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Huey Long

January 09, 2023

"The Kingfish" redirects here. For other uses, see Kingfish (disambiguation) and Huey Long (disambiguation).

Huey Pierce Long Jr. (August 30, 1893 – September 10, 1935), nicknamed "the Kingfish", was an American politician who served as the 40th governor of Louisiana from 1928 to 1932 and as a United States senator from 1932 until his assassination in 1935. He was a left-wing populist member of the Democratic Party and rose to national prominence during the Great Depression for his vocal criticism of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal, which Long deemed insufficiently radical. As the political leader of Louisiana, he commanded wide networks of supporters and often took forceful action. A controversial figure, Long is celebrated as a populist champion of the poor or, conversely, denounced as a fascistic demagogue.

Huey Long
United States Senator
from Louisiana
In office
January 25, 1932 – September 10, 1935
Preceded byJoseph E. Ransdell
Succeeded byRose McConnell Long
40th Governor of Louisiana
In office
May 21, 1928 – January 25, 1932
LieutenantPaul N. Cyr
Alvin King
Preceded byOramel H. Simpson
Succeeded byAlvin King
Personal details
Born(1893-08-30)August 30, 1893
Winnfield, Louisiana, U.S.
DiedSeptember 10, 1935(1935-09-10) (aged 42)
Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.
Manner of deathAssassination (gunshot wound)
Resting placeLouisiana State Capitol
Political partyDemocratic
Spouse
​
(m. 1913)​
Children3, including Russell
RelativesLong family
EducationOklahoma Baptist University
University of Oklahoma
Tulane University
Signature

Long was born in the impoverished north of Louisiana in 1893. After working as a traveling salesman and briefly attending three colleges, he was admitted to the bar in Louisiana. Following a short career as an attorney, in which he frequently represented poor plaintiffs, Long was elected to the Louisiana Public Service Commission. As Commissioner, he prosecuted large corporations such as Standard Oil, a lifelong target of his rhetorical attacks. After Long successfully argued before the U.S. Supreme Court, Chief Justice and former president William Howard Taft praised him as "the most brilliant lawyer who ever practiced before the United States Supreme Court".

After a failed 1924 campaign, Long used the sharp economic and class divisions in Louisiana to win the 1928 gubernatorial election. Once in office, he expanded social programs, organized massive public works projects, such as a modern highway system and the tallest capitol building in the nation, and proposed a cotton holiday. Through political maneuvering, Long became the political boss of Louisiana. He was impeached in 1929 for abuses of power, but the proceedings collapsed in the State Senate. His opponents argued his policies and methods were unconstitutional and dictatorial. At its climax, political opposition organized a minor insurrection.

Long was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1930 but did not assume his seat until 1932. He established himself as an isolationist, arguing that Standard Oil and Wall Street orchestrated American foreign policy. He was instrumental in securing Roosevelt's 1932 nomination but split with him in 1933, becoming a prominent critic of his New Deal. As an alternative, he proposed the Share Our Wealth program in 1934. To stimulate the economy, he advocated massive federal spending, a wealth tax, and wealth redistribution. These proposals drew wide support with millions joining local Share Our Wealth clubs. Poised for a 1936 presidential bid, Long was mortally wounded by a lone assassin in 1935. Although Long's movement faded, Roosevelt adopted many of his proposals in the Second New Deal, and Louisiana elections would be organized along anti- or pro-Long factions until the 1960s. He left behind a political dynasty that included his wife, Senator Rose McConnell Long; his son Senator Russell B. Long; and his brother, Governor Earl Long, among others.

Early life (1893–1915)

Childhood

Long was born on August 30, 1893, near Winnfield, a small town in north-central Louisiana, the seat of Winn Parish.[1] Although Long often told followers he was born in a log cabin to an impoverished family, they lived in a "comfortable" farmhouse and were well-off compared to others in Winnfield.[1][2][3] Winn Parish was impoverished, and its residents, mostly Southern Baptists, were often outsiders in Louisiana's political system.[1][4] During the Civil War, Winn Parish had been a stronghold of Unionism in an otherwise Confederate state. At Louisiana's 1861 convention on secession, the delegate from Winn voted to remain in the Union saying: "Who wants to fight to keep the Negroes for the wealthy planters?"[5][note 1] In the 1890s, the parish was a bastion of the Populist Party, and in the 1912 election, a plurality (35%) voted for the Socialist presidential candidate, Eugene V. Debs.[4][6] Long embraced these populist sentiments.[7]

One of nine children,[5] Long was home schooled until age eleven. In the public system, he earned a reputation as an excellent student with a remarkable memory and convinced his teachers to let him skip seventh grade. At Winnfield High School, he and his friends formed a secret society, advertising their exclusivity by wearing a red ribbon. According to Long, his club's mission was "to run things, laying down certain rules the students would have to follow".[8] The faculty learned of Long's antics and warned him to obey the school's rules. Long continued to rebel, writing and distributing a flyer that criticized his teachers and the necessity of a recently state-mandated fourth year of secondary education, for which he was expelled in 1910. Although Long successfully petitioned to fire the principal, he never returned to high school.[8] As a student, Long proved a capable debater. At a state debate competition in Baton Rouge, he won a full-tuition scholarship to Louisiana State University (LSU).[9] Because the scholarship did not cover textbooks or living expenses, his family could not afford for him to attend.[9] Long was also unable to attend because he did not graduate from high school.[10] Instead, he entered the workforce as a traveling salesman in the rural South.[11]

Education and marriage

In September 1911, Long started attending seminary classes at Oklahoma Baptist University at the urging of his mother, a devout Baptist. Living with his brother George, Long attended for only one semester, rarely appearing at lectures. After deciding he was unsuited to preaching, Long focused on law.[12] Borrowing one hundred dollars from his brother (which he later lost playing roulette in Oklahoma City), he attended the University of Oklahoma College of Law for a semester in 1912.[12] To earn money while studying law part-time, he continued to work as a salesman. Of the four classes Long took, he received one incomplete and three C's. He later confessed he learned little because there was "too much excitement, all those gambling houses and everything".[12]

Long met Rose McConnell at a baking contest he had promoted to sell Cottolene shortening.[13] The two began a two-and-a-half-year courtship and married in April 1913 at the Gayoso Hotel in Memphis, Tennessee.[14] On their wedding day, Long had no cash with him and had to borrow $10 from his fiancée to pay the officiant.[15] Shortly after their marriage, Long revealed to his wife his aspirations to run for a statewide office, the governorship, the Senate, and ultimately the presidency.[16] The Longs had a daughter named Rose (1917–2006) and two sons: Russell B. Long (1918–2003), who became a U.S. senator, and Palmer Reid Long (1921–2010), who became an oilman in Shreveport, Louisiana.[17][18]

Long enrolled at Tulane University Law School in New Orleans in the fall of 1914.[19] After a year of study that concentrated on the courses necessary for the bar exam, he successfully petitioned the Louisiana Supreme Court for permission to take the test before its scheduled June 1915 date. He was examined in May, passed, and received his license to practice.[20] According to Long: "I came out of that courtroom running for office."[21]

Legal career (1915–1923)

In 1915, Long established a private practice in Winnfield. He represented poor plaintiffs, usually in workers' compensation cases.[22][23] Long avoided fighting in World War I by obtaining a draft deferment on the grounds that he was married and had a dependent child. He successfully defended from prosecution under the Espionage Act of 1917 the state senator who had loaned him the money to complete his legal studies, and later claimed he did not serve because, "I was not mad at anybody over there."[21][24] In 1918, Long invested $1,050 (equivalent to $18,066 in 2020) in a well that struck oil. The Standard Oil Company refused to accept any of the oil in its pipelines, costing Long his investment.[25] This episode served as the catalyst for Long's lifelong hatred of Standard Oil.[26]

 
Card for Long's 1918 campaign for railroad commissioner

That same year, Long entered the race to serve on the three-seat Louisiana Railroad Commission. According to historian William Ivy Hair, Long's political message:

... would be repeated until the end of his days: he was a young warrior of and for the plain people, battling the evil giants of Wall Street and their corporations; too much of America's wealth was concentrated in too few hands, and this unfairness was perpetuated by an educational system so stacked against the poor that (according to his statistics) only fourteen out of every thousand children obtained a college education. The way to begin rectifying these wrongs was to turn out of office the corrupt local flunkies of big business ... and elect instead true men of the people, such as [himself].[27]

In the Democratic primary, Long polled second behind incumbent Burk Bridges. Since no candidate garnered a majority of the votes, a run-off election was held, for which Long campaigned tirelessly across northern Louisiana. The race was close: Long defeated Burk by just 636 votes.[28] Although the returns revealed wide support for Long in rural areas, he performed poorly in urban areas.[22] On the Commission, Long forced utilities to lower rates, ordered railroads to extend service to small towns, and demanded that Standard Oil cease the importation of Mexican crude oil and use more oil from Louisiana wells.[29][30]

In the gubernatorial election of 1920, Long campaigned heavily for John M. Parker; today, he is often credited with helping Parker win northern parishes.[31][32] After Parker was elected, the two became bitter rivals. Their break was largely caused by Long's demand and Parker's refusal to declare the state's oil pipelines public utilities.[31] Long was infuriated when Parker allowed oil companies, led by Standard Oil's legal team, to assist in writing severance tax laws. Long denounced Parker as corporate "chattel". The feud climaxed in 1921, when Parker tried unsuccessfully to have Long ousted from the commission.[30][31]

By 1922, Long had become chairman of the commission, now called the "Public Service Commission".[24][29] That year, Long prosecuted the Cumberland Telephone & Telegraph Company for unfair rate increases; he successfully argued the case on appeal before the United States Supreme Court,[33] which resulted in cash refunds to thousands of overcharged customers.[34] After the decision, Chief Justice and former President William Howard Taft praised Long as "the most brilliant lawyer who ever practiced" before the court.[35][36]

Gubernatorial campaigns (1924–1928)

1924 election

Main article: 1924 Louisiana gubernatorial election
 
Card for Long's 1924 gubernatorial campaign

On August 30, 1923, Long announced his candidacy for the governorship of Louisiana.[5] Long stumped throughout the state, personally distributing circulars and posters. He denounced Governor Parker as a corporate stooge, vilified Standard Oil, and assailed local political bosses.[37]

He campaigned in rural areas disenfranchised by the state's political establishment, the "Old Regulars". Since the 1877 end of Republican-controlled Reconstruction government, they had controlled most of the state through alliances with local officials.[37][38] With negligible support for Republicans, Louisiana was essentially a one party state under the Democratic Old Regulars. Holding mock elections in which they invoked the Lost Cause of the Confederacy, the Old Regulars presided over a corrupt government that largely benefited the planter class.[38][39] Consequently, Louisiana was one of the least developed states: It had just 300 miles of paved roads and the lowest literacy rate.[40][41]

Despite an enthusiastic campaign, Long came third in the primary and was eliminated.[37] Although polls projected only a few thousand votes, he attracted almost 72,000, around 31% of the electorate, and carried 28 parishes—more than either opponent. Limited to sectional appeal, he performed best in the poor rural north.[5][37]

The Ku Klux Klan's prominence in Louisiana was the campaign's primary issue. While the two other candidates either strongly opposed or supported the Klan, Long remained neutral, alienating both sides. He also failed to attract Catholic voters, which limited his chances in the south of the state. In majority Catholic New Orleans, he polled just 12,000 votes (17%).[37] Long blamed heavy rain on election day for suppressing voter turnout among his base in the north, where voters could not reach the polls over dirt roads that had turned to mud.[37][42] It was the only election Long ever lost.[43]

1928 election

Main article: 1928 Louisiana gubernatorial election

And it is here, under this oak, where Evangeline waited in vain for her lover, Gabriel, who never came. This oak is an immortal spot, made so by Longfellow's poem, but Evangeline is not the only one who has waited here in disappointment. Where are the schools that you have waited for your children to have, that have never come? Where are the roads and the highways that you sent your money to build, that are no nearer now than ever before? Where are the institutions to care for the sick and disabled? Evangeline wept bitter tears in her disappointment, but it lasted only through one lifetime. Your tears in this country, around this oak, have lasted for generations. Give me the chance to dry the eyes of those who still weep here.

— An example of Long's 1928 campaign rhetoric[44][45]

Long spent the intervening four years building his reputation and political organization, particularly in the heavily Catholic urban south. Despite disagreeing with their politics, Long campaigned for Catholic U.S. Senators in 1924 and 1926.[37] Government mismanagement during the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 gained Long the support of Cajuns, whose land had been affected.[46][47] He formally launched his second campaign for governor in 1927, using the slogan, "Every man a king, but no one wears a crown", a phrase adopted from Democratic presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan.[48]

Long developed novel campaign techniques, including the use of sound trucks and radio commercials.[37] His stance on race was unorthodox. According to T. Harry Williams, Long was "the first Southern mass leader to leave aside race baiting and appeals to the Southern tradition and the Southern past and address himself to the social and economic problems of the present".[49][note 2] The campaign sometimes descended into brutality. When the 60-year-old incumbent governor called Long a liar during a chance encounter in the lobby of the Roosevelt Hotel, Long punched him in the face.[51]

In the Democratic primary election, Long polled 126,842 votes: a plurality of 43.9 percent. His margin was the largest in state history, and no opponent chose to face him in a runoff. After earning the Democratic nomination, he easily defeated the Republican nominee in the general election with 96.1 percent of the vote.[52] At age 35, Long was the youngest person ever elected governor of Louisiana.[53]

Some fifteen thousand Louisianians traveled to Baton Rouge for Long's inauguration.[21] He set up large tents, free drinks, and jazz bands on the capitol grounds, evoking Andrew Jackson's 1829 inaugural festivities.[54] His victory was seen as a public backlash against the urban establishment; journalist Hodding Carter described it as a "fantastic vengeance upon the Sodom and Gomorrah that was called New Orleans".[21] While previous elections were normally divided culturally and religiously, Long highlighted the sharp economic divide in the state and built a new coalition based on class.[53][55] Long's strength, said the contemporary novelist Sherwood Anderson, relied on "the terrible South ... the beaten, ignorant, Bible-ridden, white South. Faulkner occasionally really touches it. It has yet to be paid for."[21]

Louisiana governorship (1928–1932)

First year

 
Long's office in the Governor's Mansion

Once in office on May 21, 1928, Long moved quickly to consolidate power, firing hundreds of opponents in the state bureaucracy at all ranks from cabinet-level heads of departments to state road workers. Like previous governors, he filled the vacancies with patronage appointments from his network of political supporters.[34][56][57] Every state employee who depended on Long for a job was expected to pay a portion of their salary at election time directly into his campaign fund.[58]

Once his control over the state's political apparatus was strengthened, Long pushed several bills through the 1929 session of the Louisiana State Legislature to fulfill campaign promises. His bills met opposition from legislators, wealthy citizens, and the media, but Long used aggressive tactics to ensure passage. He would appear unannounced on the floor of both the House and Senate or in House committees, corralling reluctant representatives and state senators and bullying opponents.[59][60] When an opposing legislator once suggested Long was unfamiliar with the Louisiana Constitution, he declared, "I'm the Constitution around here now."[61][62]

One program Long approved was a free textbook program for schoolchildren. Long's free school books angered Catholics, who usually sent their children to private schools. Long assured them that the books would be granted directly to all children, regardless of whether they attended public school. Yet this assurance was criticized by conservative constitutionalists, who claimed it violated the separation of church and state and sued Long. The case went to the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled in Long's favor.[63]

Irritated by "immoral" gambling dens and brothels in New Orleans, Long sent the National Guard to raid these establishments with orders to "shoot without hesitation". Gambling equipment was burned, prostitutes were arrested, and over $25,000 (equivalent to $376,793 in 2020) was confiscated for government funds. Local newspapers ran photos of National Guardsmen forcibly searching nude women. City authorities had not requested military force, and martial law had not been declared. The Louisiana attorney general denounced Long's actions as illegal but Long rebuked him saying: "Nobody asked him for his opinion."[64]

Despite wide disapproval, Long had the Governor's Mansion, built in 1887, razed by convicts from the State Penitentiary under his personal supervision.[57] In its place, Long had a much larger Georgian mansion built. It bore a strong resemblance to the White House; he reportedly wanted to be familiar with the residence when he became president.[65][66]

Impeachment

 
Long's impeachment was conducted at the Old Louisiana State Capitol.

In 1929, Long called a special legislative session to enact a five-cent per barrel tax on refined oil production to fund his social programs.[67] The state's oil interests opposed the bill. Long declared in a radio address that any legislator who refused to support the tax had been "bought" by oil companies. Instead of persuading the legislature, the accusation infuriated many of its members.[68] The "dynamite squad", a caucus of opponents led by freshman lawmakers Cecil Morgan and Ralph Norman Bauer, introduced an impeachment resolution against Long.[69][70] Nineteen charges were listed, ranging from blasphemy to subornation of murder.[71][note 3] Even Long's lieutenant governor, Paul Cyr, supported impeachment; he accused Long of nepotism and alleged he had made corrupt deals with a Texan oil company.[72][note 4]

Concerned, Long tried to close the session. Pro-Long Speaker John B. Fournet called for a vote to adjourn. Despite most representatives opposing adjournment, the electronic voting board tallied 68 ayes and 13 nays. This sparked confusion; anti-Long representatives began chanting that the voting machine had been rigged.[note 5] Some ran for the speaker's chair to call for a new vote but met resistance from their pro-Long colleagues,[76] sparking a brawl later known as "Bloody Monday".[71] In the scuffle, legislators threw inkwells, allegedly attacked others with brass knuckles, and Long's brother Earl bit a legislator's neck.[5][77] Following the fight, the legislature voted to remain in session and proceed with impeachment.[78] Proceedings in the house took place with dozens of witnesses, including a hula dancer who claimed that Long had been "frisky" with her.[34] Impeached on eight of the 19 charges,[note 6] Long was the first Louisiana governor charged in the state's history.[69][77]

Long was frightened by the prospect of conviction, for it would force him from the governorship and permanently disqualify him from holding public office in Louisiana.[80] He took his case to the people with a mass meeting in Baton Rouge, where he alleged that impeachment was a ploy by Standard Oil to thwart his programs.[77] The House referred the charges to the Louisiana Senate, in which conviction required a two-thirds majority. Long produced a round robin statement signed by fifteen senators pledging to vote "not guilty" regardless of the evidence. The impeachment process, now futile, was suspended without holding an impeachment trial. It has been alleged that both sides used bribes to buy votes and that Long later rewarded the round robin signers with positions or other favors.[81][82]

Following the failed impeachment attempt, Long treated his opponents ruthlessly. He fired their relatives from state jobs and supported their challengers in elections. Long concluded that extra-legal means would be needed to accomplish his goals: "I used to try to get things done by saying 'please.' Now... I dynamite 'em out of my path."[83] Receiving death threats, he surrounded himself with bodyguards.[84] Now a resolute critic of the "lying" press,[57] Long established his own newspaper in March 1930: the Louisiana Progress. The paper was extremely popular, widely distributed by policemen, highway workers, and government truckers.[57][85][86]

Senate campaign

Shortly after the impeachment, Long—now nicknamed "The Kingfish" after an Amos 'n' Andy character—announced his candidacy for the U.S. Senate in the 1930 Democratic primary.[5][87] He framed his campaign as a referendum. If he won, he presumed the public supported his programs over the opposition of the legislature. If he lost, he promised to resign.[5]

His opponent was incumbent Joseph E. Ransdell, the Catholic senator whom Long endorsed in 1924.[88] At 72 years old, Ransdell had served in the U.S. Congress since Long was aged six. Aligned with the establishment, Ransdell had the support of all 18 of the state's daily newspapers.[5][89] To combat this, Long purchased two new $30,000 sound trucks and distributed over two million circulars.[90] Although promising not to make personal attacks, Long seized on Ransdell's age, calling him "Old Feather Duster".[89] The campaign became increasingly vicious, The New York Times calling it "as amusing as it was depressing".[91] Long critic Sam Irby,[note 7] set to testify on Long's corruption to state authorities, was abducted by Long's bodyguards shortly before the election. Irby emerged after the election; he had been missing for four days. Surrounded by Long's guards, he gave a radio address in which he "confessed" that he had actually asked Long for protection.[5][34][92] The New Orleans mayor labelled it "the most heinous public crime in Louisiana history".[34]

Ultimately, on September 9, 1930, Long defeated Ransdell by 149,640 (57.3 percent) to 111,451 (42.7 percent).[93][94] There were accusations of voter fraud against Long; voting records showed people voting in alphabetical order, among them celebrities like Charlie Chaplin, Jack Dempsey and Babe Ruth.[51] Although his Senate term began on March 4, 1931, Long completed most of his four-year term as governor, which did not end until May 1932. He declared that leaving the seat vacant would not hurt Louisiana: "[W]ith Ransdell as Senator, the seat was vacant anyway." By occupying the governorship until January 25, 1932, Long prevented Lieutenant Governor Cyr, who threatened to undo Long's reforms, from succeeding to the office.[95][96] In October 1931, Cyr learned Long was in Mississippi and declared himself the state's legitimate governor.[97] In response, Long ordered National Guard troops to surround the Capitol to block Cyr's "coup d'état" and petitioned the Louisiana Supreme Court.[95][88] Long successfully argued that Cyr had vacated the office of lieutenant-governor when trying to assume the governorship and had the court eject Cyr.[95]

Senator-elect

Now governor and senator-elect, Long returned to completing his legislative agenda with renewed strength. He continued his intimidating practice of presiding over the legislature,[note 8] shouting "Shut up!" or "Sit down!" when legislators voiced their concerns. In a single night, Long passed 44 bills in just two hours: one every three minutes. He later explained his tactics: "The end justifies the means."[98] Long endorsed pro-Long candidates and wooed others with favors; he often joked his legislature was the "finest collection of lawmakers money can buy".[21] He organized and concentrated his power into a political machine: "a one-man" operation, according to Williams.[99] He placed his brother Earl in charge of allotting patronage appointments to local politicians and signing state contracts with businessmen in exchange for loyalty. Long appointed allies to key government positions, such as giving Robert Maestri the office of Conservation Commissioner and making Oscar K. Allen head of the Louisiana Highway Commission. Maestri would deliberately neglect the regulation of energy companies in exchange for industry donations to Long's campaign fund, while Allen took direction from Earl on which construction and supply companies to contract for road work.[100] Concerned by these tactics, Long's opponents charged he had become the virtual dictator of the state.[101]

To address record low cotton prices amid a Great Depression surplus, Long proposed the major cotton-producing states mandate a 1932 "cotton holiday", which would ban cotton production for the entire year.[102] He further proposed that the holiday be imposed internationally, which some nations, such as Egypt, supported.[103] In 1931, Long convened the New Orleans Cotton Conference, attended by delegates from every major cotton-producing state.[104] The delegates agreed to codify Long's proposal into law on the caveat that it would not come into effect until states producing three-quarters of U.S. cotton passed such laws.[105] As the proposer, Louisiana unanimously passed the legislation.[106] When conservative politicians in Texas—the largest cotton producer in the U.S.—rejected the measure, the holiday movement collapsed.[107] Although traditional politicians would have been ruined by such a defeat, Long became a national figure and cemented his image as a champion of the poor.[108] Senator Carter Glass, although a fervid critic of Long, credited him with first suggesting artificial scarcity as a solution to the depression.[109]

Accomplishments in Louisiana

 
Long constructed a new capitol building, which, at 450 feet (140 m), remains the tallest capitol in the United States.

Long was unusual among southern populists in that he achieved tangible progress. Williams concluded "the secret of Long's power, in the final analysis, was not in his machine or his political dealings but in his record—he delivered something".[110] Referencing Long's contributions to Louisiana, Robert Penn Warren, a professor at LSU during Long's term as governor,[111] stated: "Dictators, always give something for what they get."[110]

Long created a public works program that was unprecedented in the South, constructing roads, bridges, hospitals, schools, and state buildings. During his four years as governor, Long increased paved highways in Louisiana from 331 to 2,301 miles (533 to 3,703 km) and constructed 2,816 miles (4,532 km) of gravel roads. By 1936, the infrastructure program begun by Long had completed some 9,700 miles (15,600 km) of new roads, doubling Louisiana's road system. He built 111 bridges and started construction on the first bridge over the Mississippi entirely in Louisiana, the Huey P. Long Bridge. These projects provided thousands of jobs during the depression: Louisiana employed more highway workers than any other state.[112] Long built a State Capitol, which at 450 feet (140 m) tall remains the tallest capitol, state or federal, in the United States.[113] Long's infrastructure spending increased the state government's debt from $11 million in 1928 to $150 million in 1935.[114]

Long was an ardent supporter of the state's flagship public university, Louisiana State University (LSU). Having been unable to attend, Long now regarded it as "his" university.[115] He increased LSU's funding and intervened in the university's affairs, expelling seven students who criticized him in the school newspaper.[116][117] He constructed new buildings, including a fieldhouse that reportedly contained the longest pool in the United States.[115][118][116] Long founded an LSU Medical School in New Orleans.[119][note 9] To raise the stature of the football program, he converted the school's military marching band into the flashy "Show Band of the South" and hired Costa Rican composer Castro Carazo as the band director.[115] As well as nearly doubling the size of the stadium,[115] he arranged for lowered train fares, so students could travel to away games. Long's contributions resulted in LSU gaining a class A accreditation from the Association of American Universities.[115]

Long's night schools taught 100,000 adults to read.[21] His provision of free textbooks contributed to a 20 percent increase in school enrollment.[120] He modernized public health facilities and ensured adequate conditions for the mentally ill.[116] He established Louisiana's first rehabilitation program for penitentiary inmates.[121] Through tax reform, Long made the first $2,000 in property assessment free, waiving property taxes for half the state's homeowners.[122] Historians have criticized other policies, like high consumer taxes on gasoline and cigarettes, a reduced mother's pension, and low teacher salaries.[123]

U.S. Senate (1932–1935)

Main article: United States Senate career of Huey Long

Senator

 
Long delivering a speech

When Long arrived in the Senate, America was in the throes of the Great Depression.[124] With this backdrop, Long made characteristically fiery speeches that denounced wealth inequality. He criticized the leaders of both parties for failing to address the crisis adequately, notably attacking conservative Senate Democratic Leader Joseph Robinson of Arkansas for his apparent closeness with President Herbert Hoover and big business.[125]

In the 1932 presidential election, Long was a vocal supporter of New York Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt.[126] At that year's Democratic National Convention, Long kept the delegations of several wavering Southern states in the Roosevelt camp.[5][21] Due to this, Long expected to be featured prominently in Roosevelt's campaign but was disappointed with a peripheral speaking tour limited to four Midwestern states.[127][128]

Not discouraged after being snubbed, Long found other venues for his populist message. He endorsed Senator Hattie Caraway of Arkansas, a widow and the underdog candidate in a crowded field and conducted a whirlwind, seven-day tour of that state.[129][130][note 10] During the campaign, Long gave 39 speeches, traveled 2,100 miles (3,400 km), and spoke to over 200,000 people.[131] In an upset win, Caraway became the first woman elected to a full term in the Senate.[132]

Returning to Washington, Long gave theatrical speeches which drew wide attention. Public viewing areas were crowded with onlookers, among them a young Lyndon B. Johnson, who later said he was "simply entranced" by Long.[34][133] Long obstructed bills for weeks, launching hour-long filibusters and having the clerk read superfluous documents. Long's antics, one editorial claimed, had made the Senate "impotent".[134] In May 1932, The Washington Post called for his resignation.[34] Long's behavior and radical rhetoric did little to endear him to his fellow senators. None of his proposed bills, resolutions, or motions were passed during his three years in the Senate.[5][135][136]

Roosevelt and the New Deal

Further information: New Deal

During the first 100 days of Roosevelt's presidency in spring 1933, Long's attitude towards Roosevelt and the New Deal was tepid.[137] Aware that Roosevelt had no intention of radically redistributing the country's wealth, Long became one of the few national politicians to oppose Roosevelt's New Deal policies from the left.[note 11] He considered them inadequate in the face of the escalating economic crisis but still supported some of Roosevelt's programs in the Senate, explaining: "Whenever this administration has gone to the left I have voted with it, and whenever it has gone to the right I have voted against it."[139]

Long opposed the National Recovery Act, claiming it favored industrialists.[140] In an attempt to prevent its passage, Long held a lone filibuster, speaking for 15 hours and 30 minutes, the second longest filibuster at the time.[141][142] He also criticized Social Security, calling it inadequate and expressing his concerns that states would administer it in a way discriminatory to blacks.[143] In 1933, he was a leader of a three-week Senate filibuster against the Glass banking bill, which he later supported as the Glass–Steagall Act after provisions extended government deposit insurance to state banks as well as national banks.[144][145]

Roosevelt considered Long a radical demagogue and stated that Long, along with General Douglas MacArthur, "was one of the two most dangerous men in America".[21][146][147] In June 1933, in an effort to undermine Long's political dominance, Roosevelt cut him out of consultations on the distribution of federal funds and patronage in Louisiana and placed Long's opponents in charge of federal programs in the state. Roosevelt supported a Senate inquiry into the election of Long ally John H. Overton to the Senate in 1932. The Long machine was accused of election fraud and voter intimidation, but the inquiry came up empty, and Overton was seated.[148] To discredit Long and damage his support base, Roosevelt had Long's finances investigated by the Internal Revenue Service in 1934.[149][note 12] Although they failed to link Long to any illegality, some of his lieutenants were charged with income tax evasion.[21][151] Roosevelt's son, Elliott, would later note that in this instance, his father "may have been the originator of the concept of employing the IRS as a weapon of political retribution".[152]

Chaco War and foreign policy

See also: Latin America–United States relations

On May 30, 1934, Long took to the Senate floor to debate the abrogation of the Platt amendment.[153] But instead of debating the amendment, Long declared his support for Paraguay against Bolivia in the Chaco War. He maintained that U.S. President Rutherford B. Hayes had awarded the oil-rich Chaco region to Paraguay in 1878.[154] He attested Standard Oil had corrupted the Bolivian government and organized the war and that Wall Street orchestrated American foreign policy in Latin America.[155] For his speech, Long received praise in Paraguay: after capturing a Bolivian fort in July 1934, they renamed it Fort Long.[156] Long's allegations were widely publicized in Latin American newspapers. This drew the concern of the State Department, who believed that Long was damaging the reputation of the United States. Throughout the summer of 1934, they waged a sustained public relations campaign against Long throughout Latin America.[157] This speech and others established Long as one of the most ardent isolationists in the Senate. He further argued that American involvement in the Spanish–American War and the First World War had been deadly mistakes conducted on behalf of Wall Street.[158][159] Consequently, Long demanded the immediate independence of the Philippines, which the United States had occupied since 1898.[134][160] He also opposed American entry into the World Court.[161]

Share Our Wealth

Main article: Share Our Wealth
 
Long speaking from behind his desk at the Capitol, 1935

In March 1933, Long revealed a series of bills collectively known as "the Long plan" to redistribute wealth. Together, they would cap fortunes at $100 million, limit annual income to $1 million, and cap individual inheritances at $5 million.[162][163]

External video
  Long's "Share the Wealth" speech on YouTube

In a nationwide February 1934 radio broadcast, Long introduced his Share Our Wealth plan.[164][165] The legislation would use the wealth from the Long plan to guarantee every family a basic household grant of $5,000 and a minimum annual income of one-third of the average family homestead value and income. Long supplemented his plan with proposals for free college and vocational training, veterans' benefits, federal assistance to farmers, public works projects, greater federal economic regulation, a $30 monthly elderly pension, a month's vacation for every worker, a thirty-hour workweek, a $10 billion land reclamation project to end the Dust Bowl, and free medical service and a "war on disease" led by the Mayo brothers.[166][167] These reforms, Long claimed, would end the Great Depression.[168] The plans were widely criticized and labeled impossible by economists.[169][170]

With the Senate unwilling to support his proposals, in February 1934 Long formed the Share Our Wealth Society, a national network of local clubs that operated in opposition to the Democratic Party and Roosevelt. By 1935, the society had over 7.5 million members in 27,000 clubs.[171] Long's Senate office received an average of 60,000 letters a week, resulting in Long hiring 48 stenographers to type responses.[5] Of the two trucks that delivered mail to the Senate, one was devoted solely to mail for Long.[172] Long's newspaper, now renamed American Progress, averaged a circulation of 300,000, some issues reaching over 1.5 million.[143] Long drew international attention: English writer H. G. Wells interviewed Long, noting he was "like a Winston Churchill who has never been at Harrow. He abounds in promises."[21]

Some historians believe that pressure from Share Our Wealth contributed to Roosevelt's "turn to the left" in the Second New Deal (1935), which consisted of the Social Security Act, the Works Progress Administration, the National Labor Relations Board, Aid to Dependent Children, and the Wealth Tax Act of 1935.[21][173] Roosevelt reportedly admitted in private to trying to "steal Long's thunder".[174]

Continued control over Louisiana

Long continued to maintain effective control of Louisiana while he was a senator, blurring the boundary between federal and state politics.[175] Long chose his childhood friend, Oscar K. Allen, to succeed King in the January 1932 election. With the support of Long's voter base, Allen won easily, permitting Long to resign as governor and take his seat in the U.S. Senate in January 1932.[176][177] Allen, widely viewed as a puppet, dutifully enacted Long's policies.[178] When Long visited Louisiana, Allen would relinquish his office for the Senator, working instead at his receptionist's desk.[172] Though he had no constitutional authority, Long continued to draft and press bills through the Louisiana State Legislature.[179] One of the laws passed was what Long called "a tax on lying"—a 2 percent tax on newspaper advertising revenue.[180]

In 1934, Long and James A. Noe, an independent oilman and member of the Louisiana State Senate from Ouachita Parish, formed the controversial Win or Lose Oil Company. The firm was established to obtain leases on state-owned lands so that its directors might collect bonuses and sublease the mineral rights to the major oil companies. Although ruled legal, these activities were done in secret, and the stockholders were unknown to the public. Long made a profit on the bonuses and the resale of those state leases and used the funds primarily for political purposes.[181]

1935: Final year

Presidential ambitions

See also: 1936 United States presidential election
 
"Candidate Long" on the cover of Time magazine, April 1935

Popular support for Long's Share Our Wealth program raised the possibility of a 1936 presidential bid against incumbent Franklin D. Roosevelt.[21][182][note 13] When questioned by the press, Long gave conflicting answers on his plans for 1936.[185] Long's son Russell believed his father would have run on a third-party ticket.[186] This is evidenced by Long's writing of a speculative book, My First Days in the White House, which laid out his plans for the presidency after the 1936 election.[187][188][note 14]

In spring 1935, Long undertook a national speaking tour and regular radio appearances, attracting large crowds and increasing his stature.[189] At a well-attended Long rally in Philadelphia, a former mayor told the press, "There are 250,000 Long votes" in this city.[190] Regarding Roosevelt, Long boasted to the New York Times' Arthur Krock: "He's scared of me. I can out-promise him, and he knows it."[191]

As the 1936 election approached, the Roosevelt Administration grew increasingly concerned by Long's popularity.[190] Democratic National Committee chairman James Farley commissioned a secret poll in early 1935.[192] Farley's poll revealed that if Long ran on a third-party ticket, he would win about four million votes, 10% of the electorate.[193] In a memo to Roosevelt, Farley expressed his concern that Long could split the vote, allowing the Republican nominee to win.[193] Diplomat Edward M. House warned Roosevelt, "many people believe that he can do to your administration what Theodore Roosevelt did to the Taft Administration in '12".[194] Many, including Hair, Roosevelt, and Williams speculated that Long expected to lose in 1936, allowing the Republicans to take the White House. They believed the Republicans would worsen the Great Depression, deepening Long's appeal. According to Roosevelt, "That would bring the country to such a state by 1940 that Long thinks he would be made dictator."[195]

Increased tensions in Louisiana

 
Long after giving a successful five-hour filibuster, about two weeks before his death

By 1935, Long's consolidation of power led to talk of armed opposition from his enemies in Louisiana. Opponents increasingly invoked the memory of the Battle of Liberty Place (1874), in which the White League staged an uprising against Louisiana's Reconstruction-era government. In January 1935, an anti-Long paramilitary organization called the Square Deal Association was formed. Its members included former governors John M. Parker and Ruffin Pleasant and New Orleans Mayor T. Semmes Walmsley.[94][196] Standard Oil threatened to leave the state when Long finally passed the five-cent per barrel oil tax for which he had been impeached in 1929. Concerned Standard Oil employees formed a Square Deal association in Baton Rouge, organizing themselves in militia companies and demanding "direct action".[197]

On January 25, 1935, these Square Dealers, now armed, seized the East Baton Rouge Parish courthouse. Long had Governor Allen execute emergency measures in Baton Rouge: he called in the National Guard, declared martial law, banned public gatherings of two or more persons, and forbade the publication of criticism of state officials. The Square Dealers left the courthouse, but there was a brief armed skirmish at the Baton Rouge Airport. Tear gas and live ammunition were fired; one person was wounded, but there were no fatalities.[196][197][198] At a legal hearing, an alleged spy within the Square Dealers testified they were conspiring to assassinate Long.[199]

In summer 1935, Long called two special legislative sessions in Louisiana; bills were passed in rapid-fire succession without being read or discussed. The new laws further centralized Long's control over the state by creating new Long-appointed state agencies: a state bond and tax board holding sole authority to approve loans to local governments, a new state printing board which could withhold "official printer" status from uncooperative newspapers, a new board of election supervisors which would appoint all poll watchers, and a State Board of Censors. They stripped away the remaining powers of the Mayor of New Orleans. Long boasted he had "taken over every board and commission in New Orleans except the Community Chest and the Red Cross".[200] A September 7 special session passed 42 bills. The most extreme, likely aimed at Roosevelt and his federal agents, authorized Louisiana to fine and imprison anyone who infringed on the powers reserved to the state in the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.[201]

Assassination

Main article: Assassination of Huey Long
 
Long's grave and statue before the capitol

On September 8, 1935, Long traveled to the State Capitol to pass a bill that would gerrymander the district of an opponent, Judge Benjamin Pavy, who had held his position for 28 years.[201] At 9:20 p.m., just after passage of the bill effectively removing Pavy, Pavy's son-in-law, Carl Weiss, approached Long, and, according to the generally accepted version of events, fired a single shot with a handgun from four feet (1.2 m) away, striking Long in the torso. Long's bodyguards, nicknamed the "Cossacks" or "skullcrushers", then fired at Weiss with their pistols, killing him. An autopsy found Weiss had been shot at least 60 times.[202] Long ran down a flight of stairs and across the capitol grounds, hailing a car to take him to Our Lady of the Lake Hospital.[203] He was rushed to the operating room where surgery closed perforations in his intestines but failed to stop internal bleeding.[204] Long died at 4:10 a.m. on September 10, 31 hours after being shot.[205] According to different sources, his last words were either, "I wonder what will happen to my poor university boys", or "God, don't let me die. I have so much to do."[206][207]

Over 200,000 people traveled to Baton Rouge to attend Long's September 12 funeral.[208] His remains were buried on the grounds of the Capitol; a statue depicting Long was constructed on his grave.[202][203] Although Long's allies alleged he was assassinated by political opponents, a federal probe found no evidence of conspiracy.[205] Long's death brought relief to the Roosevelt Administration, which would win in a landslide in the 1936 election. Farley publicly admitted his apprehension of campaigning against Long: "I always laughed Huey off, but I did not feel that way about him." Roosevelt's close economic advisor Rexford Tugwell wrote that, "When he was gone it seemed that a beneficent peace had fallen on the land. Father Coughlin, Reno, Townsend, et al., were after all pygmies compared with Huey. He had been a major phenomenon." Tugwell also said that Roosevelt regarded Long's assassination as a "providential occurrence".[21]

Evidence later surfaced that suggests Long was accidentally shot by his bodyguards.[209] Proponents of this theory assert Long was caught in the crossfire as his bodyguards shot Weiss, and a bullet that ricocheted off the marble walls hit him.[202][210][211]

Legacy

Politics

Further information: Long family
 
Long's son Russell (left), pictured with President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964, was a U.S. Senator.

Long's assassination turned him into a legendary figure in parts of Louisiana. In 1938, Swedish sociologist Gunnar Myrdal encountered rural children who not only insisted Long was alive, but that he was president.[34] Although no longer governing, Long's policies continued to be enacted in Louisiana by his political machine,[212] which supported Roosevelt's re-election to prevent further investigation into their finances.[213] The machine remained a powerful force in state politics until the 1960 elections. Within the Louisiana Democratic Party, Long set in motion two durable factions—"pro-Long" and "anti-Long"—which diverged meaningfully in terms of policies and voter support. For decades after his death, Long's political style inspired imitation among Louisiana politicians who borrowed his rhetoric and promises of social programs.[212][214][215]

After Long's death, a family dynasty emerged: his brother Earl was elected lieutenant-governor in 1936 and governor in 1948 and 1956. Long's widow, Rose Long, replaced him in the Senate, and his son, Russell, was a U.S. senator from 1948 to 1987. As chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, Russell shaped the nation's tax laws, advocating low business taxes and passing legislation beneficial to the poor like the Earned Income Credit.[5][216][217] Other relatives, including George, Gillis, and Speedy, have represented Louisiana in Congress.[218][219][220]

Huey P. Newton, co-founder of the Black Panther Party, was named after Long.[221][222]

Historical reputation

Academics and historians have found difficulty categorizing Long and his ideology.[223][224] His platform has been compared to ideologies ranging from McCarthyism to European Fascism and Stalinism.[225] When asked about his own philosophy, Long simply replied: "Oh, hell, say that I'm sui generis and let it go at that."[21] Robert Penn Warren described him as a "remarkable set of contradictions".[199]

A majority of academics, biographers, and writers who have examined Long view him negatively, typically as a demagogue or dictator.[45][226][note 15] Reinhard H. Luthin said that he was the epitome of an American demagogue.[228] David Kennedy wrote that Long's regime in Louisiana was "the closest thing to a dictatorship that America has ever known".[7] Journalist Hodding Carter described him as "the first true dictator out of the soil of America" and his movement the "success of fascism in one American state".[51][229] Peter Viereck categorized Long's movement as "chauvinist thought control"; Victor Ferkiss called it "incipient fascism".[230]

One of the few biographers to praise Long was T. Harry Williams, who classified Long's ideas as neo-populist.[231][232] He labeled Long a democratic "mass leader", rather than a demagogue.[232][233] Besides Williams, intellectual Gore Vidal expressed admiration for Long, even naming him as his favorite contemporary U.S. politician.[234] Long biographer Thomas O. Harris espoused a more nuanced view of Long: "neither saint nor devil, he was a complex and heterogenous mixture of good and bad, genius and craft, hypocrisy and candor, buffoonery and seriousness".[235]

Media

Main article: Huey Long in culture
 
1936 poster for the WPA stage adaptation of It Can't Happen Here

In popular culture, Long has served as a template for multiple dictatorial politicians in novels.[236] Notable works include Sinclair Lewis's novel It Can't Happen Here (1935),[237][238] Robert Penn Warren's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel All the King's Men (1946),[239][240][241] and Adria Locke Langley's 1945 novel A Lion Is in the Streets.[242] The latter two were adapted into films.[243][244] As well as two television docudramas,[245][246] Long was the subject of a 1985 Ken Burns-directed documentary.[247][248] In music, Randy Newman featured Long in two songs on the 1974 album Good Old Boys (the song "Every Man A King" was used in the Robin Williams comedy, The Survivors).[249][250]

Long has been the subject of dozens of biographies and academic texts. In fact, more has been written about Long than any other Louisianan.[251] Most notable is the 1969 biography Huey Long by Williams, which won both the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award.[252][253] Alan Brinkley won the National Book Award in 1983 for Voices of Protest, a study of Long, Coughlin, and populist opposition to Roosevelt.[254][255]

Works

Bibliography

Discography

Long collaborated with composer Castro Carazo on the following songs:[257][258]

  • "Darling of LSU", 1935
  • "Every Man a King", 1935
  • "The LSU Cadets March", 1935
  • "Touchdown for LSU", 1935

See also

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ^ Long's grandfather did not fight in the Civil War, instilling Union sympathies in his son, Huey P. Long Sr. Also a populist, Long's father said in an interview at the age of 83, "There wants to be a revolution, I tell you. I seen the domination of capital, seen it for seventy years. What do these rich folks care for the poor man? They care nothing—not for his pain, nor his sickness, nor his death ... Maybe you're surprised to hear talk like that. Well, it was just such talk that my boy was raised under, and that I was raised under."[5]
  2. ^ The conclusion that Long was progressive on the issue of race, widely repeated in the decades after Long's death, has faced increased scrutiny in recent years.[49][50]
  3. ^ One of Long's subordinates claimed in an affidavit that an intoxicated Long had told him to kill Representative J. Y. Sanders Jr., the son of a former governor, and "leave him in the ditch where nobody will know how or when he got there". Long allegedly promised him "a full pardon and many gold dollars".[69][71]
  4. ^ Cyr's public turn against Long was largely motivated by Cyr's opposition to the executions of alleged murderers Thomas Dreher and Ada LeBoeuf, the first white woman executed in Louisiana's history. Cyr was a personal friend of Dreher and sat on the Board of Pardons, which had reversed their death sentence. Long wholeheartedly supported their execution, ultimately overruling the Board's decision.[72][73][74]
  5. ^ Fournet later apologized for the confusion caused by the inaccurate tally but denied rigging the outcome. According to Hair, "there is no evidence that he did; electrical contrivances of that sort were primitive, and apparently the machine simply repeated the roll call vote of a few minutes earlier".[75]
  6. ^ The charges were: attempted bribery of state legislators, demanding and receiving undated letters of resignation from appointees, intimidating publisher Charles P. Manship by threatening to disclose his brother's poor mental condition, misappropriating portions of a $6,000 fund allocated for receiving other governors, forcing a state board to dismiss its secretary to open up a position for a political ally and paying the incumbent secretary $5,400 in hush money, illegally paying his cousin W. O. Long $728.25 from the governor's office expense fund, using $1,112.40 from the office expense fund to purchase personal law books, forcing the Highway Commission to accede to a contractor's demand for $4,000 in payment for their installation of defective curbs, and incompetency.[79]
  7. ^ Irby was the uncle of Alice Lee Grosjean, Long's young personal secretary, whom he had appointed to the position of Secretary of State. She was rumored to be his mistress.[5][34]
  8. ^ Long would stand directly below the Speaker's podium while strong-arming the legislators into passing his agenda.[98]
  9. ^ Although he claimed it was to educate poor doctors, it may have been based on a personal vendetta against Tulane University, which had declined to grant him an honorary degree.[119]
  10. ^ According to Brinkley, "Long's reasons for this decision were not entirely clear." Long noted that he felt a chivalric impulse to help this "brave little woman" and that Caraway was one of the few senators to vote for his wealth-limiting proposals. Long appreciated that she often voted against her senior colleague from Arkansas, Robinson. Many observers speculate that Long's true intent was to further establish a national reputation for himself. The New York Times contemporarily suggested that he was plotting to "yield him control of the [Senate] minority—or perhaps the majority". Brinkley claims that it was Long's first effort to propel himself to national leadership, which required him to appeal directly to the people rather than through political channels in Washington.[130]
  11. ^ The other most notable leftist critic was Catholic preacher and radio-host Father Coughlin.[138]
  12. ^ The investigation into Long's finances was initiated in 1932 by Hoover but had been temporarily halted by the incoming Roosevelt to amend relations with Long.[150]
  13. ^ There was contemporary speculation that a Long campaign would collaborate with Father Coughlin and his National Union for Social Justice.[183] Despite some common political goals, the two men were of vastly different backgrounds and personalities, expressed contempt for one another, and had only met once.[184]
  14. ^ The book was published posthumously in 1935.[187]
  15. ^ In 1946, Russell—yet to be a Senator—convinced Senator Overton to submit a motion titled "In Defense of My Father". Beginning with the sentence, "I venture the assertion that no man of our times has been more abused, vilified, and misrepresented by the American press to its reading public than my father, Huey P Long.", the motion was passed without objection and published in Congressional Review.[227]

References and citations

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January 09, 2023
huey, long, kingfish, redirects, here, other, uses, kingfish, disambiguation, disambiguation, huey, pierce, long, august, 1893, september, 1935, nicknamed, kingfish, american, politician, served, 40th, governor, louisiana, from, 1928, 1932, united, states, sen. The Kingfish redirects here For other uses see Kingfish disambiguation and Huey Long disambiguation Huey Pierce Long Jr August 30 1893 September 10 1935 nicknamed the Kingfish was an American politician who served as the 40th governor of Louisiana from 1928 to 1932 and as a United States senator from 1932 until his assassination in 1935 He was a left wing populist member of the Democratic Party and rose to national prominence during the Great Depression for his vocal criticism of President Franklin D Roosevelt and his New Deal which Long deemed insufficiently radical As the political leader of Louisiana he commanded wide networks of supporters and often took forceful action A controversial figure Long is celebrated as a populist champion of the poor or conversely denounced as a fascistic demagogue Huey LongUnited States Senatorfrom LouisianaIn office January 25 1932 September 10 1935Preceded byJoseph E RansdellSucceeded byRose McConnell Long40th Governor of LouisianaIn office May 21 1928 January 25 1932LieutenantPaul N CyrAlvin KingPreceded byOramel H SimpsonSucceeded byAlvin KingPersonal detailsBorn 1893 08 30 August 30 1893Winnfield Louisiana U S DiedSeptember 10 1935 1935 09 10 aged 42 Baton Rouge Louisiana U S Manner of deathAssassination gunshot wound Resting placeLouisiana State CapitolPolitical partyDemocraticSpouseRose McConnell m 1913 wbr Children3 including RussellRelativesLong familyEducationOklahoma Baptist UniversityUniversity of OklahomaTulane UniversitySignatureLong was born in the impoverished north of Louisiana in 1893 After working as a traveling salesman and briefly attending three colleges he was admitted to the bar in Louisiana Following a short career as an attorney in which he frequently represented poor plaintiffs Long was elected to the Louisiana Public Service Commission As Commissioner he prosecuted large corporations such as Standard Oil a lifelong target of his rhetorical attacks After Long successfully argued before the U S Supreme Court Chief Justice and former president William Howard Taft praised him as the most brilliant lawyer who ever practiced before the United States Supreme Court After a failed 1924 campaign Long used the sharp economic and class divisions in Louisiana to win the 1928 gubernatorial election Once in office he expanded social programs organized massive public works projects such as a modern highway system and the tallest capitol building in the nation and proposed a cotton holiday Through political maneuvering Long became the political boss of Louisiana He was impeached in 1929 for abuses of power but the proceedings collapsed in the State Senate His opponents argued his policies and methods were unconstitutional and dictatorial At its climax political opposition organized a minor insurrection Long was elected to the U S Senate in 1930 but did not assume his seat until 1932 He established himself as an isolationist arguing that Standard Oil and Wall Street orchestrated American foreign policy He was instrumental in securing Roosevelt s 1932 nomination but split with him in 1933 becoming a prominent critic of his New Deal As an alternative he proposed the Share Our Wealth program in 1934 To stimulate the economy he advocated massive federal spending a wealth tax and wealth redistribution These proposals drew wide support with millions joining local Share Our Wealth clubs Poised for a 1936 presidential bid Long was mortally wounded by a lone assassin in 1935 Although Long s movement faded Roosevelt adopted many of his proposals in the Second New Deal and Louisiana elections would be organized along anti or pro Long factions until the 1960s He left behind a political dynasty that included his wife Senator Rose McConnell Long his son Senator Russell B Long and his brother Governor Earl Long among others Contents 1 Early life 1893 1915 1 1 Childhood 1 2 Education and marriage 2 Legal career 1915 1923 3 Gubernatorial campaigns 1924 1928 3 1 1924 election 3 2 1928 election 4 Louisiana governorship 1928 1932 4 1 First year 4 2 Impeachment 4 3 Senate campaign 4 4 Senator elect 4 5 Accomplishments in Louisiana 5 U S Senate 1932 1935 5 1 Senator 5 2 Roosevelt and the New Deal 5 3 Chaco War and foreign policy 5 4 Share Our Wealth 5 5 Continued control over Louisiana 6 1935 Final year 6 1 Presidential ambitions 6 2 Increased tensions in Louisiana 6 3 Assassination 7 Legacy 7 1 Politics 7 2 Historical reputation 7 3 Media 8 Works 8 1 Bibliography 8 2 Discography 9 See also 10 Notes and references 10 1 Notes 10 2 References and citations 10 3 Works citedEarly life 1893 1915 EditChildhood Edit Long was born on August 30 1893 near Winnfield a small town in north central Louisiana the seat of Winn Parish 1 Although Long often told followers he was born in a log cabin to an impoverished family they lived in a comfortable farmhouse and were well off compared to others in Winnfield 1 2 3 Winn Parish was impoverished and its residents mostly Southern Baptists were often outsiders in Louisiana s political system 1 4 During the Civil War Winn Parish had been a stronghold of Unionism in an otherwise Confederate state At Louisiana s 1861 convention on secession the delegate from Winn voted to remain in the Union saying Who wants to fight to keep the Negroes for the wealthy planters 5 note 1 In the 1890s the parish was a bastion of the Populist Party and in the 1912 election a plurality 35 voted for the Socialist presidential candidate Eugene V Debs 4 6 Long embraced these populist sentiments 7 One of nine children 5 Long was home schooled until age eleven In the public system he earned a reputation as an excellent student with a remarkable memory and convinced his teachers to let him skip seventh grade At Winnfield High School he and his friends formed a secret society advertising their exclusivity by wearing a red ribbon According to Long his club s mission was to run things laying down certain rules the students would have to follow 8 The faculty learned of Long s antics and warned him to obey the school s rules Long continued to rebel writing and distributing a flyer that criticized his teachers and the necessity of a recently state mandated fourth year of secondary education for which he was expelled in 1910 Although Long successfully petitioned to fire the principal he never returned to high school 8 As a student Long proved a capable debater At a state debate competition in Baton Rouge he won a full tuition scholarship to Louisiana State University LSU 9 Because the scholarship did not cover textbooks or living expenses his family could not afford for him to attend 9 Long was also unable to attend because he did not graduate from high school 10 Instead he entered the workforce as a traveling salesman in the rural South 11 Education and marriage Edit In September 1911 Long started attending seminary classes at Oklahoma Baptist University at the urging of his mother a devout Baptist Living with his brother George Long attended for only one semester rarely appearing at lectures After deciding he was unsuited to preaching Long focused on law 12 Borrowing one hundred dollars from his brother which he later lost playing roulette in Oklahoma City he attended the University of Oklahoma College of Law for a semester in 1912 12 To earn money while studying law part time he continued to work as a salesman Of the four classes Long took he received one incomplete and three C s He later confessed he learned little because there was too much excitement all those gambling houses and everything 12 Long met Rose McConnell at a baking contest he had promoted to sell Cottolene shortening 13 The two began a two and a half year courtship and married in April 1913 at the Gayoso Hotel in Memphis Tennessee 14 On their wedding day Long had no cash with him and had to borrow 10 from his fiancee to pay the officiant 15 Shortly after their marriage Long revealed to his wife his aspirations to run for a statewide office the governorship the Senate and ultimately the presidency 16 The Longs had a daughter named Rose 1917 2006 and two sons Russell B Long 1918 2003 who became a U S senator and Palmer Reid Long 1921 2010 who became an oilman in Shreveport Louisiana 17 18 Long enrolled at Tulane University Law School in New Orleans in the fall of 1914 19 After a year of study that concentrated on the courses necessary for the bar exam he successfully petitioned the Louisiana Supreme Court for permission to take the test before its scheduled June 1915 date He was examined in May passed and received his license to practice 20 According to Long I came out of that courtroom running for office 21 Legal career 1915 1923 EditIn 1915 Long established a private practice in Winnfield He represented poor plaintiffs usually in workers compensation cases 22 23 Long avoided fighting in World War I by obtaining a draft deferment on the grounds that he was married and had a dependent child He successfully defended from prosecution under the Espionage Act of 1917 the state senator who had loaned him the money to complete his legal studies and later claimed he did not serve because I was not mad at anybody over there 21 24 In 1918 Long invested 1 050 equivalent to 18 066 in 2020 in a well that struck oil The Standard Oil Company refused to accept any of the oil in its pipelines costing Long his investment 25 This episode served as the catalyst for Long s lifelong hatred of Standard Oil 26 Card for Long s 1918 campaign for railroad commissioner That same year Long entered the race to serve on the three seat Louisiana Railroad Commission According to historian William Ivy Hair Long s political message would be repeated until the end of his days he was a young warrior of and for the plain people battling the evil giants of Wall Street and their corporations too much of America s wealth was concentrated in too few hands and this unfairness was perpetuated by an educational system so stacked against the poor that according to his statistics only fourteen out of every thousand children obtained a college education The way to begin rectifying these wrongs was to turn out of office the corrupt local flunkies of big business and elect instead true men of the people such as himself 27 In the Democratic primary Long polled second behind incumbent Burk Bridges Since no candidate garnered a majority of the votes a run off election was held for which Long campaigned tirelessly across northern Louisiana The race was close Long defeated Burk by just 636 votes 28 Although the returns revealed wide support for Long in rural areas he performed poorly in urban areas 22 On the Commission Long forced utilities to lower rates ordered railroads to extend service to small towns and demanded that Standard Oil cease the importation of Mexican crude oil and use more oil from Louisiana wells 29 30 In the gubernatorial election of 1920 Long campaigned heavily for John M Parker today he is often credited with helping Parker win northern parishes 31 32 After Parker was elected the two became bitter rivals Their break was largely caused by Long s demand and Parker s refusal to declare the state s oil pipelines public utilities 31 Long was infuriated when Parker allowed oil companies led by Standard Oil s legal team to assist in writing severance tax laws Long denounced Parker as corporate chattel The feud climaxed in 1921 when Parker tried unsuccessfully to have Long ousted from the commission 30 31 By 1922 Long had become chairman of the commission now called the Public Service Commission 24 29 That year Long prosecuted the Cumberland Telephone amp Telegraph Company for unfair rate increases he successfully argued the case on appeal before the United States Supreme Court 33 which resulted in cash refunds to thousands of overcharged customers 34 After the decision Chief Justice and former President William Howard Taft praised Long as the most brilliant lawyer who ever practiced before the court 35 36 Gubernatorial campaigns 1924 1928 Edit1924 election Edit Main article 1924 Louisiana gubernatorial election Card for Long s 1924 gubernatorial campaign On August 30 1923 Long announced his candidacy for the governorship of Louisiana 5 Long stumped throughout the state personally distributing circulars and posters He denounced Governor Parker as a corporate stooge vilified Standard Oil and assailed local political bosses 37 He campaigned in rural areas disenfranchised by the state s political establishment the Old Regulars Since the 1877 end of Republican controlled Reconstruction government they had controlled most of the state through alliances with local officials 37 38 With negligible support for Republicans Louisiana was essentially a one party state under the Democratic Old Regulars Holding mock elections in which they invoked the Lost Cause of the Confederacy the Old Regulars presided over a corrupt government that largely benefited the planter class 38 39 Consequently Louisiana was one of the least developed states It had just 300 miles of paved roads and the lowest literacy rate 40 41 Despite an enthusiastic campaign Long came third in the primary and was eliminated 37 Although polls projected only a few thousand votes he attracted almost 72 000 around 31 of the electorate and carried 28 parishes more than either opponent Limited to sectional appeal he performed best in the poor rural north 5 37 The Ku Klux Klan s prominence in Louisiana was the campaign s primary issue While the two other candidates either strongly opposed or supported the Klan Long remained neutral alienating both sides He also failed to attract Catholic voters which limited his chances in the south of the state In majority Catholic New Orleans he polled just 12 000 votes 17 37 Long blamed heavy rain on election day for suppressing voter turnout among his base in the north where voters could not reach the polls over dirt roads that had turned to mud 37 42 It was the only election Long ever lost 43 1928 election Edit Main article 1928 Louisiana gubernatorial election And it is here under this oak where Evangeline waited in vain for her lover Gabriel who never came This oak is an immortal spot made so by Longfellow s poem but Evangeline is not the only one who has waited here in disappointment Where are the schools that you have waited for your children to have that have never come Where are the roads and the highways that you sent your money to build that are no nearer now than ever before Where are the institutions to care for the sick and disabled Evangeline wept bitter tears in her disappointment but it lasted only through one lifetime Your tears in this country around this oak have lasted for generations Give me the chance to dry the eyes of those who still weep here An example of Long s 1928 campaign rhetoric 44 45 Long spent the intervening four years building his reputation and political organization particularly in the heavily Catholic urban south Despite disagreeing with their politics Long campaigned for Catholic U S Senators in 1924 and 1926 37 Government mismanagement during the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 gained Long the support of Cajuns whose land had been affected 46 47 He formally launched his second campaign for governor in 1927 using the slogan Every man a king but no one wears a crown a phrase adopted from Democratic presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan 48 Long developed novel campaign techniques including the use of sound trucks and radio commercials 37 His stance on race was unorthodox According to T Harry Williams Long was the first Southern mass leader to leave aside race baiting and appeals to the Southern tradition and the Southern past and address himself to the social and economic problems of the present 49 note 2 The campaign sometimes descended into brutality When the 60 year old incumbent governor called Long a liar during a chance encounter in the lobby of the Roosevelt Hotel Long punched him in the face 51 In the Democratic primary election Long polled 126 842 votes a plurality of 43 9 percent His margin was the largest in state history and no opponent chose to face him in a runoff After earning the Democratic nomination he easily defeated the Republican nominee in the general election with 96 1 percent of the vote 52 At age 35 Long was the youngest person ever elected governor of Louisiana 53 Some fifteen thousand Louisianians traveled to Baton Rouge for Long s inauguration 21 He set up large tents free drinks and jazz bands on the capitol grounds evoking Andrew Jackson s 1829 inaugural festivities 54 His victory was seen as a public backlash against the urban establishment journalist Hodding Carter described it as a fantastic vengeance upon the Sodom and Gomorrah that was called New Orleans 21 While previous elections were normally divided culturally and religiously Long highlighted the sharp economic divide in the state and built a new coalition based on class 53 55 Long s strength said the contemporary novelist Sherwood Anderson relied on the terrible South the beaten ignorant Bible ridden white South Faulkner occasionally really touches it It has yet to be paid for 21 Louisiana governorship 1928 1932 EditFirst year Edit Long s office in the Governor s Mansion Once in office on May 21 1928 Long moved quickly to consolidate power firing hundreds of opponents in the state bureaucracy at all ranks from cabinet level heads of departments to state road workers Like previous governors he filled the vacancies with patronage appointments from his network of political supporters 34 56 57 Every state employee who depended on Long for a job was expected to pay a portion of their salary at election time directly into his campaign fund 58 Once his control over the state s political apparatus was strengthened Long pushed several bills through the 1929 session of the Louisiana State Legislature to fulfill campaign promises His bills met opposition from legislators wealthy citizens and the media but Long used aggressive tactics to ensure passage He would appear unannounced on the floor of both the House and Senate or in House committees corralling reluctant representatives and state senators and bullying opponents 59 60 When an opposing legislator once suggested Long was unfamiliar with the Louisiana Constitution he declared I m the Constitution around here now 61 62 One program Long approved was a free textbook program for schoolchildren Long s free school books angered Catholics who usually sent their children to private schools Long assured them that the books would be granted directly to all children regardless of whether they attended public school Yet this assurance was criticized by conservative constitutionalists who claimed it violated the separation of church and state and sued Long The case went to the U S Supreme Court which ruled in Long s favor 63 Irritated by immoral gambling dens and brothels in New Orleans Long sent the National Guard to raid these establishments with orders to shoot without hesitation Gambling equipment was burned prostitutes were arrested and over 25 000 equivalent to 376 793 in 2020 was confiscated for government funds Local newspapers ran photos of National Guardsmen forcibly searching nude women City authorities had not requested military force and martial law had not been declared The Louisiana attorney general denounced Long s actions as illegal but Long rebuked him saying Nobody asked him for his opinion 64 Despite wide disapproval Long had the Governor s Mansion built in 1887 razed by convicts from the State Penitentiary under his personal supervision 57 In its place Long had a much larger Georgian mansion built It bore a strong resemblance to the White House he reportedly wanted to be familiar with the residence when he became president 65 66 Impeachment Edit Long s impeachment was conducted at the Old Louisiana State Capitol In 1929 Long called a special legislative session to enact a five cent per barrel tax on refined oil production to fund his social programs 67 The state s oil interests opposed the bill Long declared in a radio address that any legislator who refused to support the tax had been bought by oil companies Instead of persuading the legislature the accusation infuriated many of its members 68 The dynamite squad a caucus of opponents led by freshman lawmakers Cecil Morgan and Ralph Norman Bauer introduced an impeachment resolution against Long 69 70 Nineteen charges were listed ranging from blasphemy to subornation of murder 71 note 3 Even Long s lieutenant governor Paul Cyr supported impeachment he accused Long of nepotism and alleged he had made corrupt deals with a Texan oil company 72 note 4 Concerned Long tried to close the session Pro Long Speaker John B Fournet called for a vote to adjourn Despite most representatives opposing adjournment the electronic voting board tallied 68 ayes and 13 nays This sparked confusion anti Long representatives began chanting that the voting machine had been rigged note 5 Some ran for the speaker s chair to call for a new vote but met resistance from their pro Long colleagues 76 sparking a brawl later known as Bloody Monday 71 In the scuffle legislators threw inkwells allegedly attacked others with brass knuckles and Long s brother Earl bit a legislator s neck 5 77 Following the fight the legislature voted to remain in session and proceed with impeachment 78 Proceedings in the house took place with dozens of witnesses including a hula dancer who claimed that Long had been frisky with her 34 Impeached on eight of the 19 charges note 6 Long was the first Louisiana governor charged in the state s history 69 77 Long was frightened by the prospect of conviction for it would force him from the governorship and permanently disqualify him from holding public office in Louisiana 80 He took his case to the people with a mass meeting in Baton Rouge where he alleged that impeachment was a ploy by Standard Oil to thwart his programs 77 The House referred the charges to the Louisiana Senate in which conviction required a two thirds majority Long produced a round robin statement signed by fifteen senators pledging to vote not guilty regardless of the evidence The impeachment process now futile was suspended without holding an impeachment trial It has been alleged that both sides used bribes to buy votes and that Long later rewarded the round robin signers with positions or other favors 81 82 Following the failed impeachment attempt Long treated his opponents ruthlessly He fired their relatives from state jobs and supported their challengers in elections Long concluded that extra legal means would be needed to accomplish his goals I used to try to get things done by saying please Now I dynamite em out of my path 83 Receiving death threats he surrounded himself with bodyguards 84 Now a resolute critic of the lying press 57 Long established his own newspaper in March 1930 the Louisiana Progress The paper was extremely popular widely distributed by policemen highway workers and government truckers 57 85 86 Senate campaign Edit Shortly after the impeachment Long now nicknamed The Kingfish after an Amos n Andy character announced his candidacy for the U S Senate in the 1930 Democratic primary 5 87 He framed his campaign as a referendum If he won he presumed the public supported his programs over the opposition of the legislature If he lost he promised to resign 5 His opponent was incumbent Joseph E Ransdell the Catholic senator whom Long endorsed in 1924 88 At 72 years old Ransdell had served in the U S Congress since Long was aged six Aligned with the establishment Ransdell had the support of all 18 of the state s daily newspapers 5 89 To combat this Long purchased two new 30 000 sound trucks and distributed over two million circulars 90 Although promising not to make personal attacks Long seized on Ransdell s age calling him Old Feather Duster 89 The campaign became increasingly vicious The New York Times calling it as amusing as it was depressing 91 Long critic Sam Irby note 7 set to testify on Long s corruption to state authorities was abducted by Long s bodyguards shortly before the election Irby emerged after the election he had been missing for four days Surrounded by Long s guards he gave a radio address in which he confessed that he had actually asked Long for protection 5 34 92 The New Orleans mayor labelled it the most heinous public crime in Louisiana history 34 Ultimately on September 9 1930 Long defeated Ransdell by 149 640 57 3 percent to 111 451 42 7 percent 93 94 There were accusations of voter fraud against Long voting records showed people voting in alphabetical order among them celebrities like Charlie Chaplin Jack Dempsey and Babe Ruth 51 Although his Senate term began on March 4 1931 Long completed most of his four year term as governor which did not end until May 1932 He declared that leaving the seat vacant would not hurt Louisiana W ith Ransdell as Senator the seat was vacant anyway By occupying the governorship until January 25 1932 Long prevented Lieutenant Governor Cyr who threatened to undo Long s reforms from succeeding to the office 95 96 In October 1931 Cyr learned Long was in Mississippi and declared himself the state s legitimate governor 97 In response Long ordered National Guard troops to surround the Capitol to block Cyr s coup d etat and petitioned the Louisiana Supreme Court 95 88 Long successfully argued that Cyr had vacated the office of lieutenant governor when trying to assume the governorship and had the court eject Cyr 95 Senator elect Edit Now governor and senator elect Long returned to completing his legislative agenda with renewed strength He continued his intimidating practice of presiding over the legislature note 8 shouting Shut up or Sit down when legislators voiced their concerns In a single night Long passed 44 bills in just two hours one every three minutes He later explained his tactics The end justifies the means 98 Long endorsed pro Long candidates and wooed others with favors he often joked his legislature was the finest collection of lawmakers money can buy 21 He organized and concentrated his power into a political machine a one man operation according to Williams 99 He placed his brother Earl in charge of allotting patronage appointments to local politicians and signing state contracts with businessmen in exchange for loyalty Long appointed allies to key government positions such as giving Robert Maestri the office of Conservation Commissioner and making Oscar K Allen head of the Louisiana Highway Commission Maestri would deliberately neglect the regulation of energy companies in exchange for industry donations to Long s campaign fund while Allen took direction from Earl on which construction and supply companies to contract for road work 100 Concerned by these tactics Long s opponents charged he had become the virtual dictator of the state 101 To address record low cotton prices amid a Great Depression surplus Long proposed the major cotton producing states mandate a 1932 cotton holiday which would ban cotton production for the entire year 102 He further proposed that the holiday be imposed internationally which some nations such as Egypt supported 103 In 1931 Long convened the New Orleans Cotton Conference attended by delegates from every major cotton producing state 104 The delegates agreed to codify Long s proposal into law on the caveat that it would not come into effect until states producing three quarters of U S cotton passed such laws 105 As the proposer Louisiana unanimously passed the legislation 106 When conservative politicians in Texas the largest cotton producer in the U S rejected the measure the holiday movement collapsed 107 Although traditional politicians would have been ruined by such a defeat Long became a national figure and cemented his image as a champion of the poor 108 Senator Carter Glass although a fervid critic of Long credited him with first suggesting artificial scarcity as a solution to the depression 109 Accomplishments in Louisiana Edit Long constructed a new capitol building which at 450 feet 140 m remains the tallest capitol in the United States Long was unusual among southern populists in that he achieved tangible progress Williams concluded the secret of Long s power in the final analysis was not in his machine or his political dealings but in his record he delivered something 110 Referencing Long s contributions to Louisiana Robert Penn Warren a professor at LSU during Long s term as governor 111 stated Dictators always give something for what they get 110 Long created a public works program that was unprecedented in the South constructing roads bridges hospitals schools and state buildings During his four years as governor Long increased paved highways in Louisiana from 331 to 2 301 miles 533 to 3 703 km and constructed 2 816 miles 4 532 km of gravel roads By 1936 the infrastructure program begun by Long had completed some 9 700 miles 15 600 km of new roads doubling Louisiana s road system He built 111 bridges and started construction on the first bridge over the Mississippi entirely in Louisiana the Huey P Long Bridge These projects provided thousands of jobs during the depression Louisiana employed more highway workers than any other state 112 Long built a State Capitol which at 450 feet 140 m tall remains the tallest capitol state or federal in the United States 113 Long s infrastructure spending increased the state government s debt from 11 million in 1928 to 150 million in 1935 114 Long was an ardent supporter of the state s flagship public university Louisiana State University LSU Having been unable to attend Long now regarded it as his university 115 He increased LSU s funding and intervened in the university s affairs expelling seven students who criticized him in the school newspaper 116 117 He constructed new buildings including a fieldhouse that reportedly contained the longest pool in the United States 115 118 116 Long founded an LSU Medical School in New Orleans 119 note 9 To raise the stature of the football program he converted the school s military marching band into the flashy Show Band of the South and hired Costa Rican composer Castro Carazo as the band director 115 As well as nearly doubling the size of the stadium 115 he arranged for lowered train fares so students could travel to away games Long s contributions resulted in LSU gaining a class A accreditation from the Association of American Universities 115 Long s night schools taught 100 000 adults to read 21 His provision of free textbooks contributed to a 20 percent increase in school enrollment 120 He modernized public health facilities and ensured adequate conditions for the mentally ill 116 He established Louisiana s first rehabilitation program for penitentiary inmates 121 Through tax reform Long made the first 2 000 in property assessment free waiving property taxes for half the state s homeowners 122 Historians have criticized other policies like high consumer taxes on gasoline and cigarettes a reduced mother s pension and low teacher salaries 123 U S Senate 1932 1935 EditMain article United States Senate career of Huey Long Senator Edit Long delivering a speech When Long arrived in the Senate America was in the throes of the Great Depression 124 With this backdrop Long made characteristically fiery speeches that denounced wealth inequality He criticized the leaders of both parties for failing to address the crisis adequately notably attacking conservative Senate Democratic Leader Joseph Robinson of Arkansas for his apparent closeness with President Herbert Hoover and big business 125 In the 1932 presidential election Long was a vocal supporter of New York Governor Franklin D Roosevelt 126 At that year s Democratic National Convention Long kept the delegations of several wavering Southern states in the Roosevelt camp 5 21 Due to this Long expected to be featured prominently in Roosevelt s campaign but was disappointed with a peripheral speaking tour limited to four Midwestern states 127 128 Not discouraged after being snubbed Long found other venues for his populist message He endorsed Senator Hattie Caraway of Arkansas a widow and the underdog candidate in a crowded field and conducted a whirlwind seven day tour of that state 129 130 note 10 During the campaign Long gave 39 speeches traveled 2 100 miles 3 400 km and spoke to over 200 000 people 131 In an upset win Caraway became the first woman elected to a full term in the Senate 132 Returning to Washington Long gave theatrical speeches which drew wide attention Public viewing areas were crowded with onlookers among them a young Lyndon B Johnson who later said he was simply entranced by Long 34 133 Long obstructed bills for weeks launching hour long filibusters and having the clerk read superfluous documents Long s antics one editorial claimed had made the Senate impotent 134 In May 1932 The Washington Post called for his resignation 34 Long s behavior and radical rhetoric did little to endear him to his fellow senators None of his proposed bills resolutions or motions were passed during his three years in the Senate 5 135 136 Roosevelt and the New Deal Edit Further information New Deal During the first 100 days of Roosevelt s presidency in spring 1933 Long s attitude towards Roosevelt and the New Deal was tepid 137 Aware that Roosevelt had no intention of radically redistributing the country s wealth Long became one of the few national politicians to oppose Roosevelt s New Deal policies from the left note 11 He considered them inadequate in the face of the escalating economic crisis but still supported some of Roosevelt s programs in the Senate explaining Whenever this administration has gone to the left I have voted with it and whenever it has gone to the right I have voted against it 139 Long opposed the National Recovery Act claiming it favored industrialists 140 In an attempt to prevent its passage Long held a lone filibuster speaking for 15 hours and 30 minutes the second longest filibuster at the time 141 142 He also criticized Social Security calling it inadequate and expressing his concerns that states would administer it in a way discriminatory to blacks 143 In 1933 he was a leader of a three week Senate filibuster against the Glass banking bill which he later supported as the Glass Steagall Act after provisions extended government deposit insurance to state banks as well as national banks 144 145 Roosevelt considered Long a radical demagogue and stated that Long along with General Douglas MacArthur was one of the two most dangerous men in America 21 146 147 In June 1933 in an effort to undermine Long s political dominance Roosevelt cut him out of consultations on the distribution of federal funds and patronage in Louisiana and placed Long s opponents in charge of federal programs in the state Roosevelt supported a Senate inquiry into the election of Long ally John H Overton to the Senate in 1932 The Long machine was accused of election fraud and voter intimidation but the inquiry came up empty and Overton was seated 148 To discredit Long and damage his support base Roosevelt had Long s finances investigated by the Internal Revenue Service in 1934 149 note 12 Although they failed to link Long to any illegality some of his lieutenants were charged with income tax evasion 21 151 Roosevelt s son Elliott would later note that in this instance his father may have been the originator of the concept of employing the IRS as a weapon of political retribution 152 Chaco War and foreign policy Edit See also Latin America United States relations On May 30 1934 Long took to the Senate floor to debate the abrogation of the Platt amendment 153 But instead of debating the amendment Long declared his support for Paraguay against Bolivia in the Chaco War He maintained that U S President Rutherford B Hayes had awarded the oil rich Chaco region to Paraguay in 1878 154 He attested Standard Oil had corrupted the Bolivian government and organized the war and that Wall Street orchestrated American foreign policy in Latin America 155 For his speech Long received praise in Paraguay after capturing a Bolivian fort in July 1934 they renamed it Fort Long 156 Long s allegations were widely publicized in Latin American newspapers This drew the concern of the State Department who believed that Long was damaging the reputation of the United States Throughout the summer of 1934 they waged a sustained public relations campaign against Long throughout Latin America 157 This speech and others established Long as one of the most ardent isolationists in the Senate He further argued that American involvement in the Spanish American War and the First World War had been deadly mistakes conducted on behalf of Wall Street 158 159 Consequently Long demanded the immediate independence of the Philippines which the United States had occupied since 1898 134 160 He also opposed American entry into the World Court 161 Share Our Wealth Edit Main article Share Our Wealth Long speaking from behind his desk at the Capitol 1935 In March 1933 Long revealed a series of bills collectively known as the Long plan to redistribute wealth Together they would cap fortunes at 100 million limit annual income to 1 million and cap individual inheritances at 5 million 162 163 External video Long s Share the Wealth speech on YouTubeIn a nationwide February 1934 radio broadcast Long introduced his Share Our Wealth plan 164 165 The legislation would use the wealth from the Long plan to guarantee every family a basic household grant of 5 000 and a minimum annual income of one third of the average family homestead value and income Long supplemented his plan with proposals for free college and vocational training veterans benefits federal assistance to farmers public works projects greater federal economic regulation a 30 monthly elderly pension a month s vacation for every worker a thirty hour workweek a 10 billion land reclamation project to end the Dust Bowl and free medical service and a war on disease led by the Mayo brothers 166 167 These reforms Long claimed would end the Great Depression 168 The plans were widely criticized and labeled impossible by economists 169 170 With the Senate unwilling to support his proposals in February 1934 Long formed the Share Our Wealth Society a national network of local clubs that operated in opposition to the Democratic Party and Roosevelt By 1935 the society had over 7 5 million members in 27 000 clubs 171 Long s Senate office received an average of 60 000 letters a week resulting in Long hiring 48 stenographers to type responses 5 Of the two trucks that delivered mail to the Senate one was devoted solely to mail for Long 172 Long s newspaper now renamed American Progress averaged a circulation of 300 000 some issues reaching over 1 5 million 143 Long drew international attention English writer H G Wells interviewed Long noting he was like a Winston Churchill who has never been at Harrow He abounds in promises 21 Some historians believe that pressure from Share Our Wealth contributed to Roosevelt s turn to the left in the Second New Deal 1935 which consisted of the Social Security Act the Works Progress Administration the National Labor Relations Board Aid to Dependent Children and the Wealth Tax Act of 1935 21 173 Roosevelt reportedly admitted in private to trying to steal Long s thunder 174 Continued control over Louisiana Edit Long continued to maintain effective control of Louisiana while he was a senator blurring the boundary between federal and state politics 175 Long chose his childhood friend Oscar K Allen to succeed King in the January 1932 election With the support of Long s voter base Allen won easily permitting Long to resign as governor and take his seat in the U S Senate in January 1932 176 177 Allen widely viewed as a puppet dutifully enacted Long s policies 178 When Long visited Louisiana Allen would relinquish his office for the Senator working instead at his receptionist s desk 172 Though he had no constitutional authority Long continued to draft and press bills through the Louisiana State Legislature 179 One of the laws passed was what Long called a tax on lying a 2 percent tax on newspaper advertising revenue 180 In 1934 Long and James A Noe an independent oilman and member of the Louisiana State Senate from Ouachita Parish formed the controversial Win or Lose Oil Company The firm was established to obtain leases on state owned lands so that its directors might collect bonuses and sublease the mineral rights to the major oil companies Although ruled legal these activities were done in secret and the stockholders were unknown to the public Long made a profit on the bonuses and the resale of those state leases and used the funds primarily for political purposes 181 1935 Final year EditPresidential ambitions Edit See also 1936 United States presidential election Candidate Long on the cover of Time magazine April 1935 Popular support for Long s Share Our Wealth program raised the possibility of a 1936 presidential bid against incumbent Franklin D Roosevelt 21 182 note 13 When questioned by the press Long gave conflicting answers on his plans for 1936 185 Long s son Russell believed his father would have run on a third party ticket 186 This is evidenced by Long s writing of a speculative book My First Days in the White House which laid out his plans for the presidency after the 1936 election 187 188 note 14 In spring 1935 Long undertook a national speaking tour and regular radio appearances attracting large crowds and increasing his stature 189 At a well attended Long rally in Philadelphia a former mayor told the press There are 250 000 Long votes in this city 190 Regarding Roosevelt Long boasted to the New York Times Arthur Krock He s scared of me I can out promise him and he knows it 191 As the 1936 election approached the Roosevelt Administration grew increasingly concerned by Long s popularity 190 Democratic National Committee chairman James Farley commissioned a secret poll in early 1935 192 Farley s poll revealed that if Long ran on a third party ticket he would win about four million votes 10 of the electorate 193 In a memo to Roosevelt Farley expressed his concern that Long could split the vote allowing the Republican nominee to win 193 Diplomat Edward M House warned Roosevelt many people believe that he can do to your administration what Theodore Roosevelt did to the Taft Administration in 12 194 Many including Hair Roosevelt and Williams speculated that Long expected to lose in 1936 allowing the Republicans to take the White House They believed the Republicans would worsen the Great Depression deepening Long s appeal According to Roosevelt That would bring the country to such a state by 1940 that Long thinks he would be made dictator 195 Increased tensions in Louisiana Edit Long after giving a successful five hour filibuster about two weeks before his death By 1935 Long s consolidation of power led to talk of armed opposition from his enemies in Louisiana Opponents increasingly invoked the memory of the Battle of Liberty Place 1874 in which the White League staged an uprising against Louisiana s Reconstruction era government In January 1935 an anti Long paramilitary organization called the Square Deal Association was formed Its members included former governors John M Parker and Ruffin Pleasant and New Orleans Mayor T Semmes Walmsley 94 196 Standard Oil threatened to leave the state when Long finally passed the five cent per barrel oil tax for which he had been impeached in 1929 Concerned Standard Oil employees formed a Square Deal association in Baton Rouge organizing themselves in militia companies and demanding direct action 197 On January 25 1935 these Square Dealers now armed seized the East Baton Rouge Parish courthouse Long had Governor Allen execute emergency measures in Baton Rouge he called in the National Guard declared martial law banned public gatherings of two or more persons and forbade the publication of criticism of state officials The Square Dealers left the courthouse but there was a brief armed skirmish at the Baton Rouge Airport Tear gas and live ammunition were fired one person was wounded but there were no fatalities 196 197 198 At a legal hearing an alleged spy within the Square Dealers testified they were conspiring to assassinate Long 199 In summer 1935 Long called two special legislative sessions in Louisiana bills were passed in rapid fire succession without being read or discussed The new laws further centralized Long s control over the state by creating new Long appointed state agencies a state bond and tax board holding sole authority to approve loans to local governments a new state printing board which could withhold official printer status from uncooperative newspapers a new board of election supervisors which would appoint all poll watchers and a State Board of Censors They stripped away the remaining powers of the Mayor of New Orleans Long boasted he had taken over every board and commission in New Orleans except the Community Chest and the Red Cross 200 A September 7 special session passed 42 bills The most extreme likely aimed at Roosevelt and his federal agents authorized Louisiana to fine and imprison anyone who infringed on the powers reserved to the state in the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution 201 Assassination Edit Main article Assassination of Huey Long Long s grave and statue before the capitol On September 8 1935 Long traveled to the State Capitol to pass a bill that would gerrymander the district of an opponent Judge Benjamin Pavy who had held his position for 28 years 201 At 9 20 p m just after passage of the bill effectively removing Pavy Pavy s son in law Carl Weiss approached Long and according to the generally accepted version of events fired a single shot with a handgun from four feet 1 2 m away striking Long in the torso Long s bodyguards nicknamed the Cossacks or skullcrushers then fired at Weiss with their pistols killing him An autopsy found Weiss had been shot at least 60 times 202 Long ran down a flight of stairs and across the capitol grounds hailing a car to take him to Our Lady of the Lake Hospital 203 He was rushed to the operating room where surgery closed perforations in his intestines but failed to stop internal bleeding 204 Long died at 4 10 a m on September 10 31 hours after being shot 205 According to different sources his last words were either I wonder what will happen to my poor university boys or God don t let me die I have so much to do 206 207 Over 200 000 people traveled to Baton Rouge to attend Long s September 12 funeral 208 His remains were buried on the grounds of the Capitol a statue depicting Long was constructed on his grave 202 203 Although Long s allies alleged he was assassinated by political opponents a federal probe found no evidence of conspiracy 205 Long s death brought relief to the Roosevelt Administration which would win in a landslide in the 1936 election Farley publicly admitted his apprehension of campaigning against Long I always laughed Huey off but I did not feel that way about him Roosevelt s close economic advisor Rexford Tugwell wrote that When he was gone it seemed that a beneficent peace had fallen on the land Father Coughlin Reno Townsend et al were after all pygmies compared with Huey He had been a major phenomenon Tugwell also said that Roosevelt regarded Long s assassination as a providential occurrence 21 Evidence later surfaced that suggests Long was accidentally shot by his bodyguards 209 Proponents of this theory assert Long was caught in the crossfire as his bodyguards shot Weiss and a bullet that ricocheted off the marble walls hit him 202 210 211 Legacy EditPolitics Edit Further information Long family Long s son Russell left pictured with President Lyndon B Johnson in 1964 was a U S Senator Long s assassination turned him into a legendary figure in parts of Louisiana In 1938 Swedish sociologist Gunnar Myrdal encountered rural children who not only insisted Long was alive but that he was president 34 Although no longer governing Long s policies continued to be enacted in Louisiana by his political machine 212 which supported Roosevelt s re election to prevent further investigation into their finances 213 The machine remained a powerful force in state politics until the 1960 elections Within the Louisiana Democratic Party Long set in motion two durable factions pro Long and anti Long which diverged meaningfully in terms of policies and voter support For decades after his death Long s political style inspired imitation among Louisiana politicians who borrowed his rhetoric and promises of social programs 212 214 215 After Long s death a family dynasty emerged his brother Earl was elected lieutenant governor in 1936 and governor in 1948 and 1956 Long s widow Rose Long replaced him in the Senate and his son Russell was a U S senator from 1948 to 1987 As chairman of the Senate Finance Committee Russell shaped the nation s tax laws advocating low business taxes and passing legislation beneficial to the poor like the Earned Income Credit 5 216 217 Other relatives including George Gillis and Speedy have represented Louisiana in Congress 218 219 220 Huey P Newton co founder of the Black Panther Party was named after Long 221 222 Historical reputation Edit Academics and historians have found difficulty categorizing Long and his ideology 223 224 His platform has been compared to ideologies ranging from McCarthyism to European Fascism and Stalinism 225 When asked about his own philosophy Long simply replied Oh hell say that I m sui generis and let it go at that 21 Robert Penn Warren described him as a remarkable set of contradictions 199 A majority of academics biographers and writers who have examined Long view him negatively typically as a demagogue or dictator 45 226 note 15 Reinhard H Luthin said that he was the epitome of an American demagogue 228 David Kennedy wrote that Long s regime in Louisiana was the closest thing to a dictatorship that America has ever known 7 Journalist Hodding Carter described him as the first true dictator out of the soil of America and his movement the success of fascism in one American state 51 229 Peter Viereck categorized Long s movement as chauvinist thought control Victor Ferkiss called it incipient fascism 230 One of the few biographers to praise Long was T Harry Williams who classified Long s ideas as neo populist 231 232 He labeled Long a democratic mass leader rather than a demagogue 232 233 Besides Williams intellectual Gore Vidal expressed admiration for Long even naming him as his favorite contemporary U S politician 234 Long biographer Thomas O Harris espoused a more nuanced view of Long neither saint nor devil he was a complex and heterogenous mixture of good and bad genius and craft hypocrisy and candor buffoonery and seriousness 235 Media Edit Main article Huey Long in culture 1936 poster for the WPA stage adaptation of It Can t Happen Here In popular culture Long has served as a template for multiple dictatorial politicians in novels 236 Notable works include Sinclair Lewis s novel It Can t Happen Here 1935 237 238 Robert Penn Warren s Pulitzer Prize winning novel All the King s Men 1946 239 240 241 and Adria Locke Langley s 1945 novel A Lion Is in the Streets 242 The latter two were adapted into films 243 244 As well as two television docudramas 245 246 Long was the subject of a 1985 Ken Burns directed documentary 247 248 In music Randy Newman featured Long in two songs on the 1974 album Good Old Boys the song Every Man A King was used in the Robin Williams comedy The Survivors 249 250 Long has been the subject of dozens of biographies and academic texts In fact more has been written about Long than any other Louisianan 251 Most notable is the 1969 biography Huey Long by Williams which won both the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award 252 253 Alan Brinkley won the National Book Award in 1983 for Voices of Protest a study of Long Coughlin and populist opposition to Roosevelt 254 255 Works EditBibliography Edit Constitutions of the State of Louisiana 1930 256 Every Man a King 1933 My First Days in the White House 1935Discography Edit Long collaborated with composer Castro Carazo on the following songs 257 258 Darling of LSU 1935 Every Man a King 1935 The LSU Cadets March 1935 Touchdown for LSU 1935See also EditList of United States Congress members killed or wounded in office Charles Coughlin Francis TownsendNotes and references EditNotes Edit Long s grandfather did not fight in the Civil War instilling Union sympathies in his son Huey P Long Sr Also a populist Long s father said in an interview at the age of 83 There wants to be a revolution I tell you I seen the domination of capital seen it for seventy years What do these rich folks care for the poor man They care nothing not for his pain nor his sickness nor his death Maybe you re surprised to hear talk like that Well it was just such talk that my boy was raised under and that I was raised under 5 The conclusion that Long was progressive on the issue of race widely repeated in the decades after Long s death has faced increased scrutiny in recent years 49 50 One of Long s subordinates claimed in an affidavit that an intoxicated Long had told him to kill Representative J Y Sanders Jr the son of a former governor and leave him in the ditch where nobody will know how or when he got there Long allegedly promised him a full pardon and many gold dollars 69 71 Cyr s public turn against Long was largely motivated by Cyr s opposition to the executions of alleged murderers Thomas Dreher and Ada LeBoeuf the first white woman executed in Louisiana s history Cyr was a personal friend of Dreher and sat on the Board of Pardons which had reversed their death sentence Long wholeheartedly supported their execution ultimately overruling the Board s decision 72 73 74 Fournet later apologized for the confusion caused by the inaccurate tally but denied rigging the outcome According to Hair there is no evidence that he did electrical contrivances of that sort were primitive and apparently the machine simply repeated the roll call vote of a few minutes earlier 75 The charges were attempted bribery of state legislators demanding and receiving undated letters of resignation from appointees intimidating publisher Charles P Manship by threatening to disclose his brother s poor mental condition misappropriating portions of a 6 000 fund allocated for receiving other governors forcing a state board to dismiss its secretary to open up a position for a political ally and paying the incumbent secretary 5 400 in hush money illegally paying his cousin W O Long 728 25 from the governor s office expense fund using 1 112 40 from the office expense fund to purchase personal law books forcing the Highway Commission to accede to a contractor s demand for 4 000 in payment for their installation of defective curbs and incompetency 79 Irby was the uncle of Alice Lee Grosjean Long s young personal secretary whom he had appointed to the position of Secretary of State She was rumored to be his mistress 5 34 Long would stand directly below the Speaker s podium while strong arming the legislators into passing his agenda 98 Although he claimed it was to educate poor doctors it may have been based on a personal vendetta against Tulane University which had declined to grant him an honorary degree 119 According to Brinkley Long s reasons for this decision were not entirely clear Long noted that he felt a chivalric impulse to help this brave little woman and that Caraway was one of the few senators to vote for his wealth limiting proposals Long appreciated that she often voted against her senior colleague from Arkansas Robinson Many observers speculate that Long s true intent was to further establish a national reputation for himself The New York Times contemporarily suggested that he was plotting to yield him control of the Senate minority or perhaps the majority Brinkley claims that it was Long s first effort to propel himself to national leadership which required him to appeal directly to the people rather than through political channels in Washington 130 The other most notable leftist critic was Catholic preacher and radio host Father Coughlin 138 The investigation into Long s finances was initiated in 1932 by Hoover but had been temporarily halted by the incoming Roosevelt to amend relations with Long 150 There was contemporary speculation that a Long campaign would collaborate with Father Coughlin and his National Union for Social Justice 183 Despite some common political goals the two men were of vastly different backgrounds and personalities expressed contempt for one another and had only met once 184 The book was published posthumously in 1935 187 In 1946 Russell yet to be a Senator convinced Senator Overton to submit a motion titled In Defense of My Father Beginning with the sentence I venture the assertion that no man of our times has been more abused vilified and misrepresented by the American press to its reading public than my father Huey P Long the motion was passed without objection and published in Congressional Review 227 References and citations Edit a b c White 2006 p 5 Williams 1981 1969 p 10 Brinkley 1983 1982 p 11 a b Kennedy 2005 1999 p 235 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Hess Stephen August 1966 The Long Long Trail American Heritage Archived from the original on June 21 2020 Retrieved June 30 2020 Socialist Party Votes by Counties and States 1904 1948 Mapping American Social Movements through the 20th Century University of Washington 2015 Archived from the original on November 3 2019 Retrieved March 4 2019 a b Kennedy 2005 1999 p 236 a b White 2006 p 8 a b White 2006 pp 122 23 Hair William Ivy 1991 The kingfish and his realm the life and times of Huey P Long Baton Rouge p 39 ISBN 0 8071 1700 5 OCLC 23731983 Williams T Harry Price John Milton May 1970 The Huey P Long Papers at Louisiana State University The Journal of Southern History 36 2 258 doi 10 2307 2205874 JSTOR 2205874 a b c White 2006 p 9 White 2006 pp 10 11 Hair 1996 p 50 White 2006 p 11 Brinkley 1983 1982 p 8 White 2006 pp 38 272 Palmer Reid Long last child of Huey P Long and devoted Mason The Times Picayune New Orleans October 25 2010 Archived from the original on February 2 2021 Retrieved January 24 2021 White 2006 pp 9 11 White 2006 pp 11 12 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Leuchtenburg William E Fall 1985 FDR And The Kingfish American Heritage Archived from the original on June 26 2020 Retrieved June 30 2020 a b Hair 1996 p 89 Brinkley 1983 1982 p 14 a b Brinkley 1983 1982 p 17 White 2006 pp 60 61 White 2006 pp 19 61 Hair 1996 p 88 White 2006 pp 47 48 a b White 2006 p 48 a b Brinkley 1983 1982 p 18 a b c White 2006 p 96 Williams 1981 1969 pp 134 35 Comberland sic Telephone amp Telegraph Co v Louisiana Public Service Commission et al Legal Information Institute Cornell University Archived from the original on November 29 2020 Retrieved February 27 2021 a b c d e f g h i Kolbert Elizabeth June 5 2006 The Big Sleazy The New Yorker Archived from the original on December 24 2020 Retrieved July 21 2020 Darnell Tim September 10 2020 Huey Long assassinated 85 years ago The Atlanta Journal Constitution Archived from the original on February 28 2021 Retrieved February 27 2021 Ex President Taft Dies at Capital The New York Times March 9 1930 Archived from the original on September 4 2021 Retrieved September 3 2021 a b c d e f g h Brinkley 1983 1982 p 19 a b Kane 1971 pp 29 30 Haas Edward F Winter 1998 Political Continuity in the Crescent City Toward an Interpretation of New Orleans Politics 1874 1986 Louisiana History The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association 39 1 6 JSTOR 4233468 Long 1933 p xvi Kane 1971 p 30 Harris 1938 p 28 Scott Mike May 19 2017 Huey P Long s first and last election loss The Times Picayune Archived from the original on October 31 2019 Retrieved July 22 2020 Brinkley 1983 1982 pp 20 21 a b Moreau 1965 p 121 Lichtenstein Alex April 23 2006 The paradoxical Huey P Long The Chicago Tribune Archived from the original on December 24 2020 Retrieved November 9 2020 White 2006 pp 25 26 Brinkley 1983 1982 p 20 a b Jeansonne 1992 p 265 Jeansonne 1992 p 377 a b c Leavitt Dylan Hayler February 24 2014 Huey Long s Life and Legacy PBS Archived from the original on December 24 2020 Retrieved July 20 2020 Calhoun 2008 p 511 a b Brinkley 1983 1982 p 21 Brinkley 1983 1982 p 23 Havard Heberle and Howard 1963 p 15 Brinkley 1983 1982 pp 23 24 a b c d Brinkley 1983 1982 p 26 Brinkley 1983 1982 p 27 Hair 1996 p 31 Dethloff 1976 p 79 Kane 1971 p 64 Sanson 2006 p 265 Kane 1971 pp 65 66 Kane 1971 pp 67 68 Old Louisiana Governor s Mansion National Park Service US Department of the Interior Archived from the original on November 22 2019 Retrieved June 16 2020 Kane 1971 pp 115 16 Brinkley 1983 1982 p 24 Hair 1996 pp 177 78 a b c Kane 1971 p 71 Cecil Morgan led group that impeached Huey Long The Los Angeles Times June 20 1999 Archived from the original on August 31 2020 Retrieved August 31 2020 a b c Political Notes Louisiana s Kaiser Time New York April 8 1929 Archived from the original on June 16 2020 Retrieved June 16 2020 a b White 2006 p 65 White 2006 pp 58 59 Quinlan Adriane October 5 2014 Nearly 90 years after first woman hanged in Louisiana the case still intrigues newspaper reports Nola Archived from the original on September 7 2020 Retrieved September 7 2020 Hair 1996 p 180 Hair 1996 pp 179 80 a b c Brinkley 1983 1982 p 25 Butler Charles September 5 2015 Long escaped early impeachment try The Shreveport Times Archived from the original on June 11 2020 Retrieved June 11 2020 Harris 1938 pp 59 61 65 Hair 1996 pp 182 83 White 2006 pp 88 89 Williams 1981 1969 pp 403 06 Parrish 1994 p 164 Hamby 2004 p 263 Kane 1971 pp 78 79 Warren 2008 p 379 Brinkley 1983 1982 pp 36 37 a b Jeansonne 1989 p 287 a b Kane 1971 p 107 Kane 1971 p 108 Kane 1971 p 109 Jeansonne 1989 pp 289 90 Kane 1971 p 113 a b Brinkley 1983 1982 p 29 a b c Hair 1996 pp 221 22 Long Overton Expulsion United States Senate Archived from the original on July 22 2020 Retrieved July 22 2020 White 2006 pp 132 33 a b Brinkley 1983 1982 p 28 Williams 1981 1969 p 255 Kurtz amp Peoples 1991 Chapter 2 Political Baptism Latson Jennifer September 8 2015 The Strange Career of Assassinated Louisiana Politician Huey Long Time New York Archived from the original on November 20 2019 Retrieved June 11 2020 Snyder 1977 p 138 Snyder 1977 pp 144 45 Snyder 1977 pp 139 40 147 Snyder 1977 pp 147 49 Snyder 1977 p 152 Snyder 1977 pp 154 58 Snyder 1977 pp 158 60 Snyder 1977 p 160 a b Sanson 2006 p 273 Viator Gunnar October 29 2019 It started here in Allen Hall LSU boasts rich literary history prominent literary figures Revielle Baton Rouge Archived from the original on December 24 2020 Retrieved August 15 2020 Williams 1981 1969 p 546 547 Louisiana Capitol History and Tour Louisiana House of Representatives Archived from the original on July 18 2020 Retrieved July 18 2020 The building stands 450 feet tall 34 floors making it the tallest capitol in the United States Sanson 2006 p 270 a b c d e Baus Mary Walker October 15 2009 Huey P Long s legacy impact still linger Revielle Baton Rouge Archived from the original on June 26 2020 Retrieved July 14 2020 a b c Brinkley 1983 1982 p 30 Gallo Andrea October 23 2013 Reveille Rebels Reveille Seven s clash with Huey P Long leaves lasting legacy Revielle Baton Rouge Archived from the original on July 18 2020 Retrieved July 17 2020 Schardt Julian January 6 2015 Huey P Long Field House to undergo renovations Revielle Baton Rouge Archived from the original on July 3 2019 Retrieved July 25 2020 a b Jeansonne 1989 p 294 Long 1933 p xvii Pleasant Jr 1974 p 357 Vaughn 1979 p 100 Vaughn 1979 p 95 White 2006 pp 143 44 Williams 1981 1969 pp 560 63 Hair 1996 p 242 Williams 1981 1969 pp 600 03 Brinkley 1983 1982 pp 46 47 Williams 1981 1969 pp 583 93 a b Brinkley 1983 1982 pp 48 49 Snyder 1975 pp 128 29 Brinkley 1983 1982 p 52 Brinkley 1983 1982 p 42 a b Brinkley 1983 1982 p 55 Hair 1996 p 269 Chester Lewis Hodgson Godfrey Page Bruce 1969 An American Melodrama The Presidential Campaign of 1968 New York Viking Press p 264 ISBN 978 0 670 11991 2 Brinkley 1983 1982 pp 59 60 Brinkley 1983 1982 p viiii Berlet amp Lyons 2000 p 126 Berlet Chip November 1 2000 Right wing Populism in America Too Close for Comfort New York The Guilford Press pp 126 27 ISBN 978 1 57230 562 5 Archived from the original on December 24 2020 Retrieved June 11 2020 Brinkley 1983 1982 p 76 Huey Long Filibusters United States Senate Archived from the original on December 24 2019 Retrieved June 16 2020 Huey Long spoke for 15 hours and 30 minutes the second longest Senate filibuster to that time a b Berlet Chip November 1 2000 Right wing Populism in America Too Close for Comfort New York The Guilford Press p 127 ISBN 978 1 57230 562 5 Archived from the original on December 24 2020 Retrieved June 11 2020 Williams 1981 1969 pp 623 633 34 Brinkley 1983 1982 pp 55 56 Brands 2008 p 260 Snyder 1975 p 117 Hair 1996 p 257 Aubin Dena May 16 2013 Factbox IRS s rich history of scandals political abuse Reuters London Archived from the original on June 15 2020 Retrieved June 14 2020 Brinkley 1983 1982 pp 64 65 75 Years of IRS Criminal Investigation History 1919 1994 Department of the Treasury Internal Revenue Service 1996 p 32 Archived from the original on December 24 2020 Retrieved November 12 2020 Murphy Tim May 14 2013 Shocking IRS Witch Hunt Actually It s a Time Honored Tradition Mother Jones Archived from the original on June 15 2020 Retrieved June 14 2020 Gillette 1970 p 296 Gillette 1970 p 297 Gillette 1970 pp 297 98 Gillette 1970 pp 299 300 Gillette 1970 p 300 Brinkley 1983 1982 pp 150 52 Sanson 2006 p 275 The Philippines 1898 1946 History Arts amp Archives United States House of Representatives Archived from the original on December 24 2020 Retrieved July 22 2020 Brinkley 1983 1982 p 152 Williams 1981 1969 pp 628 29 Snyder 1975 p 120 Kennedy 2005 1999 p 238 Snyder 1975 p 119 Jeansonne Glen Autumn 1980 Challenge to the New Deal Huey P Long and the Redistribution of National Wealth Louisiana History The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association 21 4 333 JSTOR 4232034 Amenta 1994 pp 679 80 Amenta 1994 p 680 Jeansonne 1989 p 383 Kennedy 2005 1999 pp 238 39 Snyder 1975 p 123 a b Jeansonne 1992 p 381 Snyder 1975 pp 141 42 Snyder 1975 p 141 Brinkley 1983 1982 pp 68 69 Jeansonne 1989 p 381 Gov O K Allen Heir of Huey Long Dies The New York Times January 29 1936 Archived from the original on December 24 2020 Retrieved July 30 2020 Williams 1981 1969 p 566 Brinkley 1983 1982 p 69 Winkler Adam February 28 2018 How the Kingfish Turned Corporations into People The New York Review of Books Archived from the original on June 11 2020 Retrieved June 11 2020 Williams 1981 1969 pp 825 26 Snyder 1975 p 121 Brinkley 1983 1982 pp 214 15 Brinkley 1983 1982 pp 208 09 Snyder 1975 pp 122 125 Snyder 1975 pp 126 27 a b Brown Francis September 29 1935 Huey Long as Hero and as Demagogue The New York Times Archived from the original on June 8 2020 Retrieved June 8 2020 Sanson 2006 p 274 Hair 1996 p 284 a b Kennedy 2005 1999 p 240 Snyder 1975 p 128 Kennedy 2005 1999 p 239 a b Kennedy 2005 1999 p 241 Snyder 1975 p 125 Kennedy 2005 1999 pp 239 41 a b Hair 1996 pp 298 300 a b Kane 1971 pp 112 13 Mathy Gabriel Ziebarth Nicolas March 2017 How Much Does Political Uncertainty Matter The Case of Louisiana under Huey Long The Journal of Economic History 77 1 90 126 doi 10 1017 S002205071700002X a b Warren Robert Penn May 31 1981 In the Time of All the King s Men The New York Times Archived from the original on January 8 2020 Retrieved September 4 2020 Bergal 2007 p 102 a b Brinkley 1983 1982 p 249 a b c Rensberger Boyce June 29 1992 Clues From the Grave Add Mystery to the Death of Huey Long The Washington Post Archived from the original on May 16 2020 Retrieved June 11 2020 a b Scott Robert Travis September 5 2010 The enduring mystery of who killed Huey P Long The Times Picayune New Orleans Archived from the original on June 9 2020 Retrieved June 11 2020 Brinkley 1983 1982 p 250 a b Scott Robert Travis September 8 2010 Controversy mystery still surround the death of Huey P Long The Times Picayune New Orleans Archived from the original on June 9 2020 Retrieved June 9 2020 Lowe 2008 p 239 Williams 1981 1969 p 876 White 2006 p 268 Alter Jonathan September 20 2015 Was Huey Long Killed by His Own Bodyguards The Daily Beast Archived from the original on January 18 2020 Retrieved June 11 2020 Carmichael Ellen September 7 2019 The Truth about Huey Long The National Review Archived from the original on June 4 2020 Retrieved June 11 2020 Marcus Frances Frank October 21 1991 Researchers Exhume Doctor s Grave To Resolve Part of Huey Long Legend The New York Times Archived from the original on August 18 2019 Retrieved December 29 2020 a b Reed Roy September 8 1975 Huey Long s Legacy 40 Years After Death The New York Times Archived from the original on June 12 2020 Retrieved June 11 2020 Brinkley 1983 1982 pp 250 51 Sanson 2006 p 264 Jeansonne 1992 p 374 Donlan Thomas G May 19 2003 The Tax Man Passeth The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on December 24 2020 Retrieved June 9 2020 Liebling A J May 21 1960 The Great State Waiting for the Imam The New Yorker Archived from the original on August 6 2019 Retrieved June 11 2020 Congressman Gillis W Long Dies at 61 St Louis Post Dispatch January 22 1985 p 16 Archived from the original on November 27 2019 Retrieved June 8 2020 via Newspapers com Hess Stephen 2017 America s Political Dynasties Abingdon Oxfordshire New York Routledge ISBN 978 1 351 53214 3 Archived from the original on December 24 2020 Retrieved November 12 2020 via Google Books Long George Shannon History Arts and Archives United States House of Representatives Archived from the original on December 24 2020 Retrieved June 11 2020 A Huey P Newton Story PBS Archived from the original on January 26 2021 Retrieved February 3 2021 Cleaver Kathleen N 2013 Newton Huey P Oxford African American Studies Center doi 10 1093 acref 9780195301731 013 34611 ISBN 9780195301731 Archived from the original on February 10 2021 Retrieved February 3 2021 Haas 1994 p 125 Sanson 2006 p 261 Brinkley 1981 p 118 Brinkley 1981 pp 118 19 Perry 2004 p 2 Moreau 1965 p 122 Moreau 1965 pp 125 26 Brinkley 1981 p 119 Long 1996 1933 p xii a b Brinkley 1981 p 120 Haas 1994 p 126 Kauffman Bill September 14 2012 My Pen Pal Gore Vidal The American Conservative Archived from the original on March 28 2019 Retrieved July 2 2020 Moreau 1965 p 123 Perry 2004 pp 2 3 Boulard 1998 p 115 Perry 2004 p 62 In the Time of All the King s Men The New York Times May 31 1981 Archived from the original on June 15 2020 Retrieved June 14 2020 Garner Dwight April 11 2016 All the King s Men Now 70 Has a Touch of 2016 The New York Times Archived from the original on May 22 2020 Retrieved June 14 2020 All the King s Men Harvard Kennedy School Harvard University December 6 2013 Archived from the original on June 15 2020 Retrieved June 14 2020 Perry Keith June 1 2004 The Kingfish in Fiction Huey P Long and the Modern American Novel Baton Rouge Louisiana State University Press p 33 ISBN 978 0 8071 2942 5 Archived from the original on December 24 2020 Retrieved November 12 2020 Perry 2004 p 221 Crowther Bosley September 24 1953 The Screen in Review A Lion Is in the Streets Opens at Paramount Starring James Cagney and Barbara Hale The New York Times Archived from the original on June 8 2020 Retrieved June 8 2020 The Life and Assassination of the Kingfish Rotten Tomatoes Archived from the original on December 10 2017 Retrieved June 8 2020 Scott Tony March 14 1995 Kingfish A Story of Huey P Long Variety Los Angeles Archived from the original on June 8 2019 Retrieved June 8 2020 Canby Vincent September 28 1985 Film Festival Huey Long A Documentary on the Louisiana Populist By Ken Burns The New York Times Archived from the original on June 9 2020 Retrieved June 8 2020 Siskel Gene March 19 1986 An Unsatisfying Portrait of Huey Long The Chicago Tribune Archived from the original on June 18 2020 Retrieved June 17 2020 Davis Stephen January 21 1997 Good Old Boys Rolling Stone Los Angeles Archived from the original on April 26 2020 Retrieved June 8 2020 Frazier Ian Hertzberg Hendrik December 2 1974 Randy Newman The New Yorker Archived from the original on June 19 2020 Retrieved June 17 2020 Jeansonne Glen Autumn 1980 Challenge to the New Deal Huey P Long and the Redistribution of National Wealth Louisiana History The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association 21 4 331 39 JSTOR 4232034 Goodman George Jr July 7 1979 T Harry Williams scholar Dies Huey Long Book Won a Pulitzer The New York Times Retrieved June 9 2020 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint url status link Huey Long Kirkus Reviews Archived from the original on December 24 2020 Retrieved June 25 2020 Sherrill Robert July 11 1982 American Demagogues The New York Times Archived from the original on June 26 2020 Retrieved June 24 2020 Berman Milton Winter 1983 Reviewed Work Voices of Protest Huey Long Father Coughlin and the Great Depression by Alan Brinkley Louisiana History The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association 24 1 91 93 JSTOR 4232243 Long 1933 p ix Wickes Frank B A Brief Look at Over 100 Years of the LSU Tiger Band The Golden Band from Tigerland Louisiana State University Archived from the original on July 16 2019 Retrieved June 16 2020 Find of the Week Huey P Long s Every Man a King was a slogan an autobiography and a song WGNO New Orleans June 8 2018 Archived from the original on June 17 2020 Retrieved June 16 2020 Works cited Edit Abadie Dale Summer 1970 A Song of Huey Long The Journal of Louisiana Historical Association 11 3 271 73 JSTOR 4231135 subscription required Bergal Jenni 2007 City Adrift New Orleans Before and After Katrina Baton Rouge Louisiana State University Press ISBN 978 0 8071 3386 6 Amenta Edwin Dunleavy Kathleen Bernstein Mary October 1994 Stolen Thunder Huey Long s Share Our Wealth Political Mediation and the Second New Deal American Sociological Review 59 5 678 702 doi 10 2307 2096443 JSTOR 2096443 subscription required Berlet Chip Lyons Matthew N 2000 Right Wing Populism in America Too Close for Comfort New York Guilford Press ISBN 978 1 4625 2838 7 Boulard Garry 1998 Huey Long Invades New Orleans the Siege of a City 1934 36 New Orleans Pelican Publishing Company ISBN 978 1 4556 0609 2 Brands H W 2008 Traitor to His Class The Privileged Life and Radical Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt New York Doubleday ISBN 978 0 385 51958 8 Brinkley Alan 1981 Huey Long the Share Our Wealth Movement and the Limits of Depression Dissidence Louisiana History The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association 22 2 117 34 JSTOR 4232073 subscription required 1983 1982 Voices of Protest Huey Long Father Coughlin and the Great Depression New York Vintage Books ISBN 978 0 394 71628 2 Calhoun Milburn 2008 Louisiana Almanac 2008 2009 New Orleans Pelican Publishing Company ISBN 978 1 4556 0770 9 Dethloff Henry C 1976 Huey P Long Southern Demagogue or American Democrat Lafayette LA University of Southwestern Louisiana Gillette Michael 1970 Huey Long and the Chaco War Louisiana History The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association 11 4 293 311 JSTOR 4231146 subscription required Haas Edward F 1991 Huey Long and the Communists Louisiana History The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association 32 1 29 46 JSTOR 4232863 subscription required February 1994 Huey Pierce Long and Historical Speculation The History Teacher 27 2 271 73 doi 10 2307 494714 JSTOR 4231135 subscription required 2006 Huey Long and the Dictators Louisiana History The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association 47 2 125 31 JSTOR 494714 subscription required Hamby Alonzo L 2004 For the Survival of Democracy Franklin Roosevelt and the World Crisis of the 1930s New York Simon and Schuster ISBN 978 0 684 84340 7 Hair William Ivy 1996 The Kingfish and His Realm The Life and Times of Huey P Long Baton Rouge Louisiana State University Press ISBN 978 0 8071 4106 9 Harris Thomas O 1938 The Kingfish Huey P Long Dictator New York Pelican Publishing Company OCLC 1089608898 Havard William C Herberle Rudolf Howard Perry H 1963 The Louisiana Election of 1960 Baton Rouge Louisiana State University OCLC 2497787 Jeansonne Glen 1980 Challenge to the New Deal Huey P Long and the Redistribution of National Wealth Louisiana History The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association 21 4 331 39 JSTOR 4232034 subscription required Fall 1989 The Apotheosis of Huey Long Biography 12 4 283 301 doi 10 1353 bio 2010 0636 JSTOR 23539493 S2CID 162206324 subscription required Winter 1990 Huey P Long A Political Contradiction Louisiana History The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association 31 4 373 85 JSTOR 4232837 subscription required 1992 Huey Long and Racism Louisiana History The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association 22 3 265 82 JSTOR 4232958 subscription required 1994 Huey Long and The Historians The History Teacher 27 2 120 25 doi 10 2307 494713 JSTOR 494713 subscription required Kane Thomas Harnett 1941 Huey Long s Louisiana Hayride the American Rehearsal for Dictatorship 1928 1940 New York William Morrow OCLC 678902460 Kennedy David 2005 1999 Freedom From Fear The American People in Depression and War 1929 1945 Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 514403 1 Key V O Heard Alexander 1949 Southern Politics in State and Nation Knoxville University of Tennessee Press Kurtz Michael L Peoples Morgan D 1991 Earl K Long The Saga of Uncle Earl and Louisiana Politics reprint ed Baton Rouge Louisiana State University Press ISBN 978 0 8071 1765 1 Archived from the original on February 1 2021 Retrieved September 9 2020 Long Huey 1996 1933 Every Man a King The Autobiography of Huey P Long New Orleans Da Capo Press OCLC 818855173 Lowe John ed 2008 Louisiana Culture from the Colonial Era to Katrina Baton Rouge Louisiana State University Press ISBN 978 0 8071 3337 8 Archived from the original on December 24 2020 Retrieved August 22 2020 Moreau John Adam Spring 1965 Huey Long and His Chroniclers Louisiana History The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association 6 2 121 39 JSTOR 4230837 subscription required Parrish Michael E 1994 Anxious Decades America in Prosperity and Depression 1920 1941 New York W W Norton amp Company ISBN 978 0 393 31134 1 Perry Keith 2004 The Kingfish in Fiction Huey P Long and the Modern American Novel Baton Rouge Louisiana State University Press ISBN 978 0 8071 2942 5 Pleasant John R Jr Autumn 1974 Ruffin G Pleasant and Huey P Long on the Prisoner Stripe Controversy Louisiana History The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association 15 4 357 66 JSTOR 4231428 subscription required Sanson Jerry P Summer 2006 What He Did and What He Promised to Do Huey Long and the Horizons of Louisiana Politics Louisiana History The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association 47 3 261 76 JSTOR 4234200 subscription required Snyder Robert E Spring 1975 Huey Long and the Presidential Election of 1936 Louisiana History The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association 16 2 117 43 JSTOR 4231456 subscription required Spring 1977 Huey Long and the Cotton Holiday Plan of 1931 Louisiana History The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association 18 2 133 60 JSTOR 4231670 subscription required Vaughn Courtney Winter 1979 The Legacy of Huey Long Louisiana History The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association 20 1 93 101 JSTOR 4231871 subscription required Warren Kenneth F 2008 Encyclopedia of U S Campaigns Elections and Electoral Behavior A M Vol 1 Thousand Oaks CA SAGE Publications ISBN 978 1 4129 5489 1 White Richard D 2006 Kingfish The Reign of Huey P Long New York Random House ISBN 978 0 8129 7383 9 Williams T Harry 1981 1969 Huey Long New York Vintage Books ISBN 978 0 394 74790 3 Portals Biography Louisiana Politics Socialism Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Huey Long amp oldid 1131775793, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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