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Wikipedia

Hydro-Québec

April 17, 2024

Hydro-Québec is a Canadian Crown corporation public utility headquartered in Montreal, Quebec. It manages the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity in Quebec, as well as the export of power to portions of the Northeast United States. More than 40 percent of Canada’s water resources are in Quebec and Hydro-Québec is the fourth largest hydropower producer in the world.[4]

Hydro-Québec
Company typeCrown corporation
IndustryElectric utilities
FoundedApril 14, 1944 (1944-04-14)
HeadquartersHydro-Québec Building,
Montreal, Quebec
,
Canada
Area served
Quebec
Key people
ProductsElectric power generation, electric power transmission, electricity distribution
RevenueCA$14.310 billion[3]
CA$5.904 billion[3]
CA$3.192 billion[3]
Total assetsCA$76.989 billion[3]
Number of employees
19,904[3]
Websitewww.hydroquebec.com

It was established as a Crown corporation by the government of Quebec in 1944 from the expropriation of private firms. This was followed by massive investment in hydro-electric projects like the James Bay Project. Today, with 63 hydroelectric power stations, the combined output capacity is 37,370 megawatts. Extra power is exported from the province and Hydro-Québec supplies 10 per cent of New England's power requirements.[4] The company logo, a stylized "Q" fashioned out of a circle and a lightning bolt, was designed by Montreal-based design agency Gagnon/Valkus in 1960.[5]

In 2018, it paid CA$2.39 billion in dividends to its sole shareholder, the Government of Quebec. Its residential power rates are among the lowest in North America.[6]

History edit

Main article: History of Hydro-Québec
 
Montreal Light, Heat and Power linemen.

1945–1959: beginnings and development edit

In Quebec, advocates for the creation of a public hydroelectric utility protested against high costs, poor rural electrification, and the lack of French speakers in management positions in hydroelectricity companies.[7] In 1944, Montreal Light, Heat & Power company was nationalised, along with its subsidiary, Beauharnois Power, and Hydro-Québec was created to manage the companies.

Quebec Premier Adélard Godbout adopted a policy of investing 10 million dollars per year in rural electrification.[7] However, in 1944 the government changed, and the new premier Maurice Duplessis was opposed to any form of government intervention in the economy.[8] Local cooperatives were created to bring power to rural areas. Duplessis remained in power until 1960, and during that time there were no further nationalisations of companies, and Hydro-Québec mostly served the Montreal area.

Major projects included:

Between 1944 and 1962, Hydro-Québec's installed capacity increased from 616 to 3,661 MW[9] while lowering residential power rates by half in the Montreal area.[10]

1960–1979: the second nationalization edit

 
The spillway at the Robert-Bourassa generating station can deal with a water flow twice as large as the Saint Lawrence River.[11] Inaugurated in 1979 the 5,616 MW generating station was at the heart of a network of 8 hydroelectric stations known as the James Bay Project.

Duplessis's conservative reign, now known as the Grande Noirceur, ended when he died in office in 1959. The subsequent election of the Quebec Liberal Party, led by Jean Lesage, marked the beginning of the Quiet Revolution, a period of reform and modernization. In 1962, the US government lent Quebec $300 million. The funds were used to acquire independent power companies.[12] The new government gave Hydro-Québec an exclusive mandate to develop new sites. In 1963 the government authorized it to acquire private electricity distributors, including the Gatineau Power Company and the Shawinigan Water & Power Company Hydro-Québec achieved province-wide scope.[13] All of the 46 rural coops accepted Hydro-Québec's 1963 buyout offer, except Saint-Jean-Baptiste-de-Rouville which still exists. In 1964, the Province of British Columbia provided the Province of Quebec with a $100 million loan. $60 million from that loan went to Hydro-Québec. The loan faced controversy in the Quebec legislature.[12] Major projects during this period included:

1980–1996: restructuring edit

Because of the economic climate, demand for electricity dropped significantly in the early 1980s, which led to structural changes at Hydro-Québec. It became a joint stock company whose sole shareholder is Government of Québec, to which it pays an annual dividend. It was also given the mandate to export power and to work in any energy-related field.[17]

In 1986 the Quebec – New England Transmission began bringing power from the James Bay Project 1,100 kilometers (700 miles) south to the Boston area.

Phase II of the James Bay Project started in 1987 and took nine years to complete. Construction of the Denis-Perron Dam began in 1994.

1997–present: renewed growth edit

Like its counterparts in the North American utility industry, Hydro-Québec was reorganized in the late 1990s to comply with electricity deregulation in the United States. The transmission division, TransÉnergie, was the first to be spun off in 1997, in response to the U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's publication of Order 888.[18] In the same year, the U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission granted Hydro-Québec a licence to sell wholesale electricity at market prices, enabling Hydro-Québec to expand its market. Hydro-Québec also acquired a substantial share of Noverco, controller of natural gas distributor Gaz Métro, to participate in that market in northeastern North America.[19]

 
the Rupert River diversion will channel part of the natural flow of the river (orange on the map) to the Robert-Bourassa Reservoir.

In 2002 the Agreement Respecting a New Relationship Between the Cree Nation and the Government of Quebec between the Grand Council of the Crees and the Quebec government made possible the development of the Eastmain Reservoir. The Eastmain-1-A and Sarcelle powerhouses and Rupert River diversion project were completed for $5,000 million CAD. This will provide water power to the turbines at Eastmain-1, Eastmain-1-A and Sarcelle powerhouses and will provide increased flow at the existing La Grande-1 generating station as well as Robert-Bourassa and the La Grande-2-A generator stations.[20] Output will be 918 MW.

Other stations commissioned since 1997 are:[21]

  • Sainte-Marguerite-3 in 2003, 882 MW.
  • Péribonka in 2008, 385 MW.
  • Rocher-de-Grand-Mère in 2004, 230 MW.
  • Eastmain-1 in 2007, 519 MW.
  • Rapide-des-Cœurs in 2009, 76 MW.
  • Chute-Allard in 2009, 62 MW
  • Mercier in 2009, 55 MW.
  • Eastmain-1A in 2012, 750 MW.
  • La Sarcelle in 2013, 159 MW.
  • Romaine-2 in 2014, 640 MW.
  • Romaine-1 in 2015, 270 MW.
  • Romaine-3 in 2017, 395 MW.
  • Romaine-4 scheduled to be completed in 2022, 245 MW.

Major outages edit

 
The North American ice storm of January 1998 left 1.4 million Hydro-Québec customers in the dark for up to five weeks.

In 1988, all of Quebec and parts of New England and New Brunswick lost power because of an equipment failure at a substation on the North Shore. The March 1989 geomagnetic storm tripped circuit breakers on the transmission network causing a nine-hour Quebec-wide blackout.

In the North American ice storm of 1998, five days of freezing rain collapsed 600 kilometres (370 mi) of high voltage power lines and over 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) of medium and low voltage distribution lines in southern Quebec. Up to 1.4 million customers were without power for up to five weeks.

Corporate structure and financial results edit

Corporate structure edit

 
Hydro-Québec generation and main transmission network, as of 2008.

Hydro-Québec has created separate business units dealing with the generation, transmission, distribution and construction. In 2017, production division generated 1.9B $ of net income (68.4%), transmission division 0.55B$ (19.4%), distribution division 0.33B $ (11.7%), and construction division did not generate any income. Hydro-Quebec redistributes all profits back to the government. In 2017, the crown corporation contributed $4 billion to the Quebec government by means of net income ($2.8B), royalties ($0.7B), public utilities tax ($0.3B) and debt securities ($0.2B).[22]

In the year 2000 with the adoption of Bill 116, which amended the Act respecting the Régie de l'énergie,[23] to enact the functional separation of Hydro-Québec's various business units. Legislation passed in 2000 commits the generation division, Hydro-Québec Production, to provide the distribution division, Hydro-Québec Distribution, a yearly heritage pool of up to 165 TWh of energy plus ancillary services—including an extra 13.9 TWh for losses and a guaranteed peak capacity of 34,342 MW[24]—at a set price of 2.79¢ per kWh. Order in council 1277-2001 specifies quantities to be delivered for each of the 8,760 hourly intervals, which vary from 11,420 to 34,342 MW.[25]

According to the 2017 annual report the workforce stood at 19,786 employees, both permanent and temporary workers. And, a total of 1,304 employees were hired.[26]

Privatization debate edit

 
The Hydro-Québec Building is a landmark of Montreal's downtown.

In 1981, the Parti Québécois government redefined Hydro-Québec's mission by modifying the terms of the social pact of 1944. The government issued itself 43,741,090 shares worth C$100 each,[27] and the amended statute stated that Hydro-Québec would now pay up to 75% of its net earnings in dividends.[28] This amendment to the Hydro-Québec Act started an episodic debate on whether Hydro-Québec should be fully or partially privatized. In recent years, economist Marcel Boyer and businessman Claude Garcia—both associated with the conservative think tank The Montreal Economic Institute—have often raised the issue, claiming that the company could be better managed by the private sector and that the proceeds from a sale would lower public debt.[29][30]

Without going as far as Boyer and Garcia, Mario Dumont, the head of the Action démocratique du Québec, briefly discussed the possibility of selling a minority stake of Hydro-Québec during the 2008 election campaign.[31] A Léger Marketing poll conducted in November 2008 found that a majority of Quebec respondents (53%) were opposed to his proposal to sell 7.5% of the company's equity to Quebec citizens and businesses, while 38% were in favour.[32]

Commenting on the issue on Guy A. Lepage's talk show, former PQ Premier Jacques Parizeau estimated that such an idea would be quite unpopular in public opinion, adding that Hydro-Québec is often seen by Quebecers as a national success story and a source of pride.[33] This could explain why various privatization proposals in the past have received little public attention. The liberal government has repeatedly stated that Hydro-Québec is not for sale.[34]

Like many other economists,[35][36] Yvan Allaire, from Montreal's Hautes études commerciales business school, advocate increased electricity rates as a way to increase the government's annual dividend without resorting to privatization.[37] Others, like columnist Bertrand Tremblay of Saguenay's Le Quotidien, claim that privatization would signal a drift to the days when Quebec's natural resources were sold in bulk to foreigners at ridiculously low prices. "For too long, Tremblay writes, Quebec was somewhat of a banana republic, almost giving away its forestry and water resources. In turn, those foreign interests were exporting our jobs associated with the development of our natural resources with the complicity of local vultures".[38]

Left-wing academics, such as UQAM's Léo-Paul Lauzon and Gabriel Sainte-Marie, have claimed that privatization would be done at the expense of residential customers, who would pay much higher rates. They say that privatization would also be a betrayal of the social pact between the people and its government, and that the province would be short-selling itself by divesting of a choice asset for a minimal short term gain.[39][40]

Activities edit

Power generation edit

Further information: List of power stations in Quebec
 
The Daniel-Johnson Dam on the Manicouagan River, supplying the Manic-5 hydro plant.

Hydro-Québec sources of energy supply (2013)[41]

  Hydro (96.8%)
  Other Renewables (2.9%)
  Nuclear (0.2%)
  Thermal (0.1%)

On December 31, 2013, Hydro-Québec Production owned and operated 61 hydro plants —including 12 of over 1,000 MW capacity — with 26 major reservoirs.[42] These facilities are located in 13 of Quebec's 430 watersheds,[43] including the Saint Lawrence, Betsiamites, La Grande, Manicouagan, Ottawa, Outardes, and Saint-Maurice rivers.[44] These plants provide the bulk of electricity generated and sold by the company.

Non-hydro plants included the baseload 675-MW gross Gentilly nuclear generating station, a CANDU-design reactor which was permanently shut down on December 28, 2012[45] the 660-MW Tracy Thermal Generating Station, a heavy fuel oil-fired plant shutdown in March 2011[46] and two gas turbine peaker plants, for a total installed capacity of 36,971 MW in 2011.[47] Hydro-Québec's average generation cost was 2.11 cents per kWh in 2011.[48]

The company also purchases the bulk of the output of the 5,428-MW Churchill Falls generating station in Labrador, under a long-term contract expiring in 2041.[49] In 2009, Hydro-Québec bought the 60% stake owned by AbitibiBowater in the McCormick plant (335 MW), located at the mouth of the Manicouagan River near Baie-Comeau, for C$616 million.[50]

Hydro-Québec Production main power plants (2020)[51][note 1]
Plant River Capacity (MW)
Robert-Bourassa La Grande 5,616
La Grande-4 La Grande 2,779
La Grande-3 La Grande 2,417
La Grande-2-A La Grande 2,106
Beauharnois Saint Lawrence 1,912
Manic-5 Manicouagan 1,596
La Grande-1 La Grande 1,436
René-Lévesque Manicouagan 1,326
Bersimis-1 Betsiamites 1,178
Jean-Lesage Manicouagan 1,229
Manic-5-PA Manicouagan 1,064
Outardes-3 aux Outardes 1,026
Others (49 hydro, 1 thermal) 13,302

In 2013, the energy sold by Hydro-Québec to its grid-connected customers in Quebec and exported to neighboring markets came almost exclusively from renewable sources. Hydro (96.78%) is by far the largest source, followed by wind (2.16%) and biomass, biogas and waste (0.75%). The remainder came from nuclear (0.19%) and thermal (0.12%) generation. Emissions of carbon dioxide (1,130 tonnes/TWh), sulfur dioxide (4 tonnes/TWh) and nitrogen oxides (10 tonnes/TWh) were between 49 and 238 times lower than the industry average in northeastern North America. Imported electricity bought on the markets account for most of these emissions.[41]

Transmission system edit

Main article: Hydro-Québec's electricity transmission system
 
The Micoua substation on the North Shore of Quebec. This facility converts 315 kV power coming from five hydro plant to 735 kV. This TransÉnergie facility is one of the main nodes of the 11,422-kilometre (7,097 mi) long 735 kV network.

Hydro-Québec's expertise at building and operating a very high voltage electrical grid spreading over long distances has long been recognized in the electrical industry.[52][53] TransÉnergie, Hydro-Québec's transmission division, operates the largest electricity transmission network in North America. It acts as the independent system operator and reliability coordinator for the Québec interconnection of the North American Electric Reliability Corporation system, and is part of the Northeast Power Coordinating Council (NPCC). TransÉnergie manages the flow of energy on the Quebec network and ensures non-discriminatory access to all participants involved in the wholesale market.[54] The non-discriminatory access policy allows a company such as Nalcor to sell some of its share of power from Churchill Falls on the open market in the State of New York using TransÉnergie's network, upon payment of a transmission fee.[55][56]

In recent years, TransÉnergie's Contrôle des mouvements d'énergie (CMÉ) unit has been acting as the reliability coordinator of the bulk electricity network for Quebec as a whole, under a bilateral agreement between the Régie de l'énergie du Québec and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission of the United States.[57]

TransÉnergie's high voltage network stretches over 33,630 km (20,900 mi), including 11,422 km (7,097 mi) of 765 and 735 kV lines, and a network of 514 substations.[58] It is connected to neighbouring Canadian provinces and the United States by 17 ties, with a maximum reception capacity of 10,850 MW[note 2] and a maximum transmission capacity of 7,994 MW.[59]

Interconnections edit

 
A rectifier at the Outaouais substation, located in L'Ange-Gardien. The 1,250 MW back-to-back HVDC tie links the Quebec grid with Ontario's Hydro One network.

The TransÉnergie's network operates asynchronously from that of its neighbours on the Eastern Interconnection. Although Quebec uses the same 60 hertz frequency as the rest of North America, its grid does not use the same phase as surrounding networks.[60] TransÉnergie mainly relies on back to back HVDC converters to export or import electricity from other jurisdictions.

This feature of the Quebec network allowed Hydro-Québec to remain unscathed during the Northeast Blackout of August 14, 2003, with the exception of 5 hydro plants on the Ottawa River radially connected to the Ontario grid at the time.[61] A new 1250-MW back to back HVDC tie has been commissioned at the Outaouais substation, in L'Ange-Gardien, near the Ontario border. The new interconnection has been online since 2009 and the 315 kV line is fully operational since 2010.[60]

One drawback of the TransÉnergie network involves the long distances separating the generation sites and the main consumer markets. For instance, the Radisson substation links the James Bay project plants to the Nicolet station near Sainte-Eulalie, south of the Saint Lawrence, over 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) away.[62]

Investments edit

In 2011, TransÉnergie invested C$1.3 billion in capital expenditures, including C$460 million to expand its network.[63]

In addition to the new tie with Ontario, the company plans to build a new 1200-MW direct current link between the Des Cantons substation at Windsor, Quebec in Quebec's Eastern Townships and Deerfield, New Hampshire, with an HVDC converter terminal built at Franklin, New Hampshire.[64] The US segment of the US$1.1 billion line,[65] would be built by Northern Pass Transmission LLC, a partnership between Northeast Utilities (75%) and NSTAR (25%).[66] In order to go ahead, the project must receive regulatory approval in Quebec and the United States. The proposed transmission line could be in operation in 2015.[67] According to Jim Robb, a senior executive from Northeast Utilities, New England could meet one third of its Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative commitments with the hydropower coming through this new power line alone.[68]

Distribution edit

 
A Hydro-Québec employee carries out the replacement of an underground transformer in Montreal.

Hydro-Québec Distribution is in charge of retail sales to most customers in Quebec. It operates a network of 112,089 kilometres (69,649 mi) of medium and low voltage lines.[69] The division is the sole electric distributor across the province, with the exception of 9 municipal distribution networks — in Alma, Amos, Baie-Comeau, Coaticook, Joliette, Magog, Saguenay, Sherbrooke and Westmount—and the electric cooperative of Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Rouville.[70]

Hydro-Québec Distribution buys most of its power from the 165-TWh heritage pool provided by Hydro-Québec Production at 2.79¢/kWh. The division usually purchases additional power by entering into long-term contracts after a public call for tenders. For shorter term needs, it also buys power from the neighboring systems at market prices. As a last resort, Hydro-Québec Production can also provide short-term relief.[71] Supply contracts above and beyond the heritage pool must be approved by the Régie de l'énergie du Québec and their costs are passed on to customers.

The division signed one natural gas cogeneration agreement for 507 MW in 2003, three forest biomass deals (47.5 MW) in 2004 and 2005, and ten contracts for wind power (2,994 MW) in 2005 and 2008, all with private sector producers. It also signed two flexible contracts with Hydro-Québec Production (600 MW) in 2002.[72]

Hydro-Québec Distribution is also responsible for the production of power in remote communities not connected to the main power grid. The division operates an off-grid hydroelectric dam serving communities on the Lower North Shore and 23 small diesel power plants in the Magdalen Islands, in Haute-Mauricie and in Nunavik.

Other activities edit

Electric Circuit network edit

 
Electric Circuit level 2 charger in use in Montréal

In April 2011 the government of Quebec published a plan to encourage the adoption of electric vehicles, setting a target of 25% of cars sold in 2020 to be electric. The plan also called for provincial utility company Hydro-Quebec to develop a strategy for the deployment of public charging infrastructure.[73] This resulted in the creation of "The Electric Circuit" (French: Le Circuit Électrique), the largest public network of charging stations for electric vehicles in Quebec.[74] The first 30 charging stations were put into use in March 2012.[75][76] The network's first 400V fast charger was installed in 2013.[77]

As of 2019, The Electric Circuit offers 2,389 public charging stations in Quebec and eastern Ontario.[78] Usage is also compatible with the FLO and New Brunswick E-charge network adaptors.[citation needed]

Research and development edit

Further information: Institut de recherche d'Hydro-Québec and TM4 Electrodynamic Systems
 
The TM4 electric engine was developed by Hydro-Québec.
 
Hydro-Québec operates The Electric Circuit, the largest EV charging network in Quebec and Eastern Ontario.

Hydro-Québec has made significant investments in research and development over the past 40 years. In addition to funding university research, the company is the only electric utility in North America to operate its own large-scale research institute, L'Institut de recherche d'Hydro-Québec (IREQ). Established by Lionel Boulet in 1967, the research centre is located in Varennes, a suburb on the South Shore of Montreal.[79] IREQ operates on an annual research budget of approximately C$100 million[80] and specializes in the areas of high voltage, mechanics and thermomechanics, network simulations and calibration.[81]

Research conducted by scientists and engineers at IREQ has helped to extend the life of dams, improve water turbine performance, automate network management and increase the transmission capacity of high voltage power lines.[82]

Another research centre, the Laboratoire des technologies de l'énergie (LTE) in Shawinigan, was opened in 1988[83] to adapt and develop new products while helping industrial customers improve their energy efficiency.[84]

In the last 20 years, the institute has also conducted research and development work towards the electrification of ground transportation. Current projects include battery materials, including innovative work on lithium iron phosphate and nano-titanate,[85] improved electric drive trains and the effects of the large-scale deployment of electric vehicles on the power grid.[86] Projects focus on technologies to increase range, improve performance in cold weather and reduce charging time.[87]

Hydro-Québec has been criticized for not having taken advantage of some of its innovations. An electric wheel motor concept that struck a chord with Quebecers,[88] first prototyped in 1994 by Pierre Couture, an engineer and physicist working at IREQ, is one of these.[89][90] The heir to the Couture wheel motor is now marketed by TM4 Electrodynamic Systems, a spin-off established in 1998[91] that has made deals with France's Dassault and Heuliez to develop an electric car, the Cleanova, of which prototypes were built in 2006.[92] Hydro-Québec announced in early 2009 at the Montreal International Auto Show that its engine had been chosen by Tata Motors to equip a demonstration version of its Indica model, which will be road tested in Norway.[93][94]

Construction edit

The Hydro-Québec Équipement division acts as the company's main contractor on major construction sites, with the exception of work conducted on the territory covered by the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement, which are assigned to the Société d'énergie de la Baie James subsidiary.

The construction of a complex of four hydroelectric generating stations on the Romaine River (1,550 MW) began on May 13, 2009.[95] The plants are scheduled to be built and commissioned between 2014 and 2020.[96]

In his March 2009 inaugural speech, Quebec Premier Jean Charest announced that his government intends to further develop the province's hydroelectric potential.[97] The call for further development of hydroelectric and other renewable generating capacity has been implemented in the company's 2009-2013 strategic plan, released on July 30, 2009. Hydro-Québec plans capacity upgrades at the Jean-Lesage (120 MW) and René-Lévesque (210 MW) stations and a third unit at the SM-3 plant (440 MW). The company will also conduct technical and environmental studies and undertake consultations with local communities to build new facilities on the Little Mecatina (1,200 MW) and Magpie (850 MW) rivers on the North Shore, and revive the Tabaret project (132 MW) in the Abitibi-Témiscamingue region, in western Quebec.[98]

International ventures edit

Hydro-Québec first forays outside its borders began in 1978. A new subsidiary, Hydro-Québec International, was created to market the company's know-how abroad in the fields of distribution, generation and transmission of electricity. The new venture leveraged the existing pool of expertise in the parent company.[99]

During the next 25 years, Hydro-Québec was particularly active abroad with investments in electricity transmission networks and generation: Transelec in Chile,[100] the Cross Sound Cable in the United States,[53] the Consorcio Transmantaro in Peru, Hidroelectrica Rio Lajas in Costa Rica, Murraylink in Australia and the Fortuna generating station in Panama.[101]

It briefly held a 17% share in SENELEC, Senegal's electric utility, when the Senegalese government decided to sell part of the company to a consortium led by the French company Elyo, a subsidiary of Group Suez Lyonnaise des Eaux, in 1999.[102] The transaction was canceled in 2000 following the election of president Abdoulaye Wade.[103]

Also in 1999, Hydro-Québec International acquired a 20% stake in the Meiya Power Company in China for C$83 million.[102] The company held this participation until July 2004.[104] The company's expertise was sought by several hydroelectric developers throughout the world, including the Three Gorges Dam, where Hydro's employees trained Chinese engineers in the fields of management, finance and dams.[105]

Hydro-Québec gradually withdrew from the international business between 2003 and 2006, and sold off all of its foreign investments for a profit. Proceeds from these sales were paid to the government's Generations Fund, a trust fund set up by the province to alleviate the effect of public debt on future generations.[106]

In 2022, Hydro-Québec, through its US Subsidiary HQI US Holding, acquired Great River Hydro, LLC. for the sum of US$2.2 billion.[107]

Environment edit

 
The northern pike (Esox lucius) is more prevalent today in the Robert-Bourassa Reservoir than it was before the flooding of the reservoir. The increase of this population has been counterbalanced by a decline in the walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) population.[108]

The construction and operation of electric generation, transmission and distribution facilities has environmental effects and Hydro-Québec's activities are no exception. Hydroelectric development affects the natural environment where facilities are built and on the people living in the area. For instance, the development of new reservoirs increases the level of mercury in lakes and rivers, which works up the food chain.[109] It temporarily increases the emission of greenhouse gases from reservoirs[110] and contributes to shoreline erosion.

In addition, hydroelectric facilities transform the human environment. They create new obstacles to navigation, flood traditional hunting and trapping grounds, force people to change their eating habits due to the elevated mercury content of some species of fish, destroy invaluable artifacts that would help trace the human presence on the territory, and disrupt the society and culture of Aboriginal people living near the facilities.

Since the early 1970s, Hydro-Québec has been aware of the environmental externalities of its operations. The adoption of a Quebec statute on environmental quality in 1972, the cancellation of Champigny Project, a planned pumped storage plant in the Jacques-Cartier River valley in 1973, and the James Bay negotiations leading to the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement in 1975, forced the company to reconsider its practices.[111]

To address environmental concerns, Hydro-Québec established an environmental protection committee in 1970 and an Environmental Management unit in September 1973.[112] Its mandate is to study and measure the environmental effects of the company, prepare impact assessment, and develop mitigation strategies for new and existing facilities, while conducting research projects in these areas, in cooperation with the scientific community.

Effects on the natural environment edit

 
The caribou population near major reservoirs in northern Quebec has increased between 1970 and 2000.[113]

In the late 1970s, the company set up a network of 27 monitoring stations to measure the effects of the James Bay Project[114] which provide a wealth of data on northern environments. The first 30 years of studies in the James Bay area have confirmed that mercury levels in fish increase by 3 to 6 times over the first 5 to 10 years after the flooding of a reservoir, but then gradually revert to their initial values after 20 to 30 years. These results confirm similar studies conducted elsewhere in Canada, the United States and Finland.[113] Research also found that it is possible to reduce human exposure to mercury even when fish constitutes a significant part of a population's diet. Exposure risks can be mitigated without overly reducing the consumption of fish, simply by avoiding certain species and fishing spots.[113]

Despite the fact that the transformation of a terrestrial environment into an aquatic environment constitutes a major change and that flooding leads to the displacement or death of nonmigratory animals, the riparian environments lost through flooding are partially replaced by new ones on the exposed banks of reduced-flow rivers. The biological diversity of reservoir islands is comparable to other islands in the area and the reservoir drawdown zone is used by a variety of wildlife. The population of migratory species of interest such as the caribou have even increased to the point where the hunt has been expanded.[115]

Emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) rise significantly for a few years after reservoir impoundment, and then stabilize after 10 years to a level similar to that of surrounding lakes.[110] Gross GHG emissions of reservoirs in the James Bay area fluctuate around 30,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent per TWh of generated power.[116] Hydro-Québec claims its hydroelectric plants release 35 times less GHG than comparable gas-fired plants and 70 times less than coal-fired ones and that they constitute the "option with the best performance" overall.[110]

Social effects and sustainable development edit

 
Of all Cree communities, Chisasibi was most affected by the James Bay hydroelectric development project[113] Crees living on Fort George island resettled to the new village on the left bank of La Grande River in 1980–1981.

Another major environmental concern relates to the population of areas affected by hydroelectric development, specifically the Innu of the North Shore and the Cree and Inuit in Northern Quebec. The hydroelectric developments of the last quarter of the 20th century have accelerated the settling process among Aboriginal populations that started in the 1950s. Among the reasons cited for the increased adoption of a sedentary lifestyle among these peoples are the establishment of Aboriginal businesses, the introduction of paid labor, and the flooding of traditional trapping and fishing lands by the new reservoirs, along with the operation of social and education services run by the communities themselves under the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement.[115]

Some native communities, particularly the Crees, have come to a point "where they increasingly resemble the industrialized society of the South", notes a Hydro-Québec report summarizing the research conducted in the area between 1970 and 2000. The report adds that a similar phenomenon was observed after the construction of roads and hydroelectric plants near isolated communities in northern Canada and Scandinavia. However, growing social problems and rising unemployment have followed the end of the large construction projects in the 1990s. The report concludes that future economic and social development in the area "will largely depend on the desire for cooperation among the various players".[115]

After the strong rejection of the Suroît project and its subsequent cancellation in November 2004, Hydro-Québec, under the leadership of its new CEO Thierry Vandal, reaffirmed Hydro-Québec's commitment towards energy efficiency, hydropower and development of alternative energy.[117] Since then, Hydro-Québec regularly stresses three criteria for any new hydroelectric development undertaken by the company: projects must be cost effective, environmentally acceptable and well received by the communities.[71] Hydro-Québec has also taken part in a series of sustainable development initiatives since the late 1980s. Its approach is based on three principles: economic development, social development and environmental protection.[118] Since 2007 the company adheres to the Global Reporting Initiative,[119] which governs the collection and publication of sustainability performance information. The company employs 250 professionals and managers in the environmental field and has implemented an ISO 14001-certified environmental management system.[120]

Additionally, the Innu Nation filed a $4 billion claim against Hydro-Québec in October 2020 to receive compensation for damages caused by the Churchill Falls Generating Station.[121]

Rates and customers edit

Quebec market edit

Operating statistics as of December 31, 2010 and 2011[122]
Number of customers Sales in Quebec (GWh) Revenue (C$M) Average annual consumption (kWh)
2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010
Residential and farm 3,746,397 3,698,169 62,748 59,534 4,536 4,302 16,857 16,205
General and institutional 291,212 300,163 33,569 33,865 2,599 2,648 113,529 113,347
Industrial 18,573 9,589 67,621 68,439 3,262 3,185 4,802,287 7,049,027
Others 4,013 3,868 6,028 7,647 323 371 1,529,755 2,033,506
Total 4,060,195 4,011,789 169,966 169,495 10,720 10,506
 
Evolution of Hydro-Québec residential rates (turquoise) and the Quebec Consumer price index (dark blue) between 1998 and 2011.

At the end of 2010, Hydro-Québec served 4,060,195 customers[122] grouped into three broad categories: residential and farm (D Rate), commercial and institutional (G Rate) and industrial (M and L rates). The Other category includes public lighting systems and municipal distribution systems.

About a dozen distribution rates are set annually by the Régie de l'énergie after public hearings. Pricing is based on the cost of delivery, which includes the cost of supply and transmission, depreciation on fixed assets and provisions for the maintenance of facilities, customer growth and a profit margin.

Rates are uniform throughout Quebec and are based on consumer type and volume of consumption. All rates vary in block to mitigate any cross-subsidization effect between residential, commercial and industrial customers.

Hydro-Québec retail rates are among the lowest in North America.[123] After a five-year rate freeze, between May 1, 1998 and January 1, 2004,[124] the Régie granted rate increases on 8 occasions between 2004 and 2010 for a total of 18.4%.[125] More recently, the regulator ordered two successive rate rollbacks in 2011 (0.4%) and 2012 (0.5%). However, rates are expected to go up by 3.7% a year from 2014 to 2018 to reflect a gradual increase of heritage pool electricity announced in the 2010 Quebec budget.[126]

Residential customers edit

 
Electric heating accounts for more than half of the electricity used by residential customers in Quebec, according to Hydro-Québec.

The average consumption of residential and agricultural customers is relatively high, at 16,857 kWh per year in 2011,[122] because of the widespread use of electricity as the main source of space (77%) and water heating (90%).[127] Hydro-Québec estimates that heating accounts for more than one half of the electricity demand in the residential sector.[128]

This preference for electric heating makes electricity demand more unpredictable, but offers some environmental benefits. Despite Quebec's very cold climate in winter, greenhouse gases emissions in the residential sector accounted for only 5.5% (4.65 Mt CO
2 eq.) of all emissions in Quebec in 2006. Emissions from the residential sector in Quebec fell by 30% between 1990 and 2006.[129]

Residential use of electricity fluctuates from one year to another, and is strongly correlated with the weather. Contrary to the trend in neighboring networks, Hydro-Québec's system is winter-peaking. A new all-time consumption record was set on January 23, 2013 with a load of 38,910 MW.[130] Previous records were established on January 24, 2011 with 37,717 MW, on January 16, 2009, with a load of 37,230 MW,[131][132] and on January 15, 2004 when peak reached 36,268 MW.[133]

 
A Hydro-Québec digital power meter.

The price of electricity for residences and farms includes a 40.64¢ daily subscription fee, and two price levels depending on consumption. The rates are all-included: power, transmission and distribution costs, but are subject to the Goods and Services Tax (GST) and the Quebec Sales Tax (QST).[134] As of April 1, 2012, customers pay 5.32¢/kWh for the first 30 daily kWh, while the remainder is sold at 7.51¢/kWh.[135] The average monthly bill for a residential customer was approximately C$100 in 2008.[136]

Electric meter readings are usually conducted every two months and bills are bimonthly. However, the company offers an optional Equalized Payment Plan allowing residential customers to pay their annual electricity costs in 12 monthly installments, based on past consumption patterns of the current customer address and the average temperature in that location.[137]

In 2007, Hydro-Québec pulled out of a Canadian government initiative to install smart meters across the province, stating that it would be "too costly to deliver real savings".[138] Since then, Hydro-Québec organized a 2-year pilot project, involving 2,000 customers in 4 cities, with time of use metering. A report, filed with the Régie de l'énergie, in the summer of 2010 concluded that the effect of marginal cost pricing with three levels of pricing in the winter would lead to minimal load and energy savings.[139] The company intends to gradually phase-in Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) between 2011 and 2017. Early efforts will focus on meter data transfer, connect-disconnect, outage detection and theft reduction.[140]

Industrial customers edit

 
Rio Tinto Alcan's Laterriere smelter in Saguenay. Large industrial users, especially the metallurgy and the pulp and paper industries, use 40.6% of all electricity sold in Quebec.

For more than a century, industrial development in Quebec has been stimulated by the abundance of hydroelectric resources. Energy represents a significant expenditure in the pulp and paper and aluminum sectors. two industries with long-standing traditions in Quebec. In 2010, industrial customers purchased 68.4 TWh from Hydro-Québec, representing 40.4% of all electricity sold by the company on the domestic market.[141]

 
The Smurfit-Stone paper mill in La Tuque.

The Quebec government uses low electricity rates to attract new business and consolidate existing jobs. Despite its statutory obligation to sell electric power to every person who so requests, the province has reserved the right to grant large load allocations to companies on a case-by-case basis since 1974. The threshold was set at 175 MW from 1987 to 2006[142] and was reduced to 50 MW in the government's 2006–2015 energy strategy.[143]

Large industrial users pay a lower rate than the domestic and commercial customers, because of lower distribution costs. In 2010, the largest industrial users, the Rate L customers, were paying an average of 4.66¢/kWh whereas companies with special contracts paid 3.07¢/kWh.[144]

In 1987, Hydro-Québec and the Quebec government agreed to a series of controversial deals with aluminum giants Alcan and Alcoa. These risk sharing contracts set the price of electricity based on a series of factors, including aluminum world prices and the value of the Canadian dollar[145] Those agreements are gradually being replaced by one based on published rates.

On May 10, 2007, the Quebec government signed an agreement with Alcan. The agreement, which is still in force despite the company's merger with Rio Tinto Group, renews the water rights concession on the Saguenay and Peribonka rivers. In exchange, Alcan has agreed to invest in its Quebec facilities and to maintain jobs and its corporate headquarters in Montreal.[146]

On December 19, 2008, Hydro-Québec and Alcoa signed a similar agreement. This agreement, which expires in 2040, maintains the provision of electricity to Alcoa's three aluminum smelters in the province, located in Baie-Comeau, Bécancour and Deschambault-Grondines. In addition, the deal will allow Alcoa to modernize the Baie-Comeau plant which will increase its production capacity by 110,000 tonnes a year, to a total of 548,000 tonnes.[147]

Several economists, including Université Laval's Jean-Thomas Bernard and Gérard Bélanger, have challenged the government's strategy and argue that sales to large industrial customers are very costly to the Quebec economy. In an article published in 2008, the researchers estimate that, under the current regime, a job in a new aluminum smelter or an expansion project costs the province between C$255,357 and C$729,653 a year, when taking into consideration the money that could be made by selling the excess electricity on the New York market.[148]

This argument is disputed by large industrial customers, who point out that data from 2000 to 2006 indicate that electricity exports prices get lower when quantities increase, and vice versa. "We find that the more we export, the less lucrative it gets", said Luc Boulanger, the head of the association representing Quebec's large industrial customers. In his opinion, the high volatility of electricity markets and the transmission infrastructure physical limitations reduce the quantities of electricity that can be exported when prices are higher.[149]

Hydro Quebec gained attention with Bitcoin miners in 2018 after the crackdown on mining in China.[150] The province has an energy surplus equivalent to 10 Terawatt hours per year.[150]

Export markets edit

Hydro-Québec exports and brokerage activities in Canada and the United States (2010-2017)[151][71][152][153][154][155][156][157]
2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010
Exports (TWh)[note 3] 34.4 32.6 29.3 25.4 30.8 30.1 20.8 12.6
Revenue ($M) 1,651 1,626 1,700 1,629 1,525 1,191 1,397 1,513
 
Part of the electricity used in Boston comes from the remote dams in the James Bay area.

Hydro-Québec sells part of its surplus electricity to neighbouring systems in Canada and the United States under long-term contracts and transactions on the New England, New York and Ontario bulk energy markets. In 2017, net exports revenues were at $1,651 million for a total of 34.4 TWh sent to New England (53%), New York (23%), Ontario (13%) and other (5%).[158][159]

Although most export sales are now short-term transactions, Hydro-Québec has entered into long-term export contracts in the past. The corporation has 15 interconnections to neighboring markets. In 1990, the company signed a 328-MW deal with a group of 13 electric distributors in Vermont. On March 11, 2010, Vermont's two largest utilities, Green Mountain Power and Central Vermont Public Service, entered into a tentative 26-year deal with Hydro-Québec to purchase up to 225 MW of hydro power from 2012 to 2038. The memorandum of understanding provides for a price smoothing mechanism shielding Vermont customers from market price spikes. The deal is contingent upon the enactment designating large hydro as "renewable energy".[160]

In 2015, Hydro-Quebec and the Ontario Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO) signed a 500-MW seasonal capacity sharing agreement. Ontario has increased capacity in the Winter, and shortages in the summer. Quebec has increased capacity in the summer, and shortages in the Winter. Thus, the agreement serves as to achieve an cost-effective solution for both provinces. Furthermore, in 2016 (IESO) and Hydro-Quebec signed a new long-term agreement starting in 2017 until 2023. The deal will send 2TWh per year to Ontario. On the other hand, Quebec should receive capacity from Ontario during Winter's peak demand.[161]

Presidents edit

List of presidents for Hydro-Québec[162]
Rank Name Nomination date
1st Télesphore-Damien Bouchard April 15, 1944
2nd L.-Eugène Potvin June 29, 1944
3rd J.-Arthur Savoie June 1, 1955
4th Jean-Claude Lessard September 7, 1960
5th Roland Giroux August 1, 1969
6th Robert A. Boyd 1977
7th Lucien Saulnier 1978
8th Guy Coulombe January 15, 1982
9th Richard Drouin May 2, 1988
10th Yvon Martineau 1995
11th Benoît Michel December 1, 1995
12th André Caillé October 1, 1996
13th Thierry Vandal April 5, 2005
14th Éric Martel June 3, 2015
15th Sophie Brochu April 1, 2020

From 1944 to 1978, management of Hydro-Québec consisted of five commissioners, one of them acting as president.

See also edit

Footnotes edit

  1. ^ This table excludes 23 thermal and 1 hydroelectric plant owned and operated by Hydro-Québec Distribution.
  2. ^ This number includes the 5,200-MW Churchill Falls lines, which have no export capability.
  3. ^ 1 TWh= 1 billion kWh.

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Further reading edit

  • Archambault, Jean-Jacques (1984). "Une technologie maîtrisée". In Couture, Marcel (ed.). Hydro-Québec: Des premiers défis à l'aube de l'an 2000 (in French). Montreal: Forces/Libre expression. pp. 125–137. ISBN 2-89111-191-5.
  • Bélanger, Michel (1995). "Les actions d'Hydo-Québec à vendre ?". In Bélanger, Yves; Comeau, Robert (eds.). Hydro-Québec: Autres temps, autres défis. Sainte-Foy: Presses de l'Université du Québec. pp. 89–95. ISBN 2-7605-0809-9.
  • Bellavance, Claude (1995). "Un long mouvement d'appropriation de la première à la seconde nationalisation". In Bélanger, Yves; Comeau, Robert (eds.). Hydro-Québec: Autres temps, autres défis (in French). Sainte-Foy, Quebec: Presses de l'Université du Québec. pp. 71–78. ISBN 2-7605-0809-9.
  • Bolduc, André (2000). Du génie au pouvoir: Robert A. Boyd, à la gouverne d'Hydro-Québec aux years glorieuses (in French). Montreal: Libre-Expression. ISBN 2-89111-829-4..
  • Government of Quebec (2006). (PDF). Quebec City: Quebec Department of Natural Ressources and Wildlife. ISBN 2-550-46952-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 20, 2011.
  • Bolduc, André; Hogue, Clarence; Larouche, Daniel (1989). Hydro-Québec After 100 Years of Electricity (in French). Montreal: Libre-Expression.
  • Boutin, Vicky (2004). "La saga du Suroît". In Venne, Michel (ed.). L'annuaire du Québec 2005 (in French). Montreal: Fides. pp. 554–557. ISBN 2-7621-2568-5.
  • Boyd, Robert A. (1995). "Cinquante ans au service du consommateur". In Bélanger, Yves; Comeau, Robert (eds.). Hydro-Québec: Autres temps, autres défis (in French). Sainte-Foy, Quebec: Presses de l'Université du Québec. pp. 97–103. ISBN 2-7605-0809-9.
  • Bureau d'audiences publiques sur l'environnement (2000). (PDF) (in French). Quebec City: Bureau d'audiences publiques sur l'environnement. p. 111. ISBN 2-550-36846-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 13, 2012. Retrieved May 7, 2009.
  • Cloutier, Gilles-G. (1984). "Le rayonnement d'Hydro-Québec". In Couture, Marcel (ed.). Hydro-Québec: Des premiers défis à l'aube de l'an 2000 (in French). Montreal: Forces/Libre expression. pp. 166–175. ISBN 2-89111-191-5.
  • Dubeau, Daniel (1995). "Le souci constant de l'environnement chez Hydro-Québec". In Bélanger, Yves; Comeau, Robert (eds.). Hydro-Québec: Autres temps, autres défis. Sainte-Foy: Presses de l'Université du Québec. pp. 241–254. ISBN 2-7605-0809-9.
  • Fleury, Jean Louis (1999). Les coureurs de lignes: l'histoire du transport de l'électricité au Québec (in French). Montreal: Stanké. ISBN 2-7604-0552-4..
  • Gallichan, Gilles (1995). "De la Montreal Light, Heat and Power à Hydro-Québec". In Bélanger, Yves; Comeau, Robert (eds.). Hydro-Québec: Autres temps, autres défis (in French). Sainte-Foy: Presses de l'Université du Québec. pp. 63–70. ISBN 2-7605-0809-9.
  • Garcia, Claude (February 2009). How would the privatisation of Hydro-Québec would make Quebecers richer ? (PDF). Montreal Economic Institute. ISBN 978-2-922687-25-5. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
  • Government of Quebec (2002). Water. Our Life. Our Future. Quebec Water Policy (PDF). Quebec City: Quebec Department of Sustainable Development, the Environment and Parks. ISBN 2-550-40076-3.
  • Gravel, Pierre; Vennat, Pierre (1979). "Robert Bourassa: « Il ne sera pas dit que nous vivrons pauvrement sur une terre aussi riche »". In Leroux, Roger (ed.). La Baie James: projet du siècle (in French). Montreal: La Presse. pp. 5–6.
  • International Energy Agency (2004). (PDF). Energy Policies of IEA Countries. Paris: International Energy Agency. p. 127. ISBN 92-64-10801-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 31, 2018. Retrieved January 1, 2019.
  • Jobin, Carol (1978). Les enjeux économiques de la nationalisation de l'électricité (1962–1963) (in French). Montreal: Éditions coopératives Albert Saint-Martin.
  • Munich Re (2003). Failure of Public Utilities: Risk Management and Insurance (PDF). Munich. pp. 6–7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)[permanent dead link]
  • Nalcor Energy (2009). (PDF). St. John's, NL. ISBN 978-2-550-55046-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2011.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Norrie, Kenneth; Owram, Douglas; Emery, J.C. Herbert (2008). A History of the Canadian Economy (4th ed.). Toronto: Nelson. ISBN 978-0-17-625250-2.
  • North American Reliability Corporation (November 2008). (PDF). Princeton, NJ. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 18, 2012. Retrieved March 3, 2012.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Quebec Hydroelectric Commission; Churchill Falls (Labrador) Corporation Limited (1969). "Power Contract Between the Quebec Hydroelectric Commission and the Churchill Falls (Labrador) Corporation" (PDF). Montreal. Retrieved December 2, 2009. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • Régie de l'énergie du Québec (2008). 2007-2008 Annual Report. Montréal. p. 4. ISBN 978-2-550-53010-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Savard, Stéphane (2013). Hydro-Québec et l'état québécois: 1944-2005 (in French). Quebec City: Septentrion. ISBN 978-2-89448-756-3.
  • Smith, Philip (1975). Brinco: The story of Churchill Falls. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. p. 372. ISBN 0-7710-8184-7.
  • Société d'énergie de la Baie James (1987). Complexe hydroélectrique de la Grande-Rivière. Réalisation de la première phase (in French). Montreal: Société d'énergie de la Baie James/Éditions de la Chenelière. ISBN 2-89310-010-4.
  • Trabandt, Charles A. (January 14, 2000). Le tarif de fourniture d'électricité au Québec et les options possibles pour introduire la concurrence dans la production d'électricité (in French). New York: Merrill Lynch.
  • Turgeon, Pierre (1992). La Radissonie, le pays de la baie James (in French). Montreal: Libre-Expression. ISBN 2-89111-502-3.
  • Vandal, Thierry (2005). "Le défi du développement durable". In Venne, Michel; Robitaille, Antoine (eds.). L'annuaire du Québec 2006 (in French). Montreal: Fides. pp. 236–240. ISBN 2-7621-2646-0.
  • Vermont Department of Public Service (December 2011). Comprehensive Energy Plan 2011: Facts, Analysis and Recommendations (PDF). Vol. 2. Montpellier, VT. p. 104. Retrieved May 16, 2012.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)[permanent dead link]
  • Williams, Susan (1993). Hydro-Québec and the Great Whale Project Hydroelectric Development in Northern Québec. Washington, D.C.: Investor Responsibility Research Center. ISBN 1-879775-15-8.
  • Bélanger, Gérard; Bernard, Jean-Thomas (April 2008). (PDF). Policy Options (in French). 29 (4): 56–58. ISSN 0226-5893. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 19, 2009. Retrieved March 15, 2009.
  • Bernard, Jean-Thomas; Genest-Laplante, Éric; Laplante, Benoit (1992). (PDF). Canadian Public Policy (in French). 18 (2): 153–167. doi:10.2307/3551421. JSTOR 3551421. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 6, 2016. Retrieved March 16, 2009.
  • Boulanger, André (April 2008). (PDF). Policy Options (in French). 29 (4): 59–62. ISSN 0226-5893. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 19, 2009. Retrieved March 15, 2009.
  • Hafsi, Taieb (2001). "Fundamental Dynamics in Complex Organizational Change: A Longitudinal Inquiry into Hydro-Québec's Management". Long Range Planning. 34 (5): 557–583. doi:10.1016/S0024-6301(01)00082-6.
  • Langford, Martha Whitney; Debresson, Chris (1992). "The Role of Hydro Quebec in the Rise of Consulting Engineering in Montreal 1944-1992: An essay in oral history and company genealogy" (PDF). Scientia Canadensis: Canadian Journal of the History of Science, Technology and Medicine. 16 (1, (42)): 76–108. doi:10.7202/800343ar. Retrieved January 4, 2010.
  • McNaughton, W.J.W. (April 1960). "Bersimis: The Development of a River". Canadian Geographical Journal. 60 (4). Ottawa: Royal Canadian Geographical Society: 114–135.
  • Powers, John M. (2007). "Profile - Thierry Vandal, President and CEO of Hydro-Québec". Electric Light and Power. Vol. 85, no. 4. p. 28.
  • Tremblay, Alain; Bastien, Julie; Bonneville, Marie-Claude; et al. (September 12–16, 2010). "Net Greenhouse Gas Emissions at Eastmain 1 Reservoir, Quebec, Canada" (PDF). World Energy Congress. 2010. Montreal: A43D–0263. Bibcode:2010AGUFM.A43D0263S. Retrieved October 31, 2010.[permanent dead link]
  • Hydro-Québec (2021a). Annual Report 2020 (PDF). Montreal. ISBN 978-2-550-88443-9. (pdf) from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved March 8, 2020.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Hydro-Québec (2020a). Annual Report 2019 (PDF). Montreal. ISBN 978-2-550-85899-7. (pdf) from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved March 8, 2020.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Hydro-Québec (2019a). Annual Report 2018 (PDF). Montreal. ISBN 978-2-550-83154-9. (pdf) from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 8, 2020.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Hydro-Québec (2018a). Annual Report 2017 (PDF). Montreal. ISBN 978-2-550-80381-2. (pdf) from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 8, 2020.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Hydro-Québec (2017a). Annual Report 2016 (PDF). Montreal. ISBN 978-2-550-77637-6. (pdf) from the original on May 4, 2018. Retrieved March 8, 2020.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Hydro-Québec (2016a). Annual Report 2015 (PDF). Montreal. ISBN 978-2-550-74989-9. (pdf) from the original on May 4, 2018. Retrieved March 8, 2020.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Hydro-Québec (2015a). Annual Report 2014 (PDF). Montreal. ISBN 978-2-550-72313-4. (pdf) from the original on May 20, 2015. Retrieved March 8, 2020.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Hydro-Québec (2014a). Annual Report 2013 (PDF). Montreal. ISBN 978-2-550-69723-7. (pdf) from the original on December 13, 2018. Retrieved March 8, 2020.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Hydro-Québec (2013a). Annual Report 2012 (PDF). Montreal. ISBN 978-2-550-66872-5. ISSN 0702-6706. (pdf) from the original on August 17, 2014. Retrieved March 8, 2020.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Hydro-Québec (2012a). (PDF). Montreal. ISBN 978-2-550-63872-8. ISSN 0702-6706. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 17, 2014. Retrieved March 28, 2011.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Hydro-Québec (2011a). (PDF). Montreal. ISBN 978-2-550-60869-1. ISSN 0702-6706. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 5, 2011. Retrieved March 23, 2011.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Hydro-Québec (2010a). (PDF). Montreal. ISBN 978-2-550-58101-7. ISSN 0702-6706. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 5, 2011. Retrieved April 8, 2010.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Hydro-Québec (2012b). (PDF). Montreal. ISBN 978-2-550-63876-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 20, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2012.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Hydro-Québec (March 2012c). (PDF). Montreal. ISBN 978-2-550-63884-1. ISSN 0821-1760. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 26, 2012. Retrieved March 29, 2012. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Hydro-Québec (October 2011d). (PDF). Montreal. ISBN 978-2-550-62677-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 16, 2011. Retrieved March 11, 2012.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Hydro-Québec (July 2009a). (PDF). Montreal. ISBN 978-2-550-56207-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 5, 2011. Retrieved January 10, 2010.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Hydro-Québec (July 2009b). (PDF). Montreal. ISBN 978-2-550-55279-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 23, 2013. Retrieved January 10, 2010.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie. (PDF) (Map) (August 2006 ed.). 1:1,500,000 (in French). Hydro-Québec. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 8, 2012. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
  • Hayeur, Gaëtan (2001). (PDF). Montreal: Hydro-Québec. ISBN 2-550-36964-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 26, 2012. Retrieved June 25, 2011.
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See also edit

External links edit

 
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April 17, 2024
hydro, québec, canadian, crown, corporation, public, utility, headquartered, montreal, quebec, manages, generation, transmission, distribution, electricity, quebec, well, export, power, portions, northeast, united, states, more, than, percent, canada, water, r. Hydro Quebec is a Canadian Crown corporation public utility headquartered in Montreal Quebec It manages the generation transmission and distribution of electricity in Quebec as well as the export of power to portions of the Northeast United States More than 40 percent of Canada s water resources are in Quebec and Hydro Quebec is the fourth largest hydropower producer in the world 4 Hydro QuebecCompany typeCrown corporationIndustryElectric utilitiesFoundedApril 14 1944 1944 04 14 HeadquartersHydro Quebec Building Montreal Quebec CanadaArea servedQuebecKey peopleJacynthe Cote Chair 1 2 Michael Sabia President amp CEO ProductsElectric power generation electric power transmission electricity distributionRevenueCA 14 310 billion 3 Operating incomeCA 5 904 billion 3 Net incomeCA 3 192 billion 3 Total assetsCA 76 989 billion 3 Number of employees19 904 3 Websitewww wbr hydroquebec wbr comIt was established as a Crown corporation by the government of Quebec in 1944 from the expropriation of private firms This was followed by massive investment in hydro electric projects like the James Bay Project Today with 63 hydroelectric power stations the combined output capacity is 37 370 megawatts Extra power is exported from the province and Hydro Quebec supplies 10 per cent of New England s power requirements 4 The company logo a stylized Q fashioned out of a circle and a lightning bolt was designed by Montreal based design agency Gagnon Valkus in 1960 5 In 2018 it paid CA 2 39 billion in dividends to its sole shareholder the Government of Quebec Its residential power rates are among the lowest in North America 6 Contents 1 History 1 1 1945 1959 beginnings and development 1 2 1960 1979 the second nationalization 1 3 1980 1996 restructuring 1 4 1997 present renewed growth 1 5 Major outages 2 Corporate structure and financial results 2 1 Corporate structure 2 2 Privatization debate 3 Activities 3 1 Power generation 3 2 Transmission system 3 2 1 Interconnections 3 2 2 Investments 3 3 Distribution 3 4 Other activities 3 4 1 Electric Circuit network 3 4 2 Research and development 3 4 3 Construction 3 4 4 International ventures 4 Environment 4 1 Effects on the natural environment 4 2 Social effects and sustainable development 5 Rates and customers 5 1 Quebec market 5 1 1 Residential customers 5 1 2 Industrial customers 5 2 Export markets 6 Presidents 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 See also 12 External linksHistory editMain article History of Hydro Quebec nbsp Montreal Light Heat and Power linemen 1945 1959 beginnings and development edit In Quebec advocates for the creation of a public hydroelectric utility protested against high costs poor rural electrification and the lack of French speakers in management positions in hydroelectricity companies 7 In 1944 Montreal Light Heat amp Power company was nationalised along with its subsidiary Beauharnois Power and Hydro Quebec was created to manage the companies Quebec Premier Adelard Godbout adopted a policy of investing 10 million dollars per year in rural electrification 7 However in 1944 the government changed and the new premier Maurice Duplessis was opposed to any form of government intervention in the economy 8 Local cooperatives were created to bring power to rural areas Duplessis remained in power until 1960 and during that time there were no further nationalisations of companies and Hydro Quebec mostly served the Montreal area Major projects included Bersimis 1 generating station completed in 1956 1 125 MW Bersimis 2 generating station completed in 1959 845 MW Beauharnois Hydroelectric Generating Station completed in 1961 1 903 MW Carillon Generating Station built 1959 1964 752 MWBetween 1944 and 1962 Hydro Quebec s installed capacity increased from 616 to 3 661 MW 9 while lowering residential power rates by half in the Montreal area 10 1960 1979 the second nationalization edit nbsp The spillway at the Robert Bourassa generating station can deal with a water flow twice as large as the Saint Lawrence River 11 Inaugurated in 1979 the 5 616 MW generating station was at the heart of a network of 8 hydroelectric stations known as the James Bay Project Duplessis s conservative reign now known as the Grande Noirceur ended when he died in office in 1959 The subsequent election of the Quebec Liberal Party led by Jean Lesage marked the beginning of the Quiet Revolution a period of reform and modernization In 1962 the US government lent Quebec 300 million The funds were used to acquire independent power companies 12 The new government gave Hydro Quebec an exclusive mandate to develop new sites In 1963 the government authorized it to acquire private electricity distributors including the Gatineau Power Company and the Shawinigan Water amp Power Company Hydro Quebec achieved province wide scope 13 All of the 46 rural coops accepted Hydro Quebec s 1963 buyout offer except Saint Jean Baptiste de Rouville which still exists In 1964 the Province of British Columbia provided the Province of Quebec with a 100 million loan 60 million from that loan went to Hydro Quebec The loan faced controversy in the Quebec legislature 12 Major projects during this period included Manicougan Outardes Project a 7 dam hydroelectric complex including the Jean Lesage generating station 1 145 MW Rene Levesque generating station 1 244 MW and the Daniel Johnson Dam 2 596 MW originally named Manic 2 Manic 3 and Manic 5 respectively Because these stations were 700 kilometres 400 miles away from the urban centres in southern Quebec through transmission line voltage was stepped up to 735 kV for the first time anywhere led by engineer Jean Jacques Archambault 14 Churchill Falls Generating Station 5 428 MW The station is in Labrador and the government of Quebec negotiated a contract where Hydro Quebec buys power from the project at 1969 prices until the year 2041 15 That contract has been a source of conflict between the two provinces 16 Phase I of the James Bay Project Hydro Quebec worked with Atomic Energy of Canada Limited to build the CANDU reactor equipped Gentilly Nuclear Generating Station which closed in 2012 1980 1996 restructuring edit Because of the economic climate demand for electricity dropped significantly in the early 1980s which led to structural changes at Hydro Quebec It became a joint stock company whose sole shareholder is Government of Quebec to which it pays an annual dividend It was also given the mandate to export power and to work in any energy related field 17 In 1986 the Quebec New England Transmission began bringing power from the James Bay Project 1 100 kilometers 700 miles south to the Boston area Phase II of the James Bay Project started in 1987 and took nine years to complete Construction of the Denis Perron Dam began in 1994 1997 present renewed growth editLike its counterparts in the North American utility industry Hydro Quebec was reorganized in the late 1990s to comply with electricity deregulation in the United States The transmission division TransEnergie was the first to be spun off in 1997 in response to the U S Federal Energy Regulatory Commission s publication of Order 888 18 In the same year the U S Federal Energy Regulatory Commission granted Hydro Quebec a licence to sell wholesale electricity at market prices enabling Hydro Quebec to expand its market Hydro Quebec also acquired a substantial share of Noverco controller of natural gas distributor Gaz Metro to participate in that market in northeastern North America 19 nbsp the Rupert River diversion will channel part of the natural flow of the river orange on the map to the Robert Bourassa Reservoir In 2002 the Agreement Respecting a New Relationship Between the Cree Nation and the Government of Quebec between the Grand Council of the Crees and the Quebec government made possible the development of the Eastmain Reservoir The Eastmain 1 A and Sarcelle powerhouses and Rupert River diversion project were completed for 5 000 million CAD This will provide water power to the turbines at Eastmain 1 Eastmain 1 A and Sarcelle powerhouses and will provide increased flow at the existing La Grande 1 generating station as well as Robert Bourassa and the La Grande 2 A generator stations 20 Output will be 918 MW Other stations commissioned since 1997 are 21 Sainte Marguerite 3 in 2003 882 MW Peribonka in 2008 385 MW Rocher de Grand Mere in 2004 230 MW Eastmain 1 in 2007 519 MW Rapide des Cœurs in 2009 76 MW Chute Allard in 2009 62 MW Mercier in 2009 55 MW Eastmain 1A in 2012 750 MW La Sarcelle in 2013 159 MW Romaine 2 in 2014 640 MW Romaine 1 in 2015 270 MW Romaine 3 in 2017 395 MW Romaine 4 scheduled to be completed in 2022 245 MW Major outages edit nbsp The North American ice storm of January 1998 left 1 4 million Hydro Quebec customers in the dark for up to five weeks In 1988 all of Quebec and parts of New England and New Brunswick lost power because of an equipment failure at a substation on the North Shore The March 1989 geomagnetic storm tripped circuit breakers on the transmission network causing a nine hour Quebec wide blackout In the North American ice storm of 1998 five days of freezing rain collapsed 600 kilometres 370 mi of high voltage power lines and over 3 000 kilometres 1 900 mi of medium and low voltage distribution lines in southern Quebec Up to 1 4 million customers were without power for up to five weeks Corporate structure and financial results editCorporate structure edit nbsp Hydro Quebec generation and main transmission network as of 2008 Hydro Quebec has created separate business units dealing with the generation transmission distribution and construction In 2017 production division generated 1 9B of net income 68 4 transmission division 0 55B 19 4 distribution division 0 33B 11 7 and construction division did not generate any income Hydro Quebec redistributes all profits back to the government In 2017 the crown corporation contributed 4 billion to the Quebec government by means of net income 2 8B royalties 0 7B public utilities tax 0 3B and debt securities 0 2B 22 In the year 2000 with the adoption of Bill 116 which amended the Act respecting the Regie de l energie 23 to enact the functional separation of Hydro Quebec s various business units Legislation passed in 2000 commits the generation division Hydro Quebec Production to provide the distribution division Hydro Quebec Distribution a yearly heritage pool of up to 165 TWh of energy plus ancillary services including an extra 13 9 TWh for losses and a guaranteed peak capacity of 34 342 MW 24 at a set price of 2 79 per kWh Order in council 1277 2001 specifies quantities to be delivered for each of the 8 760 hourly intervals which vary from 11 420 to 34 342 MW 25 According to the 2017 annual report the workforce stood at 19 786 employees both permanent and temporary workers And a total of 1 304 employees were hired 26 Privatization debate edit nbsp The Hydro Quebec Building is a landmark of Montreal s downtown In 1981 the Parti Quebecois government redefined Hydro Quebec s mission by modifying the terms of the social pact of 1944 The government issued itself 43 741 090 shares worth C 100 each 27 and the amended statute stated that Hydro Quebec would now pay up to 75 of its net earnings in dividends 28 This amendment to the Hydro Quebec Act started an episodic debate on whether Hydro Quebec should be fully or partially privatized In recent years economist Marcel Boyer and businessman Claude Garcia both associated with the conservative think tank The Montreal Economic Institute have often raised the issue claiming that the company could be better managed by the private sector and that the proceeds from a sale would lower public debt 29 30 Without going as far as Boyer and Garcia Mario Dumont the head of the Action democratique du Quebec briefly discussed the possibility of selling a minority stake of Hydro Quebec during the 2008 election campaign 31 A Leger Marketing poll conducted in November 2008 found that a majority of Quebec respondents 53 were opposed to his proposal to sell 7 5 of the company s equity to Quebec citizens and businesses while 38 were in favour 32 Commenting on the issue on Guy A Lepage s talk show former PQ Premier Jacques Parizeau estimated that such an idea would be quite unpopular in public opinion adding that Hydro Quebec is often seen by Quebecers as a national success story and a source of pride 33 This could explain why various privatization proposals in the past have received little public attention The liberal government has repeatedly stated that Hydro Quebec is not for sale 34 Like many other economists 35 36 Yvan Allaire from Montreal s Hautes etudes commerciales business school advocate increased electricity rates as a way to increase the government s annual dividend without resorting to privatization 37 Others like columnist Bertrand Tremblay of Saguenay s Le Quotidien claim that privatization would signal a drift to the days when Quebec s natural resources were sold in bulk to foreigners at ridiculously low prices For too long Tremblay writes Quebec was somewhat of a banana republic almost giving away its forestry and water resources In turn those foreign interests were exporting our jobs associated with the development of our natural resources with the complicity of local vultures 38 Left wing academics such as UQAM s Leo Paul Lauzon and Gabriel Sainte Marie have claimed that privatization would be done at the expense of residential customers who would pay much higher rates They say that privatization would also be a betrayal of the social pact between the people and its government and that the province would be short selling itself by divesting of a choice asset for a minimal short term gain 39 40 Activities editPower generation edit Further information List of power stations in Quebec nbsp The Daniel Johnson Dam on the Manicouagan River supplying the Manic 5 hydro plant Hydro Quebec sources of energy supply 2013 41 Hydro 96 8 Other Renewables 2 9 Nuclear 0 2 Thermal 0 1 On December 31 2013 Hydro Quebec Production owned and operated 61 hydro plants including 12 of over 1 000 MW capacity with 26 major reservoirs 42 These facilities are located in 13 of Quebec s 430 watersheds 43 including the Saint Lawrence Betsiamites La Grande Manicouagan Ottawa Outardes and Saint Maurice rivers 44 These plants provide the bulk of electricity generated and sold by the company Non hydro plants included the baseload 675 MW gross Gentilly nuclear generating station a CANDU design reactor which was permanently shut down on December 28 2012 45 the 660 MW Tracy Thermal Generating Station a heavy fuel oil fired plant shutdown in March 2011 46 and two gas turbine peaker plants for a total installed capacity of 36 971 MW in 2011 47 Hydro Quebec s average generation cost was 2 11 cents per kWh in 2011 48 The company also purchases the bulk of the output of the 5 428 MW Churchill Falls generating station in Labrador under a long term contract expiring in 2041 49 In 2009 Hydro Quebec bought the 60 stake owned by AbitibiBowater in the McCormick plant 335 MW located at the mouth of the Manicouagan River near Baie Comeau for C 616 million 50 Hydro Quebec Production main power plants 2020 51 note 1 Plant River Capacity MW Robert Bourassa La Grande 5 616La Grande 4 La Grande 2 779La Grande 3 La Grande 2 417La Grande 2 A La Grande 2 106Beauharnois Saint Lawrence 1 912Manic 5 Manicouagan 1 596La Grande 1 La Grande 1 436Rene Levesque Manicouagan 1 326Bersimis 1 Betsiamites 1 178Jean Lesage Manicouagan 1 229Manic 5 PA Manicouagan 1 064Outardes 3 aux Outardes 1 026Others 49 hydro 1 thermal 13 302In 2013 the energy sold by Hydro Quebec to its grid connected customers in Quebec and exported to neighboring markets came almost exclusively from renewable sources Hydro 96 78 is by far the largest source followed by wind 2 16 and biomass biogas and waste 0 75 The remainder came from nuclear 0 19 and thermal 0 12 generation Emissions of carbon dioxide 1 130 tonnes TWh sulfur dioxide 4 tonnes TWh and nitrogen oxides 10 tonnes TWh were between 49 and 238 times lower than the industry average in northeastern North America Imported electricity bought on the markets account for most of these emissions 41 Transmission system edit Main article Hydro Quebec s electricity transmission system nbsp The Micoua substation on the North Shore of Quebec This facility converts 315 kV power coming from five hydro plant to 735 kV This TransEnergie facility is one of the main nodes of the 11 422 kilometre 7 097 mi long 735 kV network Hydro Quebec s expertise at building and operating a very high voltage electrical grid spreading over long distances has long been recognized in the electrical industry 52 53 TransEnergie Hydro Quebec s transmission division operates the largest electricity transmission network in North America It acts as the independent system operator and reliability coordinator for the Quebec interconnection of the North American Electric Reliability Corporation system and is part of the Northeast Power Coordinating Council NPCC TransEnergie manages the flow of energy on the Quebec network and ensures non discriminatory access to all participants involved in the wholesale market 54 The non discriminatory access policy allows a company such as Nalcor to sell some of its share of power from Churchill Falls on the open market in the State of New York using TransEnergie s network upon payment of a transmission fee 55 56 In recent years TransEnergie s Controle des mouvements d energie CME unit has been acting as the reliability coordinator of the bulk electricity network for Quebec as a whole under a bilateral agreement between the Regie de l energie du Quebec and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission of the United States 57 TransEnergie s high voltage network stretches over 33 630 km 20 900 mi including 11 422 km 7 097 mi of 765 and 735 kV lines and a network of 514 substations 58 It is connected to neighbouring Canadian provinces and the United States by 17 ties with a maximum reception capacity of 10 850 MW note 2 and a maximum transmission capacity of 7 994 MW 59 Interconnections edit nbsp A rectifier at the Outaouais substation located in L Ange Gardien The 1 250 MW back to back HVDC tie links the Quebec grid with Ontario s Hydro One network The TransEnergie s network operates asynchronously from that of its neighbours on the Eastern Interconnection Although Quebec uses the same 60 hertz frequency as the rest of North America its grid does not use the same phase as surrounding networks 60 TransEnergie mainly relies on back to back HVDC converters to export or import electricity from other jurisdictions This feature of the Quebec network allowed Hydro Quebec to remain unscathed during the Northeast Blackout of August 14 2003 with the exception of 5 hydro plants on the Ottawa River radially connected to the Ontario grid at the time 61 A new 1250 MW back to back HVDC tie has been commissioned at the Outaouais substation in L Ange Gardien near the Ontario border The new interconnection has been online since 2009 and the 315 kV line is fully operational since 2010 60 One drawback of the TransEnergie network involves the long distances separating the generation sites and the main consumer markets For instance the Radisson substation links the James Bay project plants to the Nicolet station near Sainte Eulalie south of the Saint Lawrence over 1 200 kilometres 750 mi away 62 Investments edit In 2011 TransEnergie invested C 1 3 billion in capital expenditures including C 460 million to expand its network 63 In addition to the new tie with Ontario the company plans to build a new 1200 MW direct current link between the Des Cantons substation at Windsor Quebec in Quebec s Eastern Townships and Deerfield New Hampshire with an HVDC converter terminal built at Franklin New Hampshire 64 The US segment of the US 1 1 billion line 65 would be built by Northern Pass Transmission LLC a partnership between Northeast Utilities 75 and NSTAR 25 66 In order to go ahead the project must receive regulatory approval in Quebec and the United States The proposed transmission line could be in operation in 2015 67 According to Jim Robb a senior executive from Northeast Utilities New England could meet one third of its Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative commitments with the hydropower coming through this new power line alone 68 Distribution edit nbsp A Hydro Quebec employee carries out the replacement of an underground transformer in Montreal Hydro Quebec Distribution is in charge of retail sales to most customers in Quebec It operates a network of 112 089 kilometres 69 649 mi of medium and low voltage lines 69 The division is the sole electric distributor across the province with the exception of 9 municipal distribution networks in Alma Amos Baie Comeau Coaticook Joliette Magog Saguenay Sherbrooke and Westmount and the electric cooperative of Saint Jean Baptiste de Rouville 70 Hydro Quebec Distribution buys most of its power from the 165 TWh heritage pool provided by Hydro Quebec Production at 2 79 kWh The division usually purchases additional power by entering into long term contracts after a public call for tenders For shorter term needs it also buys power from the neighboring systems at market prices As a last resort Hydro Quebec Production can also provide short term relief 71 Supply contracts above and beyond the heritage pool must be approved by the Regie de l energie du Quebec and their costs are passed on to customers The division signed one natural gas cogeneration agreement for 507 MW in 2003 three forest biomass deals 47 5 MW in 2004 and 2005 and ten contracts for wind power 2 994 MW in 2005 and 2008 all with private sector producers It also signed two flexible contracts with Hydro Quebec Production 600 MW in 2002 72 Hydro Quebec Distribution is also responsible for the production of power in remote communities not connected to the main power grid The division operates an off grid hydroelectric dam serving communities on the Lower North Shore and 23 small diesel power plants in the Magdalen Islands in Haute Mauricie and in Nunavik Other activities edit Electric Circuit network edit nbsp Electric Circuit level 2 charger in use in MontrealIn April 2011 the government of Quebec published a plan to encourage the adoption of electric vehicles setting a target of 25 of cars sold in 2020 to be electric The plan also called for provincial utility company Hydro Quebec to develop a strategy for the deployment of public charging infrastructure 73 This resulted in the creation of The Electric Circuit French Le Circuit Electrique the largest public network of charging stations for electric vehicles in Quebec 74 The first 30 charging stations were put into use in March 2012 75 76 The network s first 400V fast charger was installed in 2013 77 As of 2019 The Electric Circuit offers 2 389 public charging stations in Quebec and eastern Ontario 78 Usage is also compatible with the FLO and New Brunswick E charge network adaptors citation needed Research and development edit Further information Institut de recherche d Hydro Quebec and TM4 Electrodynamic Systems nbsp The TM4 electric engine was developed by Hydro Quebec nbsp Hydro Quebec operates The Electric Circuit the largest EV charging network in Quebec and Eastern Ontario Hydro Quebec has made significant investments in research and development over the past 40 years In addition to funding university research the company is the only electric utility in North America to operate its own large scale research institute L Institut de recherche d Hydro Quebec IREQ Established by Lionel Boulet in 1967 the research centre is located in Varennes a suburb on the South Shore of Montreal 79 IREQ operates on an annual research budget of approximately C 100 million 80 and specializes in the areas of high voltage mechanics and thermomechanics network simulations and calibration 81 Research conducted by scientists and engineers at IREQ has helped to extend the life of dams improve water turbine performance automate network management and increase the transmission capacity of high voltage power lines 82 Another research centre the Laboratoire des technologies de l energie LTE in Shawinigan was opened in 1988 83 to adapt and develop new products while helping industrial customers improve their energy efficiency 84 In the last 20 years the institute has also conducted research and development work towards the electrification of ground transportation Current projects include battery materials including innovative work on lithium iron phosphate and nano titanate 85 improved electric drive trains and the effects of the large scale deployment of electric vehicles on the power grid 86 Projects focus on technologies to increase range improve performance in cold weather and reduce charging time 87 Hydro Quebec has been criticized for not having taken advantage of some of its innovations An electric wheel motor concept that struck a chord with Quebecers 88 first prototyped in 1994 by Pierre Couture an engineer and physicist working at IREQ is one of these 89 90 The heir to the Couture wheel motor is now marketed by TM4 Electrodynamic Systems a spin off established in 1998 91 that has made deals with France s Dassault and Heuliez to develop an electric car the Cleanova of which prototypes were built in 2006 92 Hydro Quebec announced in early 2009 at the Montreal International Auto Show that its engine had been chosen by Tata Motors to equip a demonstration version of its Indica model which will be road tested in Norway 93 94 Construction edit The Hydro Quebec Equipement division acts as the company s main contractor on major construction sites with the exception of work conducted on the territory covered by the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement which are assigned to the Societe d energie de la Baie James subsidiary The construction of a complex of four hydroelectric generating stations on the Romaine River 1 550 MW began on May 13 2009 95 The plants are scheduled to be built and commissioned between 2014 and 2020 96 In his March 2009 inaugural speech Quebec Premier Jean Charest announced that his government intends to further develop the province s hydroelectric potential 97 The call for further development of hydroelectric and other renewable generating capacity has been implemented in the company s 2009 2013 strategic plan released on July 30 2009 Hydro Quebec plans capacity upgrades at the Jean Lesage 120 MW and Rene Levesque 210 MW stations and a third unit at the SM 3 plant 440 MW The company will also conduct technical and environmental studies and undertake consultations with local communities to build new facilities on the Little Mecatina 1 200 MW and Magpie 850 MW rivers on the North Shore and revive the Tabaret project 132 MW in the Abitibi Temiscamingue region in western Quebec 98 International ventures edit Hydro Quebec first forays outside its borders began in 1978 A new subsidiary Hydro Quebec International was created to market the company s know how abroad in the fields of distribution generation and transmission of electricity The new venture leveraged the existing pool of expertise in the parent company 99 During the next 25 years Hydro Quebec was particularly active abroad with investments in electricity transmission networks and generation Transelec in Chile 100 the Cross Sound Cable in the United States 53 the Consorcio Transmantaro in Peru Hidroelectrica Rio Lajas in Costa Rica Murraylink in Australia and the Fortuna generating station in Panama 101 It briefly held a 17 share in SENELEC Senegal s electric utility when the Senegalese government decided to sell part of the company to a consortium led by the French company Elyo a subsidiary of Group Suez Lyonnaise des Eaux in 1999 102 The transaction was canceled in 2000 following the election of president Abdoulaye Wade 103 Also in 1999 Hydro Quebec International acquired a 20 stake in the Meiya Power Company in China for C 83 million 102 The company held this participation until July 2004 104 The company s expertise was sought by several hydroelectric developers throughout the world including the Three Gorges Dam where Hydro s employees trained Chinese engineers in the fields of management finance and dams 105 Hydro Quebec gradually withdrew from the international business between 2003 and 2006 and sold off all of its foreign investments for a profit Proceeds from these sales were paid to the government s Generations Fund a trust fund set up by the province to alleviate the effect of public debt on future generations 106 In 2022 Hydro Quebec through its US Subsidiary HQI US Holding acquired Great River Hydro LLC for the sum of US 2 2 billion 107 Environment edit nbsp The northern pike Esox lucius is more prevalent today in the Robert Bourassa Reservoir than it was before the flooding of the reservoir The increase of this population has been counterbalanced by a decline in the walleye Stizostedion vitreum population 108 The construction and operation of electric generation transmission and distribution facilities has environmental effects and Hydro Quebec s activities are no exception Hydroelectric development affects the natural environment where facilities are built and on the people living in the area For instance the development of new reservoirs increases the level of mercury in lakes and rivers which works up the food chain 109 It temporarily increases the emission of greenhouse gases from reservoirs 110 and contributes to shoreline erosion In addition hydroelectric facilities transform the human environment They create new obstacles to navigation flood traditional hunting and trapping grounds force people to change their eating habits due to the elevated mercury content of some species of fish destroy invaluable artifacts that would help trace the human presence on the territory and disrupt the society and culture of Aboriginal people living near the facilities Since the early 1970s Hydro Quebec has been aware of the environmental externalities of its operations The adoption of a Quebec statute on environmental quality in 1972 the cancellation of Champigny Project a planned pumped storage plant in the Jacques Cartier River valley in 1973 and the James Bay negotiations leading to the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement in 1975 forced the company to reconsider its practices 111 To address environmental concerns Hydro Quebec established an environmental protection committee in 1970 and an Environmental Management unit in September 1973 112 Its mandate is to study and measure the environmental effects of the company prepare impact assessment and develop mitigation strategies for new and existing facilities while conducting research projects in these areas in cooperation with the scientific community Effects on the natural environment edit nbsp The caribou population near major reservoirs in northern Quebec has increased between 1970 and 2000 113 In the late 1970s the company set up a network of 27 monitoring stations to measure the effects of the James Bay Project 114 which provide a wealth of data on northern environments The first 30 years of studies in the James Bay area have confirmed that mercury levels in fish increase by 3 to 6 times over the first 5 to 10 years after the flooding of a reservoir but then gradually revert to their initial values after 20 to 30 years These results confirm similar studies conducted elsewhere in Canada the United States and Finland 113 Research also found that it is possible to reduce human exposure to mercury even when fish constitutes a significant part of a population s diet Exposure risks can be mitigated without overly reducing the consumption of fish simply by avoiding certain species and fishing spots 113 Despite the fact that the transformation of a terrestrial environment into an aquatic environment constitutes a major change and that flooding leads to the displacement or death of nonmigratory animals the riparian environments lost through flooding are partially replaced by new ones on the exposed banks of reduced flow rivers The biological diversity of reservoir islands is comparable to other islands in the area and the reservoir drawdown zone is used by a variety of wildlife The population of migratory species of interest such as the caribou have even increased to the point where the hunt has been expanded 115 Emissions of greenhouse gases GHG rise significantly for a few years after reservoir impoundment and then stabilize after 10 years to a level similar to that of surrounding lakes 110 Gross GHG emissions of reservoirs in the James Bay area fluctuate around 30 000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent per TWh of generated power 116 Hydro Quebec claims its hydroelectric plants release 35 times less GHG than comparable gas fired plants and 70 times less than coal fired ones and that they constitute the option with the best performance overall 110 Social effects and sustainable development edit nbsp Of all Cree communities Chisasibi was most affected by the James Bay hydroelectric development project 113 Crees living on Fort George island resettled to the new village on the left bank of La Grande River in 1980 1981 Another major environmental concern relates to the population of areas affected by hydroelectric development specifically the Innu of the North Shore and the Cree and Inuit in Northern Quebec The hydroelectric developments of the last quarter of the 20th century have accelerated the settling process among Aboriginal populations that started in the 1950s Among the reasons cited for the increased adoption of a sedentary lifestyle among these peoples are the establishment of Aboriginal businesses the introduction of paid labor and the flooding of traditional trapping and fishing lands by the new reservoirs along with the operation of social and education services run by the communities themselves under the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement 115 Some native communities particularly the Crees have come to a point where they increasingly resemble the industrialized society of the South notes a Hydro Quebec report summarizing the research conducted in the area between 1970 and 2000 The report adds that a similar phenomenon was observed after the construction of roads and hydroelectric plants near isolated communities in northern Canada and Scandinavia However growing social problems and rising unemployment have followed the end of the large construction projects in the 1990s The report concludes that future economic and social development in the area will largely depend on the desire for cooperation among the various players 115 After the strong rejection of the Suroit project and its subsequent cancellation in November 2004 Hydro Quebec under the leadership of its new CEO Thierry Vandal reaffirmed Hydro Quebec s commitment towards energy efficiency hydropower and development of alternative energy 117 Since then Hydro Quebec regularly stresses three criteria for any new hydroelectric development undertaken by the company projects must be cost effective environmentally acceptable and well received by the communities 71 Hydro Quebec has also taken part in a series of sustainable development initiatives since the late 1980s Its approach is based on three principles economic development social development and environmental protection 118 Since 2007 the company adheres to the Global Reporting Initiative 119 which governs the collection and publication of sustainability performance information The company employs 250 professionals and managers in the environmental field and has implemented an ISO 14001 certified environmental management system 120 Additionally the Innu Nation filed a 4 billion claim against Hydro Quebec in October 2020 to receive compensation for damages caused by the Churchill Falls Generating Station 121 Rates and customers editQuebec market edit Operating statistics as of December 31 2010 and 2011 122 Number of customers Sales in Quebec GWh Revenue C M Average annual consumption kWh 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010Residential and farm 3 746 397 3 698 169 62 748 59 534 4 536 4 302 16 857 16 205General and institutional 291 212 300 163 33 569 33 865 2 599 2 648 113 529 113 347Industrial 18 573 9 589 67 621 68 439 3 262 3 185 4 802 287 7 049 027Others 4 013 3 868 6 028 7 647 323 371 1 529 755 2 033 506Total 4 060 195 4 011 789 169 966 169 495 10 720 10 506 nbsp Evolution of Hydro Quebec residential rates turquoise and the Quebec Consumer price index dark blue between 1998 and 2011 At the end of 2010 Hydro Quebec served 4 060 195 customers 122 grouped into three broad categories residential and farm D Rate commercial and institutional G Rate and industrial M and L rates The Other category includes public lighting systems and municipal distribution systems About a dozen distribution rates are set annually by the Regie de l energie after public hearings Pricing is based on the cost of delivery which includes the cost of supply and transmission depreciation on fixed assets and provisions for the maintenance of facilities customer growth and a profit margin Rates are uniform throughout Quebec and are based on consumer type and volume of consumption All rates vary in block to mitigate any cross subsidization effect between residential commercial and industrial customers Hydro Quebec retail rates are among the lowest in North America 123 After a five year rate freeze between May 1 1998 and January 1 2004 124 the Regie granted rate increases on 8 occasions between 2004 and 2010 for a total of 18 4 125 More recently the regulator ordered two successive rate rollbacks in 2011 0 4 and 2012 0 5 However rates are expected to go up by 3 7 a year from 2014 to 2018 to reflect a gradual increase of heritage pool electricity announced in the 2010 Quebec budget 126 Residential customers edit nbsp Electric heating accounts for more than half of the electricity used by residential customers in Quebec according to Hydro Quebec The average consumption of residential and agricultural customers is relatively high at 16 857 kWh per year in 2011 122 because of the widespread use of electricity as the main source of space 77 and water heating 90 127 Hydro Quebec estimates that heating accounts for more than one half of the electricity demand in the residential sector 128 This preference for electric heating makes electricity demand more unpredictable but offers some environmental benefits Despite Quebec s very cold climate in winter greenhouse gases emissions in the residential sector accounted for only 5 5 4 65 Mt CO2 eq of all emissions in Quebec in 2006 Emissions from the residential sector in Quebec fell by 30 between 1990 and 2006 129 Residential use of electricity fluctuates from one year to another and is strongly correlated with the weather Contrary to the trend in neighboring networks Hydro Quebec s system is winter peaking A new all time consumption record was set on January 23 2013 with a load of 38 910 MW 130 Previous records were established on January 24 2011 with 37 717 MW on January 16 2009 with a load of 37 230 MW 131 132 and on January 15 2004 when peak reached 36 268 MW 133 nbsp A Hydro Quebec digital power meter The price of electricity for residences and farms includes a 40 64 daily subscription fee and two price levels depending on consumption The rates are all included power transmission and distribution costs but are subject to the Goods and Services Tax GST and the Quebec Sales Tax QST 134 As of April 1 2012 customers pay 5 32 kWh for the first 30 daily kWh while the remainder is sold at 7 51 kWh 135 The average monthly bill for a residential customer was approximately C 100 in 2008 136 Electric meter readings are usually conducted every two months and bills are bimonthly However the company offers an optional Equalized Payment Plan allowing residential customers to pay their annual electricity costs in 12 monthly installments based on past consumption patterns of the current customer address and the average temperature in that location 137 In 2007 Hydro Quebec pulled out of a Canadian government initiative to install smart meters across the province stating that it would be too costly to deliver real savings 138 Since then Hydro Quebec organized a 2 year pilot project involving 2 000 customers in 4 cities with time of use metering A report filed with the Regie de l energie in the summer of 2010 concluded that the effect of marginal cost pricing with three levels of pricing in the winter would lead to minimal load and energy savings 139 The company intends to gradually phase in Advanced Metering Infrastructure AMI between 2011 and 2017 Early efforts will focus on meter data transfer connect disconnect outage detection and theft reduction 140 Industrial customers edit nbsp Rio Tinto Alcan s Laterriere smelter in Saguenay Large industrial users especially the metallurgy and the pulp and paper industries use 40 6 of all electricity sold in Quebec For more than a century industrial development in Quebec has been stimulated by the abundance of hydroelectric resources Energy represents a significant expenditure in the pulp and paper and aluminum sectors two industries with long standing traditions in Quebec In 2010 industrial customers purchased 68 4 TWh from Hydro Quebec representing 40 4 of all electricity sold by the company on the domestic market 141 nbsp The Smurfit Stone paper mill in La Tuque The Quebec government uses low electricity rates to attract new business and consolidate existing jobs Despite its statutory obligation to sell electric power to every person who so requests the province has reserved the right to grant large load allocations to companies on a case by case basis since 1974 The threshold was set at 175 MW from 1987 to 2006 142 and was reduced to 50 MW in the government s 2006 2015 energy strategy 143 Large industrial users pay a lower rate than the domestic and commercial customers because of lower distribution costs In 2010 the largest industrial users the Rate L customers were paying an average of 4 66 kWh whereas companies with special contracts paid 3 07 kWh 144 In 1987 Hydro Quebec and the Quebec government agreed to a series of controversial deals with aluminum giants Alcan and Alcoa These risk sharing contracts set the price of electricity based on a series of factors including aluminum world prices and the value of the Canadian dollar 145 Those agreements are gradually being replaced by one based on published rates On May 10 2007 the Quebec government signed an agreement with Alcan The agreement which is still in force despite the company s merger with Rio Tinto Group renews the water rights concession on the Saguenay and Peribonka rivers In exchange Alcan has agreed to invest in its Quebec facilities and to maintain jobs and its corporate headquarters in Montreal 146 On December 19 2008 Hydro Quebec and Alcoa signed a similar agreement This agreement which expires in 2040 maintains the provision of electricity to Alcoa s three aluminum smelters in the province located in Baie Comeau Becancour and Deschambault Grondines In addition the deal will allow Alcoa to modernize the Baie Comeau plant which will increase its production capacity by 110 000 tonnes a year to a total of 548 000 tonnes 147 Several economists including Universite Laval s Jean Thomas Bernard and Gerard Belanger have challenged the government s strategy and argue that sales to large industrial customers are very costly to the Quebec economy In an article published in 2008 the researchers estimate that under the current regime a job in a new aluminum smelter or an expansion project costs the province between C 255 357 and C 729 653 a year when taking into consideration the money that could be made by selling the excess electricity on the New York market 148 This argument is disputed by large industrial customers who point out that data from 2000 to 2006 indicate that electricity exports prices get lower when quantities increase and vice versa We find that the more we export the less lucrative it gets said Luc Boulanger the head of the association representing Quebec s large industrial customers In his opinion the high volatility of electricity markets and the transmission infrastructure physical limitations reduce the quantities of electricity that can be exported when prices are higher 149 Hydro Quebec gained attention with Bitcoin miners in 2018 after the crackdown on mining in China 150 The province has an energy surplus equivalent to 10 Terawatt hours per year 150 Export markets edit This article is missing information about plans on construction of a line connecting the Hydro Quebec system to Maine Please expand the article to include this information Further details may exist on the talk page March 2021 Hydro Quebec exports and brokerage activities in Canada and the United States 2010 2017 151 71 152 153 154 155 156 157 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010Exports TWh note 3 34 4 32 6 29 3 25 4 30 8 30 1 20 8 12 6Revenue M 1 651 1 626 1 700 1 629 1 525 1 191 1 397 1 513 nbsp Part of the electricity used in Boston comes from the remote dams in the James Bay area Hydro Quebec sells part of its surplus electricity to neighbouring systems in Canada and the United States under long term contracts and transactions on the New England New York and Ontario bulk energy markets In 2017 net exports revenues were at 1 651 million for a total of 34 4 TWh sent to New England 53 New York 23 Ontario 13 and other 5 158 159 Although most export sales are now short term transactions Hydro Quebec has entered into long term export contracts in the past The corporation has 15 interconnections to neighboring markets In 1990 the company signed a 328 MW deal with a group of 13 electric distributors in Vermont On March 11 2010 Vermont s two largest utilities Green Mountain Power and Central Vermont Public Service entered into a tentative 26 year deal with Hydro Quebec to purchase up to 225 MW of hydro power from 2012 to 2038 The memorandum of understanding provides for a price smoothing mechanism shielding Vermont customers from market price spikes The deal is contingent upon the enactment designating large hydro as renewable energy 160 In 2015 Hydro Quebec and the Ontario Independent Electricity System Operator IESO signed a 500 MW seasonal capacity sharing agreement Ontario has increased capacity in the Winter and shortages in the summer Quebec has increased capacity in the summer and shortages in the Winter Thus the agreement serves as to achieve an cost effective solution for both provinces Furthermore in 2016 IESO and Hydro Quebec signed a new long term agreement starting in 2017 until 2023 The deal will send 2TWh per year to Ontario On the other hand Quebec should receive capacity from Ontario during Winter s peak demand 161 Presidents editList of presidents for Hydro Quebec 162 Rank Name Nomination date1st Telesphore Damien Bouchard April 15 19442nd L Eugene Potvin June 29 19443rd J Arthur Savoie June 1 19554th Jean Claude Lessard September 7 19605th Roland Giroux August 1 19696th Robert A Boyd 19777th Lucien Saulnier 19788th Guy Coulombe January 15 19829th Richard Drouin May 2 198810th Yvon Martineau 199511th Benoit Michel December 1 199512th Andre Caille October 1 199613th Thierry Vandal April 5 200514th Eric Martel June 3 201515th Sophie Brochu April 1 2020From 1944 to 1978 management of Hydro Quebec consisted of five commissioners one of them acting as president See also edit nbsp Canada portal nbsp Energy portal nbsp Renewable Energy portal nbsp Companies portalEdifice Hydro Quebec James Bay Project Hydro Quebec s electricity transmission system Timeline of Quebec historyFootnotes edit This table excludes 23 thermal and 1 hydroelectric plant owned and operated by Hydro Quebec Distribution This number includes the 5 200 MW Churchill Falls lines which have no export capability 1 TWh 1 billion kWh References edit Hydro Quebec The Board of Directors Reflecting the diversity of our operations Retrieved November 21 2018 Bloomberg News Company Overview of Hydro Quebec Bloomberg News Retrieved November 21 2018 a b c d e Clean energy to power us all Annual Report 2018 PDF Hydro Quebec Retrieved May 10 2019 a b Quebec key to cutting New England power costs Maine governor ca reuters com Retrieved March 15 2016 Hydro Quebec Logo Design and History of Hydro Quebec Logo www famouslogos us Retrieved March 26 2016 Hydro Quebec at a Glance Who Are We Hydro Quebec www hydroquebec com Archived from the original on March 7 2016 Retrieved March 15 2016 a b Latouche Daniel Adelard Godbout The Canadian Encyclopedia Retrieved March 26 2016 1945 1959 Hydro Quebec s First Triumphs History of Electricity in Quebec Hydro Quebec www hydroquebec com Retrieved March 26 2016 Jobin Carol 1978 Les enjeux economiques de la nationalisation de l electricite 1962 1963 Montreal Editions cooperatives Albert Saint Martin p 29 Boyd Robert 1995 Hydro Quebec autres temps autres defis Sainte Foy Quebec Presses de l Universite du Quebec pp 97 103 ISBN 2 7605 0809 9 Turgeon 1992 p 110 a b Enthusiastic Lesage says BC loan is good for business The Canadian Press 1964 ProQuest 2240519248 Retrieved March 13 2023 1960 1979 The Second Nationalization History of electricity in Quebec Hydro Quebec www hydroquebec com Retrieved March 26 2016 Sood Vijay K Spring 2006 IEEE Milestone 40th Anniversary of 735 kV Transmission System PDF IEEE Canadian Review 6 7 Retrieved March 14 2009 Hydro Quebec Historica Canada Retrieved March 27 2016 Speaking notes from an address by Brian Tobin Premier s Address on Churchill Falls to the Empire Club Toronto Government of Newfoundland and Labrador November 19 1996 Retrieved June 9 2010 1980 1996 A Time of Uncertainty History of Electricity in Quebec Hydro Quebec www hydroquebec com Retrieved March 28 2016 International Energy Agency 2004 p 127 1997 Renewed Growth History of electricity in Quebec Hydro Quebec www hydroquebec com Retrieved March 28 2016 Societe d energie de la Baie James www hydroquebec com Retrieved March 28 2016 Hydroelectric generating stations Hydro Quebec Production www hydroquebec com Retrieved March 28 2016 Hydro Quebec November 14 2001 Annual Report 2017 PDF Vol 133 no 46 Quebec City Hydro Quebec pp 7705 7725 Retrieved October 11 2018 National Assembly of Quebec An Act respecting the Regie de l energie R S Q c R 6 01 Retrieved March 14 2009 Hydro Quebec Distribution December 16 2008 Respect du critere de fiabilite en puissance bilan du Distributeur pour l annee 2008 2009 PDF Regie de l energie du Quebec p 12 Retrieved March 27 2009 Government of Quebec November 14 2001 Decret 1277 2001 du 24 octobre 2001 concernant les caracteristiques de l approvisionnement des marches quebecois en electricite patrimoniale PDF Gazette officielle du Quebec in French Vol 133 no 46 Quebec City Government of Quebec pp 7705 7725 Retrieved October 24 2009 Hydro Quebec November 14 2001 Annual Report 2017 PDF Vol 133 no 46 Quebec City Hydro Quebec pp 7705 7725 Retrieved October 11 2018 Hydro Quebec 2011a p 90 Bolduc 2000 p 245 Boyer Marcel Garcia Claude August 2007 Privatising Hydro Quebec An idea worth exploring PDF Montreal Economic Institute Retrieved May 5 2009 Garcia 2009 Radio Canada November 8 2008 Faut il privatiser Hydro Quebec 2008 in French Retrieved March 18 2009 Leger Marketing November 10 2008 Leger Marketing Journal de Montreal TVA The Gazette Poll Analysis Report PDF Archived from the original PDF on March 27 2009 Retrieved November 23 2009 Lepage Guy A November 16 2008 Tout le monde en parle interview Radio Canada Retrieved April 11 2009 Lessard Denis February 4 2009 Privatisation d Hydro pas dans les cartons du gouvernement La Presse in French Montreal Retrieved March 19 2009 Fortin Pierre September 15 2008 Vive l electricite plus chere L actualite in French Archived from the original on December 8 2009 Retrieved January 7 2010 Bernard Jean Thomas April 2005 Le marche quebecois de l electricite a la croisee des chemins PDF Groupe de recherche en economie de l energie de l environnement et des ressources naturelles GREEN Universite Laval p 17 Archived from the original PDF on July 6 2011 Retrieved April 11 2009 Allaire Yvan September 10 2007 Privatiser Hydro Quebec Le Devoir in French Montreal Retrieved January 7 2010 Tremblay Bertrand March 10 2009 Non a la privatisation Le Quotidien in French Retrieved January 7 2010 Lauzon Leo Paul 1994 Continuer a privatiser Hydro Quebec ou consolider ses operations PDF Archived from the original PDF on July 6 2011 Retrieved March 18 2009 Sainte Marie Gabriel February 27 2009 Vendre Hydro ne regle rien Le Soleil in French Retrieved March 18 2009 a b Hydro Qubebec 2014 Hydro Quebec s electricity facts Energy Supplies and Air Emissions PDF Archived from the original PDF on March 6 2016 Retrieved May 18 2014 Hydro Quebec 2011a p 8 Government of Quebec 2002 p Hydro Quebec Discover our Hydroelectric Facilities Archived from the original on March 17 2008 Retrieved May 6 2009 CBC News October 3 2012 Quebec nuclear reactor shutdown will cost 1 8 billion Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Retrieved October 4 2012 Gregoire Racicot Louise November 4 2011 Sorel Tracy Hydro Quebec ferme la centrale thermique La Voix in French Sorel Tracy Quebec Archived from the original on March 18 2014 Retrieved January 15 2013 Hydro Quebec 2012a p 114 Hydro Quebec 2011a p 12 Hydro Quebec 2011a p 92 Hydro Quebec 2010a p 10 Hydro Quebec 2021a p 122 Hafsi 2001 pp 561 562 a b Fairley Peter April 2005 TransEnergie Playing Two Power Games Technology Review Retrieved March 21 2009 Hydro Quebec TransEnergie Discover Hydro Quebec TransEnergie and its system Profile Archived from the original on August 3 2009 Retrieved March 14 2009 Dutrisac Robert April 3 2009 Nouvelle entente avec Hydro Quebec Terre Neuve vendra son electricite directement aux Americains Le Devoir in French Montreal Retrieved April 3 2009 Lessard Denis April 3 2009 Fragile entente avec Terre Neuve sur Churchill Falls La Presse in French Montreal Archived from the original on April 6 2009 Retrieved April 3 2009 Reliability Coordinator for Quebec Reliability Functional Model for North America Hydro Quebec TransEnergie Archived from the original on June 5 2011 Retrieved March 20 2009 Hydro Quebec 2012a p 14 Hydro Quebec TransEnergie Hydro Quebec TransEnergie Retrieved March 29 2012 a b Hydro Quebec June 2007 315 230 kV Outaouais Substation Start of Work PDF Archived from the original PDF on November 20 2008 Retrieved March 20 2009 U S Canada Power System Outage Task Force April 2004 6 The Cascade Stage of the Blackout Final Report on the August 14 2003 Blackout in the United States and Canada Causes and Recommendations PDF Washington DC amp Ottawa p 93 Retrieved March 20 2009 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Hydro Quebec TransEnergie Discover Hydro Quebec TransEnergie and its system Features of Our Transmission System Archived from the original on November 2 2007 Retrieved March 14 2009 Hydro Quebec 2012a p 15 Northern Pass Transmission 2010 Route Information Northern Pass Transmission LLC Archived from the original on December 20 2010 Retrieved October 13 2010 Dillon John October 8 2010 New Transmission Line Reaches Milestone Vermont Public Radio Retrieved October 12 2010 Alspach Kyle October 5 2010 NStar to build hydro power line Boston Business Journal Retrieved October 12 2010 Constant Kenny October 13 2010 Energy project unveiled impact called staggering The Citizen of Laconia Laconia NH Retrieved October 13 2010 permanent dead link Penty Rebecca November 14 2009 U S calls power line a landmark investment Telegraph Journal Saint John NB p C1 Retrieved November 14 2009 Hydro Quebec 2011a p 20 Association des redistributeurs d electricite du Quebec Membres de l AREQ in French Archived from the original on June 20 2009 Retrieved March 14 2009 a b c Hydro Quebec April 2008 2007 Annual Report Green Energy PDF Montreal p 124 ISBN 978 2 550 52014 6 Archived from the original PDF on June 5 2011 Retrieved May 7 2009 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Hydro Quebec Distribution Electricity Supply Contracts by Technology Archived from the original on November 20 2008 Retrieved March 15 2009 Morin Annie April 7 2011 Quebec veut que le quart des autos vendues en 2020 soient electriques Le Soleil in French Retrieved February 3 2021 Francoeur Louis Gille June 17 2011 Voitures electriques Hydro jette les bases d un reseau de bornes de recharge Le Devoir in French Retrieved February 3 2021 Inauguration du Circuit electrique les premieres bornes de recharge publiques sont disponibles PDF Ministere de l Energie et des Ressources naturelles March 30 2012 Retrieved February 3 2021 Cadieux Andre Anne April 12 2012 Circuit electrique inauguration des premieres bornes Novae in French Retrieved February 3 2021 Raymond Paul Robert September 29 2014 Premiere borne de recharge rapide entre Montreal et Quebec Le Soleil in French Retrieved February 3 2021 Hydro Quebec annual report 2019 PDF p 19 Gauthier Johanne October 2007 L IREQ leader de l innovation technologique a Hydro Quebec PDF Choc in French Vol 25 no 2 pp 26 29 Retrieved March 20 2009 permanent dead link Hydro Quebec 2011a p 32 Hydro Quebec Technologie Hydro Quebec Research Institute Retrieved May 16 2009 Hydro Quebec Technologie Our Innovation Avenues Archived from the original on July 4 2008 Retrieved May 6 2009 Ouellet Danielle Fortier Alain Winter 1993 1994 Hydro Quebec and its partners in research and development Forces No 104 pp 31 33 ISSN 0015 6957 Hydro Quebec Technologie Energy Technology Laboratory LTE Archived from the original on May 30 2009 Retrieved March 18 2009 Templier Sebastien October 16 2009 Moteur electrique percee majeure chez Hydro Quebec La Presse in French Montreal Archived from the original on December 3 2009 Retrieved November 18 2009 Hydro Quebec 2011a p 36 37 Cardinal Francois November 19 2008 Une batterie dans les cartons d Hydro Quebec La Presse in French Montreal Archived from the original on July 6 2011 Retrieved March 28 2009 Lavallee Pierre April 15 2003 Pourrait on construire une voiture electrique au Quebec 5 sur 5 in French Radio Canada Event occurs at 0 09 30 Archived from the original on April 3 2009 Francoeur Louis Gilles January 15 2008 Volvo sur les traces d Hydro Le Devoir in French Montreal Retrieved January 7 2010 Provost Gilles Gelinas Pascal March 9 1997 La Voiture electrique d Hydro Decouverte in French Radio Canada Retrieved March 30 2009 TM4 Electrodynamic Systems History Archived from the original on March 9 2010 Retrieved October 9 2010 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Radio Canada September 22 2006 Voiture electrique Moteur quebecois fabrication etrangere in French Retrieved March 18 2009 Hydro Quebec January 15 2009 TM4 partners with Tata Motors and Miljo in electric vehicle demonstration project Retrieved May 6 2009 Francoeur Louis Gilles January 16 2009 Hydro Quebec est en voiture Le Devoir in French Montreal Retrieved January 7 2009 Hydro Quebec May 13 2009 The Romaine Hydroelectric Complex Premier Charest launches largest construction project in Canada CNW Group Retrieved May 13 2009 Hydro Quebec Projet du complexe de la Romaine En bref in French Retrieved March 14 2009 Francoeur Louis Gilles March 11 2009 Une autre riviere a harnacher dans la mire de Jean Charest Le Devoir in French Montreal Retrieved January 7 2010 Hydro Quebec 2009a p 19 Cloutier 1984 pp 172 174 Hydro Quebec June 16 2006 Transelec Chile Hydro Quebec sells its stake for C 1 7 billion Press release Retrieved January 7 2010 Enel acquires joint stake in Fortuna Business News America August 4 2006 Retrieved January 7 2010 a b Hydro Quebec 2000 Annual Report 1999 All our energy for you PDF Montreal Hydro Quebec p 102 ISBN 2 550 35575 X Archived from the original PDF on April 7 2004 Retrieved January 10 2010 Societe nationale d electricite du Senegal Histoire in French Retrieved March 14 2009 Hydro Quebec July 30 2004 Hydro Quebec International Sells its Stake in Meiya Power Company Limited of China for US 84 6 Million Retrieved January 7 2010 Presse canadienne May 19 2006 Il y a un peu d Hydro Quebec dans le barrage des Trois Gorges Le Soleil in French Dutrisac Robert October 24 2006 Un milliard au Fonds des generations Le Devoir in French Montreal Retrieved January 7 2010 Hydro Quebec Hydro Quebec to acquire 13 hydropower generating stations in New England news hydroquebec com Retrieved March 26 2024 Hydro Quebec 2003 8 Fish Communities PDF La Grande Hydroelectric Complex Hydro Quebec Archived from the original PDF on December 2 2008 Retrieved March 23 2009 Hydro Quebec The Issue of Mercury for Hydro Quebec Archived from the original on September 5 2008 Retrieved March 22 2009 a b c Hydro Quebec Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Hydroelectric Reservoirs Archived from the original on August 3 2009 Retrieved May 6 2009 Dubeau 1995 p 242 Dubeau 1995 p 241 a b c d Hayeur 2001 p 110 Dubeau 1995 p 243 a b c Hayeur 2001 p 89 Gagnon Luc January 2003 Comparing Power Generation Options PDF Hydro Quebec p 8 Archived from the original PDF on September 20 2009 Retrieved May 6 2009 Vandal 2005 p 236 Hydro Quebec Our Integrated Approach Defining Sustainable Development Archived from the original on April 22 2009 Retrieved May 6 2009 Hydro Quebec Adhering to the Global Reporting Initiative GRI Guidelines Summary Archived from the original on March 30 2009 Retrieved May 6 2009 Hydro Quebec 2008 Sustainability Report 2007 Sustainable Energy PDF Montreal p 44 ISBN 978 2 550 52018 4 Archived from the original PDF on June 5 2011 Retrieved May 7 2009 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Fifty year old bill comes due Past Due 2022 Retrieved February 13 2022 a b c Hydro Quebec 2012a p 96 Fitch Rates Hydro Quebec s US 3B Medium Term Note Program AA Outlook Stable Press release Fitch Ratings January 31 2012 Retrieved March 11 2012 Hydro Quebec 2003 Strategic Plan 2004 2008 PDF Montreal Hydro Quebec p 220 ISBN 2 550 41592 2 Archived from the original PDF on June 5 2011 Retrieved May 7 2009 Bourque Olivier August 3 2010 Pas de hausse de tarifs pour Hydro l an prochain Argent in French Archived from the original on June 4 2012 Retrieved March 11 2012 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint unfit URL link Moore Lynn March 9 2012 Hydro Quebec ordered to roll back its rates Global Montreal Retrieved March 11 2012 Hydro Quebec 2012b p 14 Hydro Quebec Factors that Influence your Consumption Hydro Quebec Archived from the original on December 20 2012 Retrieved January 7 2010 Government of Quebec November 2008 Inventaire quebecois des emissions de gaz a effet de serre en 2006 et evolution depuis 1990 PDF in French Quebec Department of Sustainable Development Environment and Parks Archived from the original PDF on June 16 2011 Retrieved March 19 2009 CBC News January 23 2013 Quebec hits all time high for power consumption during cold snap CBC ca Retrieved January 23 2013 Hydro Quebec 2010a p 20 Vague de froid Hydro prevoit une pointe de consommation historique Le Soleil in French Quebec City January 23 2011 Retrieved January 23 2011 Belair Cirino Marco January 16 2009 Froid siberien Le reseau d Hydro pousse a son extreme limite Le Devoir in French Montreal Retrieved January 7 2010 Hydro Quebec Regular bill Archived from the original on August 15 2012 Retrieved September 4 2010 Hydro Quebec April 2012 Rate D Domestic rate residential and farms Archived from the original on December 20 2012 Retrieved May 9 2012 Regie de l energie du Quebec March 6 2009 La Regie de l energie rend sa decision relative a la demande de modifier les tarifs d Hydro Quebec dans ses activites de distribution en appliquant une hausse tarifaire de 1 2 a compter du 1er avril 2009 PDF in French Retrieved March 18 2009 Hydro Quebec Distribution Equalized Payments Plan and Authorized Payment Archived from the original on April 29 2009 Retrieved May 6 2009 CBC News December 10 2007 Hydro Quebec shelves smart meters Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Retrieved May 6 2009 Hydro Quebec Distribution August 2 2010 HQD 12 Document 6 Rapport final du Projet Tarifaire Heure Juste PDF in French Regie de l energie du Quebec Retrieved January 17 2011 Wright Kristen December 2010 Electric Light amp Power 2010 Utility of the Year Hydro Quebec Electric Light amp Power Vol 88 no 6 Archived from the original on March 17 2012 Retrieved January 17 2011 Hydro Quebec 2011a p 97 Regie de l energie du Quebec May 30 2005 Avis de la Regie de l energie sur la distribution d electricite aux grands consommateurs industriels A 2005 01 PDF in French Montreal p 96 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Government of Quebec 2006 p 24 Hydro Quebec Distribution May 20 2011 Rapport annuel 2010 HQD 10 document 2 Historique des ventes des produits des ventes des abonnements et de la consommation PDF in French p 10 Retrieved March 9 2012 Couture Pierre August 28 2008 Les alumineries coutent cher a Hydro Quebec plus de 3 milliards Le Soleil in French Quebec City Retrieved March 18 2009 Gouvernement du Quebec August 7 2007 Le projet d acquisition d Alcan par Rio Tinto respecte les accords qui lient Alcan et le gouvernement du Quebec Quebec Department of Economic Development Innovation and Exports Retrieved March 19 2009 permanent dead link Presse canadienne December 20 2008 Alcoa et Hydro Quebec ont renouvele des ententes jusqu en 2040 Le Devoir in French Montreal Retrieved January 7 2010 Belanger amp Bernard 2008 Boulanger 2008 a b Lampert Allison January 12 2018 Chinese bitcoin miners eye sites in energy rich Canada Reuters Retrieved January 14 2018 Hydro Quebec 2012a p 97 Hydro Quebec 2003 Annual Report 2002 Energy is Our Business PDF Montreal Hydro Quebec p 115 ISBN 2 550 40534 X Archived from the original PDF on April 7 2004 Retrieved January 10 2010 Hydro Quebec Annual Report 2013 PDF Montreal Hydro Quebec p 124 Archived from the original PDF on December 13 2018 Retrieved October 14 2018 Hydro Quebec Annual Report 2015 PDF Montreal Hydro Quebec p 124 Archived from the original PDF on May 20 2015 Retrieved October 14 2018 Hydro Quebec Annual Report 2015 PDF Montreal Hydro Quebec p 124 Retrieved October 14 2018 Hydro Quebec Annual Report 2016 PDF Montreal Hydro Quebec p 124 Retrieved October 14 2018 Hydro Quebec Annual Report 2017 PDF Hydro Quebec p 124 Retrieved October 14 2018 Hydro Quebec Annual Report 2017 PDF Montreal Hydro Quebec p 124 Retrieved October 14 2018 Hydro Quebec North America s leading provider of clean energy Press release Hydro Quebec October 14 2018 Governor Premier announce preliminary Vermont Hydro Quebec agreement Press release Hydro Quebec March 11 2010 Retrieved October 6 2010 Exchange with Ontario Press release Hydro Quebec October 14 2018 Liste des Presidents d Hydro Quebec in French Archived from the original on March 3 2016 Retrieved June 6 2015 Further reading editArchambault Jean Jacques 1984 Une technologie maitrisee In Couture Marcel ed Hydro Quebec Des premiers defis a l aube de l an 2000 in French Montreal Forces Libre expression pp 125 137 ISBN 2 89111 191 5 Belanger Michel 1995 Les actions d Hydo Quebec a vendre In Belanger Yves Comeau Robert eds Hydro Quebec Autres temps autres defis Sainte Foy Presses de l Universite du Quebec pp 89 95 ISBN 2 7605 0809 9 Bellavance Claude 1995 Un long mouvement d appropriation de la premiere a la seconde nationalisation In Belanger Yves Comeau Robert eds Hydro Quebec Autres temps autres defis in French Sainte Foy Quebec Presses de l Universite du Quebec pp 71 78 ISBN 2 7605 0809 9 Bolduc Andre 2000 Du genie au pouvoir Robert A Boyd a la gouverne d Hydro Quebec aux years glorieuses in French Montreal Libre Expression ISBN 2 89111 829 4 Government of Quebec 2006 Using energy to build the Quebec of tomorrow PDF Quebec City Quebec Department of Natural Ressources and Wildlife ISBN 2 550 46952 6 Archived from the original PDF on July 20 2011 Bolduc Andre Hogue Clarence Larouche Daniel 1989 Hydro Quebec After 100 Years of Electricity in French Montreal Libre Expression Boutin Vicky 2004 La saga du Suroit In Venne Michel ed L annuaire du Quebec 2005 in French Montreal Fides pp 554 557 ISBN 2 7621 2568 5 Boyd Robert A 1995 Cinquante ans au service du consommateur In Belanger Yves Comeau Robert eds Hydro Quebec Autres temps autres defis in French Sainte Foy Quebec Presses de l Universite du Quebec pp 97 103 ISBN 2 7605 0809 9 Bureau d audiences publiques sur l environnement 2000 Rapport 144 Ligne a 735 kV Saint Cesaire Hertel et poste de la Monteregie PDF in French Quebec City Bureau d audiences publiques sur l environnement p 111 ISBN 2 550 36846 0 Archived from the original PDF on February 13 2012 Retrieved May 7 2009 Cloutier Gilles G 1984 Le rayonnement d Hydro Quebec In Couture Marcel ed Hydro Quebec Des premiers defis a l aube de l an 2000 in French Montreal Forces Libre expression pp 166 175 ISBN 2 89111 191 5 Dubeau Daniel 1995 Le souci constant de l environnement chez Hydro Quebec In Belanger Yves Comeau Robert eds Hydro Quebec Autres temps autres defis Sainte Foy Presses de l Universite du Quebec pp 241 254 ISBN 2 7605 0809 9 Fleury Jean Louis 1999 Les coureurs de lignes l histoire du transport de l electricite au Quebec in French Montreal Stanke ISBN 2 7604 0552 4 Gallichan Gilles 1995 De la Montreal Light Heat and Power a Hydro Quebec In Belanger Yves Comeau Robert eds Hydro Quebec Autres temps autres defis in French Sainte Foy Presses de l Universite du Quebec pp 63 70 ISBN 2 7605 0809 9 Garcia Claude February 2009 How would the privatisation of Hydro Quebec would make Quebecers richer PDF Montreal Economic Institute ISBN 978 2 922687 25 5 Retrieved May 5 2009 Government of Quebec 2002 Water Our Life Our Future Quebec Water Policy PDF Quebec City Quebec Department of Sustainable Development the Environment and Parks ISBN 2 550 40076 3 Gravel Pierre Vennat Pierre 1979 Robert Bourassa Il ne sera pas dit que nous vivrons pauvrement sur une terre aussi riche In Leroux Roger ed La Baie James projet du siecle in French Montreal La Presse pp 5 6 International Energy Agency 2004 Canada 2004 Review PDF Energy Policies of IEA Countries Paris International Energy Agency p 127 ISBN 92 64 10801 7 Archived from the original PDF on January 31 2018 Retrieved January 1 2019 Jobin Carol 1978 Les enjeux economiques de la nationalisation de l electricite 1962 1963 in French Montreal Editions cooperatives Albert Saint Martin Munich Re 2003 Failure of Public Utilities Risk Management and Insurance PDF Munich pp 6 7 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link permanent dead link Nalcor Energy 2009 Annual Report 2008 PDF St John s NL ISBN 978 2 550 55046 4 Archived from the original PDF on July 14 2011 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Norrie Kenneth Owram Douglas Emery J C Herbert 2008 A History of the Canadian Economy 4th ed Toronto Nelson ISBN 978 0 17 625250 2 North American Reliability Corporation November 2008 2008 2009 Winter Reliability Assessment PDF Princeton NJ Archived from the original PDF on February 18 2012 Retrieved March 3 2012 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Quebec Hydroelectric Commission Churchill Falls Labrador Corporation Limited 1969 Power Contract Between the Quebec Hydroelectric Commission and the Churchill Falls Labrador Corporation PDF Montreal Retrieved December 2 2009 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Regie de l energie du Quebec 2008 2007 2008 Annual Report Montreal p 4 ISBN 978 2 550 53010 7 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Savard Stephane 2013 Hydro Quebec et l etat quebecois 1944 2005 in French Quebec City Septentrion ISBN 978 2 89448 756 3 Smith Philip 1975 Brinco The story of Churchill Falls Toronto McClelland and Stewart p 372 ISBN 0 7710 8184 7 Societe d energie de la Baie James 1987 Complexe hydroelectrique de la Grande Riviere Realisation de la premiere phase in French Montreal Societe d energie de la Baie James Editions de la Cheneliere ISBN 2 89310 010 4 Trabandt Charles A January 14 2000 Le tarif de fourniture d electricite au Quebec et les options possibles pour introduire la concurrence dans la production d electricite in French New York Merrill Lynch Turgeon Pierre 1992 La Radissonie le pays de la baie James in French Montreal Libre Expression ISBN 2 89111 502 3 Vandal Thierry 2005 Le defi du developpement durable In Venne Michel Robitaille Antoine eds L annuaire du Quebec 2006 in French Montreal Fides pp 236 240 ISBN 2 7621 2646 0 Vermont Department of Public Service December 2011 Comprehensive Energy Plan 2011 Facts Analysis and Recommendations PDF Vol 2 Montpellier VT p 104 Retrieved May 16 2012 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link permanent dead link Williams Susan 1993 Hydro Quebec and the Great Whale Project Hydroelectric Development in Northern Quebec Washington D C Investor Responsibility Research Center ISBN 1 879775 15 8 Belanger Gerard Bernard Jean Thomas April 2008 Cout economique de l electricite vendue aux nouvelles alumineries PDF Policy Options in French 29 4 56 58 ISSN 0226 5893 Archived from the original PDF on February 19 2009 Retrieved March 15 2009 Bernard Jean Thomas Genest Laplante Eric Laplante Benoit 1992 Le cout d abandonner le projet Grande Baleine PDF Canadian Public Policy in French 18 2 153 167 doi 10 2307 3551421 JSTOR 3551421 Archived from the original PDF on January 6 2016 Retrieved March 16 2009 Boulanger Andre April 2008 Politique hydro electrique et developpement regional PDF Policy Options in French 29 4 59 62 ISSN 0226 5893 Archived from the original PDF on February 19 2009 Retrieved March 15 2009 Hafsi Taieb 2001 Fundamental Dynamics in Complex Organizational Change A Longitudinal Inquiry into Hydro Quebec s Management Long Range Planning 34 5 557 583 doi 10 1016 S0024 6301 01 00082 6 Langford Martha Whitney Debresson Chris 1992 The Role of Hydro Quebec in the Rise of Consulting Engineering in Montreal 1944 1992 An essay in oral history and company genealogy PDF Scientia Canadensis Canadian Journal of the History of Science Technology and Medicine 16 1 42 76 108 doi 10 7202 800343ar Retrieved January 4 2010 McNaughton W J W April 1960 Bersimis The Development of a River Canadian Geographical Journal 60 4 Ottawa Royal Canadian Geographical Society 114 135 Powers John M 2007 Profile Thierry Vandal President and CEO of Hydro Quebec Electric Light and Power Vol 85 no 4 p 28 Tremblay Alain Bastien Julie Bonneville Marie Claude et al September 12 16 2010 Net Greenhouse Gas Emissions at Eastmain 1 Reservoir Quebec Canada PDF World Energy Congress 2010 Montreal A43D 0263 Bibcode 2010AGUFM A43D0263S Retrieved October 31 2010 permanent dead link Hydro Quebec 2021a Annual Report 2020 PDF Montreal ISBN 978 2 550 88443 9 Archived pdf from the original on March 8 2021 Retrieved March 8 2020 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Hydro Quebec 2020a Annual Report 2019 PDF Montreal ISBN 978 2 550 85899 7 Archived pdf from the original on March 8 2021 Retrieved March 8 2020 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Hydro Quebec 2019a Annual Report 2018 PDF Montreal ISBN 978 2 550 83154 9 Archived pdf from the original on March 21 2020 Retrieved March 8 2020 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Hydro Quebec 2018a Annual Report 2017 PDF Montreal ISBN 978 2 550 80381 2 Archived pdf from the original on March 21 2020 Retrieved March 8 2020 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Hydro Quebec 2017a Annual Report 2016 PDF Montreal ISBN 978 2 550 77637 6 Archived pdf from the original on May 4 2018 Retrieved March 8 2020 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Hydro Quebec 2016a Annual Report 2015 PDF Montreal ISBN 978 2 550 74989 9 Archived pdf from the original on May 4 2018 Retrieved March 8 2020 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Hydro Quebec 2015a Annual Report 2014 PDF Montreal ISBN 978 2 550 72313 4 Archived pdf from the original on May 20 2015 Retrieved March 8 2020 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Hydro Quebec 2014a Annual Report 2013 PDF Montreal ISBN 978 2 550 69723 7 Archived pdf from the original on December 13 2018 Retrieved March 8 2020 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Hydro Quebec 2013a Annual Report 2012 PDF Montreal ISBN 978 2 550 66872 5 ISSN 0702 6706 Archived pdf from the original on August 17 2014 Retrieved March 8 2020 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Hydro Quebec 2012a Annual Report 2011 PDF Montreal ISBN 978 2 550 63872 8 ISSN 0702 6706 Archived from the original PDF on August 17 2014 Retrieved March 28 2011 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Hydro Quebec 2011a Annual Report 2010 PDF Montreal ISBN 978 2 550 60869 1 ISSN 0702 6706 Archived from the original PDF on June 5 2011 Retrieved March 23 2011 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Hydro Quebec 2010a Shaping The Future Annual Report 2009 PDF Montreal ISBN 978 2 550 58101 7 ISSN 0702 6706 Archived from the original PDF on June 5 2011 Retrieved April 8 2010 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Hydro Quebec 2012b Sustainability Report 2011 PDF Montreal ISBN 978 2 550 63876 6 Archived from the original PDF on May 20 2014 Retrieved May 7 2012 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Hydro Quebec March 2012c Financial Profile 2011 2012 PDF Montreal ISBN 978 2 550 63884 1 ISSN 0821 1760 Archived from the original PDF on May 26 2012 Retrieved March 29 2012 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a journal ignored help CS1 maint location missing publisher link Hydro Quebec October 2011d Comparison of Electricity Prices in Major North American Cities Rates effective April 1 2011 PDF Montreal ISBN 978 2 550 62677 0 Archived from the original PDF on December 16 2011 Retrieved March 11 2012 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Hydro Quebec July 2009a Strategic Plan 2009 2013 Energy efficiency renewable energies and technological innovation PDF Montreal ISBN 978 2 550 56207 8 Archived from the original PDF on June 5 2011 Retrieved January 10 2010 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Hydro Quebec July 2009b Sustainable Development Action Plan 2009 2013 PDF Montreal ISBN 978 2 550 55279 6 Archived from the original PDF on June 23 2013 Retrieved January 10 2010 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Hydro Quebec TransEnergie Installations de transport d energie au Quebec PDF Map August 2006 ed 1 1 500 000 in French Hydro Quebec Archived from the original PDF on March 8 2012 Retrieved August 14 2010 Hayeur Gaetan 2001 Summary of Knowledge Acquired in Northern Environments from 1970 to 2000 PDF Montreal Hydro Quebec ISBN 2 550 36964 5 Archived from the original PDF on March 26 2012 Retrieved June 25 2011 Lalancette Simon Leclerc Frank Turcotte David 2004 Selective Hedging with Market Views and Risk Limits the Case of Hydro Quebec The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 44 5 710 726 doi 10 1016 j qref 2004 02 001 Snider Bradley Spring 2006 Home heating and the environment PDF Canadian Social Trends Statistics Canada 17 21 Retrieved March 15 2009 Trudel G Gingras J P Pierre J R 2005 Designing a Reliable Power System Hydro Quebec s Integrated Approach Proceedings of the IEEE 93 5 907 917 doi 10 1109 jproc 2005 846332 S2CID 17178396 See also editKarim ZaghibExternal links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hydro Quebec Official website nbsp Hydro Quebec Act Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hydro Quebec amp oldid 1215713999, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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