Sun Star Baguio Retrieved 2 January 2015 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint url status link Hudhud Chants of the Ifugao Proclamation of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity UNESCO 18 May 2001 Archived from the original on 13 April 2016 Retrieved 1 April 2016 The hudhud is recited and chanted among the Ifugao people known for their rice terraces during the sowing and harvesting of rice funeral wakes and other rituals Estimated to have originated before the 7th century the hudhud consisting of some 40 episodes often take three or four days to recite a b Hudhud Chants of the Ifugao UNESCO Retrieved 2022 08 14 Bersola Camille 2 January 2011 The Hudhud of Ifugao Enchanting Chanting The Philippine Star Retrieved 1 April 2016 Bringing more cultural pride this Ifugao tradition had also received an accolade from the United Nations Education Scientific and Cultural Organization UNESCO In 2001 it won the title of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity given to 19 outstanding cultural forms of expression from the different regions of the world In Asia UNESCO honored six masterpieces among them the hudhud chants of the Ifugao of Northern Luzon Codamon Daniel B 22 May 2015 Kiangan as the Heritage Town of Ifugao Sun Star Baguio Retrieved 1 April 2016 Archaeological studies show Kiangan indeed is the cradle of Ifugao race and civilization In June 2012 after more than three weeks of excavation the Ifugao Archaeological Project IAP reported its findings on the Old Kiyyangan Village that constitutes the 1st Field Season of the IAP a community led project with the Save the Ifugao Terraces Movement SITMO the local government of Kiangan National Museum of the Philippines University of the Philippines Archaeological Studies Program and the University of Guam a b c d Province Ifugao PSGC Interactive Quezon City Philippines Philippine Statistics Authority Retrieved 8 January 2016 a b c Census of Population 2015 Highlights of the Philippine Population 2015 Census of Population PSA Retrieved 20 June 2016 a b Census of Population and Housing 2010 Population and Annual Growth Rates for The Philippines and Its Regions Provinces and Highly Urbanized Cities PDF NSO Retrieved 29 June 2016 Ifugao Go Visit Philippines Archived from the original on 2018 01 26 Retrieved 2018 01 25 Census of Population and Housing 2010 Cordillera Administrative Region CAR Total Population by Province City Municipality and Barangay NSO Retrieved 29 June 2016 a b Ifugao Five Economically Active Persons Support Four Dependents Press release census gov ph 4 March 2002 Archived from the original on 5 March 2012 Retrieved 2 January 2015 Provincial Summary Isabela 2009 PDF Table Archived from the original PDF on 2014 01 14 Retrieved 2017 11 30 via philchal org Ifugao Philippine Information Agency Archived from the original on 2017 12 06 Retrieved 2017 12 06 Acabado Stephen 2018 Zones of Refuge Resisting Conquest in the Northern Philippine Highlands Through Environmental Practice Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 52 180 195 doi 10 1016 j jaa 2018 05 005 S2CID 150245254 Acabado Stephen 2009 A Bayesian Approach to Dating Agricultural Terraces A Case from the Philippines Antiquity 83 321 801 814 doi 10 1017 S0003598X00099002 S2CID 129958991 Scott William 1974 The Discovery of the Igorots Quezon City New Day Publishers p 199 ISBN 9711000873 a b c d Scott William 1966 On the Cordillera Manila MCS Enterprises pp 178 180 Sumeg ang Arsenio 2005 4 The Ifugaos Ethnography of the Major Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Cordillera Quezon City New Day Publishers pp 71 91 202 ISBN 9789711011093 Poverty incidence PI Philippine Statistics Authority Retrieved 28 December 2020 https psa gov ph sites default files NSCB LocalPovertyPhilippines 0 pdf publication date 29 November 2005 publisher Philippine Statistics Authority https psa gov ph sites default files 2009 20Poverty 20Statistics pdf publication date 8 February 2011 publisher Philippine Statistics Authority https psa gov ph sites default files Table 202 20 20Annual 20Per 20Capita 20Poverty 20Threshold 2C 20Poverty 20Incidence 20and 20Magnitude 20of 20Poor 20Population 2C 20by 20Region 20and 20Province 20 20 202006 2C 202009 2C 202012 20and 202015 xlsx publication date 27 August 2016 publisher Philippine Statistics Authority https psa gov ph sites default files Table 202 20 20Annual 20Per 20Capita 20Poverty 20Threshold 2C 20Poverty 20Incidence 20and 20Magnitude 20of 20Poor 20Population 2C 20by 20Region 20and 20Province 20 20 202006 2C 202009 2C 202012 20and 202015 xlsx publication date 27 August 2016 publisher Philippine Statistics Authority https psa gov ph sites default files Table 202 20 20Annual 20Per 20Capita 20Poverty 20Threshold 2C 20Poverty 20Incidence 20and 20Magnitude 20of 20Poor 20Population 2C 20by 20Region 20and 20Province 20 20 202006 2C 202009 2C 202012 20and 202015 xlsx publication date 27 August 2016 publisher Philippine Statistics Authority https psa gov ph sites default files Table 202 20 20Updated 20Annual 20Per 20Capita 20Poverty 20Threshold 2C 20Poverty 20Incidence 20and 20Magnitude 20of 20Poor 20Population 20with 20Measures 20of 20Precision 2C 20by 20Region 20and 20Province 2015 20and 202018 xlsx publication date 4 June 2020 publisher Philippine Statistics Authority Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras UNESCO World Heritage Centre Retrieved 2022 08 14 Tugging Rituals and Games UNESCO Retrieved 2022 08 14 Further reading EditKwiatkowski Lynn M 2018 First published 1998 Struggling with Development The Politics of Hunger and Gender in the Philippines New York Routledge ISBN 9780429965623 External links EditMap all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as KML Media related to Ifugao at Wikimedia Commons Ifugao travel guide from Wikivoyage Geographic data related to Ifugao at OpenStreetMap Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ifugao amp oldid 1128483875, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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