The term is usually used by scholars of the Germanic languages: it is particularly important in the history of the Germanic languages because inflectional suffixes with an /i/ or /j/ led to many vowel alternations that are still important in the morphology of the languages.
I-mutation took place separately in the various Germanic languages from around 450 or 500 AD in the North Sea area and affected all the early languages,[1] except for Gothic.[2] It seems to have taken effect earliest and most completely in Old English and Old Norse. It took place later in Old High German; by 900, its effects are consistently visible only in the spelling of Germanic */a/.
In Middle Korean, I-backward-sequenced vowels (ㅐ, ㅔ, ㅒ, ㅖ, ㅚ, ㅟ, ㅢ) were diphthongs, i.e. ㅐ [ɐj], ㅔ [əj], ㅒ [jɐj], ㅖ [jəj], ㅚ [oj], ㅟ [uj], ㅢ [ɯj~ɰi]. However, in early modern Korean, they are monophthongized by umlaut, i.e. ㅐ [ɛ], ㅔ [e], ㅒ [jɛ], ㅖ [je], ㅚ [ø], ㅟ [y] with only one exception: ㅢ.[7] However, in late modern Korean, ㅟ is diphthongized to [ɥi].[8] Also, ㅚ is unstable and standard Korean allows to pronounce both [ø] and [we].[9][10]
In modern Korean language, there are two types of I-mutation, or I-assimilation: I-forward-assimilation (ㅣ 순행 동화) and I-backward-assimilation (ㅣ 역행 동화). Assimilation occurs when ㅣ is in front of (forward) or behind (backward) the syllable. In standard Korean, only a few words are allowed to assimilate, however, exceptions are often observed in some dialects and casual usage.[11] I-forward-assimilation adds [j] sound, but I-backward-assimilation causes vowel to umlaut.
^See Fausto Cercignani, Early "Umlaut" Phenomena in the Germanic Languages, in «Language», 56/1, 1980, pp. 126-136.
^See Fausto Cercignani, Alleged Gothic Umlauts, in "Indogermanische Forschungen", 85, 1980, pp. 207-213.
^Starke, Frank (1990). Untersuchung zur Stammbildung des keilschrift-luwischen Nomens. Studien zu den Boǧazköy-Texten. Vol. 31. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN3-447-02879-3.
^Melchert, Craig H. (2012). Orioles, V. (ed.). "Genitive Case and Possessive Adjective in Anatolian" (PDF). Per Roberto Gusmani: Linguistica Storica e Teorica. Udine: Forum: 273–286.
^Yakubovich, Ilya (2015) "The Luwian Language". Oxford Handbooks Online.
^Sasseville, David (2017). "The Lydian nominal paradigm of i-mutation". Indo-European Linguistics. 5: 130–146. doi:10.1163/22125892-00501002.
^Ahn, Sang-Cheol; Iverson, Gregory K. (2005). "Structured imbalances in the emergence of the Korean vowel system". In Salmons, Joseph C.; Dubenion-Smith, Shannon (eds.). Historical Linguistics 2005. Madison, WI: John Benjamins. pp. 275–293. CiteSeerX10.1.1.557.3316. doi:10.1075/cilt.284.21ahn. ISBN9789027247995.
mutation, germanic, languages, germanic, umlaut, other, uses, umlaut, umlaut, disambiguation, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged. For I mutation in the Germanic languages see Germanic umlaut For other uses of umlaut see Umlaut disambiguation This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources I mutation news newspapers books scholar JSTOR December 2009 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet IPA For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA For the distinction between and see IPA Brackets and transcription delimiters I mutation also known as umlaut front mutation i umlaut i j mutation or i j umlaut is a type of sound change in which a back vowel is fronted or a front vowel is raised if the following syllable contains i i or j a voiced palatal approximant sometimes called yod the sound of English y in yes It is a category of regressive metaphony or vowel harmony The term is usually used by scholars of the Germanic languages it is particularly important in the history of the Germanic languages because inflectional suffixes with an i or j led to many vowel alternations that are still important in the morphology of the languages Contents 1 Germanic languages 2 Other languages 2 1 Korean language 3 See also 4 ReferencesGermanic languages EditMain article Germanic umlaut I mutation took place separately in the various Germanic languages from around 450 or 500 AD in the North Sea area and affected all the early languages 1 except for Gothic 2 It seems to have taken effect earliest and most completely in Old English and Old Norse It took place later in Old High German by 900 its effects are consistently visible only in the spelling of Germanic a Other languages EditI mutation exists in many other languages but is often referred to by different names However in the Romance languages it is more commonly called metaphony from Ancient Greek meaning process of changing sounds of which German umlaut is a translation citation needed Meanwhile in Celtic languages it is referred to as affection citation needed A type of i mutation is also observed in Anatolian languages including Hittite Luwian Lycian and Lydian 3 4 5 6 Korean language Edit Main article Korean phonology In Middle Korean I backward sequenced vowels ㅐ ㅔ ㅒ ㅖ ㅚ ㅟ ㅢ were diphthongs i e ㅐ ɐj ㅔ ej ㅒ jɐj ㅖ jej ㅚ oj ㅟ uj ㅢ ɯj ɰi However in early modern Korean they are monophthongized by umlaut i e ㅐ ɛ ㅔ e ㅒ jɛ ㅖ je ㅚ o ㅟ y with only one exception ㅢ 7 However in late modern Korean ㅟ is diphthongized to ɥi 8 Also ㅚ is unstable and standard Korean allows to pronounce both o and we 9 10 In modern Korean language there are two types of I mutation or I assimilation I forward assimilation ㅣ 순행 동화 and I backward assimilation ㅣ 역행 동화 Assimilation occurs when ㅣ is in front of forward or behind backward the syllable In standard Korean only a few words are allowed to assimilate however exceptions are often observed in some dialects and casual usage 11 I forward assimilation adds j sound but I backward assimilation causes vowel to umlaut Forward 피어 to bloom pʰi ʌ 피여 pʰi jʌ 아니오 no ɐ ȵi o 아니요 a ȵi jo Backward Western Korean dialect 아기 baby ɐ ɡi 애기 ɛ ɡi 어미 mother ʌ mi 에미 e mi 고기 meat ko ɡi 괴기 ko ɡi kwe ɡi See also EditOld English phonologyReferences Edit See Fausto Cercignani Early Umlaut Phenomena in the Germanic Languages in Language 56 1 1980 pp 126 136 See Fausto Cercignani Alleged Gothic Umlauts in Indogermanische Forschungen 85 1980 pp 207 213 Starke Frank 1990 Untersuchung zur Stammbildung des keilschrift luwischen Nomens Studien zu den Boǧazkoy Texten Vol 31 Wiesbaden Harrassowitz ISBN 3 447 02879 3 Melchert Craig H 2012 Orioles V ed Genitive Case and Possessive Adjective in Anatolian PDF Per Roberto Gusmani Linguistica Storica e Teorica Udine Forum 273 286 Yakubovich Ilya 2015 The Luwian Language Oxford Handbooks Online Sasseville David 2017 The Lydian nominal paradigm of i mutation Indo European Linguistics 5 130 146 doi 10 1163 22125892 00501002 Ahn Sang Cheol Iverson Gregory K 2005 Structured imbalances in the emergence of the Korean vowel system In Salmons Joseph C Dubenion Smith Shannon eds Historical Linguistics 2005 Madison WI John Benjamins pp 275 293 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 557 3316 doi 10 1075 cilt 284 21ahn ISBN 9789027247995 Lee Iksop Ramsey S Robert 2000 The Korean Language Albany NY SUNY Press p 66 ISBN 978 0791448311 Kim Renaud Young Key ed 1997 The Korean Alphabet Its History and Structure Honolulu University of Hawaiʻi Press pp 169 170 ISBN 9780824817237 Brown Lucien Yeon Jaehoon eds 2015 The Handbook of Korean Linguistics West Sussex UK Wiley Blackwell ISBN 9781118370933 한국어 어문 규범 Ministry of Culture Sports and Tourism 2017 03 28 Retrieved 2020 04 08 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title I mutation amp oldid 1179809215, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
