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Hibiscus rosa-sinensis

May 16, 2023

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, known colloquially as Chinese hibiscus,[3] China rose,[3] Hawaiian hibiscus,[3] rose mallow[4] and shoeblack plant,[5] is a species of tropical hibiscus, a flowering plant in the Hibisceae tribe of the family Malvaceae. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in the tropics and subtropics, but its native range is Vanuatu.[6]

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 'Brilliant'
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malvales
Family: Malvaceae
Subfamily: Malvoideae
Tribe: Hibisceae
Genus: Hibiscus
Species:
H. rosa-sinensis
Binomial name
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
Synonyms[1][2]
  • Hibiscus arnottii Griff. ex Mast.
  • Hibiscus boryanus DC.
  • Hibiscus cooperi auct.
  • Hibiscus festalis Salisb.
  • Hibiscus liliiflorus Griff. ex Mast.
  • Hibiscus rosiflorus Stokes
  • Hibiscus storckii Seem.
  • Hibiscus tricolor Dehnh.
Pollen parent
Pod parent
One offspring
Another offspring
Example: two crosses of 'King Kalakaua' and 'Mystic Pink'. The photographs demonstrate that the flowers of the offspring plants have almost no color characteristics of the parent plants, and few of the physical characteristics.

Description

 
Flower and bud

Tree and leaves

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is a bushy, evergreen shrub or small tree growing 2.5–5 m (8–16 ft) tall and 1.5–3 m (5–10 ft) wide. The plant has a branched taproot. Its stem is aerial, erect, green, cylindrical, and branched.

Its leaves are simple and petiolate, with alternate phyllotaxy. The leaf shape is ovate, the tip is acute, and the margin is serrated. Venation is unicostate reticulate, meaning the leaves' veins are branched or divergent. Its surface is glossy.[7] Free lateral stipules are present.

Flowers

Its flowers bloom in summer and autumn. They are solitary (axillary) and symmetrical. They are typically red, with five petals 10 cm (4 in) in diameter, with prominent orange-tipped red anthers.[7] Cultivars and hybrids have flowers in a variety of colors as well as red: white, pink, orange, peach, yellow, blue, and purple. Some plants have double flowers.[8]

 
China Rose

At the bottom of every hibiscus bud is the calyx, which is green in color. The pointed ends of the calyx are called the sepals. When the hibiscus begins to bloom, the flower's petals begin to grow.

Each hibiscus flower has both male and female parts. The ovary and other female parts of the flower lie in the main structure of the hibiscus: the pistil, which is long and tubular. The five "hairy" spots at the top of the pistil make up the stigma, which is where pollen is collected. In the middle of the pistil is the style, which is the tube down which pollen travels to the ovary. The ovary lies at the bottom of the blossom, and each hibiscus has only one superior ovary. The male part of the flower, called the stamen, consists of stem-like filaments and anthers. Each filament ends with the pollen-producing anther.

Taxonomy

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis was first described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum.[9] The specific epithet rosa-sinensis literally means "rose of China", although the plant is not closely related to true roses, nor is it from China.[10] The genus Hibiscus is in the tribe Hibisceae and the subfamily Malvoideae of the family Malvaceae.[11]

Ecology

Despite its size and colorful hues which are typically attractive to nectarivore birds, the flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis are not visited regularly by hummingbirds when grown in the Neotropics. Generalist species, like the sapphire-spangled emerald (Amazilia lactea), or long-billed species, like the stripe-breasted starthroat (Heliomaster squamosus) are occasionally seen to visit the flowers.[12] In the subtropical and temperate Americas, hummingbirds are regularly attracted to hibiscus.[13]

The endangered Papilio homerus butterfly, the largest in the western hemisphere, is known to feed on the nectar of the Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.[14]

 
The stamens of the flower are partly fused into a cylinder that surrounds the style

Genetics

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is one of many plant species with a genetic characteristic known as polyploidy, a condition in which the species has more than two complete sets of chromosomes.[15] A result of polyploidy is that the phenotype of a plant's offspring may be quite different from the parent plant, or indeed any ancestor, essentially allowing possibly random expression of any (or all) of the characteristics of previous generations. Because of this characteristic, H. rosa-sinensis has become popular with hobbyists who cross and recross varieties, creating new varieties. Competitions are held to exhibit and judge the many resulting new seedlings and often strikingly unique flowers.[citation needed]

Uses

The flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis are edible and are used in salads in the Pacific Islands.[citation needed] The flower is used as an accessory, particularly as a hairpiece. It is also used to shine shoes in certain parts of India, hence the common name "shoeblack plant". In Indonesia and Malaysia, these flowers are called "kembang sepatu" or "bunga sepatu", which literally means "shoe flower".[16][17] The flower can also be used as a pH indicator; when used, the flower turns acidic solutions to a dark pink or magenta color and turns basic solutions to green. Red hibiscus flowers are also used for worship; in Hinduism, they are used for the worship of Devi, and in the Bengal area of eastern India, they are used to worship Kali. The hibiscus also has an important part in tantra. In several countries the flowers are dried to use in a beverage, usually tea.

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is considered to have a number of medical uses in Chinese herbology.[18] Traditional uses in China have been to make a black shoe-polish from its flower petals, or to make a woman's black hair dye.[19] The flowers are also used in parts of China to color various intoxicating liquors.[19] The plant may have some potential in cosmetic skin care; for example, an extract from the flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis has been shown to function as an anti-solar agent by absorbing ultraviolet radiation.[20]

Cultivation

 
Bud captured at noon in West Bengal
 
White coloured flower bud at night

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is widely grown as an ornamental plant throughout the tropics and subtropics. As it does not tolerate temperatures below 10 °C (50 °F), in temperate regions it is best grown under glass. Plants grown in containers may be placed outside during the summer months and moved into shelter during the winter months.[7][21]

Numerous cultivars exist, with flower colors ranging from white through yellow and orange to scarlet and shades of pink, with both single and double sets of petals. The cultivar 'Cooperi' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[4][22]

National symbol

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is the national flower of Malaysia, called bunga raya in Malay. This can be translated in a number of ways, including "great flower" or "celebratory flower." Introduced into the Malay Peninsula in the 12th century, it was nominated as the national flower in the year 1958 by the Ministry of Agriculture amongst a few other flowers, namely ylang ylang, jasmine, lotus, rose, magnolia, and medlar. On July 28, 1960, it was declared by the government of Malaysia that Hibiscus rosa-sinensis would be the national flower. The red of the petals symbolizes the courage, life, and rapid growth of the Malaysian people, and the five petals represent the five Rukun Negara of Malaysia. The flower can be found imprinted on the notes and coins of the Malaysian ringgit.

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is an unofficial national flower in Haiti, where it has been used as a symbol for the promotion of tourism. The flower is also the symbol of the Fusion of Haitian Social Democrats political party. It is known in Haitian Creole language as choeblack or rose kayenn.[23][24]

The yellow variety of the hibiscus is the official flower of Hawaiʻi, where it is often hybridized and is worn ornamentally in the hair and in lei.[25] In Hawaiian, hibiscus is called aloalo.

Cultural references

  • In March 1987, DPR Korea issued a postage stamp depicting Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.
  • On October 7, 2012, Sri Lanka issued a stamp set of four, one of which depicted a Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flower.

Gallery

Cultivars with flowers of many colours are used as ornamental plants. Some have double petals or have differently shaped petals.

  •  

    Cayena (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), jardín del molino, Sierra de San Felipe, Setúbal, Portugal, 2012-05-11, DD 02.JPG

  •  

    Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 'Brilliant' flower in private Austrian garden on 2014-09-20.png

  •  

    Orange Hibiscus1.jpg

  •  

    Starr 070313-5691 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.jpg

  •  

    Hibiscus A.JPG

  •  

    Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 'Rainbow Sherbet' flower in private Austrian garden on 2014-09-20.png

  •  

    3935 - Chinesischer Roseneibisch (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis).JPG

  •  

    Hibiscus (5).jpg

  •  

    Hibiscus rosa-sinensis white-pink.jpg

  •  

    Shoe Flower Dehradun 2009.jpg

  •  

    Pink Hibiscus at Sakherbazar ,Kolkata.jpg

  •  

    Starr 061223-2694 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.jpg

  •  

    Hibiscus rosa-sinensis in Zijderveld, the Netherlands.JPG

  •  

    Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flower in private Austrian garden on 2016-03-20.png

  •  

    Closeup of multi color Hibiscus at Sakherbazar, Kolkata.jpg

  •  

    Hibiscus At Kerala.jpg

  •  

    Shoeblackplant (White Hibiscus).jpg

  •  

    Shoeblackplant (Light Pink Hibiscus).jpg

  •  

    朱槿 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 20201012185058 01.jpg

  •  

    朱槿 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 20201028130147 02.jpg

  •  

    Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Hong Kong Park, December 2019 03.jpg

  •  

    Hibiscus Plant.jpg

  •  

    Hibiscus Lamma Island Hong Kong 20191105 140532.jpg

  •  

    The rising china rose.jpg

See also

References

  1. ^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved 13 June 2015.
  2. ^ "Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L." World Flora Online. World Flora Online Consortium. 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  3. ^ a b c "Hibiscus rosa-sinensis". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 2 August 2014.
  4. ^ a b "RHS Plant Selector - Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 'Cooperi'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
  5. ^ "Hibiscus rosa-sinensis - Chinese Hibiscus, Shoeblackplant, Tropical Hibiscus, Red Hibiscus - Hawaiian Plants and Tropical Flowers". wildlifeofhawaii.com.
  6. ^ "Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science".
  7. ^ a b c RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965.
  8. ^ Phillips, Roger & Rix, Martyn (1998). Conservatory and Indoor Plants, Volume 1. London: Pan Macmillan. pp. 94–99. ISBN 978-0-330-37375-3.
  9. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1753). "Hibiscus". Species Plantarum. Vol. 2. Impensis Laurentii Salvii. pp. 693ff.
  10. ^ Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. p. 224. ISBN 9781845337315.
  11. ^ "Genus: Hibiscus L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  12. ^ Baza Mendonça & dos Anjos (2005)
  13. ^ "Hibiscus rosa-sinensis". tropicalplantbook.com.
  14. ^ Lehnert, Matthew S.; Kramer, Valerie R.; Rawlins, John E.; Verdecia, Vanessa; Daniels, Jaret C. (10 July 2017). "Jamaica's Critically Endangered Butterfly: A Review of the Biology and Conservation Status of the Homerus Swallowtail (Papilio (Pterourus) homerus Fabricius)". Insects. 8 (3): 68. doi:10.3390/insects8030068. PMC 5620688. PMID 28698508.
  15. ^ "IPCN Chromosome Reports".
  16. ^ Thulaja, Naidu Ratnala (December 2020). "Hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis)". Infopedia. Government of Singapore. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  17. ^ "Kembang sepatu". KBBI (in Indonesian).
  18. ^ Plants for a Future: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.
  19. ^ a b Standley, Paul C.; Blake, S. F. (1923). "Trees and Shrubs of Mexico (Oxalidaceae-Turneraceae)". Contributions from the United States National Herbarium. Washington, D.C.: Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution. 23 (3): 781. JSTOR 23492504.
  20. ^ Nevade Sidram A., Sachin G. Lokapure and N.V. Kalyane. 2011. Study on anti-solar activity of ehanolic extract of flower of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 4(3): 472–473. 24 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ Gast, Ross H. . The Arboretum - arboretum.org. Archived from the original on 25 December 2010. Retrieved 29 March 2009.
  22. ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 48. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  23. ^ "Hibiscus Flower".
  24. ^ . Archived from the original on 29 May 2015.
  25. ^ "Pacific Horticulture | The Hibiscus Revolution". Pacific Horticulture. Retrieved 9 May 2022.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.
  • Hibiscus rosa-sinensis(India)(http://in.pinterest.com/pin/
  • Baza Mendonça, Luciana & dos Anjos, Luiz (2005): Beija-flores (Aves, Trochilidae) e seus recursos florais em uma área urbana do Sul do Brasil [Hummingbirds (Aves, Trochilidae) and their flowers in an urban area of southern Brazil]. [Portuguese with English abstract] Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 22(1): 51–59. doi:10.1590/S0101-81752005000100007 PDF fulltext
  • "Hibiscus rosa-sinensis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
  • The International Hibiscus Society ([1])
  • The American Hibiscus Society ([2]),([3])
  • The Australian Hibiscus Society Inc. ([4])
  • Hibiscusmania (France) ([5])
  • Hibiscusfreunde (Germany) ([6])
  • Hibiscus Forrest (Hungary) ()
  • The Hibiscus (Gurgaon)

May 16, 2023
hibiscus, rosa, sinensis, known, colloquially, chinese, hibiscus, china, rose, hawaiian, hibiscus, rose, mallow, shoeblack, plant, species, tropical, hibiscus, flowering, plant, hibisceae, tribe, family, malvaceae, widely, cultivated, ornamental, plant, tropic. Hibiscus rosa sinensis known colloquially as Chinese hibiscus 3 China rose 3 Hawaiian hibiscus 3 rose mallow 4 and shoeblack plant 5 is a species of tropical hibiscus a flowering plant in the Hibisceae tribe of the family Malvaceae It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in the tropics and subtropics but its native range is Vanuatu 6 Hibiscus rosa sinensisHibiscus rosa sinensis Brilliant Scientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade RosidsOrder MalvalesFamily MalvaceaeSubfamily MalvoideaeTribe HibisceaeGenus HibiscusSpecies H rosa sinensisBinomial nameHibiscus rosa sinensisL Synonyms 1 2 Hibiscus arnottii Griff ex Mast Hibiscus boryanus DC Hibiscus cooperi auct Hibiscus festalis Salisb Hibiscus liliiflorus Griff ex Mast Hibiscus rosiflorus Stokes Hibiscus storckii Seem Hibiscus tricolor Dehnh Pollen parentPod parentOne offspringAnother offspringExample two crosses of King Kalakaua and Mystic Pink The photographs demonstrate that the flowers of the offspring plants have almost no color characteristics of the parent plants and few of the physical characteristics Contents 1 Description 1 1 Tree and leaves 1 2 Flowers 2 Taxonomy 3 Ecology 4 Genetics 5 Uses 6 Cultivation 7 National symbol 8 Cultural references 9 Gallery 10 See also 11 References 12 External linksDescription Edit Citrus swallowtails nectaringSao Tome and Principe Flower and bud Tree and leaves Edit Hibiscus rosa sinensis is a bushy evergreen shrub or small tree growing 2 5 5 m 8 16 ft tall and 1 5 3 m 5 10 ft wide The plant has a branched taproot Its stem is aerial erect green cylindrical and branched Its leaves are simple and petiolate with alternate phyllotaxy The leaf shape is ovate the tip is acute and the margin is serrated Venation is unicostate reticulate meaning the leaves veins are branched or divergent Its surface is glossy 7 Free lateral stipules are present Flowers Edit Its flowers bloom in summer and autumn They are solitary axillary and symmetrical They are typically red with five petals 10 cm 4 in in diameter with prominent orange tipped red anthers 7 Cultivars and hybrids have flowers in a variety of colors as well as red white pink orange peach yellow blue and purple Some plants have double flowers 8 China Rose At the bottom of every hibiscus bud is the calyx which is green in color The pointed ends of the calyx are called the sepals When the hibiscus begins to bloom the flower s petals begin to grow Each hibiscus flower has both male and female parts The ovary and other female parts of the flower lie in the main structure of the hibiscus the pistil which is long and tubular The five hairy spots at the top of the pistil make up the stigma which is where pollen is collected In the middle of the pistil is the style which is the tube down which pollen travels to the ovary The ovary lies at the bottom of the blossom and each hibiscus has only one superior ovary The male part of the flower called the stamen consists of stem like filaments and anthers Each filament ends with the pollen producing anther Taxonomy EditHibiscus rosa sinensis was first described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum 9 The specific epithet rosa sinensis literally means rose of China although the plant is not closely related to true roses nor is it from China 10 The genus Hibiscus is in the tribe Hibisceae and the subfamily Malvoideae of the family Malvaceae 11 Ecology EditDespite its size and colorful hues which are typically attractive to nectarivore birds the flowers of Hibiscus rosa sinensis are not visited regularly by hummingbirds when grown in the Neotropics Generalist species like the sapphire spangled emerald Amazilia lactea or long billed species like the stripe breasted starthroat Heliomaster squamosus are occasionally seen to visit the flowers 12 In the subtropical and temperate Americas hummingbirds are regularly attracted to hibiscus 13 The endangered Papilio homerus butterfly the largest in the western hemisphere is known to feed on the nectar of the Hibiscus rosa sinensis 14 The stamens of the flower are partly fused into a cylinder that surrounds the styleGenetics EditHibiscus rosa sinensis is one of many plant species with a genetic characteristic known as polyploidy a condition in which the species has more than two complete sets of chromosomes 15 A result of polyploidy is that the phenotype of a plant s offspring may be quite different from the parent plant or indeed any ancestor essentially allowing possibly random expression of any or all of the characteristics of previous generations Because of this characteristic H rosa sinensis has become popular with hobbyists who cross and recross varieties creating new varieties Competitions are held to exhibit and judge the many resulting new seedlings and often strikingly unique flowers citation needed Uses EditThe flowers of Hibiscus rosa sinensis are edible and are used in salads in the Pacific Islands citation needed The flower is used as an accessory particularly as a hairpiece It is also used to shine shoes in certain parts of India hence the common name shoeblack plant In Indonesia and Malaysia these flowers are called kembang sepatu or bunga sepatu which literally means shoe flower 16 17 The flower can also be used as a pH indicator when used the flower turns acidic solutions to a dark pink or magenta color and turns basic solutions to green Red hibiscus flowers are also used for worship in Hinduism they are used for the worship of Devi and in the Bengal area of eastern India they are used to worship Kali The hibiscus also has an important part in tantra In several countries the flowers are dried to use in a beverage usually tea Hibiscus rosa sinensis is considered to have a number of medical uses in Chinese herbology 18 Traditional uses in China have been to make a black shoe polish from its flower petals or to make a woman s black hair dye 19 The flowers are also used in parts of China to color various intoxicating liquors 19 The plant may have some potential in cosmetic skin care for example an extract from the flowers of Hibiscus rosa sinensis has been shown to function as an anti solar agent by absorbing ultraviolet radiation 20 Cultivation Edit Bud captured at noon in West Bengal White coloured flower bud at night Hibiscus rosa sinensis is widely grown as an ornamental plant throughout the tropics and subtropics As it does not tolerate temperatures below 10 C 50 F in temperate regions it is best grown under glass Plants grown in containers may be placed outside during the summer months and moved into shelter during the winter months 7 21 Numerous cultivars exist with flower colors ranging from white through yellow and orange to scarlet and shades of pink with both single and double sets of petals The cultivar Cooperi has gained the Royal Horticultural Society s Award of Garden Merit 4 22 National symbol EditHibiscus rosa sinensis is the national flower of Malaysia called bunga raya in Malay This can be translated in a number of ways including great flower or celebratory flower Introduced into the Malay Peninsula in the 12th century it was nominated as the national flower in the year 1958 by the Ministry of Agriculture amongst a few other flowers namely ylang ylang jasmine lotus rose magnolia and medlar On July 28 1960 it was declared by the government of Malaysia that Hibiscus rosa sinensis would be the national flower The red of the petals symbolizes the courage life and rapid growth of the Malaysian people and the five petals represent the five Rukun Negara of Malaysia The flower can be found imprinted on the notes and coins of the Malaysian ringgit Hibiscus rosa sinensis is an unofficial national flower in Haiti where it has been used as a symbol for the promotion of tourism The flower is also the symbol of the Fusion of Haitian Social Democrats political party It is known in Haitian Creole language as choeblack or rose kayenn 23 24 The yellow variety of the hibiscus is the official flower of Hawaiʻi where it is often hybridized and is worn ornamentally in the hair and in lei 25 In Hawaiian hibiscus is called aloalo Cultural references EditIn March 1987 DPR Korea issued a postage stamp depicting Hibiscus rosa sinensis On October 7 2012 Sri Lanka issued a stamp set of four one of which depicted a Hibiscus rosa sinensis flower Gallery EditCultivars with flowers of many colours are used as ornamental plants Some have double petals or have differently shaped petals Cayena Hibiscus rosa sinensis jardin del molino Sierra de San Felipe Setubal Portugal 2012 05 11 DD 02 JPG Hibiscus rosa sinensis Brilliant flower in private Austrian garden on 2014 09 20 png Orange Hibiscus1 jpg Starr 070313 5691 Hibiscus rosa sinensis jpg Hibiscus A JPG Hibiscus rosa sinensis Rainbow Sherbet flower in private Austrian garden on 2014 09 20 png 3935 Chinesischer Roseneibisch Hibiscus rosa sinensis JPG Hibiscus 5 jpg Hibiscus rosa sinensis white pink jpg Shoe Flower Dehradun 2009 jpg Pink Hibiscus at Sakherbazar Kolkata jpg Starr 061223 2694 Hibiscus rosa sinensis jpg Hibiscus rosa sinensis in Zijderveld the Netherlands JPG Hibiscus rosa sinensis flower in private Austrian garden on 2016 03 20 png Closeup of multi color Hibiscus at Sakherbazar Kolkata jpg Hibiscus At Kerala jpg Shoeblackplant White Hibiscus jpg Shoeblackplant Light Pink Hibiscus jpg 朱槿 Hibiscus rosa sinensis 20201012185058 01 jpg 朱槿 Hibiscus rosa sinensis 20201028130147 02 jpg Hibiscus rosa sinensis Hong Kong Park December 2019 03 jpg Hibiscus Plant jpg Hibiscus Lamma Island Hong Kong 20191105 140532 jpg The rising china rose jpgSee also EditHibiscus tea HibiscusReferences Edit The Plant List A Working List of All Plant Species Retrieved 13 June 2015 Hibiscus rosa sinensis L World Flora Online World Flora Online Consortium 2022 Retrieved 11 October 2022 a b c Hibiscus rosa sinensis Germplasm Resources Information Network GRIN Agricultural Research Service ARS United States Department of Agriculture USDA Retrieved 2 August 2014 a b RHS Plant Selector Hibiscus rosa sinensis Cooperi Royal Horticultural Society Retrieved 23 August 2020 Hibiscus rosa sinensis Chinese Hibiscus Shoeblackplant Tropical Hibiscus Red Hibiscus Hawaiian Plants and Tropical Flowers wildlifeofhawaii com Hibiscus rosa sinensis L Plants of the World Online Kew Science a b c RHS A Z encyclopedia of garden plants United Kingdom Dorling Kindersley 2008 p 1136 ISBN 978 1405332965 Phillips Roger amp Rix Martyn 1998 Conservatory and Indoor Plants Volume 1 London Pan Macmillan pp 94 99 ISBN 978 0 330 37375 3 Linnaeus Carl 1753 Hibiscus Species Plantarum Vol 2 Impensis Laurentii Salvii pp 693ff Harrison Lorraine 2012 RHS Latin for gardeners United Kingdom Mitchell Beazley p 224 ISBN 9781845337315 Genus Hibiscus L Germplasm Resources Information Network United States Department of Agriculture Retrieved 30 October 2020 Baza Mendonca amp dos Anjos 2005 Hibiscus rosa sinensis tropicalplantbook com Lehnert Matthew S Kramer Valerie R Rawlins John E Verdecia Vanessa Daniels Jaret C 10 July 2017 Jamaica s Critically Endangered Butterfly A Review of the Biology and Conservation Status of the Homerus Swallowtail Papilio Pterourus homerus Fabricius Insects 8 3 68 doi 10 3390 insects8030068 PMC 5620688 PMID 28698508 IPCN Chromosome Reports Thulaja Naidu Ratnala December 2020 Hibiscus Hibiscus rosa sinensis Infopedia Government of Singapore Retrieved 11 October 2022 Kembang sepatu KBBI in Indonesian Plants for a Future Hibiscus rosa sinensis a b Standley Paul C Blake S F 1923 Trees and Shrubs of Mexico Oxalidaceae Turneraceae Contributions from the United States National Herbarium Washington D C Department of Botany Smithsonian Institution 23 3 781 JSTOR 23492504 Nevade Sidram A Sachin G Lokapure and N V Kalyane 2011 Study on anti solar activity of ehanolic extract of flower of Hibiscus rosa sinensis Linn Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 4 3 472 473 Archived 24 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine Gast Ross H The Cultural Potential of the Hibiscus to Southern California The Arboretum arboretum org Archived from the original on 25 December 2010 Retrieved 29 March 2009 AGM Plants Ornamental PDF Royal Horticultural Society July 2017 p 48 Retrieved 3 March 2018 Hibiscus Flower National symbols Archived from the original on 29 May 2015 Pacific Horticulture The Hibiscus Revolution Pacific Horticulture Retrieved 9 May 2022 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hibiscus rosa sinensis Hibiscus rosa sinensis India http in pinterest com pin Baza Mendonca Luciana amp dos Anjos Luiz 2005 Beija flores Aves Trochilidae e seus recursos florais em uma area urbana do Sul do Brasil Hummingbirds Aves Trochilidae and their flowers in an urban area of southern Brazil Portuguese with English abstract Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 22 1 51 59 doi 10 1590 S0101 81752005000100007 PDF fulltext Hibiscus rosa sinensis Integrated Taxonomic Information System The International Hibiscus Society 1 The American Hibiscus Society 2 3 The Australian Hibiscus Society Inc 4 Hibiscusmania France 5 Hibiscusfreunde Germany 6 Hibiscus Forrest Hungary 7 The Hibiscus Gurgaon Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hibiscus rosa sinensis amp oldid 1149578016, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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