The Second New Deal is a term used by historians[1] to characterize the second stage, 1935–36, of the New Deal programs of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The most famous laws included the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act, the Banking Act, the Wagner National Labor Relations Act, the Public Utility Holding Companies Act, the Social Security Act, and the Wealth Tax Act.[2][3]
After trying since 1920, millions of organized World War veterans demanded their bonus. They never convinced FDR but New Deal liberals in Congress passed the Bonus Bill of $1.5 billion to 3 million veterans over FDR's veto.[5]
Liberals strongly supported the new direction, and formed the long-term voter New Deal Coalition of union members, big city machines, the white South, and ethnic minorities to support it. In reaction, conservatives—typified by the American Liberty League—were strongly opposed but not as well organized at the grass roots. Big business took the lead in opposition.[6] Few liberal programs were enacted after 1936; liberals generally lost control of Congress in 1938.[7] Old programs continued for a while. Many were ended during World War II because unemployment was no longer a problem. These included the WPA, NYA and the Resettlement Administration. Social Security and the Wagner Act, however, survived.
Most of the major laws had been under consideration by New Dealers for years. However, agitators on the left, especially Huey Long of Louisiana, were gaining strength and may have forced Roosevelt's hand.[8][9] Other historians point to the influence of millions of organized World War veterans who wanted their bonus.[10]
^Edwin Amenta, Kathleen Dunleavy, and Mary Bernstein. "Stolen thunder? Huey Long's 'Share our wealth,' political mediation, and the second New Deal." American Sociological review (1994): 678-702. online
^Stephen R. Ortiz, Beyond the Bonus March and GI Bill: how veteran politics shaped the New Deal era (NYU Press, 2010).
Further reading
Amenta, Edwin, Kathleen Dunleavy, and Mary Bernstein. "Stolen Thunder? Huey Long's" Share Our Wealth," Political Mediation, and the Second New Deal." American Sociological Review (1994): 678–702. in JSTOR
Best, Gary Dean. "Stuart Chase and the Second New Deal." in Peddling Panaceas ( Routledge, 2017) pp. 145–168.
Kennedy, David M. Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945 (2001)
Leuchtenburg, William. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal: 1932-1940 (1963). online
Marty, Frédéric, and Thierry Kirat. "The late emerging consensus among American economists on Antitrust laws in the second New Deal (1935-1941)." in The late emerging consensus among American economists on Antitrust laws in the second New Deal (1935-1941) (2021): 11–51. online
Ortiz, Stephen R. Beyond the Bonus March and GI Bill: how veteran politics shaped the New Deal era (NYU Press, 2010).
Patterson, James T. (1967). Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal. University Press of Kentucky. p. 37ff. ISBN9780813164045..
Phillips-Fein, Kim. Invisible Hands: The Businessmen's Crusade Against the New Deal (2010) excerpt and text search
Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur Meier. The Politics of Upheaval: 1935-1936 (The Age of Roosevelt, Volume III) (1959), excerpt and text search
August 22, 2023
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The Second New Deal is a term used by historians 1 to characterize the second stage 1935 36 of the New Deal programs of President Franklin D Roosevelt The most famous laws included the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act the Banking Act the Wagner National Labor Relations Act the Public Utility Holding Companies Act the Social Security Act and the Wealth Tax Act 2 3 In his address to Congress on 4 January 1935 Roosevelt called for five major goals improved use of national resources security against old age unemployment and illness and slum clearance and a national work relief program the Works Progress Administration to replace direct relief efforts 4 It included programs to redistribute wealth income and power in favor of the poor the old farmers and labor unions The most important programs included Social Security the National Labor Relations Act Wagner Act the Banking Act of 1935 rural electrification and breaking up utility holding companies The Undistributed profits tax was only short lived After trying since 1920 millions of organized World War veterans demanded their bonus They never convinced FDR but New Deal liberals in Congress passed the Bonus Bill of 1 5 billion to 3 million veterans over FDR s veto 5 Liberals strongly supported the new direction and formed the long term voter New Deal Coalition of union members big city machines the white South and ethnic minorities to support it In reaction conservatives typified by the American Liberty League were strongly opposed but not as well organized at the grass roots Big business took the lead in opposition 6 Few liberal programs were enacted after 1936 liberals generally lost control of Congress in 1938 7 Old programs continued for a while Many were ended during World War II because unemployment was no longer a problem These included the WPA NYA and the Resettlement Administration Social Security and the Wagner Act however survived Most of the major laws had been under consideration by New Dealers for years However agitators on the left especially Huey Long of Louisiana were gaining strength and may have forced Roosevelt s hand 8 9 Other historians point to the influence of millions of organized World War veterans who wanted their bonus 10 See also EditNew Deal coalitionReferences Edit And by a few contemporary commentators such as Frank Kent Without Grease 1936 p 63 David M Kennedy Freedom from Fear The American People in Depression and War 1929 1945 1999 p 242 William E Lwuchtenburg Franklin D Roosevelt and the New Deal 1932 1940 1963 pp 143 166 Franklin D Roosevelt Annual Message to Congress www presidency ucsb edu Retrieved 2022 05 12 Stephen R Ortiz Beyond the Bonus March and GI Bill how veteran politics shaped the New Deal era NYU Press 2010 Kim Phillips Fein Invisible Hands The Businessmen s Crusade Against the New Deal 2010 James T Patterson Congressional conservatism and the New Deal University Press of Kentucky 2014 Kennedy pp 242 245 Edwin Amenta Kathleen Dunleavy and Mary Bernstein Stolen thunder Huey Long s Share our wealth political mediation and the second New Deal American Sociological review 1994 678 702 online Stephen R Ortiz Beyond the Bonus March and GI Bill how veteran politics shaped the New Deal era NYU Press 2010 Further reading EditAmenta Edwin Kathleen Dunleavy and Mary Bernstein Stolen Thunder Huey Long s Share Our Wealth Political Mediation and the Second New Deal American Sociological Review 1994 678 702 in JSTOR Best Gary Dean Stuart Chase and the Second New Deal in Peddling Panaceas Routledge 2017 pp 145 168 Folsom Burton 2009 New Deal or Raw Deal How FDR s Economic Legacy Has Damaged America Threshold Editions ISBN 978 1416592228 Jeffries John W A Third New Deal Liberal Policy and the American State 1937 1945 Journal of Policy History 8 4 1996 387 409 Katznelson Ira 2013 Fear Itself The New Deal and the Origins of Our Time New York Liveright Publishing Corporation ISBN 978 0871407382 Kennedy David M Freedom from Fear The American People in Depression and War 1929 1945 2001 Leuchtenburg William Franklin D Roosevelt and the New Deal 1932 1940 1963 online Marty Frederic and Thierry Kirat The late emerging consensus among American economists on Antitrust laws in the second New Deal 1935 1941 in The late emerging consensus among American economists on Antitrust laws in the second New Deal 1935 1941 2021 11 51 online Ortiz Stephen R Beyond the Bonus March and GI Bill how veteran politics shaped the New Deal era NYU Press 2010 Patterson James T 1967 Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal University Press of Kentucky p 37ff ISBN 9780813164045 Phillips Fein Kim Invisible Hands The Businessmen s Crusade Against the New Deal 2010 excerpt and text search Schlesinger Jr Arthur Meier The Politics of Upheaval 1935 1936 The Age of Roosevelt Volume III 1959 excerpt and text search Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Second New Deal amp oldid 1170843215, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
